TERRORISM

Huda Ahmed HashmiAsad Ali Khan

Faiza Ismail

What is Terrorism?

Types of Terrorism

• Bioterrorism

• Cyber Terrorism

• Eco-terrorism

• Narco- terrorism

• Nuclear terrorism

Types of Terrorism

• Political Terrorism - Religious Terrorism

• State Terrorism

- Massacre in Egypt

Terrorism in Past

Statistical Analysis of Terrorism

Fatalities between

2012-2013

•Iran

•Pakistan

•Syria

Diversified Terrorism

Usage of Explosive Weapons

•To get attention of Government

•To increase casualties

•To pressurize Govt to fulfill their demands

Huda Ahmed Hashmi

Deep Level Psychology of

Terrorism

Psychology Behind Terrorism

•Frustration-Aggression

•Relative Deprivation

•Oppression

•Revenge

•Poverty

•Brainwashing

• FRUSTRATION-AGRESSION MECHANISM:

"Violence is always a response for frustration"

• RELATIVE DEPRIVATION MECHANISM:

Economic disparities could also cause terrorism.

If the entire in-group (that of the political factor) faces relative disparities relative to an out-group, political voilence would be a group-identity phenomenon.

• OPPRESSION

The injustice treatment of the government that robs their identity, dignity, security and freedom as the motive of their joining a terrorist group

HUMILIATION-REVENGE THEORY

Palestine psychologist Eyad el Sarraj (2002) has specifically observed that humiliation is an important factor for young suicide bombers.

Eg: Abdul Aziz Rantisi

• Poverty:There is anindirect

relation between poverty and terrorism

• Brainwashing:

Two Driving Forces of Terrorism• Social and political injustice:

Such people try to right what they perceive to be a socially or politically wrong—when they have been stripped of their land or rights, or denied these.

• The belief that violence or its threat will be effective, and usher in change.

• An offensive Strategy• To prevent, deter, and

respond to terrorism– US attacked targets in Sudan

and Afghanistan in response to the involvement of Usama Bin Laden in the bomb attacks against the two US embassies in Africa

• A/c to article 51 of UN Charter"A nation must defend itself

against attack"

Counter-Terrorism

Counter Terrorism Strategy• Continuum of Strategies:

Compromising <------------> Intolerant

• Both extremes are dangerous.

Tactics of

Terrorism

Faiza Ismail

Tactics of Terrorism

• Assassination

• Kidnapping

• Hostage Taking

• Hijacking

• Bombing

• Sabotage

• Use of WMDs

Bombing: - Explosive devices - 50% attacks based on bombing- Why?- An integral part of the terrorist’s arsenal

Tactics of Terrorism

• Assassination: Murder of - prominent persons- symbolic enemies- traitors

For any religious, political or ideological motive

• Kidnapping: - Seizing a person against his will- To extract specific demands

Mostly for ransom

• Hostage taking: Intentions:- To gain publicity in return for release of the hostage

• Hijacking or Skyjacking: - To produce a spectacular hostage situation - Any passenger can be used

• Sabotage: - Destruction of equipment or infrastructure

- Mostly occurs in politically unstable states

• Use of WMD: - Chemical weapons used in past

- Highly Explosive

"Acquiring weapons (WMD) for the defense of

Muslims is a religious duty.” (Osama Bin

Laden)

TerrorismFinancing

• From Legitimate Sources:

1. Donations2. Charities

• From illegitimate sources:

1.Armed Robbery2. Drug

Trafficking3. Kidnapping for

ransom4. Blackmailing

Remedies

REMEDIES• Establish rule of law

• Educational & development reforms

• Empowerment of youth

• Coherence with religion

• Control over media

• Remove poverty and injustice

Thank You!