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Terrorism and All-hazards Preparedness and Response:
Basic Awareness
Prepared by the faculty and staff at theInstitute for Disaster and Emergency Preparedness (2011)
Course Competencies
SPECIAL NEEDSPOPULATIONS
DISASTER ROLES
INFECTION CONTROL
PUBLIC HEALTHPUBLIC HEALTH DISASTERDISASTER
EMERGENCY EMERGENCY RESPONSERESPONSE
PERSONAL AND PERSONAL AND WORKPLACE WORKPLACE
EMERGENCYEMERGENCY PLANS PLANS
HAZARD HAZARD COMMUNICATIONSCOMMUNICATIONS
EMERGENCY EMERGENCY OPERATIONSOPERATIONS
EMERGENCY STRUCTURE
HISTORY OF BIOTERRORISM
BASIC AWARENESS
Agenda•Module 1: Overview of All-hazards Preparedness▫ What is a disaster▫ Overview of Terrorism▫ What is CBRNE
•Module 2: Responding to an Emergency▫ Disaster Cycle▫ NIMS▫ State Emergency Management▫ Psychological Considerations
•Module 3: Vulnerable and Hard to Reach Populations
•Module 4: Personal and Workplace Emergency Preparedness and Response
Module 1: Introduction to All-hazards Preparedness
Objectives for Module 1• Describe the basic concepts of all hazards
emergency preparedness.• Identify various natural and man-made disasters,
including examples of terrorism.• Identify and describe the acronym CBRNE.• Identify four types of natural disasters,
differentiating between intentional and non-intentional man-made disasters.
• Define terrorism and list the common elements of a terrorist act.
• Define Pandemic Influenza and differentiate between annual influenza.
All –Hazards Defined….
•Homeland Security Presidential Directive Defines all-hazards preparedness as “being
ready for domestic terrorist attacks, major disasters, and other emergencies.”
•Preparedness refers to existence of plans, procedures, policies, training and equipment
•Development of personal preparedness plan
Module One: Bioterrorism and All-hazards Preparedness
Why is planning and preparing important?
All-Hazards Preparedness - RAIN
•RAIN▫Recognize the hazard/threat
(What do I see, hear, or smell?)▫Avoid the hazard/contamination/injury
(What do I stay away from?)▫Isolate the hazard area
(Whom do I protect?)▫Notify the appropriate support
(Whom do I call?)
Case Scenario: Hurricane Incident
•How do you stay informed?•What is your family’s disaster plan?•What is the disaster plan at your
workplace?•How is it activated?•What is your role?
All-hazards Preparedness
What Is a Disaster?
Mississippi Katrina 2005 Hurricane Rita Louisiana 2005
Biloxi Hurricane Katrina 2005Wildfire California
Disaster
Natural Disaster Man-Made Disaster
Intentional(Terrorism) Non-
Intentional
What is the difference between an intentional disaster and a non-intentional disaster?
What are some examples of disaster ?
Examples of Natural Disasters•Earthquakes•Extreme Heat•Landslide and
Debris Flow (or Mudslide)•Blizzards• Ice Storms•Hurricanes•Tsunamis•Fires •Floods
What Is a Man-made Disaster?
•Elements of human intent •Morbidity, mortality, and
economic damage•Preventable• Intentional and non-intentional
Non-intentional Disasters
▫Explosions ▫Spillage ▫Train derailments
Source: CNN.com (http://www.cnn.com/2005/US/01/26/train.derailment/)
Intentional Disasters
▫Enemy attack▫Sabotage▫Civil unrest▫Actions that impair
the orderly administration of the government
Case Scenario: Tornado Incident
•How do you stay informed?•What is your family’s disaster plan?•What is the disaster plan at your
workplace?•How is it activated?•What is your role?
Summary•Disasters:
Typically unexpected Unique Contain common elements Conducive to preparedness approach for
planning and mitigation.
TerrorismTERRORISM IS THE UNLAWFUL USE OF FORCE AGAINST PERSON OR PROPERTY TO INTIMIDATE OR COERCE A GOVERNMENT, THE CIVILIAN POPULATION, OR ANY SEGMENT THEREOF, IN THE FURTHERANCE OF POLITICAL OR SOCIAL OBJECTIVES
~ Federal Bureau of Investigation
What is terrorism?Man-made intentional disasters – used to
coerce• assassinations• bombings• cyber attacks• hijackings• kidnappings• CBRNE
Common elements of terrorism
Difference between terrorism and other man-made disasters:
• Acts of terrorism are intentional• Intent to coerce some population – often
utilizing the element of fear• Targets are planned and specific
September 11, 2001 Attacks
The September 11, 2001 attacks (often referred to as 9/11) were a series of coordinated terrorist attacks upon the United States of America carried out on Tuesday, September 11, 2001. Commercial airlines were used to crash into the World Trade Center in New York City and the Pentagon in Washington, D.C. Approximately 3,000 people died in these attacks.
The explosion resulting from the crashing of United Airlines Flight 175 into the South Tower. A huge plume of smoke and fire can be seen emerging from the North Tower.Source: Public Domain
September 11, 2001 Attacks
The Pentagon was severely damaged during the attack, and 125 lives were lost. Buildings surrounding the
World Trade Center were heavily damaged by the debris and massive force of the falling twin towers.
Suicide AttacksA suicide attack is an attack in which the attacker or attackers intend and expect to die. Such attacks are often carried out with the help of vehicles or explosive materials such as a bomb (a suicide bombing), or both (i.e. a vehicle loaded with explosives). If everything goes to plan, the attacker is killed upon impact or detonation. Chechen suicide bombing at
Rizhskaya station of the Moscow Metro on August 30, 2004 (above).
An injured man stands in front a building destroyed by of two suicide car bombs targeting a hotel used by foreigners in Baghdad (left)Source: Guardian Unlimited,
image.guardian.co.uk/.../2005/11/18/hamra372.jpg
London Subway Bombings
The 7 July 2005 London bombings were a series of coordinated suicide bombings that struck London's public transport system during the morning rush hour. Fifty-six people were killed in the attacks, including the four bombers, and about 700 injured.
A bomb damaged a subway train between Liverpool Street and Aldgate stations in London on July 7. Bombs also went off on two other subway trains and a bus. Police said the death toll was more than 50 from London's terrorist bombings.
Sources: Ft. Wayne News Sentinel
Weapon of Mass Destruction (WMD)“Any weapon that can be used to kill or
maim many persons at one time” (definition adapted from uslegal.com)
•Weapons of mass destruction have been used throughout history
•Expansion of the reach due to advanced technology
Bioterrorism
Bioterrorism involves the deliberate release of viruses, bacteria, or toxins.
Agents used are typically found in nature in order to cause illness or death.
Anthrax Attacks of 2001
In October 2001 anthrax attacks were conducted via five envelopes containing B. anthracis spores that were sent through the U.S. postal system. Twenty-two cases of anthrax resulted, and in all, five people died from inhalational anthrax.
Image (top) of envelope in which the letter containing Anthrax was sent to Senator Tom Daschle during the 2001 anthrax attacks
Source: Public Domain
Workers handled a suspected letter containing anthrax (left)
Source: Guardian Unlimitedhttp://image.guardian.co.uk/sys-images/Guardian/Pix/gallery/2001/12/19/anthrax.jpg
Bioterrorism Agents By CategoryBioterrorism Agents by Category
Characteristics Examples
A (High-priority organisms that pose a risk to national security)
• Easily disseminated or transmitted from person to person•High mortality rates
AnthraxBotulismPlagueSmall poxTularemiaViralHemorrhagic Fever
B (2nd highest priority) •Moderately easy to disseminate•Moderate morbidity rates and low mortality rates•Require CDC diagnostic capacity and enhanced disease surveillance
Ricin toxinBrucellosisFood safety threats (Salmonella and E. coli)
C (3rd highest priority emerging pathogens that could be engineered for future mass dissemination)
•Easily available•Easy to produce and disseminate•Potential for high morbidity and mortality rates and major health impact
Nipah VirusHanta Virus
US policy on terrorismThe old threat level awareness system with the five color-coded bars representing escalating threat levels has been replaced.
The new system has only two levels:Imminent – for credible, specific and impending threatsElevated – for credible threats (with a Sunset Provision to expire if no new information becomes available)
Do you think this new system is better?
Case Scenario: Anthrax Incident
Summary
• Disasters that can cause sudden mass casualties and poses a significant challenge to the health care system.
• Examples are prevalent throughout history.
• Heightened perception of terrorist attacks.
• Understanding is the first step in preparedness
What is CBRNE?
CBRNE is a Classification System for Man-made Disasters
CBRNE is a Classification System for CBRNE is a Classification System for ManMan--made Disaster Eventsmade Disaster Events
C = ChemicalC = Chemical
B = BiologicalB = Biological
R = RadiologicalR = Radiological
N = NuclearN = Nuclear
E = ExplosiveE = Explosive
The CBRNE framework
applies to both non-intentional and intentional
disasters.
The CBRNE framework
applies to both non-intentional and intentional
disasters.
Cyberterrorism is beyond the scope of this presentation, but its potential is acknowledged.
The accidental release of methyl isocyanate (MIC) in Bhopal, India on Dec 3rd, 1984, is an example of a non-intentional disaster involving a chemical agent.
The deliberate release of Sarin nerve gas into the Tokyo, Japan subway system in 1995 was an intentional or terrorist disaster involving a chemical agent.
Source: http://specials.rediff.com/news/2004/dec/01sld2.htm
Biological AgentsThe deliberate or unintentional release, or exposure to, certain biological agents.
Difficult to diagnose a response to the release of a biological agent
The deliberate exposure of persons to anthrax in the U.S. in September and October of 2001 represents an example of intentional use of a biological agent to do harm
Source: http://www.chemrest.com/DomesticPrep2/Biological%20Agents%20Page.htm http://news.yahoo.com/photos/ss/events/sc/013105birdflu/im:/060529/481/jak11005291251;_ylt=Av_aFX6371jlEF7jhUYtfp_lWMcF;_ylu=X3
As of now, the avian flu is not confirmed to be transmissible by human-to-human contact
Radiological and Nuclear Agents
Intentional and non-intentional exposure to harmful radioactive materials
The term ‘dirty bomb’ is most often used to refer to a Radiological Dispersal Device (RDD) with traditional explosives
The bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki during the closing days of World War II, was an intentional disaster.
The accident, which occurred on April 26, 1986 at the Chernobyl nuclear power plant in Pripyat, Ukraine, is an example of a non-intentional, man-made radiological disaster.
Source: http://news.bbc.co.uk/nol/shared/spl/hi/pop_ups/05/asia_pac_hiroshima_then_and_now/img/1.jpgwww.niauk.org/images/education/chernobyl.jpg
Explosive Agents Any substance or article designed to detonate by the rapid release of heat or
gas.
Madrid Train Station Bombing
At least 190 people were killed and 1,240 wounded as 10 bombs rocked three Madrid train stations during the height of the morning rush hour. The intentional attack took place just three days before Spain's general elections in March, 2004.
Bombing of the Atocha railway station, Madrid (above)
Source: MSNBC, msnbcmedia.msn.com/j/msnbc/Components/Photos/..
Madrid: Aftermath of train station bombing (left)Source: www.vituperation.com/.../September/peace07.jpg
Case Scenario: Chlorine Spill
Source: http://www.historylink.org/essays/output.cfm?file_id=2090
What is “pandemic influenza” and how do I prepare for it?What are the phases that a pandemic may go through?
What is “avian influenza”?
Preparing for the Next Pandemic
Key Differences Between Annual and Key Differences Between Annual and Pandemic FluPandemic Flu
Trust for America’s Health: www.healthyamericans.org
Parameter Annual Flu Pandemic Flu
When Annual, in winter 3-4x/century; no seasonality
Who 5-20% population 25-50% population
Deaths* 36,000-40,000 500,000 in 1918
Recovery 1-2 weeks Greater severity, morbidity
Vaccines Available May not be available
Antivirals Available Limited, efficacy unclear
*U.S. only
What a Pandemic Flu Could Mean
The normal winter flu season: 36,000-40,000 deaths 200,000 hospitalized Global economic
repercussionNo natural immunityStresses healthcare
systemCDC Quarantine rooms in
national airports
Infection Control in CHCs•Separate well and sick waiting rooms•Use of a facemask•Use of a respirator•Use of gowns and gloves•Use of eye protection or face shields•Dedicated equipment•Hand sanitation readily available•Home visits
Challenges•Staffing may be a problem•Communications•Hospitals are traditionally stand alone•Limited surge capabilities•Security•Appropriate staff training
Module 2: Understanding the System Response to a Disaster
Objectives for Module 2:•Describe the disaster cycle.•Describe a NIMS team approach. •Discuss the significance of incident and
unified command planning in disaster management.
•Define key agencies involved in state emergency operations.
•Define psychological first aid and how mental health services can be integrated into disaster response.
The Disaster Cycle
We Are Here
It’s Not that Simple – The Challenges in Responding to a Disaster
•Staffing may be a problem
•Communications•Limited surge
capabilities•Security
RecoveryThis is a long and gradual process.
Mental issues become very important during this part of the disaster cycle (after the initial shock is over and the realization that “normalcy” is a long way off).
This is the most costly portion of the cycle“an ounce of prevention is worth a pound of cure.”
Local Emergency Management
• Warn citizens to take whatever action to minimize risk to family and to property
• Evacuate if necessary
• Initiate an emergency operations plan that spells out the specific local duties
Major Disaster DeclarationProcess follows specific steps
• Local government responds and must be overwhelmed
• State responds with state resources and must be overwhelmed
• Damage assessment by local, state and Federal organizations
• Major Disaster Declaration is requested by the governor
• FEMA makes an evaluation and recommendation to the President
• President makes the declaration
Agencies and Departments• Fire Department• Police Department• Health Department• Emergency Medical
Services• Medical Examiner• Emergency Preparedness
Office• Press Secretary/Public
Affairs Office
• City/County Attorney• Public Works Department• Local Emergency Planning
Committees (LEPCs)• Local Emergency
Operations Centers (EOCs)• Local Hazmat Teams• Community Emergency
Response Teams (CERTs)
Summary• The disaster cycle is an open-ended process,
cycling back after an event or incident.
• Effective planning is critical for more positive outcomes after a disaster.
• Disasters always start with the local government.
• The first 72 hours after a disaster are the most critical and focus on stabilization.
Overview of the National Incident Management System (NIMS)
Disasters are highly complex and often share a common set of problems and challenges that can be addressed during planning.
Understanding how the system responds is an important first step for anyone who might assist in a disaster.
How Does NIMS Work?How Does NIMS Work? How Does NIMS Work?
INCIDENT
LOCAL RESPONSE
FEDERAL RESPONSE and SUPPORT
STATE RESPONSE and SUPPORT
The Incident Command System
What is Incident Command Structure?
•What it IS… Organizational core of a
crisis management system
•What it is NOT…A complete, ready-to-
go, “disaster plan”
Early planning for transition to consequence management
Universal link with outside resources
Management system designed to integrate
resources from numerousorganizations into a single
response structure using common terminology
and processes
Unified Command(Fire, Police, EMS, Public Works)
Operations Planning Logistics Finance/Administration
Unified Command
More than one responding agency within the incident jurisdiction (e.g. police & fire)
Incident crosses political jurisdictions (e.g. county or state lines)The multiple agencies work together to establish a common set of
objectives, strategies, and actions into a single incident action plan
Area Command
Responsibilities of Area Command
Area Command
SETS OVERALL STRATEGYAND PRIORITIES
ENSURES ALL OBJECTIVESARE MET
ALLOCATES CRITICALRESOURCES
ENSURES STRATEGIES AREFOLLOWED
Established to oversee the management of multiple incidents
These incidents are generally geographically dispersed or may evolve over time (pandemic influenza)
Training RecommendationsIncident Command • Required for effective command, control, communication,
and coordination• Used by emergency management organizations • Introductory ICS courses:
IS-100.b – (ICS 100) Introduction to Incident Command System
http://training.fema.gov/emiweb/is/is100b.aspIS-700.a – National Incident Management System
(NIMS), An Introduction
http://training.fema.gov/emiweb/is/is700a.asp
Summary
• NIMS integrates emergency preparedness and response into a comprehensive framework for incident management
• It includes a unified approach to managing complex incidents often involving multiple response agencies and jurisdictions, incorporating standard command and management structures
National Response Framework (NRF)
The NRF is built on the following five principles:
1. Engaged partnerships2. Tiered response 3. Scalable, flexible and adaptable operational capabilities 4. Unity of effort through unified command5. Readiness to act
http://www.fema.gov/emergency/nrf/index.htm#
Response Partner Guides• Designed to provide a ready reference of key
roles and actions for local, tribal, State, Federal, and private-sector response partners.
• Local Government Partner Guide▫ http://www.fema.gov/pdf/emergency/nrf/PartnerGuideLocal.pdf
• Private-sector Partner Guide▫ http://www.fema.gov/pdf/emergency/nrf/
PartnerGuidePrivateSector.pdf
Florida Emergency Management• The State Emergency Operations Center is
activated when a disaster or potential disaster is first detected.
• Florida’s response is then initiated through the State Emergency Response Team (SERT)
• The SERT is comprised of Governor-appointed Emergency Coordination Officers.
• Florida Emergency Management websites by county: http://www.floridadisaster.org/fl_county_em.asp
Emergency Support Functions (ESFs)
FEMA designated 15 FSAs within the National Response Framework. There is some variation at the state level
with the naming & inclusion of additional ESFs. For example,
the Federal ESF 11: Agricultural and Natural
Resources is divided into ESF 11: Food and Water and ESF 17: Animal and Agricultural Issues within Florida’s FSA
structure.
The ESFs consolidate multiple agencies that perform similar or like functions into a single,
cohesive unit.
Role of Florida Division of Emergency Management
•Manages overall response and recovery efforts by integrating resources statewide.
•State’s liaison with federal and local agencies on emergencies of all kinds.
•Conducts damage assessment surveys and advises Governor.
•Maintains Emergency Operations Center
State Emergency ManagementState emergency legislation
allows the governor to declare a
“State of Emergency”
State emergency managers then step in
and assist in the coordination and
activation of resources for recovery efforts.
Regional & County Emergency Managers of Florida
Summary
• The federal government establishes the framework that is followed by states, regions and communities.
• A successful response requires the interaction of personnel and resources from multiple agencies.
• The funding tends to be from the top down, whereas the response tends to be from the bottom up.
What Is a Traumatic Incident?
• Horror• Helplessness• Serious injury or• Threat of serious injury
Five psychological needs disrupted by trauma
SAFETY
CONTROL
INTIMACYESTEEM
TRUST
Psychological first aid (PFA)
is a concept created to help sustain safe surroundings,
calm, connection to others, empowerment and hope in the immediate aftermath of a
disaster.
The Psychosocial Impact of Disasters
Disasters can cause serious disruption of the functioning of a
community.
Consider and plan for the conditions of the community, families, and special needs
populations.
Pre-disaster Phase
Warning Phase
• Impending disaster information is communicated.
Impact Phase•The larger the scope,
destruction, and personal losses, the greater the effects.
Rescue or Heroic Phase• Community and individual mobilization• Emergency personnel help victims• Evacuation and relocation• Family reunification• State of shock
Honeymoon Phase•Acceptance of
mental health personnelInventory Phase
•Required assistance vs. available assistance
Disillusionment Phase•Responders pull out•Physical and emotional responses may worsen; anger and blame may ensue.
Recovery Phase
•People and communities return to a “new normal,” however long-term health issues may begin to emerge.
It is important for health care professionals to understand the potential causes of stress and to recognize the signs of psychological trauma when assisting victims of a disaster.
Cognitive Symptoms• Inability to concentrate• Inability to process new information•Difficulty solving problems•Poor memory•Preoccupation with the disaster•Confusion• Inability to understand consequences
Emotional Symptoms•Fear•Anxiety•Depression•Feeling overwhelmed•Numbness•Helplessness•Guilt• Irritability•Anger•Grief•Mood swings
Behavioral Symptoms• Impulsiveness•Risk-taking•Excessive eating•Alcohol/drug use•Compensatory sexuality•Compensatory buying•Withdrawal•Family discord, divorce•Hypervigilance•Career burnout
Physical Symptoms• Excessive heart rate (tachycardia)• Slow heart rate (bradycardia)• Headaches• Hyperventilation• Muscle aches, spasms• Sleep changes• Appetite changes• Psychogenic sweating• Fatigue/exhaustion• Gastrointestinal (indigestion, nausea,
vomiting)
Spiritual Symptoms
•Anger at God•Crisis of faith•Withdrawal from faith-based community•Cessation of practice of faith•Religious hallucinations or delusions
Normal Reactions to Stressful Incidents
There are a wide range of responses, but most victims in disasters respond normally to
an abnormal situation.
Disaster Stress Response
•Age-specific •May evolve over a period of time•Need to gain a sense of control
Exercise Achieving PreparednessPreparedness is a multi- tiered approach
involving individual/family preparedness as well as organizational/business preparedness, among others.
Questions for your consideration:If faced with a disaster situation…• How prepared are you as an individual? • How prepared is your organization and/or business?
Module 3: Vulnerable and Hard-to-Reach Populations
Module 3 Objectives•Describe at least 4 vulnerable and hard to
reach populations who may be at risk during an emergency.
• Identify specific vulnerabilities for each of the populations as well as basic responses to assist each of them.
•Describe approaches and/or resources used by each level of government to assist vulnerable populations in an emergency.
Special NeedsNational Response Framework
• The 2010 NRF definition of special needs is, “populations whose members may have additional needs before, during, and after an incident in functional areas, including but not limited to :
• Maintaining independence,
• Communication,• Transportation,• Supervision, and• Medical Care.”
Non-English Speaking ResidentsVulnerabilities Basic Responses
• Difficulty communicating• Difficulty understanding
directions• Difficulty communicating
needs• Inability to understand
critical information related to the disaster
• Lack of information in appropriate languages
• Accurate translation of teaching materials
• Accurate verbal communication
• Multilingual translators at key locations before/after disaster
• Public information broadcasted in multiple languages*Critical to recognize different cultural norms.
Rural PopulationsFlorida Rural Counties
BAKER - BRADFORD - CALHOUN
COLUMBIA - DESOTO - DIXIE FRANKLIN – GADSDEN - GILCHRIST
GLADES - GULF - HAMILTON HARDEE - HENDRY - HIGHLANDS HOLMES - JACKSON - JEFFERSON
LAFAYETTE - LEVY - LIBERTY MADISON – MONROE - NASSAU
OKEECHOBEE – PUTNAM – SUMTER SUWANNEE - TAYLOR - UNION
WAKULLA - WALTON - WASHINGTON
Rural Populations
• Housing stress• Reduced supplies• Insufficient resources• Limited information
and technology• Poverty • Lack of education• Transportation issues
Basic Responses for Rural Populations• Identify how to notify residents of an
anticipated all-hazards incident•Provide preparedness and response
information (radio, TV, door-to-door effort)• Inform residents of available services•Provide easily accessible transportation
with identification of safe evacuation routes
•Design an action plan to reduce barriers
Older Adults…
• Individuals over 65 years of age•Florida has largest proportion of people
over 65 years of age•More than 1.5 million are over the age of
75•Of Florida’s “over 65 population,” over
19% have 2 or more disabilities, almost 19% are home-bound, and more nearly 15% have Alzheimer's disease.
Older Adults Vulnerabilities Basic Responses
• Living alone (<5% in long-term care)
• Uncertain where to get information
• Living with a disability• Dependence on
medications or assistive devices
• Limited or no health insurance
• Identify where the older adults reside in the community
• Encourage older adults with disabilities to register with the emergency response database
• Establish a community alert process, accessible transportation, and evacuation teams
Older Adults: Basic Responses• Identify persons who will check on older
neighbors before/after crisis• Provide detailed resource information to
assisted living facilities, retirement communities, doctor’s offices, and clinics
• Encourage older population to have adequate prescription medication on-hand▫Medications that require refrigeration▫Updated list of medications (and/or copies of
prescriptions)▫Go-pack
Children
……are not small adults!
Children and Disasters
•Create separate kit for each child•Keep copy of immunizations in kit•Communicate with child in easy to
understand terms •Limit exposure to media•Reassure child that family is strong and
that people are here to help
Persons with DisabilitiesThe American with Disabilities Act
(ADA) defines an individual with a disability as “a person who has a physical or mental impairment that substantially limits one or more major life activities, a person who has a history or record or such an impairment, or a person who is perceived by others as having such an impairment.”
Why are Individuals with Disabilities Vulnerable?
Five main sub-populations
• Cognitive Impairments• Mental Illness
(including Substance Abuse)
• Developmental Delays• Physical Disabilities• Sensory Impairments
Vulnerabilities• May require a
caregiver and/or other designated person to assist, provide oversight, & make decisions
• May not be able to advocate for themselves (e.g., to make or follow an emergency plan)
• May have special transportation needs
• May have special medical needs
Basic Responses: Persons with Disabilities• Identify a caregiver for optimal functioning
and outcomes•Coordinate appropriate transportation and
accommodation• Identify special needs shelters that have
proper supervision and resources•Work with healthcare providers to create an emergency plan
Homeless
Source: www.post-gazette.com/images3/20050821dsrichjones0817_450.jpg
Homeless
• Lack of permanent, safe shelter
• Individuals often distrust the government & authority figures, which may impede outreach efforts.
• Preference to remain living on streets
• Hidden in plain sight
Vulnerabilities Specific to the Homeless•Lack of permanent shelter, which makes it
difficult to:•Provide information about all-hazards
preparedness and response•Find the individuals and bring them to safe
shelter• Identify any communicating barriers•Determine special needs relating to any
disabilities
Migrant and Seasonal Farm Workers (MSFW)
Migrant and Seasonal Farm Workers
• Housing is often substandard • Overcrowding • Poverty, frequent mobility, low
literacy, language, cultural and logistic barriers
• Communication • Lack of trust • Live in rural communities
Basic Responses: MSFWs
• Identification• Create a database documenting farm
workers and their place of residence• Collaborate with county officials to establish
local emergency response teams•Translation
• Use interpreters to help with providing information
Seasonal Residents and Tourists
Source: www.evergladesgateway.com/miccosukeetribe/
Seasonal Residents and Tourists
• Arrivals and departures • Mobile homes• Older adults• No permanent phone• No family assistance • Non-English speaking• Move frequently• Lack of knowledge about local
health care facilities• Lack experience with Florida’s
natural disaster
Basic Reponses for Seasonal Residents/Tourists•Establish incoming visitor database for
persons arriving by plan• Include length of stay and location of
residence•Provide all-hazards preparedness
brochures that include resource numbers and websites for assistance.
•Availability of information at sites frequented by tourists
Summary
• Individuals with special needs or those that are hard-to-reach often have unique requirements that call for more detailed planning in the event of a disaster
• The number of vulnerable and hard-to-reach populations in Florida creates unique challenges in preparing for and responding to all-hazards disasters
• Provides a start for some basic responses
Local, State, and Federal Approaches
Summary
• Importance of the local government as a first responder
• At the top of the pyramid is the federal government, which can provide resources to augment state and local efforts.
Module 4: Family, Workplace and Community Emergency Plans
Objectives for Module 4
•Describe home, workplace, and community pre-and post-emergency plans and be able to explain the importance of the plans.
•Describe ways to plan for, be safe during, and recover from a variety of disasters.
Preparedness• Disasters strike quickly and without warning
• It is important to be prepared with plans in place beforehand
• Make one universal plan that can be implemented for any type of disaster
NO need to make separate plans for all the different possible types of disasters
STEP 1: Be Informed about What Might Happen
Does your neighborhood have an emergency coordinator or leader?
STEP 2: Make a Plan for What You Will Do in an Emergency
Depending on your circumstances and the nature of the disaster, the first important decision is whether to shelter-in-place or evacuate.
STEP 3: Have Emergency Supplies
• NOAA weather radio • Medications• Plastic bags• Important documents• Extra glasses• Cash• Flashlights• Rope• First Aid Kit• Waterproof matches
Personal Preparedness Plan and Kit
Criteria
Mobility Durability Longevity Adaptability
Focus
Multipurpose uses Easy to use for you
and others Self-reliance
RecommendationsYou need 7 days worth of supplies, at the minimum!
•1 gallon of water per person, per day•OTC medications for fever, pain, allergies•Pet supplies•Essential medications and prescriptions
http://www.ready.gov/america/about/_flash/movie15.html
Preparedness Kit
•Clothing▫Layer clothing appropriate to climate i.e. cold
weather gear may not be appropriate for Florida
▫What kind of clothing is needed in this climate? Rain gear, moisture wicking, heat dissipating
•Bail Out Bag (BOB)▫Single piece of equipment ▫Large enough to carry majority of equipment▫Single strap vs dual straps e.g. messenger bag
or backpack?▫More than one bag? When?
Emergency Supplies• Mess kit• Extra batteries• Multi-tool• Plastic sheeting• Duct tape• Compass - Lensatic• Signal flare or flare gun• Waterproofing • Basic First Aid kit• Wind up radio• Watch• Pen, pencil, chalk• Food (MRE, energy
bars)
• Soap• Personal Hygiene items• Plastic bucket with tight lid• Disinfectant• Sturdy shoes• Blankets/sleeping bags• Work gloves• Water filtration and
storage• Large cutting tool• Sunglasses• Sun screen• Bandana
Important Items & Documents•Store money, deeds, titles, passports,
financial info, birth certificates, insurance policies and other important documents in re-sealable bags and take them with you.
•These are important to reestablish your life post-incident.
•Have some sort of ID on your person for easy identification by authorities.
Cell phones and other electronics• Yes, bring your phone and charger▫ But don’t rely on it; cell towers may be busy or destroyed▫ Calling cards
• GPS?▫ Use maps and road signs instead
• iPods, Xboxes, PS3s, DVDs▫ Take photos of them for records and insurance▫ LEAVE THEM AT HOME▫ Bring a book for entertainment
• KISS – Keep It Simple, Stupid!
How Do You Decide to Stay or Evacuate?
You might want to evacuate just for the peace of mind in being safe.
Follow local authority advice.
Elderly couple, La. Hurricane Katrina
Evacuation Plan• Err on the side of caution▫ Evacuate early and calmly; DON’T PANIC
• If you are separated from your family▫ Pre-determine a highly visible and safe landmark or
location along evacuation route to meet▫ Meet somewhere outside of major cities; city area may
be crowded and chaotic This may change based on evacuation procedures and aid
stations
• Traditional methods of travel▫ May not be viable i.e. roads are destroyed, cars not
accessible▫ Don’t get “jammed up” in traffic jams ▫Be prepared to walk!
Evacuation PlanCOMMUNICATE and PRACTICE your plan with your family
Pay attention to public announcements on the radio and television
Cooperation between family members, neighbors and community members can solidify preparedness
Family Readiness
• Talk to your children's schools and to your employer about emergency plans.
• Stay together. • Choose several destinations in
different directions so you have options.
Children• Accurate strategies to
identify children need to be implemented. Some are:▫ Talk to your children's schools,
daycare, and your employer about emergency plans and how they will communicate with families during an emergency.
▫ Inquire about disaster plans in these facilities and who will be responsible for the security of the children through the duration of the incident until reunited with family.
▫ Inquire about a preplanned arrangement with local EMS and recovery teams.
Preparedness and Children•Reassure children that “everything will be okay.”• Include favorite toys, books or activities to keep
children occupied.•Communicate with schools about preparedness
and contacting families during an emergency.•Make sure children know emergency procedures
(dialing 911, evacuation routes, meeting locations).
• Include children in the preparedness process.
Pet Preparedness•http://gopetfriendly.com/ for pet
friendly venues (hotels, parks, campgrounds)
•Food (wet), water, medications, bedding•Pet carrier, leash, muzzle and
immunization records•Make sure pet ID tags are up to date and
include your phone number and address▫ ID is your pet’s ticket home!▫Picture of your pet for easy identification
•FDOH recommends contacting local animal shelter for advice
Links for consideration• Survivalist Boards▫ www.survivalistboards.com/
• County Comm▫ www.countycomm.com
• Simpler Life▫ www.simplerlife.com
• GoRuck▫ www.goruck.com
• Zombie Squad▫ www.zombiehunters.org/forum/
• Pack Light, Go Fast▫ www.packlite.tumblr.com/
• Amazon.com, local stores (Target, Walmart, etc), sporting goods stores
Is your workplace required to operate during an emergency?
Hospital ER in the wake of Katrina
Disaster Planning at Work
Preparedness at Work•Communication is key! ▫Newsletter, e-mail, meetings on
preparedness and evacuation plans•Calling tree and voicemail recordings help
communication efforts•Out-of-town number to report in or get info• Involve all employees, from management
to maintenance, in preparedness. All can be essential to the effort.
Do you have a plan?
Determine a post-incident assessment plan and mode of communication.
How will you communicate with employees?
Louisiana High School, Hurricane Rita
Do you have a webpage and email on a server outside of the state?
Storage for Business Records
Have you made arrangements to backup files?
Workers with Disabilities
•Ensure they are included in preparedness plans.
•Enlist the help of others to help disabled coworkers. Potentially may have to lift, carry or assist those who are disabled.
•Develop a plan to assist those that are deaf or blind.
Recovery Hazards: More people are injured or killed during recovery and the clean up phase than the actual disaster.• Take precautions for
extreme heat• Electrical circuits and
electrical equipment • Power lines• Chainsaw and ladder
injuries
Lessons Learned
• Public is not prepared• May be worse than expected• Response is NOT right around the corner• Concerns over family affect responders • Communications and logistics • Impact affects healthcare, infrastructure,
and economics
FEMA Training
• IS-100.b – Introduction to Incident Command System (ICS)▫http://training.fema.gov/emiweb/is/
is100b.asp
• IS-700 – Introduction to National Incident Management System (NIMS)▫http://training.fema.gov/EMIWeb/is/
is700a.asp
is a continuing exercise for every citizen.
Disaster Preparedness