J1

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Territorial and Social Relationships of the Inland Southern Athabascans: Some New Perspectives

Tho ma s S . Keter

Prior ." 'he hi ",,,ric cr., a luge pop"l .. i"n ofhu", .. " .nd , .. !tet .. " inhbi to d ' he interio, of .he Nonh Co .. , Rans". in [he Yoll. Bolly eoun"Y of ... h .. i, ,oday ,ou,her" Trinity .nd no"he.n Mendocino Coun, ;e .. Anth ropo log i ... h> n ol ... ifi ed ,he peop le wh o inn . biled , h i. 'e , ion of h i,h moun .. ino and d ee p c.nyon . .. 'he sou.he rn A,h . bosc.n •• " d; (f"<e ntiat,, t he m (rom 'he mo.e rive.i ne "rien<cd A, ha b .. con speaking T otowa and Hupa liyin! I" 'he nonh. T he oo",hc rn A,h . bucan, we ••• hen furthe r .ul><l iyidcd inm oey" .. 1 «ibu 0' ,'OUP. inch.din, .he mo.e COUI o.ienlcd Bu. Riy" •• M."ote, lAd Sinlr.yonc, and [he inl.nd Non, .. I. Lu.ik, W.il , "i, PilCh W,il.It., and No"h Fo,t W.it.ki (Fi,u'e I).

Thil ",udy offers OOme new persp.,."veo 0" .he .0e;.I, poli.ic.l, .".1 . e rri.o.i.1 le l .. ion.hip. of .he "OUpO cI . .. ifi cd by e .hno,"phc" u.he I. ... ik • nd P itch W. il.k i ""ho inh . bi 'cd 'h .egion ccn« •• d on . he North Fork of. h. Eel River bui". If i. b"e d on • criILc. 1 Inicw of .h. publi. il cd li'eruu«, c.hnog"phic r teld nOl e ., .nd mOfC rccen' in.uview d" •. In fo.mul"i n, r;e ne r.lin.icno ,eI,«d 10 'hc .oei . l .. pocts ofinl."d ,ou,he.n .... h.b .. caneulru.e. .hi. overvie w giyc. mOle we ich . '0 I"di.n ,,,fo'm.n. d .... h.n .0 .he in. e rprc <1rian. of •• hnogDph ... .. ha "'Ofhd in . he .egian duri ng .he COlly , ... .,,,.;e,h ce"'u'Y. The •• n.w pe ropec.i.el hhe implin,i a ns for in •• ,? .... io" of ,he .ell.on.1 o .. h.eola,iul .eca.d, clpeeiolly .. ",i. pc".i". '0 .ncking of c"l<uDI o({ini . i •• wi.h mOl e.i.1 'em.ino.

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Collecting Ethnography: An Historical Overview

T he co llec,ion of ",hnoglOphic d, .. in .hi , reg ion of N o n hwc", C.l iforni. during 'he ear ly ' ''en, ic. h cCMury (.ometime. ""mcd la lvo ge e,hnog"phy) u.uolly co"oior. d of li"le more .h. n in.cryi . win, .ny Indion 'ho< could be found wh o h. d oome knawledg. of herlhi. cul."ral hi"o'Y. The e . hno" ' ph." gove minim.1 ."e nrion ro .he roles of .he individu.l • • h e y in •• ,.icwc d wi.hin ,,,di,ion. 1 n"iYe so.:icty, and ,ivcn .hei. posi.ion ...i.hin .h" society, .. hot .yp •• of inform .. ion . h ey might be .xpe~.ed '0 know .bo", .hei . cuhure.

The euit" ... 1 info, m .. ion available on [he inbnd <" ... he.n .... h.bucon people . i •• p ... e a nd .ometimel eanll . die.ory. M."in B . .. mhoff (1958 0157) di,.,,"ed 'he p,oblem concern ing . hi. .hoff~ge of er hnograph i. d~ •• . H •• uC « e d • hot . he 'eHon for fhi. I. ck of dOl' i. ",n . eciden. in .he hiSlory of • • hnology ." In effec •.• he C alifo rni. A,h.b .. can •. e.pecially .he oOI>.hern .... h.b .... n., fell .h,ough .he c •• du of eody ... e nri • • h ce nr .. ry .fhnognphi. ",udy. Fo •• hi. ' ... on .• he ,0,,1 li,.r"uI. on .he inlond ,ou.he 'n A,hab .. u"o i, 1',,1e mote rh. n • brief and incomple.e ch.p, ...

Alfred K.oeber only 'pcn., .ho" fi"", in .he Yoll. Bolly r.,ion in 1902. prio,.o p"blilhing hil highl y 'nll".n.i . 1 wo.k, .he H".tl6.d ., (j~ I.tli".s

(;0,," ... , .... c.., ... , .. ,. ............ 1 "",."J. .. Do.... ",,_ No. 11

" 0/ Coli!onr;" in 1925. In the Hndb •• i, I.e ."mn'l1';~ed ,1.0 .,hno,,,ph;,, d ... col lected on ,h. .o .. ,hcrn A, h.b .... n. including 'he namCO of e . eh ,fOUl' and .erri.o.i.1 boundHie.. Krocbe r 'elY <ned '0 the N .. "h Co .. , ... i.h Fron k Eucne in 1938, .nd ,raveled ." Round Vall"y where he interviewed Lucy Young (born 11 Alderpoin' ,bou, 18$0, ohe p" ... u ed. kn"wlcd, . of 'he prceon!>.' .uhure). Th. du . he collected wer. limited '" a .1.0" Ii" of ·name. of , fOUp' of p eople ' (Sm i th J 990: 75) .

K,o e b.,', (and o.hers) in,crprua<;on o f .,hno,r. phic duo at ,hi •• ime "-0. influenced b! ouch an. h'<>pol",.",,1 p ... diem,., B .... ".n hi .. oriul panicului.m, diff",ioni,m, and ,h. eon •• p. o f cui." •• or .... K,ocbcr hd •• i,nificon, influence on 1.0 .. <he coll e c'ion of e[hno,r.phi. d,," in N "nhwe. « ' n Cali(",n" was pu ,"ueo ((0' eu mp le. u.i,,,in, grodune ",uden .. '" .pecilic ore .. 0' uib.1 "oup' '0 coll e .< Cul,ule Elemen' Di."ibu.ion.), and ho .. ".esc duo .... cle inrc rple , ed • "d preocntcd .0 bo,h 'he . .. ,h,opolo,i • • 1 communi.y and ,he , e nerol public. Bec.".e of hi. ,epu ... io .. u the p,eem,ne", othnoc .. phef o( 'he C.lifo,n i. [ndi. nI. much of hi. work .... . cceplCd uncriti c. lly . nd few h. d rhe 'emeri 'Y '0 que. ,ion or eh.llen,e .ny of hi I .onel u.ionl-,cHn ,hOle b •• ed On • very limi .. d 'mOun, of e,hno,r'phie d.n.

Pliny Goddard .100 'pe", ,ime in 'he region .. udyi ng ,he .o",he rn A,h. b .. c.no. pri nci p.lIy .he W.il.k i. Hi. dOl. i. mo"l y felued '0 word Ii"., vill . ge d e .eri p, ion •. • nd ,he fc cord in, of my , h •. C. H.rt Me rri.m ... ho yi.i l.d t he Humbold,{Trini,y Coun<y u c , •• Y.I.I ,im<s, "''' m.inly in' ..... ed in vill.,e loc n ion •• pl.ce n.mn .• nd word Ii.". In June. 1 !JZ2. he vi.i.ed .he Zenia .. eo .nd ,n,.ryiewed l.ucy Y"un, .nd a loeallndi.n man, J.ek French. Me"i'm .1.0 i n,crview.d , "umbe r of o. her .Ide fly Indi . n pe o ple ", ho lived in , h. >rc o, inc luding Ffed M.jor .nd h i. wifc . Mory M.jo,. Dc.pi •• Mc"i'm ' s lorge 'moun, of primary field d ... , h. publi.hed very li.de on .he re,ion. Thi, I.ck of publi.hcd dna by ~h,,; am h .. plob.bly ~on"ibu'ed '0 .he p. imacy of " lOeber·. o.i,inal .... o,lt..

Addi,ion.1 .,hno,"phic d ... conce,n,n;; .he inl.nd ... ",hern A.hobosc.". C.n b. ("~nd in . he Culrure Eleme n, Di",ibu,ion. by Fronk Euc ne (19~Z). who .pen. a con,id."ble • moun. of ,i me 'n Round V. lIey in«fvi.win, • number of nOti"e informanu. H i. "o,k included 'pproaim"ely four day.ofin <c rview ... i,h l.ucy Young. Amel i. Su.m.n (1976) .1.0 intervi . wc d l.uey Young and ",he .. 11 Round V.lley. Edi.h Murphey (MS). a fan!,:C bo .. ni .. fcr t he U. S. [nd ia n Service who bec.m e ,

cI" •• friend of Lu.y Youn,. coll.crcd .om. u.cful uhnobol1nic.1 d. ,.. There ore .1'0 • fe .... o.her ,enera l public .. icn. 0" ,h. inl.nd .o",hc rn A,h>bu ••• u . for ,he mo .. P'''' h" .... eve' •• U of ,hue ethn",uphcro .nd hi"o,i . " ... o. ked wi.h 'he Ume few nuive ,nforma"",

Social and Political Organization

The p,in.ip.1 problem .. i.h 'he :IOcio-pol i,ic.1 ".,. niunon of .he i nl.nd ."",hern A ,h.b .... "., .. "adi,ion.Uy documented in .he «hno,nphic liler"ur. (B."mhof( 1!J58; Elu ... r i!J78). re i .... '0 ,hei, diyi.ion in'o "ibe •• nd «ibel." (Figur. i). Th i. nome nd .. u ... Ii ". dev.lop ed by Kfoeber (fo, .he H,,_dllooi), hOI bee .. ,enenlly occcptcd dcopirc ,h. foc< ,h., at the ,ime i, .... pre>"" .. d, Ktoe ber h.d li .. l. hard dor. (indudin, iin,ui .. ic: d ... l or (.",ili .. "y with .h ... ,ion .

Kraeb .. u.ilized .he ,erm ·"ibel .. '.o delin . • ,roupin, of ,m.llcr viU',e. 0' "ne lu,. yil l.,. ",hieh form ed . n ' u'OnOmou. poli.ic.1 "ni,. A , roup of rel .. e d '"~ b.lc," w.re cI . .. ilied .. I ' "i be .• Allho",h K,o.ber did no' clucid ..... hI< .hi. ,d .. ion.hip ..... booed upon (li ngui .. ic, ooc ial. 0' poli<iul (.cro .. ). hi. "'e of .h. lefm tribe inf.ro • kind of p"litic.1 or,aniu,ion ... hich did nO' uill .mon, 'he inland ."u.hern A.hob"c.n •. Whilc to

.omc ea •• n, Kro.b. I. aaumhoff, and o,h.ro (.ce Elsa .... 1978: i91 ) h • •• rcco,n ized 'h" amon, .ftc inl.nd .ou.h~fn A,h.ba.co .. ', poli,; •• 1 au,onomy ru,ed .. ,hc vill .,o levol (i. e ..... "h ,he ~"ibcl .. • r~,hcl ,h.n ,he tribel. ,he e" .. elu.ion •• nd genetoliu.i"ns of e.hno,"phie .. udi .. in ,hi, re,;io .. loa •• ,em.ined .. 'he "ib~ 1 level. A •• n u.mplc. Ihumneff·. 1!J63 . "iele E(~'~ri~"1 D#u.,.,;.as/S of ,., IIon&l_,,1 C"lifo"";a POp" IOlius •• cribc. ,he l. ... ik ' ",b.' '0 rhe l.ower KI.m .. h Cult".c Province and .he W.il.ki K"ibe' '" ,he C al. forni . Pfov'n.e . A, ... i II be doeu men<ed in ,hi. ",udy. ,her ...... no .0ci.1 or poli.i •• 1 en."y wh'eh could be c.llod 'he La .. lk "ibc .nd .h.te wcrc nG ""id poli,ic. 1 Of te""ori.1 bo~nd1fie. ,mon, ,he peopl .. of ,hi. tegion.

Thi •• rudy ... U .... ,h .. 'ho high ... level of '''cio'poli,icol or'.n'u"on ..... 'hc communi.y. A communityeo ... i"ed of. vill.,c o. g.oupo(.ill.,e . ... ooi ... d .hrou,h kinship, gco'''phy. and ,he necd '0 .h" •• nd CGord,nate .xplo;, .. ion of • common .ub.i""n<e r •• oure. bOle . Wh ile ,he ... m '"ibel ,, " cloaly refl .. " .hi. level of .0ci.1

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Ktltr' 39

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K,Ur

ofs.n'~"' .. n. ,h. i~f.f.n •• i. ,Iou 0 "'bele,. wi.h in poli.k.1 .onnou,ion. wu me.ely •• m.1I "ibe. Thc ,e'm eommuni,y i. mo •• d •• c'; p.i". ond rejec," 'he infe'ence. of [he der;"";,,. 'erm "ibel., ,h .. poli,ic.1 or,.niution "'10 .omeho ... rcl ... n[ .0

inl.nd .ou[hern ,,,h.bue.n culture.

Villages a nd Communities

Wh ... me.s •• from ,1.0 ori,in.1 info.m.n, d .... alon!: wi'h mo ••• coen. in.e'vie .... wi,h descend.n .. of .he people f.om ,hi. "co. i •• eommOn wo.ld "i e'" .monr; commun;[i •• bued on a <oopaul.e exi.<cnee .nd •• h.fln!: of 'he fini .. '",ou<Cc ' anilable in , h .. 'e,ion. Thi. coope,ui •• .... i ... n ....... b .. ed On .he peoplc', r. l .. ion,hip'o ,h. I.nd, '0 ,hi. reooU'ce b.se .• nd '0 c>ch o'her 'hrou,h n.cnded (.miliu. Comm .. ni . ;e. o f.en ,uhefed 'o,.,her fo<c.l e b, .. ion •.• n'<cd common tr. di .ion •.• nd uubli.hed form.1 bond. ,h.o .. ,h m .. <i.ge .nd kin.hip reluion.. Thi. eomin!: .o,e.he. of u.io .. , communi'; •• b", .. ,h, people in,o COn"c' flOm m.nydiff.rent . rc .. conto[nin,. .. ide diYe"i .y of .e.oul ....

E.eh eomm .. ~i,y m.intoined au.onomy ,nd po ..... ed . hud",.n wi,h .ome limlled ou,ho,i.y. Tni •• u.hori,y was ba.ed plim3f1ly on ..... I'h .• ~;. I j> •• oti,c • • nd f.m ily .ie •• 0 'he community. Communi . i.. were .onnected by "odc .elnion.hip., ccremon;.1 ,i •• , .nd. Y'" ne<wb.k of extended f.milie.. T he eonccp' of • "ibc defendin, a p.rt;'ul .. 'c"ilory and m.i" .. ining' " .. ie politiul infl."tuc. ure ovcr .n extended period of ,ime did no' exi ... Wherc One Ii " cd .nd '0 whom One"''' <c1". d had more.o do wi,h ';e. be"""en communi.ies ,h.n wi ,h any I .. ,., poli 'ical o. -.:i.1 e",i.y.

Amon, .h. bond. ,..hieh helped m.i n .. ,,, •

.en.e of communi,y "'i'hin . nd bClwcen .0.i.1 S.oup. were:

• I(i".hip and uOI . mo .. , ""''''1. ;nclud.n, in "'anye ...... mpo •• ty .... ",1 .... 1 .e.;de~e.

• The need '0 coordin .. e •• b""ence .c,i.i,;e. be .... een .o", ... u"i . ie •.

• Pro .. mity and .p .... 1 r&b"(>n,~;p, of<he o,"ou, .ilL., .. ",d communi,i • •.

• The need fo. diffe.in, en,.',on",e .... '0 .ee" .. • wide .. nl . of •• uon,1 , •• OuICe'.

It i. qui'e I,kely ,ha<. oyc' ,imc . tc"i.o.)" cI.;mcd by 1 communi.y . nd even ,he .ill.,e. belo .. ,in, '0 • p'l,ie .. lar eo",m .. ni,y ... o .. ld hove fI" ....... d bued on .uch fac.o .. u soel . 1 dyn.mic. (in,. rm.rri.,e, p.,"o",) confli.to, .IC.) •• nd eh,n,u in di"ribu.i"" 0 •• .,il.bili,y of .ub.i"cn" "'oUICe •. I .... u ,h. cOmmon bond. of eommuniry. cullu«, hn,,,.,c (and 10c.1 dial.CI), .nd .hc .h.ri n, of ,he urn. cn.i,onmen •• nd ,eo,rophic.1 are. whi.h ... uh.d in . world vie ..... hich diffcren<i .. ed .h. inland .o .. ,hern A,h . b, s • • n, f.om .hcir n. 'ghbo," .nd g,ve . hem • ,.".c of .hem .. dy .... onc p.opl •• uhc• ,h.~ .ny pol;"cal o.,.nization .. inferred by .he ,e'm. ""ib. " and · "ibcler."

Ma rriage and Community Relation sh ips

Morri.,e and kin.hip enh.nced .nd f.cili .... d .0ci . 1 inl."c.ion and ccmmuniry-,o-comm .. ni.y ."ochmen... M."i' l e. we<c ".u.lly .... nged be .... een f .. hets ,..ho would propo ••• uen . .. "ion o~, off.i."d,hip. An exch.ngc of Sif" b ..... ecn ,he 'wo familic .... o .. ld .hen o .... f{C .. "i. 1924:29·30). In de.ctib'l\& morri a, ...... om •• Loeb (1932:94) upl.ined ,h". co .. ple wo .. ld li"e ..... i'h 'he wif. ·, people un,il 'he fi ... binh. ofter ",hieh 'hey .I<cr" ... d .. i,h .he h ... b.nd'. bmil)" .. ",iI ,he .coond 0' ,hi [d bi .. h. A, ,h •• ,;me ,h. eo .. pl e ... eu Id build 'heL' Ow" home. If ,hi. woo ind~cd .he .ommon p .... i." .• hen i, i. cle ... 1.01 .... chme n .. .nd .ffin"y ,duion,hip, .... ould be ", .. bli.hcd bel", .. n 'he nc ...... ifc ·. ond hu.band'. "'pcc,ive ;n·I ..... and e~tcnded (omil , .. (Cufli. 19t4;28). Thi. i, wh .. m.de 'he bmily .nd ,h. communi,y (r .. her ,h." tr,be or <Ii bel .. ,) 'he .cci.1 .ubdiw"ion of 'hesc s.oup •.

[" ...... ion •• nd clo •• rel u icn.hip. be'",een commun i., es <o"c lucd moo< direc<ly wi,., family .nd kin.hip "u (one W.i l. ki info.m.n, in Su.m.n 11976; I 2-131 explai ned ,h .. o,d inarily 'hcy ", hink • whol. 101 of.el .. i".,"). Fo, en mplc. ,h. comm .. nity c.ned .he "blue 'found people" on .h. w ... ,ide of Chemi.e Creek. v!Oitcd .. i," [hc -Kd"."J" peopl." bcc.u.c of. h"i ... I.,ion, Ovef 'he rc (Coddud MS). The K~J_.JII w.n •• 0 .he Itl .... d •• y. "ill . ,. whcn OeO.M Wete in .hoft ... ppl}· bee ..... ' hey h.d <cl .. i.co by ma"i'lIe 'here (Godd"d 19230:101).

M."i.~e wi,h lel .. i ........ ".iclly prohibi'cd .nd m."i.,. o .... id. of one " .ill ' se w .. p.efc rfCd . Thi, prQhibi,ion on m,"i.~ c CHn ... i,h dist . n[ lel .. i"e. plo.ided a mceh.n;.m fOf ' oci.li",ion

and communiouion .mon, widely .ep .. uod com"","i.i co. S"on, .io. wc re fol, wi ,h .11 r<l .. i~ •• i .. dud in" i, 'pp.''', "'i,h d<>.c in· I . ... 'el"ion>. l\Io",bc'" <>f • f.mily wc,e ve.y 010.0 . nd .... re <>bli,ued '0 .uppOrt .ny .dui~e in feud. (Su.m.n 1976;6) . ... . Loob (1932:69) noted, in.erm.«i.ge .nd " .do wo ... ,o,.,he.. Coordin"ion .nd coo pcr"'on in obuining fo"d .nd p.rtieipuing in col c b ... ion. were .1.0 re.lized by .he exccnded f.",i]y n« .. erlt, The .ill.,. of Se/ui;'~·I'.t' (red ,oek lu,. on) du,in, ,he . u mmer joined wi,h ,he vill.,c of Sao,,";I"iJo which w., locucd sOme ,ix or ,eVe n mile. do ... n river (Geddard 19230:10]) '0 eoo,di n" e r • • o"IOO ."b.i". nee .e, ivi,iu_

The vill.,e or <o",",uni.y hid in cOmmon , he;' immo di .. e .u« oundin, >tea ... hun.in, .nd , .. hrin, ", rr i. ory for i .. ",e mbe ... Rel"i.". from o.hc • • ill.C" " howe ve, . .. ere we lcome '0 hun' .nd ,,,h« the re .. he n , he y .... e in n« d . The li'e(>,u'e and inform. n.inccn-ie .... uuu •• h .. i ..... ro ... ine for villo,e' .dOled , h ,ou,h kin.hip or communi,y .ico 10 c. mp '''C .. he< du,in, ,he ,umme, mon,h, (..,,,,e. imco fo' ex'endcd period. of ti me). ,,,hc,i n, pl.n< m",efi . l •• nd hun ' in,. For exa mple. On Hotse Cr.ck C.nyon (. "ibuu'Y of Hull', Ctock ) .heto ..... ~ .o •• ,fall wheto ro.h ..... re h" .... ed coch . e"On by .h'e e di ...... ,,110& •• (Goddard 1923>: 224).

E~eh yeo r on Acorn fe . .. would O.CU', " e;,hb",i .. , .ill.&e •• "d di ... n. fel." ~cs ",,,uld be invi«d '0 ' he .pon • ..,<i .. , ~;lIo,c, "'f, ... he feu. 'he re moi ning . co." ... ou ld be di.i ded .mon& ,ho.e _ho 'Hende d (Locb ]923:88), Th, •• h"inlt .c ... ed '0 di."i b"' •• n 0 bundan ••• op '0 ,ho •• c<>mm un i. ; os ... hieh moy ne, h, ve h.d 'n .bundance of 'OO'n. ,h., ye .<,

,,, •• ;II . ,c loc.ted olon, H"II's Creek .here ..... . Yi.fu(d.nce house). "", •• I .. ,e: .h",y fee, in di.mc<ct wi .h On eigh,ee n foo, · high c. Mer po .. , On. of Goddard', (l924:UI) W.iJ.ki i"fufm."" r. membered ." . ndi,,~ • d.nce .hcre as • youn, boy. Whe .. ' he d o nee "0' . bo .. , '0 ... rt, • mcUc nl:c' ...... en. "U' .w" day', di ... nec in.1I dilCClion. '0 invite pcopl • • o .. te nd ,h. d.nce, In Woi/d,' Tats (Goddard 1923b:] 26· 129) ,he'c i •• "o' y 'el.,ed '" .hi. d."ee ho ... c which begi .... Do"ceho"." i, buiJ, .hey ny, far ,o .. ,h. They .... beu , '" complu. ,h. "roui., ,hey .. y. H. is.bou. ,e i" .. i« u' rheysay ,· "'no,her I .. ,. Yi.u~ .... located .. Blochbu'~ (in Kroeber'. Nong"l ,e,,;,o,y) .nd •• ,vcd '0 ho .. commun;".' .. far '''''y as Kcb ... Io.. and Min. (Goddard MS),

" for .he inl . nd ." .. ,h."n A'h.b .... n. ,he ne.d

'0 h.ve knowledg. of<h lou,ion, .eh.duling, ud pmen •• • 1 ••• il. bil i.y of ' .. Ou'.e ••• <0 .... eason.lly ch.n" .. , c n"i,,,nmen. «e",ed. deep b<>nd b e",,«n ,h. people .nd ,he I.nd, Wi,h no . eriou. ou<sido ,hre ... of terri.o,i.1 u.urp"'en, higher level. of poli.ie.1 "".niu.ion bcyond .h .. of family ond community we« .i"'pl y nO' nceded, F orohi . .. uo". .hc id • • of ""ib.· ... ,oei.l in"i.u,i" ....... no. «I.v.n,_ Marfi .,e. we re ",.de '0 enhance pe roon.1 we. l,h. in.u,c .cce .. '0 rcoo".cco. and.o p.omo,o bonds between co",m .. ni,io.. "'ppcu • • h" 10

.lIi.nce. ch.ngcd ovcr ,ime. neW .lIiance' wcre b •• ed pfim. ,;lyon ,he <calicnme n<of.oci . 1 ,dation. .nd eh.npn, cnvi'''nmen,.1 condi,ion'.

Lingu is tic Relatio n ships

In 1967, Alfr . d ].:,oeber publi.h e d .n cval ua.ion of Pliny Geddard '$ li"C", .. ic .... diu of 'ne ... ,h.b .. <.M _ Kfoehr ( 1961:Z72 ) concluded ,Ita. 'he Sinkyone. Las.ik. Non,ul. and W.iI.k, di.lce" were closely relucd. "'ccord,n, '" Godd .. d (l906b:345). ,he m. in diffcrencu in ,he d;.l e c .. of ,he •• ,roup. were fe l. <c d '0 the nOun •• mploycd. wi,h fc ... difference, in .<tb. 0' .he <00" of ",o,d"

Mcrri.m no.cd ,hu ,he wOfd "Non, .. I· .... u •• d by ,b •• o" ,hefn A,h.buc. n. '0 ref.r '0 .heir I. ngu.,.:

In ,hoco."e of my r,eld"""k .mon« ,h. _'h~f" A,h. bucsn .. ibos 01 Co!tforni. I .... e .... <Ie p,rricuu, inq.,ries .bou, .hi. ",oo-d (No",.d1. .nd in .. ~e .. l cUes h ••• hd i, """" M. w;,bo~. ;"'1"'1)' on my p.rt. h pro_c •• 0 k . , ... ~ .. I Of

bl.nker n.m e •• ed by ,hem •• I.c. foo- .11 'he $oo.hc,n A,h.b .... " "ibeo. f",,,, 1."1.' ,nd y .",cr C«k On 'he ""ft" 'Q the nOrthetn bot,;", ..rR<>.ndV.lley"".h ....... ~. ,h., includin, ,,,-, .... h.I>o""'n 1\-;/,.11<.

Obviou .. V,h.fd' ...... , ...... d~ ,c.,,;c,cd '0 • p.me.l .. "i\>c or di.i.ion, i. io • ,.,..,..ril>ol ... me. ThoSe.,h.,,, .... h.b ......... y" it ,h ....... e of, he<, "N,,, ... " ...."".·crin' .11 .he " ,be. be ... een Round V.I I., .nd 1."1'" (Me", • ., 1921oZ76).

I' or ,hi. 'c •• "n, i •• ppC>f •• n" .1 'hou gh nO poli .;cal ofl;onrn,ion ni ... d .bove 'he e"mmu,,"y Ic .el. ,here wos 3 fCeo~ni"on , h al 'he .0u'),Hn

•

A.h.b .. e.". pone .. ed , commOn I ... &".g< .nd ".di .ion. (my,h, • nd lege "d.) which <Ii freren'; ",cd .hem from 'he Yuki.n, Pen",i ... , and Allonq"i." • po.h« .. ho we'" .heir n e i,hbotl,

Inh.bi,." .. of ~ill.ge. nut ,.aup bound .. ;". (e.g., nc.r Yuki 0. Wi",,, ''''''tory hnd ,toose m."icd '0 ;"divid".I. f,om o.h", ,""'po of,,,n ,poke more .han one I.ng"" " (Goddud 1923.:98. 19H:219). Communic",;on w .. 'he key'" moin"'nin, ,ood .ei><ionohip' among ,hose neighboring groupo. M.rti.go e""'Om' te nd e d to c ncourog" ,he need for bilingualism •• men sough •• bride G"nide .hci. 10.::.1 communiI)'. Knowinc .he 1.",,,0,,, c r 'he pt.oplu who .hucd ,h '''oou,eo. ",i,hi". region .... "n en.i .1 10 developin, ".d" ."b, ;on •• nd " .. ,bli . h;", 'rule'" for how rc'Ouree. h.ld in common WMe '0 beuploi.~d . Communic~ . ion .nd bilingualism "'c'c c"cnlial in c",obli,hing and mai ntoining a .yS!em .hu could ... ;.f,e.o,ily J< "I e dispu.e<. If effcc.iwc communieuion did nOl r~k. place, i. mi£h. possibly lead .0 wiolenee.

Who Were the BLassik"?

The .c,m "I.''''k" w as fi,S! u."d b~ 10c.1 hi.,ori .n •• 0 ref~, .0 m"mben of Chief L ... ik'. b.nd who inh.bi,,,d .he aIGCk.bu.£ "gion of Humboldr County prio, '0 the coni • .,. period. Chief L.ssik .... an effee.ive leadc, who 0"'ni1ed some of .h" .IIongcS! ,,,.i,"nce ro whi .. enc.o~chmcn' in .here,io .. (Ke,e' 1990:12).

P'c blem, wi,h 'h" mo,,, .ud;.i"n . 1 clauifieacion of. L ... ik t;'OUP becomu "viden, .. hen one rud. Me ,ri.m '. brief .rriele, ... pplic411u _/IAe T~ N •• S-Id/. The pouicn of 'he .rtide quo,ed belo .. "'euly eonfl icts wi.h ,he c,,"en<ly a"cep'e d nomcncl .. u,~.

1),; "Y •• i I j·eo fS • h" h. P ubi ;ea' ion ofthe •• " .. (Nunl·k. hhll by P""." i, ..... ,evi •• d. ""de, ,h •• .,.11'"1 Noropd. by D •. pli"l' Goddonl. ... ho 'pph.d i. 'p"",fieally t<, 0"

A,bpo.bn ,,;be of.ho _, V." o.n ... R i .... qio<o. po "",.I.1Iy f '"' • he nei,hbo,hood of B"d,ev,lIe """he .Iy ro.so. .h • nd Mi ddl. V",e. Cre.k, . Godd"d "ndemood hi. inform.n, to ,i •• " ."he n,.,,, oro nonhsrndi·i·ioooi.h. ,,,bee.,...· manly called ·L ... i~· (Me<u,m 19t1ln.·Znl

Goddud o".t;in.lI~ .,on.ide,cd 'he X,oup Krocbe, el ... 'fied os Non&.tI '0 bc I di~i.ion of'he Los.ik (.ee ,1 .0 Goddard 1906~, ! 907). KlOebu (1925), in ,he H".d6D~J. /i .. , de/ined 'he bounda.ic. of • L ... ik tribe. Af.c, ,c.n,ehine rhe li,en.ure .nd .v .. lable fi.ld ,,,,,e. , no doeumenr .. ion could be loe .. ed '0 indi",'e how Kroebe, "rivcd .. hi. conclu.ion. of • Lu.ik "oup .. i.h • defined '.""'0<),. M . rn.m (MS., MSb; a oumhoff I 95S: lSI). like Codd"d, .eem. '0 have al.o plac.d 'he Los.,k ",i,hin K'<>eb., '. Nong,,1 .cHi.ory. Thi •• eem. to be bued on hi. informan. ', induding I.uey Young and Ceo'le au". Thu., under K,oebcr'. name nd .. urc, Chief La .. ik ( .. bo .... born in .he Bloek.bur, >rca) ..... no. L~ .. ik b", Non&u]!

One of E .. ene', inform.nts. Nancy Dobe~, indi .... d 'hot .he L."ik We'e .«".lly Wailo ki (Euen. MS). He, .... "ion i. probably ,on ... lly a.eurue in .he ,en.., ,hOI. in ".di.ional W.iloki .oei •• y in'e'm.";'C., .ociol in'e,ac,ion •• nd coml"l"lo".I;.1' ono .. ,u.,e p.odueed f.w diffe,cn.e, be,"een .he 10c.1 commu n i.ie. wi,h .. hieh ohe "' .. f.ml1i". It i •• 1.0 in,.r.sting '0 nOte ,h .... hen K<oeber's ""den', E .. ene. in.~rview.d L"ey Yaung he oore d "Lucy VounX. W~iloki. _ce 90" (Euene MS) . Haweve,. 'omewne'e betwecn Round Volley .nd aerkeley .he became L ... ik when hi. Cultu", Elemen' O' .. 'ibu';on ..... published. Alto, .. hen Kroebe, in'erviewed Lucy Younl on July 13, 1938, h. na. ed. ".hG,.,h li .. ed by rhe Gowunmen ... . W.lI.ki, .he " .e,ually wh .. e ,hnologi ... e.1I L.uik. '

K,aeb., (1 925: 144) nOlCd .h .. rhe n.me by whieh .he L ... ik ,efeHed ro rh em.dves i. nO. kno .. n. II .pputs. in faer, .h1l Merr;am '"'10 .he .. nly crhnol"phe, ... ho ,eco,ded from Lucy YOURI 'he .c,,..1 n,me of 'he communi.y ,a which .he bclonf;.d. She was bo,n in .he Alderpoin. area ond 'he people from this communiry .... ere knawn os blue (S;,·, ... ) ,ock (BiJ·et< ) peGplc ( .... h).

lndi~n Age"cy , e .ord. clea.ly indie ... 'hot bo.h of Essene·, "L ... ik" informanu Lucy Youn, .nd M,t}" M.jor (born" Sald ie. B .. in)werc W.il.ki . The« i. fiG rcco,d of Lucy Young e ve' referrin~.o herself os L~ .. ik in ,he field notc. ,,,viewed or in o,h" , hi .. o,jc~llC<ord. (.ee ~I'G Smith 199(1:77). She indie~.ed ,h .. her f .. hc, ... os > W.il.ki fIGm Alderpoin' and ,h .. her mo,he, .. os. W.iloki fIGm Soldi., B •• i" (A ppl ie."on ~3618 fo' enrollme""

Offi~e of I "di . n Aff~i,,). A. Smi ,II (1990,78) "0'''', ' "ve l' if .he .n,hropo)Olli ... did no, liue n, .h e~Hed her.df'l,,}".,,· o r ·W.ibki" .

1< oppe. n .h •• he 5illmbileo< communitle. .10ne 'he Eel River "'er< oIo.e ly .Ii::ned '"rou:::h ",urior;e ond .ffin ity rd .. ion •• i.h communlfie. d;re".ly.o .he co ... T hi. in"luded . wi"'er vill'Il" . Ione the Nonh Fork of ,he Eel River., Soldier Buin (TI.-, .. i-d,) . nd . "ve <>1 villases olon& 'he M.d River in 'he y;"ini,y of ' he old '0"'1' of Ru,h (no,*, und., Ru ,h Re.e,yo;,). Tllu., the ,roupin,of eommuniti •• Kroebe, oI ... ified ... he L" .. ik «ibe 'PP"''' '0 ind .. de ,h".e W.il,ki eommuni.ie. rdoted 'hrough kin.hip .nd wh,ch eoo,din. ,ed 'he p,ocuremen' of ... b,i"en<e re.ource. di'ce.ly to ,lie .0u,1I of ' he Blo<k.bur, r,,;ion .

[t .eemS eviden'. ,he n, 'h" • 'L .. "k «ibe ' .. defined in the < .. rren, .n,hropoloei<.1 lite ratu,e did nO , .e.lly uilf. Ru her. K.oeber·, e,hnoll"phic L .. si k we« m "O< likel y .he nerthern communi.ie. <>fwh .. mi,h' be ,ermed ,"e lire .... W,i1>1<i Il'Oup ... hieh he ld the mOn ."u , hetly porti"n. of A,h.buoan r""i.ory in C. liforni • . Once K,oebe' publi.hed t he H .... H.I. IIowev«, e,hno,"phrs pl.eed anyo ne ... hom ,hey in 'ervi ewed from .hi . re,ion in.o .he ' L . .. ik « ibe. ' For n.mple, Kroeber nOtCO in hi. i" .. oduct ion '0 E".ne '. e"/f""" E/_C~f Di."j/lllfiu.: XXI RDn. Y,,/ky.

•• ere Ife incleed old poopl. On .he rcs<:", .. ;"n ..... o ... I,Sted .. Wa,l.k, i. 'Ieney ,e_d. ' I'd who <. 11 .~e ...... lve . W.;].I;i. TIL.ose ohh.", """, .. iii Ilod ...... h · ... hil. u--I. dIe '0 di'pen .. proved how .. e, '0 be I..a .. il< '''"",bo,. i. E...,,,,, I<).I?~

Pitch Wailaki Social and Political O rganization

The Pitc h W.ilaki rderted ,<> ,hem.c1~es u .he Clu·(~-re.l .. i Of Pitoll Ind .. n. (B.um~<>ff 1958:176). They were 01.0 referred '0 o. 'he S.nd E .. ets ($i-,d.d . • nd ."e Eel Ri ye rW.il,ki rcfened '0 .hem .. C~e·Ut-, .. J·d." The rel.'io n.~ ; p be.wec n .he Pitch W ailok; who inhabi,.d ,"e North Fork buin, ,he W,II.1<i who occupied rhe m.in Eel Riv er, . nd 'he North Fotk W,il>ki wh~ ;.h,bhed .h. lower part of .~e Nonh Fork of 'he Eel . i. no' • n.i.ely clear. Goddord concluded thOl. ",hil e do.el y rel ... d c"I . ~ •• lIy and l'n,"IIi •• ic.lly •• hcre

wu . ome eoncep' of .ep",. ,.ne... A. ono." .. p"in', 1I0 .. evCf. Goddard {I9H:ZZ5) w.o<c ,h .. ,he P i"h W.il,k' differed ftorn rhe Eel River W.; I,ki ' only in their .d.pu,ion .0. ",bi .... li"le mO.e arid ond nearer 'he he.d .... Ie" of ."e.m' where (i.b were le u ,bundant. ' The eoncep' of .ep .... ene .. ..... no. poli.i.al. n.h« i. wu mOte li kely b .. ed on ,eo," phy .ince Hama" Rid,e fOfm. a ".,~ .. I b .. rie< b .... een .he W.a.k' on ,h. Nonh Fo.k .nd .he ma in Eel riv . ...

Th. Pi teh W. i I.ki com muni,i", hosted. danc e at one oft"e .It ree tcmemll<: red , i.ta (donce ho ... e.) in 'he Ie,ion. A. ,h" tlme.1I ,he '''ibe' ,"heted in ce lebr .. ion (tI,i. included relatives from Sit.". Bi •. , •• T.i-de, and o,"er W.il.ki com m .. ni,; •• to .he north .nd .... ,,) . The 'wo .. orie • • eco rded by .",hropolo,i .... bou, .hi. ,i-f( • • ere from informant. tivin; "" .he Eel River: Cap .. in Ji m. from 'he rll . nd Moun .. in u eo • • nd Lucy Youn" from Alderpoint . Goodboy , .ek, ... ho .... from ,he vdl.ec where 'hit d.nee hou.e ,..at loclted, al .o .ela'ed thi. inform .. ;on '" Goddotd (1924:%21). He remembered rh .. in hi. ea .ly you.h • m."engo< w .. Ie". ou"o in .. ite people f.om a dinanee of ... o day •• in evety direc.ion from .he vill.,e. and .h" [ndi.n< from bo.h ,h~ m. i" Eel Rive. and.he No«" Fork ,",e,e at ,he d.nee.

For .h. ,e .. on. o"dined .bove. ,he Sinenbide n from rhe Alderpoint areO (and 'he related <"mmuni.ie. at Soldier Baoin ond on ."e upper Mad Riye.) •• he North Fork W.il.1< i. ,he W. ibki on.he main Eel Rive r. and ,he Pi tCh W.il.k i W"e .11 pu, of .. h~. un be e.lI ed .he ',relter W,ibki group. · Thi. gro upi ng of communi'; e' wu not poli.icol. bu ..... 'her ..... b.sed on '''",ed "ul", .. I. linll~, .. ic, and k inlhip .ieo, .. well .. the need ro <<>ordin~'c and heili .. ,e 'he proeurem en' of .ubsi ... nee rcoources.

Territorial Boundaries [n 1938. B.umhoff. u,ili~;ng pu bli .hed

m,,,,ri . l. and f,eld notco (prim .. ily of !':roeber. M."i.m, .nd Gocid .. d ) refi ned ,"e bo .. nd .. i", of ' he IO u' " Cfn At h.b,,,,,,n.. He Co,,,; n"ed .0 u.e .he «ib.1 nomend.,urc fiu , d.fined by Krocbe r hee Figure 1). T he boundHy de.etlp tio". for 'he lo~."ern A'h.b .... n. ou'llned by B.umhoff ( 1958,M.p !) are .hol< ,h. are now ,enero lly accep.ed by ,he .nth.opolo,ical <ommunicy (e .e· • Elnuer 1978: 191).

•

Th.,,, . rc. how"ycr, • number of pro blems .. i.1I 'he bound.""o of ,he inl.nd • .,,,,hern A,h.baoc ...... defined by B.umhoff(l958). They we." 'bu. ,,,e .. ' eompromi.u mod" .(,'" enl" .. ,,,, .he nriou. and conflie.; .. , bou"d>t;u .. o,,<lined by Krocber, Merriam, and Goddard: Bournhoff did no add j,;o ... 1 field wo.k.. There ar" . 1,,, .Ome i nte'not i nconsi,<o ncie. in hi. loc. ,ion of .ome bound "i".. For example. B.umhoff (1958:165,115) nOle, in one portion of hi •• nide ,h" He"",,.h , ... Volley is in 'L ... ik ' ,,,rritory, whil e in, fo li o ... ; nl .eeti on defininG .he N "n~. ,II L ... ik boundary, he plaCe> ,h .. .. me volley "'i'hin Non, .. 1 ."Hi,ory.

Ana,I .. " ."UOn ,II ... he.c boundaric. u" open ... queuion ",e m. from ,he uS! diff",en"" in wo,ld ';ewl o"d ellh",,," b e • ..,een .n,hropol .. ,i ... ond ,he Indi . n people. To ,h •• ,hno, .. phe .... , d"finin, boundaflu .. u a produe ' of wes<ernlo,i",,"neelved U ",ie, demarcuion. 'hac "'ere well defined and a" eed "p<>n. Howe,·c., .. 0"0',,, Fo""r(l944:151) no,ed. · in ,he mind, dlh Indi.n. cue, bound.,ie. we.e n e ve. known. · The leffi,ori.' defini,ion' re.uhin, from the , m.1I . moun< of e.hnogr.phle f,eld work cond"o<ed in ,hi. fe gion h.ve prob.bly bun , iven more cre dibili,y 'han 'hey de.erv" .

The beunduico n outlin . d in ,hi. IIudy (Fi''''e , Z .nd 3) .ho"ld be con,idered co •• oren ... he •• hn "ib, 1 boundari ••. Th •• e ee.,c " ... ou<l;ned .he , e ffi«.<y ... hieh inform.n .. indic .. ed .... re u,ed moo< in,en.ively fOf ."b.i"en.e .c, i.",,,. .nd . ,,«Iemen, by ,heir commun"ie •. They.loo ,enee. ,hOle .. us in ",hich ooci.1 and kln.h,p ,el.,;ono "e,e held moo< d",ely in <Omm"n

Boundaries of the P itch Wuiluki

B .. ed on exten. ive e .. "ironme .... 1 arud,., (Ke,er 1986. 1987. 1988. 1989. 1992) in 'he No,, " Fork Eel River ba.in. i, .cem. 'pp.,en< 'hll 'hc bound. riu for ,he Pi,ch W.ilaki ... o",lined by B.u mhoff, ore no' 'e.li"i. from. reoourcc p,oeuremen' pe .. pc., ive. I .. d.flned by B.umhoff. Pi,eh W. il.ki ,cni.o<y cont~in •• Ima .. n ... hi;:h .I,,, .. d,, .umm.' habi .. , '0 uploi .. Since du • • umme<abovc4.000fee , •• nd plan .. m .... r" I~r.r .. .hi, ahi.ud .. , t.ck of hi,h .ltitude ,e""o<y would hove ••• io ... ly limi.ed th e . bili,.,. <of 'he P"eh W.iloki '0 u pl"i, needed food , •• ou'." durin, p'" of 'he yeo<.

Fo, ,hi. re"On. it i. likely Pi,.h W.il.ki ,.rri.o<y (Fi,ure 3) cXfended f""he< ,<> ,h. e. "

,h. n i. ", .. Ii ned on B.um hofr, ( 1958) ""p'. In ,hi. ~rn. B.umhoff .eem. '0 II .. · • • e li . d primarily an Ooddard'. d.... Godd .. d (1924 ,218). however, only infe ... hc No"h fo,k/Middle Eel divide .. ,he ..... 'n bound.<y on hi, ""p (which i. in.omple,e .nd somcwhu m.ccuruc) . The norehcrn p<>"ion of 'hc Middle Eel b .. in i. locued much d".er.o .he PilCh W.il1ki ,h.n '0 .hc S.islllrllflllllu 111 (Ni.ely Sh'ped Pine T rce People) v'II.,eo loc .... d ne~r ,he confluence of ,he Midd le Eel .nd ,he BI.ek Bu". Rivero. Thc di'''nee f.om .hc No"" Fort. of . h e Ed Ri.e. '0 .hc Middle Fork div ide i. only .bout otX o •• cven mile •. and i. i •• he 10l:ical lo. u ion fe . exp loi .. ,;on of hi,h .l<i ,ud. food re oourcu du.in, 'he 'ummcr mon,h •.

Ano,h.r . co .on .0 que .. ion ,hi. co"c,n bound.<y can be f"und in .he e.I.no,r1phic Li'e''' .. 'e on ,h. Yuki and i. ""rrebo,a,ed by recen, ;",crvic .. , wllh re.iden .. of Round V.lL e y poue .. i" , knowled,e "f ,hi. re,ion. In I." .. udy of 'h e Yuki. Fa ... , indie .. cd 'hor .h.S.hll,I,",.u_ inh.bi'cd ,he uppe< re.che. of 'he Middle Ferk of 'he Eel Rive< n""h of it> eonnucnc. wi,h ,he Black BUllc R iver. F ""e, (1944, 160) i ndicued ,h." .. ,he rimc of hi, .<udy .• 11 membcro "f ,hi, Yuki subgroup "have lang bc.n dcad" an d ,hu. durin , .,hno'''phic ,ime •. i, wal p,oba bl •• hi. r.,;on had only been . p . roely populued. John Hol."n (1980;16) nOlCd ,h .. ,hi. l'ouP wos ·cen.idered ·moun .. i" people' ... ho neve, ml~ed much wi,h o,h.r Yuki.· FOSlcr (19~ : 160) nOled . hal .he S.lul,"JI •• o", Iud much con,.e ... i,h .hc Pi,ch Wail.ki, who weI •• ome,imcs confused ,..;,h 'hc Yuki .... h.n info'm.n .. di.tune d ac.ivi.ie . in .hi. ..... I, may ~ c t)" w.1I hove been ,h .. bo.h . he Yuki .nd W.iI.ki u,ili •• d 'hi ...... nd 'hac Fouer fail e d <0 roc"gni2e ,hi, f. «.

Onc of Hobon'. con.ulun" .... cd .ho< 'he P i, .h W.il.ki h.d • permanent fi.hi", c amp (Ko­S,. -T, ,. ) on Fi.h Crcek ncar 0' .. ; .. confluence wi,h ,he Middl. Fofk (oee .1.0 Merriam 1976:81). ... "",her H"llo" co".ulnn, i ndi e .. ed ,he Yuki/Pi tell. W.il.ki bound.<ywoo in ,I. .. ,ene .. 1 ..... Hol.on (1980:26) condudcd .• , hcre is .;'nific .... . vide n.e '0 indica,. ,h .. Yuki fi.h, n, holes lion, ,hi. "reICh of'he M iddle F".k of.he Ee l R,ve, .. ere .hared 0"

on "qu.1 basi. wi.h .he W.iI.k,.·

E .. " n" (194 2;56) no.cd 'hll hi. i .. fo. m. "" (i"dudi n::: Lucy Young) hod indico, e d , hu .h. upp« re .che. of ,he Middle fork of ' he Eel (and h",d wllers of , h. Sou,h fork of ,h. Trini,y River­'IIOW p ... of .hc Yoll. Bolly Wild«ne .. >ru) w<to

1

(_...,......Id"_ ........ _ .. io._"apwn ""' ..... r. .... _ l

o ' Or

•

F igure 2:

"'.

' .. \ .' . '

1-·- 1

'" ;

3

4

,

.' , ,

/

' - " '" <',

•

• kind of ' no man', land . ' Th rcSion ..... -held nomina lly by 'he Pitch 0' S.1t W,il.ki,' and it w., .I.oclaimed in par, by .he Yuki and 'he Cononwood Cree k Win' ... The Si«cnbidcn ,Is" hun. cd pmc and <oilce.cd .. 11 in .he >fc •.

A. no.cd euli e., .he """k; and W.ibki intermarried utcn,;yel.,.. Goddard (1924,219) idcn. ificrl , ... " .cparue . m ixed Wail,lti/Yuki vill . ge s. One v ill" c ide n Ii fLed i nelf clolely wi Ih 'he W,il. lt; and .he ""he. w ith 'h Yuki. In bo.h in". nc e' . • he .. inaCes were loc. ted alonl 'ho edge, of W.i1>ki/Yuki IOrriu,ry . One ohhc.c .ilhIO ..... on CUOMO Crec k. A. ,hi. yill'Ce, bo.h \\' ,ihki and Yuki Wefe .p<>ltcn. The Yuki and W"l,ki .100 had ",de rel .. ion. and. p,,,bably beca .. se of 'Merm>";.,,, and kinship, supported ueh o.he . in dilp" 'c , orw'" (T ... ;n 1887,7). Thi. m.~ . CCOUf\( ror ' he .pp .. en< eon ru.ion On bound.,ie. be,w~. n ,he ''"'0 ,roup •• B .. ed on . he •• id ~ ne. p' .. ~"lCd .bl> •• , i. i. probable ,h. portion. of.he uppc, Middle Eel drsin.,,, w ... u.ilized re,ubd~ b~ .he Pi.eh W.il.ki. Their [errirl>ry (u leu. [he 1[e. u.i1i:ed if nO. fcrm . l\~ el.imed) eK ,.nd.d '0 [he cu' . eve ral more mil e. (perh ap •• 0 'he S. c .. me n,o/ Middl e Eel River Di.ide ) [ho .. ; .. dicue d by B.umhoff.

B.umhoff (1958,1 76) deli nC>led ,h. sou,hern boundary 10 ''''endi n, HOI from' poin' nn' Summi, V.lley .I"n, 'he head ........ of Hull' . Creek (Bluenos. Rid,.) '" ,n . Non" Forl<lMiddle Ee l divide_ A,.in, [here i •• Om~ di.pu[c ovc, pl,cem"n, "f 'h e bcund>rY_ Goddud', m.p (1924:218) is no" in ,cneul, ve ry 'ccu,.,e f,am • ear<OI"phic ... ndpl>in • • nd doc> no' fully de fine .he Hull'.C,ee k louin. Fo .. er ( I944:M.p oddine. 'he Yu ki/Pi'ch W.il.ki bard", .. bein, sevc r.1 mile •• ou," of Hull', C,eek (.nd well ro rhe nOffh of .he bound.ry .. d e fin e d by B,umhofO on a line ex [end ing ca" from 'pp, oxim ... ly Bca' Cr<e k_ Ahhou,h B. umhoff di.miuu Fo ... r', bo"ndarr. ,hi. diffe,ence in bound.ry plo«men. po .... probl.m .inee 'he Yuki cle •• ly d.im.d .),c ~rc • . Th~ land. b ..... een Be ar C.eek .nd Slueno.£ Ridge m.v h .. ·e been. 'e,ion ",ili~cd bV bo,h ,.oup'. Sinee.he Y .. ki and Pireh W. il.ki m.int.tned do." ,e l. ,ions i, m.y e~ pl.i n wh~ member. of bo[h g'oup' in c[hno,"phio intervie w. c b im e d ,he _' c , . Pe rh.p •• his may h. v. been ,he loc. , ion of ,h • .. cond mi~ed communiry ( ref.tted '1> earlier) of Yuki(W. il>ki .hu Goddard .ecorded

Me"iom', .o .. ,hun boundary ror .hc PilCh W.iI. k i e xtend . d .Iong Blueno.e Ridge bu,

con , ;nued further cu' ,h.n Baumhoff's in'o 'he Middle Eel drain.ge '0 ,he vicini,y of S".k Rock. ju", '0 ,he .outh of H.mmerhorn Puk (Baumhoff 19S~:176). A. no'ed •• die,. One of Hol,on', info,m.n" 'old him ,Iou .he Yuki/Pi •• h W.iI. ki boundary W", in .he gener.1 .icini~ ofFi.h C.mp. Fi.h Camp i, j"" '0 ,he no"h of. I[ne .:"'end'n!: from Blue"o .. Rid,c '0 Buck R""k. which w .. where Me«i.m indicHe d .10 .. ,he e .... rn . nd .ou.horn bound.ri., me'.

Bo undaries of t he S itten bidcn

K[ocbe, (1939:21) nored .hu, unlike mony ,roup' wi.hin .he "Cion induding .he Wailaki. [he bound .. ie. for 'he ,.oup ,h .. he deConed .. l. ... iIL did no •• eem ' n>lurol .' Th. ". ,he boundarie. did no' .ccm.o be based On 10,i •• 1 ge omo.phic r .. ,u,c, .ueh ... d " in"e divide 0 • • n. <fO'" p .... g. in. ftVe' conyon _ Thi" in foe<. illu",,,, .. 'he p,,,blcm wi,h de Conin" · L .... k "'''i'ory.'

h 'ppC>f • • 1001 when L .. cy Youn, IoYe bound.ry information '0 Me rti . m, Essene •• nd o,hcro, ohe w .. ouliininJl; .h. ue. u"liud fo r procure men ' of ,cooU'ce . fa. , he people o f he . communiry: .he Si«enbide n. It i, likely . h" olong i .. periphery, ,hi, 1<""0'1' overl.pped wi.h adj.ce n. "O"p$'O .ome "uent. Lucy You n, .ho indie .. ed .ha, anum be r of e.mpin, a nd ruou(te procurem.n[ 1I><>.ion. u,ilized by .he Sit<cnbiden were locucd far beyond the bound.ric, .. ,igned b~ .h e e,hnographe fl (Figure 2). For eumple , ,ho noted ,h .. he r people .. . y.d.,. comp ne .. HOKic Cro.sin, (TZ5N. Rt IW. SeCttOn lS) on [he Middle Fork of ,he Ee l Ri,.ef. She so[d ,h .. hef ,,,ndr .. her .. as very old., rhe ,ime .nd ,Iou h. "'os c.rried ,he'c in .1"Ce burden b .. k .. (M"rpher MS). Th •• location i, for ,o",h of B.umhofr. L ... ik boundu~ in Fo .. et', Yu k i '''Hi,ory and Merti.m', Pitch W.il. k, «:((i,o'y_

Th.", i •• 1.0 ,omc evide nce .h .. ,he S"'enbidcn ".,·cled .. for u .... No"h rou. BI>lIv Moun"'n 10 ... de wi.h 'he Cottonwood Creek \\';n,u (B.umhoff 19S8:ZZ9). l. ... ey Young .1'0 .old Edi,h M ... rpheV ,h., No«h Yoli . Bolly Moun .. in woo eon,idC(ed ". bc. ' m e diein e moun ta in ' by , he Siucnbidcn. She indic.ted ,h u .ome individu . lo ,,·uuld " .. ·cI [0 ~ .m.II, dark I. ke near Nor,h Yoli. Bolly fo< reli,io ... purpo ....

In 'he mid·L930's, Ed;,h Murphey, Lucy roun, .... d hot husband Sam ~·ou .. , .ook. ,hlee week <rip lor ho, .. b.ck f'om Round V. lley nonh '0

~

• -.­•

• • •

""" 10 artas riJilitd " .... 't\<. W.iI>kI

I. Ed~_ 1..... ValI<y ro. <OInI

l . M.o4Ri-Ii ...... • . IlL . .. VollqJor .......

Figure 3:

CORE T£RRITORY OFTHE

PITCH WAlLAKl

LEGEND .,;V ".K , Valky

whe.", Luc'l' Youn, ~nd he. people had once lived. Thei. fi ... c~mp wu .. the confluence of H ull's C.eek and [he Konh ForI: of.he Eel River (. hi, i, well .. i,hin w h. t can bo te.med the ' cOfe 3'C>' of ,he Pi'ch Wail . k il. Lucy Yeung ,old ]l.lu.phey ,h., her people .. sed '0 guhe. ,he ... nd ,h .. ,hy w<>uld h.ve. ·'''lOul .. fidd d.y· .. i,h .11 kind. of spo,,. • nd comp«i,ions indudinc foot •• ces .nd .hootin, much •• (Murphey M$).

Thc difficulty ef , •• u"lCly dofinlt'g .hc bound .. ie. in ,hi. re,ion bued on info.m. n, in«,vie ... i, hi,hli,hted by Euene (l94Z,84) who noted .ha. '[hc ",,,i.ory ,he L .. ,ilr. .bim .. ,hci. o ... n is in p' " .1'0 cloimed by the W.ibki. Nong .. l. Hlyfo.k Win ' u, Cotlonlo'ood Wint .... nd ,he N"j'"itQ.·

Fig ... e Z pte.en .. 'he "c ... ,iliad by 'he Si"enbiden I. ou,lined by L .. ey Yount: '0 Me,,;om. Sincc ' he communi,y Lucy Young "-"me f.om w .. locued .Iong the Eel R;ve ... Ald«poin" i. '0

likely 'he ,."i,o.i.1 bound .. iu of .he orhcr communi,; •• defined .. L ... ik by K.o cbc, (which lie fulth« to 'he eu, u Soldie. auin .nd . Ion, 'he .. ppe. M.d Ri n d would vary .omewh .. from ,he.c of 'he Si, .. nbiden bued on kin.hip. cemmuni,y rel .. iono, . nd ... auree necd •. In .ddi,ion, it i. lilr.e Iy .hot bound .. i o. ohlle Si .. enbide n .. defined by YounlO .,,,~ , fl u ...... e ovcr ,ime bued on ~honc;nl re.ourcc n.ilobili.y .nd "aup .ocial.nd poli.ical dyn amic., Tho principal poin<. howeve •. i •• 10 .. 'he bound1fie. oudi ned by L .. cy Young wc.e fe •• he Siuenbiden eommuni,y .nd not th., of ~ ' L ... ik' !:.oup 0 ... ibe.

Conclu sion

It i. dear from ,he e,hnocraphie field not .. Ind o.het h'"otic.1 darl .1. ... he .ou.hern A.h.b .. c.n. p,uen'ed much more complu. • mbicuou., .nd ""meri mco conOi c'in~ deseri p.ion. of .hc boundaric . of ,h . i, ,."i.ory ,h.n ,h. li"es drown On map. b~ ethnogrophc< •.

No doubt c«,. in ponion' of ,hci. h~mel.nd. wc.e ... ell defined. For eump!'" ownefSh ,p utcnded to .he immedi.te .reo ,uffounding ,he .'lIoie. This mi,h. eh.n,e , ho,",eve., if .no,h"" •• I ... d cammun;,y ..... in need of fe,o .. '''es controll e d by • p.trieu!>. ~;lIo,e. In ,h .. cue coopen[ian .nd "'.oulee ,h .. ing would ocou, . Also. o ... n."hip was .om.,;m<o cI.imed ",d ",,,i.ory

defended b~ 3 porricul .. U'cnded family or eommuni[y ... lo .. "on fOcI. ;n , pu,;cul., .ub.i,<cnce "'O"«e ... i,hin ... hu might bc ",.mcd ,loci' co,c ,erri,ory. I •• ppe. n. howe ver. <ha. much of the hiSh eounr,y.o .he cas< (cuffen,ly wi[hin th e Yell. Bolly Middle Eel Wild«n" .. A,ea) w .. nO' claimed by On. " aup '0 ,he uciu,ionof",he". In 011. •• i"n.nce •. [.rri.ory ... as cl.imcd b~ ''''0 0 • mOre g'''up', funher complie .. ing ,he mapping effons of «hnOlt.plte .. .

The abo.;,in.1 people. of .he Yolla Bolly "'gion pan.ned a I.Olr'phi. k nowlcd, . of pOIC",i.lly e x ploi,.bl e .ub.i"cnce ••• oure", u'cndin, well beyond 'he ,e"i.o.;.1 bounduieo .. defined by ,he .arly <w.",i"th e . ",ury «hno, .. phc". Bound .. ,c, were dyn.mic.nd nticd o~crri me bued an .he .eI .. jon. be .... en indi vidualo .nd amont: eommuni,i ••• nd Were influenced by .uch f.e,ors .. '

Re.".rce ,.,ihbil"y_When ",di,ion,1 0' depen<l,ble I<><"ion. fo, seeu,ine •• b"'fCnce """ •• ee. "'C[O "0' ,.,>I,b le nearby d"~ .o e.op f,i lu",. d .o"Ch,. fi'e. e'c .. o.her mo,e d i.,,", I"""io", were vi,i<ed .

• P[<>c. ",me'" of exo,ie .eso.",c.-Soeu"nc ",..,.'ce. nO' >vo.I,bl" .. ;,h," one', Own .,,'e «";'Of)' by "lot"",", "",mi,.ion of ORdlo. oo<>pero<ion (,om 'he ,."up ean"alline the •• oo.... (c·I·, .h. Wi",. <oll""""e ........ " H.llen.h.,.· V.llcy 0. rhe s.l, jou,ney by ,hc Sille"b.den doc" ,n'O ,,,''''',y c!.imc<l ."d defended by '''0'1.« "oup).

• lnte .-commu,,"y .<><:;,1 dyn,m;c._ Ch.nl;n, ,lIi,,,ce. b .. cd on ",,,,i., • • nd .0ei.1 .. I .. ",,,,hip' betwee n ,nd,v.d.,I., vilh,c,. and eom",."",,,,.

• Nc.".1 ",,,,,ary-$ome hob,,,tion .;'''' m'J h.Ye bee" Iocatcd ... ,.kin "nc.".I" "";'Of}' (c., ., bCl"'e." .he Wi" ••• nd 5i"e"b;de. on So.,. Fo,~ M"u"."" 01 on .he Yoli. 60lly .. "') • Territory ct"mc<l by ,,,o.he. croup m.y h~. bee" Yi, .. e~ yu.ly fo. pu'po.e. of ".de ,or soc;.l i.,,;,," (e ., .. y"." by d,e Sill enbidc" ." .he PilCh W.iI.~, Of Hull". Creelt).

• Mul.iple ''''mo,i,1 el •• ",,_Some ucu (c.,., 'he ,outh .. " bound • .,. be''''ce'' 'he Pi«h W.ihlt; ."d 'he Volt.) ""y hOy. been cl.i ... d by "' .... c .ho" ane """I'. U" .. , ,.oid.ne" ,bfO.,h oekc<l.linC ". «"'pe"""n '"~ how •• b,i"e"". "'''u,ee. "'c[e nploned. the •• >to .. mi,h. h.vo been eo".idcr.d beyond 'hc b",deN of ,he" ".d"'o",1 eOf. """o'V.

-

• HiftlOrI,,,d .,e .. _ Som. loe .. ion. ( •. ,., ."",e po"ion. of ,h . Middl. Eel b.,l,,) ""Y h •• • b.en ~'ili .. d ... id.ou, .nyon. 01 .. ", ... , ... ,i,o,i.1 po ... ..,o" duo '0 ,hei, ..... 0« 10<O';"n from viII., .. 0' be.,ul< ,h .... ou .... found .h •• .".101 ~.nlly be , .. h ... d .. o,h«. mo,c eonven'on' loe .. ion •.

" 5,..:i.1 _ •• ",. n _ Reli,;"u. qU .... , ... 1,,", in "'HI beyond w h " .In b < oon, ide,.d ".di,ion.1 ,."i,o,i.1 bound.,i.a.

" T .. d_Spuifi. lo ... ion. ",ay h.ve b.en yiai«d f ... 1' •• 1' ... . . of <o"d~Clin' "ade .... h

.dj ••• ", ,'oupo.

It can bo concludcd fram .he cthnoC"phio field no ••• • nd c.her dotl ,evic""ed fot .hi. "udy Ih" .he Pi'ch Wlil.ki .nd .h. "L ... ik ·' ... er. h( different ocoi .1 ,.oup' th.n .ho.e p.«.n,.d by .,hnoC .. ph.... The "L ... ik," in fa,. p.ab . bly never elIi".cI ... di .. i"., .0.i . 1 c.oup. ~lemb.1I of loco I vill.,eo Ind communi.;eo .Iao .. ndcd f>t beyond th. boundoriu .... bli.hed by the «hnoC .. ph... for pu.poo.. of resou«e p.ocu.emen" " . d. , .nd .ocialiution. Th. Indian • iew. of' heir """dd, af ,h." ,. rri ,o'y, , nd of ,hei, community .eluion.hip ... cre lo,iul .nd .onoi .. e n, ••• en if Ih. elh noc,.phe It .Guld no' C., • hcm qui .. ri,h •.

CGneluaiona "C .. dinS ,h. poli,i •• 1 .nd 10ci.1 ot,o;>"i:."ion of 'hc inland .cu,hcr" A,h.b .... n. h •• e impl;~ • • ion. for f~ 'UfC OIch.~oloCic' l ... <>tel. in.he arco and the i"'e'prU>fion of ,he h,e period p .. h; .. ori~ ,cco.d. " i. unlike ly .hH ,,,ib~, .... mbb,o;c . for ,h. i"I'nd oou.he.n A,hb"".na can be ... i,ned '0. pa«i.ular ~"ib. w ... u rrcMly d.fincd i n 'he e ,h""C'3phic I i« •• ,ure. F o. eumple. • • i, c ue .... ed in 'hc Blocbbul, lC,o;ion i. unlikely '0 be • ' Non,o;.d' ,;« 0' • ,i •• uc.n.ed "CO (

Aldc,pcin, • ' L ... ik ' .i .. wi,h di." nc< ."if.CI a .. c mbl" .. bued on cul<u,.I.{r.ni, ; ••. Rother. i, i. hyp".h.llud, bee.u ••• eI.';on.hip. between .ommun;,i .. Wctc dynamic .nd Ouc<u.«d o.e. • ime, ... ,foe. nsemblo;co rco;oH.cd .h.ou,hou, 'he 'e,ion wi ll .. nd <0 bc homo,.ncou. wi,h dilf«cnee. bued Cn .i .. funClion , .. hc.,h~n «hnie • (fili .. ;on. Differencco in .he ,emaiM ofm ... Ii.1 culture .hould ,1,0 •• ry bClwccn .i,,, 'ype> b .. ed on cnvironm ... ,,1 variables. for .... mpl •. '.,,,u,ee p.ncu .. mcn, .ite, (i.c.. hi,h .lti,,,de h"."iR,o; e>mp') .hculd be .imil" ,h.ou,houl .hc .c;,gn. bu, ..... h . 001 .... mbl.,o; .. .. ill vary f."m .ho« "'co ... h;eh have o. her fu" .. io ... (i .• ..• ive.ine v,II.~e • i<e.j.

Thc key 'c unde,,,' .. di nit ' bound .. ic a' lie. in Ih c soci.1 iu, io ... nd .ff.,..1 ,ic •• mons ,he p.op l e. who i"h . bi .. d ,hi. "cion The ir coneep' of family in nucnced.lI "pc." of 'heir ... ltu.c. Nono of 'he .ommuni,ie. ,n .he NOflh fork re,ion o"he,.ncr.1 .rc ....... elf .u(fie.en •. They ,eli.d on H.de and coopc,u,on in ob'"n;ng .ub.i ... n". ' .. Gu'ees which .... f< b",h needed .nd d •• i."d. Effective com muni""'on .nd coop .... ion d •• eloped .hfOulth ex«nd.d kin , hip 'ieo wcrc primary ( ... on in Ih. . bil"y of ,h. ;nl .nd .ou,h«n A.h.bue.n. '0 oucccufully .nd c ffccr;"e!y cllploi' .hc;. .nvi,oRmcn!.

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