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Transcript of TERRESTRIAL NATURAL HERITAGE SYSTEM STRATEGYtrca.on.ca/dotAsset/26730.pdf · TERRESTRIAL NATURAL...
TERRESTRIAL NATURALHERITAGE SYSTEM STRATEGY
APPENDIX C:Data ColleCtion MethoDology
Protocol Used in 2006 Field Season
101
T a b l e o f C o n T e n T s
1.0 IntroductIon. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
2.0 datacollectIonMethods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
2.1 remote-sensing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
2.2 Fielddatacollection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
2.2.1systematicInventory. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
2.2.2Fixedsites . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
3.0 reMote-sensIngProtocol-habItatPatch. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
4.0 systeMatIcInventoryProtocol. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
4.1 vegetationcommunityProtocol . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
4.1.1 dateandtimeofsurvey. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
4.1.2vegetationcommunityMapping . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
4.1.3vegetationcommunitydatarecords. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .10
4.2 speciesProtocol. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .15
4.2.1FloraspeciesProtocol. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .16
4.2.2FaunaspeciesProtocol. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .18
5.0 FIxedsItesProtocol. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .25
5.1overviewofterrestrialMonitoringvolunteerProgram(tMvP) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .25
5.2landownercontact. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .26
5.3Indicatorspecies. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .26
5.4datarecords. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .26
5.5equipmentforFixedsitesurveys . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .26
6.0 dataInPut......................................................................26
6.1 coMPaQPdadataInput . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .27
6.1.1 vegetationcommunities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .27
6.1.2speciesofconcern. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .28
6.2 FixedsitedataInput . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .28
7.0 reFerences . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .28
tables
table1:summaryofthehabitattypeandlandusepatchdefinitionsusedtodelineatepolygons. . . 6
table2:howtoaddressPlantedspeciesofconcern . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .17
table3:Peakbreedingtimesforamphibians. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .20
table4:selectedspeciesfortapeplayback . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .20
102
C H A P T E R
1FIgures
Figure1:Illustrationofdelineatedvegetationcommunitypolygonsonortho-photo. . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
aPPendIces
appendixc-1:FixedsiteIndicatorspecies. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .32
appendixc-2:sampleoflandownercontactletter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
appendixc-3:samplevegetationcommunitydatasheet. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
appendixc-4. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
appendixc-5:Florachecklist . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .12
appendixc-6:Faunachecklistforl4andl5species. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .17
appendixc-7:sampleofFaunaFielddatasheet. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .20
C H A P T E R
1
103
1 . 0 I n T r o d u C T I o n
thetorontoandregionconservationauthority’s(trca)terrestrialnaturalheritageProgram
(tnhP)utilizesavarietyofdatacollectionmethodsinordertogainanunderstandingofthe
naturalsystematdifferentscales.themethodshavebeenchosentocomplementeachotherto
createamorecompletepictureofallthecomponentsofthenaturalsystem;thisprovidesthe
informationbasisforfurtherdataanalysisandinterpretationthatwilleventuallyassistland
planningdecisionsandaction.thefollowingsectionbrieflydescribeseachdatacollectionmethod
usedforhabitat patch, vegetation community, and flora and fauna species monitoringatallscalesfrom
thelocaltothelandscape.sections3and4discusstheprotocolsusedforhabitatpatch,vegetation
communityandfloraandfaunaspeciesmonitoringandsection5outlinesthefixedsitemonitoring
protocoloftheterrestrialMonitoringvolunteerProgram.section6providesinformationforthe
digitalinputofdata.
2 . 0 d a T a C o l l e C T I o n M e T h o d s
Withinthetrca’sjurisdictionthereareapproximately63,300hectaresofnaturalcoverbased
oninterpretationofnaturalcoverusing2002ortho-photos.Inordertoassessandmonitorthe
conditionofthenaturalsystemthetrcagathersinformationabouttheregionthroughtwomain
surveymethods:remote-sensing(patchleveldatacollectedfromtheairbyplaneorsatelliteand
interpretedondesktop)andfielddatacollection(vegetationcommunityandspeciesdatacollected
fromtheground).Fielddatacollectionoccursintwoways,throughsystematicinventoriesand
throughfixedsites.
2 . 1 r e M o T e - s e n s I n g
thestrengthofremote-sensingisthatitcanbeconductedrelativelyfrequentlyfortheentirenatural
system,fortheentiresurfaceareaoftheregion.Itsmaindisadvantageisthatitdoesnotcapturethe
sitedetailsascandatacollectioninthefield.aswithanydatacollection,thereisamarginoferror
introduceddependingontheinterpreter’sskilllevelandprofessionaljudgement.
thisdatalayerisusedforassistingfielddatacollectionbybiologistsandforpredictivemodelling
andtargetsetting.
2 . 2 f I e l d d a T a C o l l e C T I o n
Fieldlevelmonitoring(bothsystematicandfixedsitedatacollection)isanessentialtoolfor
confirmingtheremotelysensedinformationandtoidentifyspeciesorcommunitysensitivities.
Muchmoredetailisrecordedthanremote-sensingallows;however,combiningremote-sensedand
fieldcollecteddatabringsoutthestrengthofboth.thedetailsoffieldcollectedinformationand
thecoverage(orcompleteness)ofremote-sensedinformationprovidethebasicingredientsrequired
forpredictivemodelling,whichisanimportanttoolinlandplanning.
C H A P T E R
2
104
105
gatheringdetailedvegetationcommunitydatausingtheecologicallandclassificationprotocol
forsouthernontario(elc)(leeetal.,1998)providestheinformationneededinordertotrack
communitydiversitythroughouttheregion,toassesscommunitysensitivitytodevelopmentand
ecologicalneeds,andtodeterminewhatthatmeanstothehealthoftheregion.speciesdataare
areusedtodeterminehowspeciesneedsarebeingmetintheregionrelativetotheirsensitivityto
development,mobility(fauna),area-sensitivity(fauna),andhabitatrequirements.
2 . 2 . 1 s y s T e M a T I C I n v e n T o r y
thesystematicinventoryhastwophases:thebaselineandmonitoringphases.thebaselinephase
istheinitialsurveycompletedfortheentirenaturalsystem.oncecomplete,themonitoringphase
startsinacyclical,systematicinventorytoupdate10%ofthenaturalsystemeachyear.thismeans
thateachhabitatpatchwillberevisitedapproximatelyonceevery10years.
themonitoringphaseisthesubsequenttimeperiodofrevisitingandre-evaluatingallthenatural
areasurveyedinthebaselinestage.datacollectionforthesetwophasesonlydiffersinthatthe
resourcerequirementsforthebaselineinventoryaresignificantlyhigherasaninitialinvestment.
also,thebaselinedataareusedforterrestrialnaturalheritagestrategydevelopmentandthe
monitoringdataareusedforplanning,developingandimplementingstrategies.Monitoring,after
thebaseline,involvesonlytheconfirmationofearlierconditionsorsomeupdatesofthedigitized
boundaries,polygondescriptions,andspeciesofconcernmapping.
2 . 2 . 2 f I x e d s I T e s
anotherfielddatacollectionmethodwasdevelopedtocomplementthesystematic,detailedfield
datacollection.thefixedsitesurveysarebasedontenhectarepermanentplotsthataredistributed
throughoutthejurisdiction.thesesitesaresurveyedannuallyforasubsetofindicatorfloraand
faunalspecies(seeappendixc-1forlistoftheIndicatorspecies)theelcsystemisnotusedfor
fixedsitemonitoringandthedatacollectionisvolunteerbased.
3 . 0 r e M o T e - s e n s I n g P r o T o C o l - h a b I T a T P a T C h
naturalcoverdatainthetrcajurisdictioniscapturedusingdigitalortho-rectifiedaerial
photographyatascaleof1:4000.thisdataiscollectedasashapefileusinggeographical
Informationsystem(g.I.s.)software‘onscreen’.allnaturalcoverischaracterizedintodiscreet
polygonsofhabitatpatchesofbeach/bluff,forest,meadow,sucessional,andwetland;and
anthropogeniccoveriscategorizedintourbanoragriculturaluses.Patchesaregenerallydefinedby
obviouschangesinhabitatorlanduse.Mainroadsandwidetrailsareconsideredasboundariesto
habitatpatches,andawidthof25mwasusedtodefinebreaksinhabitatpatches,orifanobvious
splitinthecanopycouldbedetectedatascaleof1:2000on
theaerialphotos.Wideriverswerealsoconsideredtobe
separatehabitatpatches;whereriversorcreekscreatedan
obviousbreakinthecanopy,polygonsweredivided.
asshownintable1,thereweresizeminimumsthatwereusedinordertodeterminehowoftena
patchwouldbesplitbasedonthetypeofpatch.Forexample,iftherewasaforestpatchwitha
meadowthatwaslessthen0.5hectaresinthemiddleoftheforest;thatareawouldonlyconsistof
oneforestpatchandnottwopatchesconsistingofaforestandameadow.
updatedortho-photosareobtainedastheybecomeavailable(everythreetofouryears).
C H A P T E R
3
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Patches are distinct, separately mapped blocks of one type of natural cover (e.g. forest).
107
Table 1: Summary of the habitat type and land use patch definitions used to delineate polygons.
habitat tyPe or lanD USe
CoMMUnity tyPeS ConSiDereD MiniMUM PatCh Size
Forest coniferous, mixed, deciduous forest communities, plantations, successional lands, treed-swamps (unless otherwise known to be wetland)
0.5 ha based on ELC guide using 1:10 000 air photos, can be slightly smaller when using 1:2000 scale as a base and when small patch is deemed valuable to system
Wetland shallow marsh, meadow marsh, shallow aquatic ponds (where water is know to be less than 2 m deep), thicket swamps and treed-swamps where known to exist; meadow marsh often indistinguishable from drier meadows cannot always be mapped accurately unless known to exist
no limit was set; wetlands often occur naturally as small pockets in the landscape; if discernable at 1:2000, it is mapped
Meadow old field habitat or cultural meadows, natural tallgrass prairie, sand barren and sometimes meadow marsh are included in this category
0.5 ha based on ELC guide using 1:10 000 air photos, can be slightly smaller when using 1:2000 scale as a base and when small patch is deemed valuable to system
beach/bluff natural barren coastal habitats not corresponding to other habitat types, including natural beach, coastal dunes and bluffs
no limit was set; beach/bluff habitats often occur as small features in the landscape; if a beach/bluff type is discernable at a scale of 1:2000 it is mapped
agricultural croplands, fruit tree plantations, and pastures no minimum sizes are assigned to agricultural and urban land use types
Urban “urban” areas are considered any part of the landscape that has been modified primarily for human use other than agriculture/forestry; includes residential, commercial, industrial land, roads, and manicured areas such as cemeteries, golf courses, and parkland (due to intensity of management and potential negative impacts on natural areas).
no minimum sizes are assigned to agricultural and urban land use types
4 . 0 s y s T e M a T I C I n v e n T o r y P r o T o C o l
Site Selection for Systematic Inventories
PrevioustothecurrenttnhP,onlysignificantsiteswereselectedforinventoryasrequiredby
planningproposalswhichthenbecamecandidatesforprotectionthroughtheenvironmentally
significantareas(esa)Program.today,thegoalistoinventory all habitatpatches,notonly
threatenedsitesorsiteswhere“rare”speciesarefound,
thusprovidingamoreregionalperspective.thesystematic
inventoryprovidesmuchoftheneededinformationatthe
sitescale,whichisrequiredforissuebasedsitesandatthe
regionalscaleformonitoringpurposes.
sitesareselectedeachyearbasedonavarietyoffactors:
1. funding/budget
2. associationwithanissue
3. whetherornottrcaorpartnerdataareoutdatedby10yearsormore-partnersmay
includeMinistryofnaturalresources(Mnr),environmentalconsultants,municipalities
Pre-inventory Preparation for Systematic Inventories
Fieldpreparationbeginsinthewinterpriortothefieldseasonandcontinuesthroughuntilthe
beginningofthefieldseasoninthespring.oncesitesarechosenfortheupcomingfieldseason
backgroundinformationiscollectedforeachofthesesitestoensureefficiencyduringthefield
season.Informationonthesesitesisgatheredfromvarioussourcesandincludesthefollowing:
4. esafiles,planningfiles,consultantreports
5. mapsofvegetationcommunitiesandspeciesfrompreviousinventories
6. provincialinterests:ansIs,Mnrrarespeciesmapping,classifiedWetlands
7. airphotos
8. landownercontactinformation
9. nhIcrarespeciesmapping
Sites are issue-based when there is a development or other alteration proposal involved (either present or future).
C H A P T E R
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109
astudyareaboundaryisdigitizedforeachsiteinarcviewbasedonthehabitatpatchestobe
inventoried.acompletesurveyconsistingofelcandspeciesmappingmaynotbenecessaryifthere
isexistingpartialdatawithinthestudyareafromrecentyears.
Landowner Contact
Whenlandownerboundariesandcontactfilesareavailabledigitallyfrommunicipalities,acopyis
providedtoatrcagIstechniciantooverlayontothedigitalortho-photos.alistoflandowner
namesandaddressesisthenquicklyproducedforallthestudyareas.Iftheselayersarenot
availabledigitallythenvisitstovariousmunicipallandregistryofficesareneededinordertoobtain
landownerinformation(namesandaddresses)frompropertymappingandrecords.lettersarethen
sentouttolandownersrequestingpermissiontoenterforthepurposesofecologicalinventories
ontheirproperty.trcastafffollowupwithdoor-to-doorcontactandphonecallstolandowners
whofailtorespondtotheletter.(seeappendixc-2forasamplelandownercontactletter).Where
permissionhasbeendeniedtoenterontoaproperty,trcastaffensuresthattheyknowthe
boundaryofsuchpropertiesanddonotenter.
Site Boundaries
Wherepermissiontoenterprivatepropertyisnotacquiredsuchparcelsoflandcannotbe
inventoriedtothesameextentasmuchoftherestofthestudyarea.however,itisacceptableto
walktheborderofapropertywherepermissiontoaccesshasbeendenied,remainingonadjacent
property(wherepermissionhasbeenacquiredoronapubliclyaccessibleroad),andtoplot
theapproximatepositionsofvocalizing(orobserved)faunaspeciesandthoseflorapointsand
vegetationcommunitiesthatcanbereasonablymappedfromoutsidetheproperty.suchpoints
shouldbeindicatedassuchonthefielddata-sheets.
Equipment Required for Systematic Inventories
requiredequipmentincludesavehicle,1:2000ortho-rectifiedspringtrue-colouraerialphotography,
blankdatasheets,afieldnote-book,theelcfieldmanual,botanicalfieldguides,handlens,
collectionbags,acompass,acellphone,andasoilprobe.aPersonaldataassistant(Pda)loaded
witharcPadsoftware,camera,wedgeprism,binocularsandgeographicalPositioningsystem(gPs)
unitmayalsobeused.
Faunaspeciessurveysrequirethefollowingadditionalequipment: 1:5000ortho-rectifiedspring
true-colouraerialphotography,tapeplaybackandappropriateaudiorecordingsoftargetspecies,
flashlight,appropriatefootwearandbinoculars.
4 . 1 v e g e T a T I o n C o M M u n I T y P r o T o C o l
thestandarddatacollectionprotocolforthetrcasince2001hasbeenbasedonpartsofthe
ecologicallandclassificationsystem,orelc,forsouthernontario,developedbytheontario
Ministryofnaturalresources(leeetal.,1998).theelcmethodclassifiesthelandscapeusingan
110
organizationalframeworkofanestedhierarchyofscale.thebroadestscaleistheelccommunity
class(e.g.Forest),andthemostdetailedisvegetationtype(e.g.dry-freshsugarmapleforest).
afullelcsurveytothelevelofvegetationtypeisaverydetailedandtime-consumingprocess.the
trcaprotocolforsurveyingvegetationcommunitiesstrikesabalancebetweengivingenoughdetailto
providemeaningfuldescriptionsofvegetationcommunitiesandtheconstraintsoftimeandfunding.
Forexample,resourcesareunlikelytobeavailabletopursuedetailedsoilanalysis(asoutlinedinthe
elcfieldguide)ineverypatchsurveyedinthetrcajurisdiction,especiallyinthebaselinephase.
4 . 1 . 1 d a T e a n d T I M e o f s u r v e y
thetimingforvegetationcommunitysurveysisMaytooctober,withsomecapacityforpartial
surveysinothermonths.deciduousforestpatchesarevisitedinMaytocapturespringephemerals;
whenpossible,vegetationcommunitiesarealsosurveyedatthistime.thesepatchesmaybesubject
toasecondvisittocompletetheelcdescription(e.g.iftherearedominantspeciesthatcannotbe
identifiedreliablyinthespringvisit).
sincetheprint-outsoftheaerialphotographsarevulnerabletorain,vegetationcommunityand
florasurveysarenotconductedinsignificantrainfall.
4 . 1 . 2 v e g e T a T I o n C o M M u n I T y M a P P I n g
Polygonboundariesdelineatingvegetationcommunitiesaredrawndirectlyontotheortho-photo
prints.eachpolygonisnumbered(beginningwithanewnumberingsystemforeachstudyarea)on
themapandthiscorrespondstothepolygonnumberonthedatasheet.aseparate
colourisusedtodistinguishspeciesofconcernnumbersonthesamemap(seeFigure1).In
general,theminimumsizeforapolygonis0.5hectaresintheelcprotocol,butthereisno
minimumsizeforwetland,tallgrass,bluff,beach,andbarrencommunitiesotherthanwhatcanbe
reasonablyidentifiedonthe1:2000ortho.-photos.occasionally,distinctuplandpolygonslessthan
0.5hectaresinsizearemappedifitissurroundedbylandinwhichitcannotbemadeaninclusion
intoalargerpolygon(e.g.ahabitatpatchsurroundedbymanicuredoragriculturalland).
Ifawatercourseisgreaterthanapproximately1.5manditisvisibleonthemap,itisconsidered
aboundarybetweenpolygons,evenifthetwopolygonsareofthesameelctype.Meetingthese
conditions,therivertypicallybecomesitsownpolygonaswell.roadsandmostdrivewaysalso
dividepolygons.Whenasiteextendsbeyondmajorroads,itisbrokenupintoblocks,eachblock
borderedonallsidesbyaroad.asthesurveyorstartsanewblock,thepolygonnumberingbegins
againatnumberone.
areasthatarenotcomposedofnaturalcoverbutaresurroundedbyvegetationcommunities
requireoneofthefollowingdesignations:“agr”foragriculture,“M”formowed,or“blanK”for
parkinglotsetc.“neW”isselectedforanycommunitiesthatdonotfitacurrentcode.
Figure 1: Illustration of delineated vegetation community polygons on ortho- photo
111
Figure 1: Illustration of delineated vegetation community polygons on ortho- photo
4 . 1 . 3 v e g e T a T I o n C o M M u n I T y d a T a r e C o r d s
eachpolygondelineatedandnumberedontheortho-photoshasacorrespondinghardcopy
descriptiononadatasheet.thepolygoninformationistransferredfromthedatasheetstothe
coMPaQPda’s(discussedinsection6).eachelementofthedatasheetisdiscussedbelow(see
appendixc-3forsamplevegetationcommunitydatasheet).
Community Composition
compositioninformationisrecordedforthedominantspeciesandpercentcoverinthecanopy,
middle,lower,andgroundlayersforeachpolygon.thepercentcovercategoriesare1-10%,10-25%,
25-35%,35-60%,and>60%. thecanopyisthetallestlayer,regardlessofitsheight(e.g.cattailsarethe
canopyinacattailmarsh).Inasinglelayeredcommunity,thatsinglelayerisenteredasthecanopy
asitisdirectlyexposedtofullsun.Inatwo-layeredcommunity,thecanopyandgroundlayersare
designated,andinathree-layeredcommunity,thecanopy,lower,andgroundlayersaredesignated,
exceptwheretheintermediatelayerisdistinctlycloserinheighttothecanopy,inwhichcaseone
usescanopy,middleandgroundlayer.
dominantsareentered,uptofourperlayer,usingtheseven-letterspeciescodesadaptedfrom
naturalheritageInformationcentre(nhIc).Wheresnagsformasignificantproportionofa
112
canopylayer,theyareincludedasdeadtrees-alower-case“d”followedbyanunderscoreprecedes
thespeciescode.Forexample,deadcedarwouldbed_thuocci.Ifthespeciesisnotidentifiable,the
codefordeaddeciduoustreesisdh,dcforconifers,anddsforshrubs,withnounderscore.the
snagsarestilltalliedinthetotalpercentcoverhowever,snagsalonewouldnotleadtoaswamp
vegetationtypeinawetland,i.e.35%coverofd_thuoccidoesnotindicatethepolygonisaswamp
communityeventhoughswampsareclassifiedashaving>25%treecover.
Age Class
onlytreedcommunities(treecanopy>25%)areaged andbothsuccessionalageandchronological
ageareconsidered.toaidinthisprocessothercommunityfeaturessuchasdbh(diameteratbreast
height),springephemeralpresence,andelccommunityseriesareused.thesuccessionalageis
typicallyconsideredfirstandchronologicalageisemployedasnecessary.
theagecategoriesare:pioneer,young,mid-age,mature,oldgrowth.
hereareexamplestoillustratehowsomevegetationcommunitiesareaged:
10. PolygonsfallingunderthePlantation, Cultural Woodland, Cultural Savannah, Treed Hedgerows,
Treed Bluffs, Dunes, Treed Barrens elccommunityseries,orforestsdominatedbylarge,
exotictrees(suchasManitobamaple)wouldneverbelabeledmature.thehighestage
classcanonlyeverbemid-aged becauseofthelargeamountoflightpenetration,open,
successionalcomponents,orinthecaseofplantationsandexotics-theyarestillan
intermediatesuccessionalstagetypicallywithahardwoodunderstorey(suchasashor
sugarmaple).oaksavannahandoakwoodlandvegetationcommunitieswithmaturetrees
areexemptedandmaybegivenamatureage-class.
11. standscontainingveryoldclimaxtreespecieswithobviouswind-throwgaps,snags,logs,
mossdiversity,pitandmoundmicrotopographyetcmaybeold growth.oldgrowthforests
arerareinthetrcajurisdiction.Old growth impliesastablepresenceofthecommunity
sincebeforeeuropeansettlement.
12. Pioneer ageclassisonlyusedtodescribeveryyoungplantationsandswamps.Inthecase
ofthelatter,ifthevegetationcommunitycodecannotbefoundunderThicket Swamp,
then Deciduous or Coniferous Swamp codemustbeusedthereforecreatinganeedtouse
the pioneer designation.theageisonlyaffectedbythetreeswithinthecommunity,not
thesoilcompositioni.e.anorganicswampwith25%pluscoverofwaistheightcedarsis
consideredpioneer.
13. earlysuccessionaltreeswithhighlightdemandsandnosignificantlowerormiddlelayer
ofmoreshadetolerantspeciesaredesignatedas young.
Soil Composition
thesoilcompositionisrecordedwheninvestigatingpotentialorknownwetlandpolygons,and
itreferstothedepthoforganicbuild-up.thedesignationofawetlandpolygonreliesonspecies
composition,presenceoforganics,and/ordepthtomottlingorgley(pleaserefertotheprotocolfor
thisinleeetal.,1998).asoilcoreofupto120cm(whenpossible)shouldbetakenwithasoilprobe
inareasofsuspectedwetland.soilcorescanidentifythedepthoforganicdeposits(>40cmclassifies
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itasanorganicwetland)andthemoistureregimeinmineralwetlands.thisisparticularlycriticalin
situationswhereapolygonappearstobeontheborderlinebetweenamineralwetlandcommunity
andamoistnon-wetlandcommunity(e.g.amoistmeadowcomposedofeuropeancoolseasongrasses
anduplandcompositesmixedwithwetlandsedgesandforbs).apeculiarsituationthatmayalsoarise
inwetlandsoilcoresisthepresenceofmineralandorganiclenseswithinthesoilhorizons.thisis
usuallyaresultofepisodicmineralsedimentdepositionfromfloodingornearbydeforestation.In
thiscase,thetotaldepthoforganicsinthecolumniscalculated(i.e.thesumofthedifferentorganic
layers)andthewetlandisclassifiedasorganicifthesumofthedifferentlayersexceeds40cm.
organicsoilsarerecordedusingthefollowingranges:0-10,10-20,20-30,30-40,40-100,100plus.
ELC Vegetation Type
acodefromtheelcsystemisassignedtoeachpolygon.Forreference,alistofcommunitieswith
theircodes,scores,anddescriptionsiscarriedintothefieldbythesurveyor.additionalvegetation
typesdescribedbythetrcasince2000thatarenotfoundintheelcfieldguideareincludedin
thisreferencelist.seeappendixc-4foracompletelistofelccommunitiesthatareused.
thesurveyorwillencountersituationswhereavegetationcommunityhasco-dominantsthat
leaveithangingbetweentwovegetationtypes,e.g.aco-dominanceofbirchandpoplar.Insome
cases,theelcfieldguidehasdescriptionsinwhichonespeciestakesprecedenceovertheothers,
e.g.whitecedarinfresh-moistforests(FoM7)comesbeforebalsamfirorothermiscellaneous
conifers(FoM8),andsugarmapletakesprecedenceoveroakinuplanddeciduousforests(seeelc
fieldguide,page60).anotherpossibilitythatshouldbeinvestigatediswhetherthereisactuallya
complexofanothercommunitywithinthemainpolygon(see“inclusionsandcomplexes”below).
Ifthereisnocomplexorclearruleofprecedence,thenafterhavingdeterminedthatneitherofthe
speciescanbesaidtohaveaslightedgeovertheother(e.g.throughgreaterregenerationorhealth),
thesurveyorshouldpickthedesignationthathasthehigherl-rank(seesection4.2forinformation
onl-ranks).Forexample,adry-freshpaperbirchdeciduousforest(Fod3-2)isrankedl4,anda
dry-freshpoplardeciduousforest(Fod3-1)isrankedl5.theformershouldbechosen.Formore
informationseethescoringandrankingProtocol(trca,2006).
afewcommunitiesarenamedonlyattheecositelevel,havingasyetnovegetationtypesdesignated,
e.g.treedsandbarren(sbt1).
thetrcaelcreferencelistcontainsallthecommunitiesfoundinthetrcajurisdictiontodate,
soitisimportantthatthisbeconsultedfirstwhendesignatingacommunityandnotthe1998elc
fieldguide(oritsnewereditions).thelatterisstillvaluableasareferenceforitskeysanddescriptions,
especiallyattheecositelevel.theelcguidehasanumberofvegetationtypesnotyetrecordedinthe
jurisdictionandsoshouldbeconsultedbeforedesignatinga“neW”vegetationtype.
thesurveyormaystillencountervegetationtypesthatdonotcorrespondtoanyonthereference
listtodate.Inthiscase,thesurveyorwritesdowntheclosestecositeapproximationpossibleinthe
fieldnotes,followedbyadescription.thiscommunityisenteredas“neW”onthePda.
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Disturbances
theelcfieldguidelistsdisturbances(leeetal.,1998,page144).thislistformsthebasisfor
thetrcaselection.surveyorschoosefrom light,moderate or severeintheclassificationofeach
disturbance.abriefdescriptionofeachtypeofdisturbanceusedinthetrcaprotocolfollows:
w Logging/Clearing
thisreferstothemechanicalclearingofthecanopy,includingopeningoftheforestfor
landscapingpurposes.light-occasionalstumps;moderate-fairlyopencanopy;severe-
originalcommunitystillrecognizablebutbarelyso.
w Trailsandtrampling
thiscanresultfrompedestrians,mountainbikes,and/oroff-leashdogs.urbanforest
patcheswithheavytramplinghavevirtuallynogroundlayer,exceptscatteredexoticssuch
asgarlicmustard.tramplingfromlivestockisincludedunderthenextitem.Wildfauna
trailsareexcluded.
w Grazing/Browsing
herbivoryfromcattle-orotherfauna,includingdeerorcanadageese.thisresultsin
athinnedor(ifsevere)virtuallyabsentunderstoreyintreedcommunities.severegoose
browseinmeadowmarshescanmakethemlikeclose-croppedsheeppasturewithsedge
rosettesbarely2cmtall.heavilygrazedmeadowswithforagecropsinsteadofnative
speciesareclassifiedasagrIcultural(pasture)andnotascuM1with(severe)grazing.
w Flooding&siltation
thisreferstoexacerbatedfloodingconditions:periodicorpermanent.usuallyitisassociated
withincreasedstorm-flowsfromurbanization,butcanalsoinclude recent beaverdamactivity.
signsofperiodicstorm-waterfloodingincludescouring,flattenedandmuddyvegetation,and
siltdeposits.thefloodinghastobeabovewhatshouldbeexpectedinanaturalfloodplain.
w Foreignmaterial/litter
thisincludeslitter,illegaldumping,fire-pits,yardwastedumpedoverravineedges,and
crudeconstruction.
w Earthdisplacement(cut&fillorerosionstabilizationworks)
theremovalofsoiloritsreplacementbydumpedfillpreventstheregenerationofallbut
themostdisturbance-tolerantnativeplants.Itismuchmoreseriousandpermanentinits
consequencesthanloggingalone.
w Exoticspecies
thisisasubjectiveassessmentoftheexoticspeciespresentinacommunity,includingall
layers.thisassessmentisbasedonthreequestionsaboutthecommunity:
1) Inanyofthefourlayers,howmuchofthelayeriscomposedofexotics?Ifanylayeris
dominatedbyexoticspecies,theexoticsratingishigher.
2) whichspeciesareinvolved?Invasivespecieswillhaveahigherexoticratingthannon-
invasivealienspecies.
3) Whataretheprospectsforsuccession?Iftheexoticspeciesareregeneratingthenthere
shouldbeamoresevererating.
acombinationoftheabove3pointsshouldallowthesurveyortoratethecommunityaccurately.
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Inclusions and Complexes
Followingtheelcprotocol,subunitsofdifferentvegetationtypesmayoccurwithinapolygon.
theseareeitherdistinctcommunities,butaretoosmalltobemapped,orcommunitiesthatform
aninterspersedsecondarynetworkwithinthedominantvegetationcommunity.theformerare
identifiedasinclusions;thelatterascomplexes.anexampleofaninclusionwouldbeasmallstandof
cattailsinasedgemarsh;anexampleofacomplexwouldbeanetworkofopeningsandfirebreaks
dominatedbymeadowspecieswithinablockofconiferplantation.hence,theelcprovidesthe
opportunitytocreate:
14. Inclusions(uptotwoperpolygon)
15. complexes(uptotwoperpolygon).
Inclusionsandcomplexesareonlydescribedusinguptotwodominantspeciesandtheelccode.
thecomplexandinclusiondatadoesnotaffecttheelccodeforthevegetationcommunitypolygon.
4 . 2 s P e C I e s P r o T o C o l
Flora and Fauna Species Selection
thespecieslevelofdetailisfinerthanthelandscapeandvegetationcommunitieslevels.
currently,monitoredspeciesincludeallvascularplantsandvertebratefauna,andoneinvertebrate
faunaspecies(chimneycrayfish,Fallicambarsfodiens).
everyfloraandfaunaspeciesthatoccursinthetrcajurisdictionhasbeenassignedalocalrank
(l-rank)thatindicatesthedegreeofconservationconcernthateachwarrantswithinthecontext
ofthetrcajurisdiction(trca2007).thescoringandrankingofspecieswasbasedonthe
premisethatcertainspecieswerenotfoundinurbanareasofthejurisdiction.Itwasapparent
thatsouthofhwy#7certainspeciesweremissing.basedonthis,eachspeciesisscoredusingaset
ofcriteriaandthetotalscorecorrespondstoaspecificrank.theranksrangefroml1(speciesof
maximumconservationconcern)tol5(speciesthatareconsideredsecurewithintheurbanizing
trcajurisdiction),withanadditionalrank-l+-assignedtonon-nativespecies(thislatterrankis
notbasedonanyscoredcriteria).lxisusedforspeciesthathavebeenextirpatedfromthetrca
jurisdiction(trca,2006).speciesaredesignatedasspeciesofregionalconcern(soc)inthe
trcajurisdictionwhentheyfallintotherangeofl1-l3ranks.Inanurbanmatrixl4speciesare
alsoconsideredasspeciesofconcernastheirnumbersdecreaseaswell.
Flora and Fauna Species Records
twomethodsofrecordingspeciesareused:socmappingandspecieschecklists.
regionalspeciesofconcern(l1tol3)aremappedaspointdatathroughouttheentirejurisdiction.
urbanspeciesofconcern(l4)aremappedusingthesameprotocol,butonlyintheurbanornear
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urbanportionsofthetrcajurisdiction.aspecieschecklistisprovidedforeachsite,including
allfloraandbreedingfaunaobserved(seeappendicesc-5andc-6forfloraandfaunachecklists).
Whenastudyareaisveryextensive,asinthecaseofasubwatershedstudy,specieschecklistsare
compiledfordiscreteblockswithinthelargerarea.theseblocksareusuallybaseduponroad
concessions.
hence,tosummarizehowspeciesaremapped:
16. l1tol3-regionalspeciesofconcernmappedaspointdataacrosstheregion.
17. l4-urbanspeciesofconcernmappedaspointdatawithintheurbanmatrix.
18. l1tol+(exotic)-includedonasite-based(orsub-siteorblock-based)specieschecklist,
dependingonthesizeofthesite. speciesofregionalconcern(l1-l3)aremappedatthepointwherethespecieswasobserved.every
individualpopulationorterritory(singingorcallingfaunaspecies)ismappedandassigneditsown
uniquenumber,correspondingtoanumberedentryonthedatafieldsheet.
speciesofconcernwithinurbanareas(l4)aremappedgenerallywithintheurbanboundaries(as
definedbythemunicipalurbandigitallayer)anduptoa2kmdistanceoutsideoftheurbanized
area.thesearemappedthesamewayastheregionalspeciesofconcern.
4 . 2 . 1 f l o r a s P e C I e s P r o T o C o l
Floraappearsatdifferenttimesduringthegrowingseason,rangingfromtheearlyspring
ephemeralstothelate-bloomingfallastersandgoldenrods.tocapturespeciesatanappropriate
stage,communitiesaretargetedatdifferenttimes;forexample,mostoftheearlyspringfloraoccurs
indeciduousforests.
hence,florasurveysstartinearlyMaybyconcentratingondeciduousforestpatchestoobserve
springephemeralswhileinbloom.thesespeciesareincludedinboththemappingofspeciesof
concernandthedescriptionsofgroundlayersinvegetationcommunitydescriptions.
asageneralrule,floraspeciespointsofthesamespeciesoccurringinmorethanonepolygon
aremappedineachpolygontheyappearin.however,insomecases,thenumberofpointsofthe
samespeciesmayberestrictedduetocertainvariables(sizeofpolygon,frequencyofoccurrence
ofspecies,sizeanddensityofeachpopulationofspecies,l-rankofspecies,etc).l4speciesare
sometimesmappedlessfrequentlythanl1-l3speciesbecauseofthehighincidenceatwhichthey
maybefoundwithinanurbanornearurbanmatrix(i.e.redoakinurbanravines).
Planted Species of Concern
surveyorswillencounterspeciesofconcernthathavebeenincludedinrestorationplantings.
allspeciesofconcernthataresuspectedplantedspecimensinarestorationplantingaretreated
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accordingtotheprocedureoutlinedintable1.therestorationcheckboxonthePdaisselectedifa
speciesofconcernhasbeenintroducedtothesitethroughplanting,whetherornotithasspreador
reproduced.however,inthetotalspecieschecklistforthesite,thespeciesthatonlyexistasplanted
(notregenerating)inthesiteareshownaspln,nbeingtherank.Plantedspeciesarelistedatthe
endofthechecklist.
Table 2: How to Address Planted Species of Concern
SCenario Flora oF ConCern
Flora CheCkliSt rationale
1. Species on site is obviously planted and is persisting without regenerating (e.g. almost all red pine plantations)
Map as planted. Record as planted using pLN where N is the rank and p stands for planted.
Informs reader species is NOT reproducing - used in monitoring. May be useful as a seed source.
2. Species on site includes both planted and natural specimens, e.g. white pine restoration site adjacent to forest containing natural white pine.
Planted specimens are recorded as planted and natural specimens as natural.
Not recorded as planted because the total site includes individuals of natural origin.
By looking at flora point data it is possible to determine some are planted and some are natural.
3. Species on site is of planted origin but there are signs of reproduction
Map as planted because it is not of natural origin
Do not record as planted because there are self-regenerating individuals
By comparing the flora point data and the checklist possible to confirm planted species is established. Useful for monitoring purposes and mapping natural ranges.
4. Species on site is regenerating but not sure if it started from a planting or not.
Check with historical information. If in doubt treat as natural.
Do not record as planted.
It is important to assess whether the plant is original to the site or not.
5. Old specimen tree in manicured area that appears to pre-date development (e.g. white oak trees in Toronto)
Map as of natural origin. Record as of natural origin.
This is one exception to not listing species of concern in manicured areas. Species could be seed source.
Data Recording
Floraspeciesofconcernareidentifiedasnumberedpointsonthefieldmapanddatasheetandthen
enteredaspointdataonthePda(seesection1.6).thefollowinginformationiscollectedregarding
eachspeciespoint:
19. whetherthespecieswasplanted
20. date
21. speciesbyscientificnameornhIccode
22. pointlocation
23. populationsize(categoriesof“1-2”;“3-5”,“6-20”;“21-50”;“51-100”;“over100”)
24. observer
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regardingcolonialplantsthatformlargeclonalpatches,populationcountsaremoredifficult
anddiscretionisadvised.alargecolonymaybegeneticallyoneindividual,butwecannotconfirm
thisinthefield.tosimplifythesurvey,clonalconsiderationsareacknowledgedinprinciplebut
ignoredattheregionalscale.Plantsarecountedasapparentindividualclumps.
4 . 2 . 2 f a u n a s P e C I e s P r o T o C o l
Weather Conditions
Weatherconditionscanbedeemedunfavourablewhenitaffectsthebehaviourofthetargetspecies
orwhenitnegativelyaffectstheeffectivenessofthesurveyor.theassessmentofappropriate
weatherconditionsforconductingasurveyreliesonthesurveyor’sownexperience.
amphibiansarenotsurveyedinweatherconditionsthatarenotconducivetomatingcalls.If
weatherconditionsseemmarginallyinappropriateforsurveying,anareawhichisknowntoproduce
fullchorusesofearlybreedingfrogspeciesshouldbecheckedbeforeventuringouttoanewsite.
Timing of Site Visits
dataforallfaunaspecies,includingbreedingbirdsandamphibiansaswellasincidentalmammals
andreptiles,arerecordedonfielddatasheetsfoundinappendixc-7.
Breeding Bird Surveys
breedingbirdsurveysarecarriedoutbyvisitingallpartsofasiteatleasttwiceduringthebreeding
season(earlyJunetomid-July)todeterminethebreedingstatusofeachspecies(asperontario
breedingbirdatlas,2001).thereisasixtoeightweekperiodbetweenearlyJuneandmid-Julywhen
effectivebreedingbirdsurveyscanbeconducted.allinitialvisitsaretobecompletedbytheendof
thethirdweekofJune.repeatvisitsarenotstartedeitheruntilthebeginningofthefourthweekof
Juneoruntilallinitialvisitshavebeenconducted.thefield-seasonistobeorganizedsothatbylate
Juneonlyrepeatvisitsarebeingconducted.Itisimperativethatanyvisitmadeinthefirsthalfof
Juneissubsequentlyvalidatedbyasecondvisitlaterintheseason.
breedingbirdsurveysstartathalfanhourbeforesunriseandcontinuetoaboutmidday.For
severalsongbirdspeciesthemaximumsongperiodwillbefromshortlyafterdawntomid-morning,
butotherspeciesarelikelytocontinuesinging,atleastintermittently,intotheearlyafternoon.
Frog Surveys
Frogsurveysbegininaprilinordertocapturetheearlybreedingspecies:chorusfrog,springpeeper
andwoodfrog.thispeakactivityisverytemperaturedependent(asillustratedintable:3);visits
aremadethroughoutaprilwhentheappropriatetemperatureisreached.
onespeciesinparticular,woodfrog,dictatesthestartdateofthesespringsurveys.Woodfrogs
migratetotheirbreedingpondsandbegincallingassoonastemperaturesexceed5ec(asdo
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chorusfrogandspringpeeper).Ifthewoodfrogcallingperiodcomestoanendbeforealltheyear’s
studyareashavebeenfullycovered,frogsurveysshouldcontinueuntilcoverageiscomplete,but
noteshouldbemadeofareasthatweresurveyedaftertheendofthewoodfrogcallingperiodsince
theremaybeopportunitiestore-visitthosesitesinfuturesprings.
surveyroutesareplannedonortho-photosbeforegoingintothefield.roadsidesurveysaregiven
prioritysothatasmuchgroundaspossiblecanbecovered.oncealloftheroad-accessiblewetlands
havebeenproperlysurveyed,attentionisturnedtowalkingacrosssitestoaccessinteriorpondsand
to“cold-search”foranybreedingpopulationsonwetlandsandvernalpoolsthatwerenotidentified
ontheortho-photos
duringthecourseofthefrogsurveysinearlyspring,thesurveyorisrequiredtorecordallother
breedingfaunasightings.Forthispurposesurveyorsareequippedwithacassetteplayerandacopy
oftheplaybacktapetoconductcall-responsesurveysforfourowlspecies.thispartofthesurvey
isprimarilyforeasternscreech-owls,butwherevertheappropriatehabitatisencountered,tape-
broadcastsistobeplayedfornorthernsaw-whet,long-earedandbarredowls.otherearlybreeding
faunaspeciessuchasamericanwoodcockandWilson’ssnipearealsomapped.
amphibiansurveysarecarriedoutbyvisitingeachsiteorpartofasiteonjustoneoccasion.
surveysarestarted½houraftersunset.speciesthatbreedlaterintheseasonarecapturedduring
breedingbirdsurveysorduringbotanicalsurveys.Florabiologistsspendafargreateramountof
timeinthefieldandareoftenonasiteintheheatoftheafternoonsthroughoutJuneandJulywhen
several“herp”speciesaremoreactive(turtlesandsnakesinadditiontofrogs).Whensuchactivityis
recordedthebiologististoassessandreporttheageoftheindividual(juvenileoradult)andwhether
theindividualobservedisinbreedinghabitatorforaginghabitat.
Table 3: Peak Breeding Times for Amphibians
early breeDerS MiDDle breeDerS late breeDerS
times mid Apr. To mid May mid May to mid June mid June to late July
air temperature greater than 50C greater than 100C greater than 170C
earlybreeders:WoodFrog,chorusFrog,springPeeper,northernleopardFrog
Middlebreeders:americantoad,northernleopardFrog,greytreefrog
latebreeders:greenFrog,bullfrog
Tape-Playback
theuseoftape-playbackwithinthecourseofthefaunasurveysisstandardizedfortheduration
ofplaybackandthetargetspecies.themoreimportantofthesetwostandardizedelementsisthe
choiceofspeciestargetedbyplayback.theselectionhasbeenbasedon:
25. thosespeciesthattendnottovoluntarilyself-advertize
26. thelikelihoodofelicitingaresponsetoplaybackofthatspecies’songorcall.
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thefollowingisalistofspeciesthatshouldbesoughtusingtape-playbackatsiteswherethe
specieshasnotalreadybeenreported:
Table 4: Selected Species for tape playback
1. sharp-shinned hawk2. Cooper’s hawk3. broad-winged hawk4. red-shouldered hawk5. Northern goshawk6. whip-poor-will7. northern saw-whet owl8. eastern screech-owl9. long-eared owl10. barred owl
11. pied-billed grebe12. least bittern13. American bittern14. Virginia rail15. sora16. American coot17. common moorhen18. yellow-billed cuckoo19. black-billed cuckoo20. scarlet tanager
Whenusingtape-playbackforhawksandowlsastrictsequenceisadheredtofortheorderof
playback:smallerspeciesmustbeplayedfirst,withthelargerspeciesplayedlastinthesequence.
thecorrectorderwithineachsuiteofspecies(hawksandowls)isasshowninthelistabove(species
numbered1to5and7to10).
thesituationinwhichtouseplaybackislefttothejudgementandskillofthefield-biologist,who
shouldbeabletoidentifytheoptimalhabitatforeachofthespeciesinthelistabove.however,
itisimportantnottobiastheuseofplaybacktoparticularsites:onceoptimalhabitathasbeen
identifiedthenplaybackshouldbeconductedwhereversuchhabitatoccursthroughouttheregion.
a1minutedurationforplay-backatreasonablevolumeshouldsufficetoelicitaresponsefrom
anybirdthatislikelytorespond.oncearesponsehasbeenelicitedandidentificationhasbeen
confirmedtheplaybackshouldcease.
tape-playbackisalsousedtore-locateindividualsduringthesecondroundofvisits.Inmost
instancesthisshouldbeunnecessary,butforspeciesthathaveaverysparsedistributionwithinthe
trcajurisdictionsuchaprocessmayprovidethesurveyorwiththeonlyopportunitytoconfirm
thespeciesasabreedingspeciesforthatsite.
Mapping Fauna Species
sinceitispossiblethatnotallcornersofasitecanbevisitedasecondtimeitisimportanttoidentify
onthefielddata-sheetsthoseareasthathavebeenrevisited.Ifaspeciespointisnotre-sightedduring
asecondvisit(despitethesecondvisitbeingmadetothepreciselocationofthatoriginalpoint)the
pointshouldbeannotatedassuch.Inthiswayadistinctionismadebetweenapointthatisnot
repeatedduetoalackofasecondvisitandapointthatisnotrepeatedduetoarecordedrealabsence.
duringrepeatvisitsitisextremelyimportantthatthefaunabiologisttakescareinassessingthe
statusofeachpreviouslymappedpoint.If,forexample,apointmappedinthefirsthalfofJuneis
notre-sightedduringthesecondvisit,butanewpointforthatsamespeciesismappednearby,it
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isuptothepersoninthefieldtodetermineorestimatewhetherthetwopointsrefertothesame
individualornot.
surveyorsareaskedtomapandassignbreedingcodestothefollowing(inadditiontothosespecies
dictatedbythelistoffaunascoresandranks):
w severalspeciesthathaveundergonerelegationinrank,froml3orl4,intherecentrevision
ofthefaunadatabase:
-turkeyvulture(wasl3,nowl4;continuetomapinruralandurbanareas)
-peregrinefalcon(wasl3,nowl4;continuetomapinruralandurbanareas)
-easternkingbird(wasl4,nowl5;continuetomapurbanareas)
-carolinawren(wasl3,nowl4;continuetomapinruralandurbanareas)
w severalspeciesthatareknowntobecurrentlyundergoingpopulationincreases
-blue-greygnatcatcher
-orchardoriole(wasl4,nowl5;requiresmappinginruralandurbanareas)
w andseveralspecieswhosescoringforlocaloccurrencewasconsideredcontentiousoris
stilluncertain:
-allbatspecies
-long-tailedweasel
-easternscreech-owl
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additionalinformationisrequiredonthefollowingspecies:
w treeswallow-notewhetherthenestisinanest-boxornot.thesameinformationwould
beusefulforallotherl1tol4speciesthatareknowntoutilizenest-boxes,eg.eastern
screech-owl,easternbluebird.
w Blanding’sturtle-attempttoassessrealstatus,ie.whetherthespecieshasbeen
transplantedfromelsewhere.thesameinformationwouldbeusefulforallsimilarly
“collectable”speciesreportedinunlikelysituations,eg.bullfroginhighPark.
certainspecies,particularlymammalspecies(e.g.redsquirrel,easternchipmunk),althoughranked
asl4species,canbepresentthroughoutasiteor(asisthecasewithwhite-taileddeer)canrange
acrossanentiresiteandbeyond.Insuchcasesitisunnecessarytomapeverysighting.Instead,the
samemethodthattheflorabiologistsusecanbeadopted,wherebyafrequentlyencounteredspecies
ismappedeitherwhenasubstantialdistancehasbeencoveredsincethepreviousregisteringof
thatsamespecies,orwhenanewhabitatblockorpatchisreached.acommentindicatingthatthe
speciesisencounteredthroughoutthesiteistobeattachedtotherecord(bothonthefielddata
sheetsandwhenthedataaredigitizedattheendofthefieldseason).
Beyond Site Boundaries
duringthecourseofthesurveysitishighlylikelythatfaunaspecieswillbeobservedonland
beyondthesiteboundary.Whensuchadditionalsightingsoffaunaspecieshavebeenmadeitis
appropriatetorecordtheseinthesamewayassightingsmadewithinthesiteboundary.
Itshouldbekeptinmindthatthesiteboundariesserveapracticalpurposeindefiningthe
workloadofthesurveyorinanyoneseason.thus,thereshouldbenoconsciousefforttosearch
forfaunaspeciesbeyondthesiteboundaries;anysuchsightingsshouldbepurelyincidental.these
sightingsaretoberecordedandnumberedontheappropriatemapandsiteformsinthesameway
ason-siterecords,withabriefnoteinthecommentssectionindicatingitasanoff-siterecord.
Data Records
thefollowinginformationiscollectedforeachfaunaspecies:
w dateofsurvey
w starttime&endtimeofsurvey
w observersname
w Weather
-airtemperatureindegreescelsius
-wind(-light,moderateorstrong)
-precipitation(-fog,lightrain,moderaterain,showers,etc.)
w speciesname
w breedingcode(thefaunachecklistsneedtohaveeveryl4,l5andl+speciesassigneda
breedingstatusinthesamewayasisdoneforl1-l3species).evidenceofbreedingcodes
areasfollows(asperontariobreedingbirdatlas,2001):
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w breeding-possible(Po):
h=speciesobservedinitsbreedingseasoninsuitablenestinghabitat
s=singingmalepresent,orbreedingcallsheard,insuitablenestinghabitatinbreeding
season.
notethattwoconsecutive“possible”records(“s”or“h”)-separatedbyatleastaweek-willbe
upgradedtoa“probable”record(reflectingthepresenceofapersistingterritory,“t”).sitevisits
madeinearlytomid-Junearelikelytoencountermigrantsthatmaybedesignatedtheprevioustwo
codes(“h”or“s”)buttheseindividualswillhavemovedonbythetimeoftherepeatsite-visitsand
thuswillnotbeincorrectlyidentifiedasprobablebreeders. w breeding-probable(Pr):
P=pairobservedinsuitablenestinghabitatinnestingseason
t=permanentterritorypresumedthroughtheregistrationofterritorialbehaviour(e.g.
song,etc.)onatleasttwodates,aweekormoreapart,atthesamelocation.
d=courtshipordisplay,includinginteractionbetweenamaleandafemaleortwomales,
includingcourtshipfeedingorcopulation.
v=visitingprobablenestsite.
a=agitatedbehaviouroranxietycallsofanadult
n=nest-buildingorexcavationofanest-hole
notethatamphibians,whicharelessmobilethanbirds,aretobeconsideredprobablebreeders
whenheardcallingduringthebreedingseason.thus“s”wouldcorrespondtoprobablebreeding.
non-migratorybirds,suchasruffedgrouse,andmammals,suchasmink,arealsorecordedas
probablebreederseveniftheyarereportedononlyonevisitduringthebreedingseason(“s”or“h”).
wbreeding-confirmed(co):
dd=distractiondisplayorinjuryfeigning
nu=usednestoreggshellsfound(occupiedorwithintheperiodofthesurvey).
Fy=downyyoung(nidifugousspecies),includingthoseincapableofsustainedflight.
ae=adultleavingorenteringnestsiteincircumstancesindicatingoccupiednest;the
parentbirdisseentoenterandremainatnest(asopposedtothecode“v”).
Fs=adultcarryingfecalsac
cF=adultcarryingfoodforyoung
ne=nestcontainingeggs
ny=nestwithyoungseenorheard
notethatforamphibianspecies,eggsandeggmassesfoundinaquatichabitat(orindamplogsin
thecaseofred-backedsalamander)areallocatedthecode“ne”;amphibianlarvae(aquatic)should
bedesignated“ny”;andrecentlymetamorphosedadultstageamphibians(ie.“froglets”),stillin
thevicinityofnatalwaters,aredesignated“Fy”.eachofthesedesignationsfulfillthestatusof
confirmedbreeding.likewise,burrowsornestscontainingyoungmammalsareassigned“ny”,and
anyclearlydependentjuvenilemammalsaredesignated“Fy”.
124
thecommentssectionofthefielddatasheetsistobeusedextensivelyinthefield,forexamplein
indicatingspeciespointswhoseoriginsaresuspect.thecommentsassociatedwiththefaunapoints
onthefielddata-sheetsareinvaluableininterpretationofborderlinedata.
Call code (for frogs only)
Code1-indicatesthatthereareonlyafewfrogspresentandtheircallstendnottooverlap
Code2-morefrogscallingandarestartingtooverlap
Code3-fullchorus
Ifanyamphibiansareencounteredintheirnon-breedinghabitatstheyaretobenotedassuchso
astoclearlydifferentiatefrombreedingindividuals.Forexample,anywoodfrogsfoundinJune
inuplandforesthabitatshouldbenotedas“summer”recordsasopposedtotheprobableand
confirmedbreedingstatusattributedtowoodfrogsfoundattheirbreedingpools.
Incidental Records
duringthecourseoftheseasonsurveyorsarelikelytoencountermanyspeciesandindividuals-
herons,terns,ducks-thataresimplyusingthesiteforpurposesotherthanbreeding,e.g.foraging
andfeeding.suchfaunaspeciesthatareencounteredoutofthatspecies’breedingseasonor
breedinghabitatwillbedifferentiatedfrombreedingindividualsbythelackofbreedingcode.Ifa
mappointhasbeenallocatedtothatsightingitisimportantthattheassociatedfielddata-sheet
entryiscompletedforthatsighting,placingan“x”(indicating“observed”)intheappropriate
column(e.g.“colonialoff-site”).recordingtheirpresenceonthesiteisimportantastheyare
utilizingthehabitattocompletetheirlifecycle.
Migrantsdonotfallwithintheaimsofthesurveyand,therefore,reportingofsuchrecords
isnotrequired.thiswillsaveconfusionattheanalysisstagewhenthefield-surveyormayno
longerbeavailableforclarificationofthedatasheets.Itmaybeofinteresttonoteespeciallylarge
concentrationsofmigrantsorotherunusualoccurrences;nopointsshouldbemappedforthese
sightingsbutratheraclearcommentonthefieldmapwillsuffice-thereshouldbenopoint
numberassociatedwithsuchsightings.thesameistrueofspeciesthataresimplyflyingoverthe
studyarea;themajorityofsuchsightingscansimplybeignoredbuttheremaybetimeswhena
flyoverisofinterestatabroader,watershedorregionalscale-e.g.aflyovertrumpeterswaninJune
maybeabirdassociatedwithanearbywetlandthatisnotbeingsurveyed.
5 . 0 f I x e d s I T e s P r o T o C o l
thefixedsitecomponentcomplementstheothertwosurveysbyaddinganotherfieldlevelofdetail
tothecoarserresultsofremote-sensing,andaquick-responsetochangeswhichmightoccurfaster
thancanbedetectedwiththelong-termsystematicInventory.thedrawbackofthefixedsites
componentisthatfixedsitescoveronlyasmallpercentageoftheregionalnaturalsystem;therefore,
thequickresponse,whichisaresultoffixedsitesbeingsurveyedevery year,isofbenefitincontextof
theothertwomonitoringcomponents.auniqueprotocolwasdesignedforfixedsitemonitoring.
thereare66fixedsitesthathavebeenselectedasrepresentationsofthetrcajurisdiction.eachsite
isastandardtenhectarepolygonlocatedinablockofnaturalcoverandactsasasampleofamuch
greaterareaofnaturalcoveraroundit.thereareatleasttwofixedsitesineverywatershedwiththe
smallerwatershedsreceivingjusttwofixedsitesandthelargerwatershedsreceivingenoughadditional
sitestoensurethattheyarespacedevenlywithrespecttothelocationofthenaturalcovertheyareto
represent.threeofthefixedsitesarecontrolsiteslocatedinanagriculturalfield,aresidentialarea,
andanurbanpark.thepurposeofthefixedsitesistoassessannualchangestoselectedindicator
species.theseFixedsitesremaininthesamelocations(withsomeexceptions)throughoutthe
lifespanofthemonitoringprogramtoaccomplishtheprogram’sgoalofon-goingsurveys.
theterrestrialvolunteerMonitoringProgramorganizesandmaintainsthemonitoringonfixed
sitesbyvolunteers.thefixedsitesarealsocoveredbybiologistsaspartofthesystematicinventories,
sincethesystematicinventoriestargetall naturalcoverinthejurisdiction;however,asstatedbefore,
thesystematicinventoriesarenotconductedannuallyonanygivenpieceofnaturalcover.volunteers
assignedtoindividualfixedsitestrackindicatorspecieseachyear,throughallfourseasons.
5 . 1 o v e r v I e w o f T e r r e s T r I a l M o n I T o r I n g v o l u n T e e r P r o g r a M ( T M v P )
thetMvPincorporatesanimportantvolunteercomponentintoterrestrialnaturalheritage
monitoring.theprogramisstructuredtogivevolunteerstheopportunitytosurveyonesite
C H A P T E R
5
125
126
throughallfourseasonsyearafteryear.tenseparatevisitsareconductedannually,withtheaimof
identifyingandmonitoringspecificspeciesforeachseason.
volunteersreceiveinformationkitstoassistwiththeirspeciesmonitoring.eachkitincludes
backgroundinformationabouttheprogramandanoverviewoftheannualvisits.eachindicator
speciesisdescribedandillustratedforeaseofidentification.alsoincludedisacdoffaunacalls
forspeciesthatareidentifiedbysound.thekitincludesreportformsthatstandardizevolunteer
reportingonthepresenceorabsenceofindicatorspecies.theseformsarecompletedandhanded-in
totrcaattheendofeachseason.volunteerscanentertheirdataonlineonthetrcawebsite.
regulartrainingofvolunteersoccursbeforeeachnewseasontostandardizeidentificationskills,
briefvolunteersontheseason’ssurveyprotocol,promotepubliccontributiontotheprogramand
maximizeeducationalpotential.Frequentcommunicationwithvolunteershelpstomotivatethem
andmaintaintheirinvolvementintheprogram.Formoreinformationontheprogrampleasesee
theterrestrialMonitoringvolunteerKit(trca,2001).
5 . 2 l a n d o w n e r C o n T a C T
landownercontactismoreinvolvedandspecificforfixedsitescomparedtothesystematic
inventories.thelandownersforeachfixedsitearecontactedbyapersonalizedletterthatfully
explainstheprogramanditsimplicationsfortheproperty.usually,theprogramcoordinatorand
landownerestablishafriendlyrelationshipandcommunicatethroughtelephoneoremailabout
theprogram.Insomecases,thelandownermayrequesttomeetwiththevolunteerorsetupspecial
arrangements.surveysoneachfixedsitecanonlycommencewhenalandownerhasgivenwritten
consent.thesurveyingvolunteerisalsorequiredtosignawaiverthatassureslandownersecurityin
caseofaccidentorinjury.
5 . 3 I n d I C a T o r s P e C I e s
Indicatorspeciestobemonitoredatfixedsitesinclude50floraandfaunaspeciesselectedfrom
theregionallistand6lichenspecies.thevisitsarescheduledthroughouttheyeartomonitorthe
indicatorspeciesduringtheirbreedingseasonoroptimalfloweringperiod.seeappendixc-1for
listofIndicatorspecies.
5 . 4 d a T a r e C o r d s
volunteersrecordthepresenceorabsenceofindicatorspeciesontheirsitethroughspeciesdata
collectionsheetsthataredividedaccordingtothefourseasons.theirsurveystartandendtime,
temperature,precipitation,andpercentcloudcoverareallrecordedalongwiththeirname,site
number,andthedatesoftheeachsitevisitforthatseason.eachdatacollectionsheetliststhe
127
speciesthevolunteeristolookforduringthatparticularseason.thesespeciesarebrokendownby
keycharacteristicsanditisthecharacteristics,notthespecies,thatthevolunteerchecksoffonthe
datasheet.
5 . 5 e q u I P M e n T f o r f I x e d s I T e s u r v e y s
requiredequipmentforvolunteersurveysincludeslaminatedphotosanddescriptionsofindicator
species(providedinterrestrialvolunteerMonitoringkit),portablecassetteorcdplayerandtape
orcdofthefaunacalls(insomeseasons),laminatedortho-rectifiedphotoofthefixedsitewith
boundariesmarked,clipboard,blankseasonaldatasheets,penorpencil,compass,goodshoesor
hikingbootsandappropriateseasonalclothing.optionalitemsincludeahandlens,binoculars,
camera,notebook,gPs,fieldguides,rubberboots.
6 . 0 d a T a I n P u T
allfielddatacollectionistranslatedintoadigitalformat.thistransformationofthedata
facilitatesthedatamanagement,analysisandpresentation.theprocedurefortranslatingdata
differsforeachdatatype.
6 . 1 C o M P a q P d a d a T a I n P u T – s y s T e M I C I n v e n T o r y
thePersonaldataassistant(Pda)isahand-helddeviceandisusedasasimpledigitizingtoolfor
pointdatacollectedfromthefield.theoptionchosendependsonthesiteandpersonalpreferences
ofthebiologists.datafromthePdaisuploadedfrequently(preferablyatleastonceaweek)to
preventdataloss.
datacollectedforeitherfloraspeciesorvegetationcommunitiesisenteredonthePdathrough
adataforminterface.Mappingofvegetationcommunityandspeciespointdataisfacilitatedby
JPegfilesoftheaerialphotosfortherespectivesite.thedataareenteredthroughthePdagIs
softwareasgeographicpointdatawithadataformthatisassociatedwitheachpoint.vegetation
communitiesandspeciesdatadifferinthespecificdataenteredandtimingofdataentry.
6 . 1 . 1 v e g e T a T I o n C o M M u n I T I e s
theattributesforeachvegetationcommunityisenteredintothePda.sevenletterspeciescodes
areenteredinlowercaseineachlayer(uptofourperlayer)fordominantspeciesinthepolygon.
thespeciescodesarederivedfromthefirstthreelettersofthegenusandthefirstfourlettersofthe
speciesnameasobtainedfromthenaturalheritageInformationcentre(nhIc)list.non-vascular
speciesareentereddifferently(i.e.analgaecommonlycalledstonewortisenteredas“chara”).
doublegreaterthansigns“>>”maybeusedinsomecasestoemphasizethecompositiondifference
C H A P T E R
6
128
129
indominantspecies,i.e.sugarmaple(acersaccharum)typicallyoccursinmuchgreaternumbers
thanothertreespeciesinasugarmapleforest(Fod5-1).
thedataenteredonthePdamodelstheinformationenteredonthedatasheets:
w date
w observer
w dominantspeciesforfourvegetationlayers:canopy,middle,lower,ground
w percentcoverforeachvegetationlayer
w ageofcommunity(pioneer,young,mid-age,matureoroldgrowth)
w depthoforganicsoils
w elccode
w elccodeforcomplexesanddominantspecies(2)
w elccodeforinclusionsanddominantspecies(2)
w indicationofdisturbances(sameasdatasheets)andtheextentofdisturbance(light,
moderateorsevere).
thevegetationcommunityattributedataarestoredasgIspolygon-basedshapefiles.thepolygon
dataaredigitizedbygIsstafffromthefieldlinescreatedbythebiologists ontheortho-photo
printouts.
130
6 . 1 . 2 s P e C I e s o f C o n C e r n
FloraspeciesdataareentereddigitallyonthePda,usuallyconcurrentlywithenteringvegetation
communitydata.duetothefastpaceofthe6weekfaunafieldseasonandthesometimesadverse
weatherconditions,thefaunapointdataarenotdigitizeduntilafterthefieldseason.theflora
dataattributesareenteredaslistedunderdatarecordinginsection4.2.1.Faunadataareentered
accordingtotheattributeslistedinsection4.2.2.
FloraandFaunaspeciesdataarestoredaspointdatainagIsshapefile.
6 . 2 f I x e d s I T e d a T a I n P u T
volunteerssubmitdatasheetstothevolunteercoordinatorandthecheckedboxesforeachspecies
characteristicareenteredintoMicrosoftofficeaccessaswellasthenameofsurveyor,sitenumber,
date,season,visitnumber,startandendtime,precipitation,cloudcoverandcomments.
131
7 . 0 r e f e r e n C e s
lee,h.t.,W.d.bakowsky,J.riley,J.bowles,M.Puddister,P.uhligands.McMurray.1998.Ecological
Land Classification for Southern Ontario: First Approximation and its Application.ontarioMinistryof
naturalresources,southcentralsciencesection,sciencedevelopmentandtransferbranch.scss
FieldguideFg-02.
ontariobreedingbirdatlas,2001.Guide for Participants. atlasManagementboard,Federationof
ontarionaturalists,donMills.
trca,2001.Terrestrial Monitoring Volunteer Kit.torontoandregionconservation.
trca,2007.Vegetation Communities and Species Scoring and Ranking Methodology.torontoandregion
conservation.
132
Flora SPeCieS FaUna SPeCieS
Marsh Marigold Caltha palustris American Woodcock Scolopax minor
Jack-in-the-pulpit Arisaema triphyllum Wood frog Rana sylvatica
Narrow-leaved Spring Beauty Claytonia virginica Northern spring peeper Hyla crucifer
White Trillium Trillium grandiflorum Striped chorus frog Pseudacris triseriata
Foam-flower Tiarella cordifolia Northern leopard frog Rans pipiens
Star-flowerTrientalis borealis ssp. borealis American toaad Bufo americanus
Michigan Lily Lilium michaganense Wood duck Aix sponsa
Turtlehead Chelone glabra Pileated woodpecker Dryocopus pileatus
Swamp MilkweedAsciepias incarnata ssp. Incarnata Eastern wood peewee Contopus virens
Spotted Joe-pye WeedEupatorium maculatum spp. Maculatum Ovenbird Seiurus aurocapillus
Barber-pole bulrush Scirpus microcarpus Scarlet tanager Piranga olivacea
Greater bur-reed Sparganium eurycarpum Swamp sparrow Melospiza georgiana
Common arrowhead Sagittaria latifolia Green heron Butorides virescens
Black-eyed Susan Rudbeckia hirta Virginia rail Rallus limicola
Spreading dogbane Apocynum androsaemifolium Bobolink Dolichonyx oryzivorus
Fire-weed Epilobium angustifolium Eastern meadowlark Sturnelia magna
Whie Oak Quercus alba Savannah sparrow Passerculus sandwichensis
Big Bluestem Andropogon gerardii Green frog Rana clamitans
Riverbank Wild Rye Elymus riparius Bullfrog Rana catesbiana
Christmas fern Polystichum acrostichoides Grey treefrog Hyla versicolor
Zig-zag Goldenrod Solidago flexicaulis Eastern chipmunk Tamias striatus
Winterberry Ilex verticillata Mink Mustela vison
Eastern hemlock Tsuga canadensis Porcupine Erethizon dorsatum
White pine pinus strobus Ruffed grouse Bonasa umbellus
White cedar Thuja occidentalis Eastern screech owl Otus asio
liChen SPeCieS
Candleflame Candelaria concolor
Mealy Rosette Physcia millegrana
Common Greenshield Flavoparmelia caperata
Hammered Shield Parmelia sulcata
Hooded sunburst Xanthoria fallax
rough speckled shield Punctilia rudecta
Appendix C-1: Fixed Site Indicator Species
133
Appendix C-2: Sample of Landowner Contact Letter
May,2006RE:TrackingEnvironmentalHealthoftheWatersheds dearlandowner:torontoandregionconservation(trca)biologistswillbetakinginventoriesthisupcomingseason,forvegetationcommunities,floraandfaunaspecies,andecologicalfunction.Weareconductinginventoriesinthegeneralareathatincludesyourproperty.toprotecttheenvironmentalhealthoftheregion,itisessentialforustoobtaina“yes”or“no”responseforpermissiontoenteryourland. Wetakeinventoriesannuallyonanumberoflargeareasthroughoutthewatersheds,andyourpropertyiswithinthisarea.eachwatershedismadeupofdifferentinterconnectinghabitatsthatimpactonthequalityandquantityofourdrinkingwatersources.thesehabitatsarenotonlyimportantfortheprotectionofwaterquality,butareintegralformonitoringimpactsfromclimatechangeandtrackingtheincreasingurbanizationonthenaturalsystem. Inordertounderstandanychangesthatoccur,itisimportanttomaintaincurrentinformationonthehealthofthenaturalsystemsinourwatersheds.Wehopeyouwillseetheimportanceinprotectingbiodiversityandpromotingthehealthycommunitiesthathelpdefineourregionandheritage.thisvaluedinformationwillbeusedtosupportthetrca’sterrestrialnaturalheritagesystemstrategy(seeenclosedpamphlet)andourworkonwatershedplans,allinsupportoftrca’svisionforThe Living City.
Pleaseseethefollowingtableforamphibian,flora,andbirdsurveydatesforthespringtofallof2006:
theseinventoriesareunobtrusiveandaredonestrictlybyobservation.biologiststakegreatcarenottodamagetheareaswheretheinventoriesareconductedand,ofcourse,torespectprivatepropertyincludingfences,ensuringgatesareclosed,etc.alltrcabiologistscarryproperidentification,aretrainedinhealthandsafety,andinsuredunderthetrcainsurancepolicy.
Pleasefilloutthefollowingformandsenditbacktousifyouarewillingtograntpermissiontoyourland,orindicateyourwishtodenyusaccess.aswell,youcancalleithermyselfat(416)661-6600extension5356ordenalewisatextension5225tospeaktousdirectly.ananswerisrequirednolaterthanMay20,2006.Ifpermissionisunattainable,wewillconservativelyassessnaturalcoverinformationusingairphotomapsandroadsideinventories.
Weappreciatetheopportunitytoworkwithyouonthisimportantproject,andthankyouforyourassistance.Ifyouhavequestionsorneedmoreinformation,wewouldbepleasedtodiscusstheprogramwithyou.
yourstruly,
MarCh & aPril May - noveMber JUne & JUly
Amphibian Inventories - Late Evening
Flora Inventories - During Daytime
Bird Inventories - From Sunrise to Noon
134
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4-d
Dry
-Fre
sh N
orw
ay M
aple
Dec
iduo
us F
ores
tL+
typi
cally
no
grou
nd f
lora
FOD
4-e
Dry
-Fre
sh E
xotic
Dec
iduo
us F
ores
tL+
Sibe
rian
elm
, tre
e-of
-hea
ven,
mul
berr
y, b
uckt
horn
, etc
.
FOD
4-F
Dry
-Fre
sh B
lack
Che
rry
Dec
iduo
us F
ores
tL4
FOD
4-G
Dry
-Fre
sh B
assw
ood
Dec
iduo
us F
ores
tL4
FOD
4-H
Dry
-Fre
sh H
awth
orn
- A
pple
Dec
iduo
us F
ores
tL4
mat
ure
haw
thor
n an
d/or
app
le. E
lm a
nd a
sh a
ssoc
iate
d. S
ee a
lso
FOD
7-E
FOD
4-I
Dry
-Fre
sh R
ed M
aple
Dec
iduo
us F
ores
tL3
red
map
le w
ith w
hite
ash
, bla
ck c
herr
y, p
aper
birc
h
FOD
5-A
Dry
-Fre
sh S
ugar
Map
le -
Haw
thor
n D
ecid
uous
For
est
L4
FOD
5-b
Dry
-Fre
sh S
ugar
Map
le -
Nor
way
Map
le D
ecid
uous
For
est
L4
FOD
7-a
Fres
h-M
oist
Man
itoba
Map
le L
owla
nd D
ecid
uous
For
est
L5
FOD
7-b
Fres
h-M
oist
Nor
way
Map
le L
owla
nd D
ecid
uous
For
est
L+
FOD
7-c
Fres
h-M
oist
Exo
tic L
owla
nd D
ecid
uous
For
est
L+B
uckt
horn
, Sib
eria
n el
m, E
u al
der,
app
le, e
tc.
FOD
7-D
Fres
h-M
oist
Red
Map
le L
owla
nd D
ecid
uous
For
est
L3N
oble
ton
area
, 200
2
FOD
7-E
Fres
h-M
oist
Haw
thor
n -
App
le L
owla
nd D
ecid
uous
For
est
L5N
ativ
e ha
wth
orn
> ap
ple,
Eng
lish
haw
thor
n. S
ee a
lso
FOD
4-H
FOD
7-F
Fres
h-M
oist
Bas
swoo
d Lo
wla
nd D
ecid
uous
For
est
L4
FOD
8-A
Fres
h-M
oist
Cot
tonw
ood
Coa
stal
Dec
iduo
us F
ores
tL2
On
old
beac
h rid
ges
& f
ill; d
ogw
ood,
gol
denr
od a
ssoc
.
FOD
8-B
Fres
h-M
oist
Pap
er B
irch
Dec
iduo
us F
ores
tL4
FOD
9-A
Fres
h-M
oist
Oak
- B
eech
Dec
iduo
us F
ores
tL3
FOD
9-B
Fres
h-M
oist
Oak
- B
irch
Dec
iduo
us F
ores
tL2
Red
oak
with
pap
er &
yel
low
birc
h
CU
P1-7
AW
hite
Ash
Dec
iduo
us P
lant
atio
nL5
CU
P1-A
Res
tora
tion
Dec
iduo
us P
lant
atio
nL5
3+ s
pp.
of n
ativ
e tr
ees
(& o
ften
shr
ubs)
CU
P1-b
Will
ow D
ecid
uous
Pla
ntat
ion
L+ge
nera
lly c
rack
will
ow
137
elC
Co
De
Co
MM
Un
ity
Un
itS
ra
nk
no
teS
CU
P1-c
Bla
ck L
ocus
t D
ecid
uous
Pla
ntat
ion
L+fo
rmer
ly d
esig
nate
d FO
D4-
c
CU
P1-d
Exot
ic D
ecid
uous
Pla
ntat
ion
L+ac
epla
t, u
lmpu
mi,
tilco
rd, e
tc.
CU
P1-E
Pape
r B
irch
Dec
iduo
us P
lant
atio
nL5
CU
P2-1
AB
lack
Wal
nut
- C
onife
r M
ixed
Pla
ntat
ion
L5
CU
P2-A
Res
tora
tion
Mix
ed P
lant
atio
nL5
3+ s
pp. o
f nat
ive
tree
s, s
hrub
s.
CU
P2-b
Bla
ck L
ocus
t -
Con
ifer
Mix
ed P
lant
atio
nL+
CU
P2-c
Nor
way
Map
le -
Con
ifer
Mix
ed P
lant
atio
nL+
outc
ome
easy
to
pred
ict
CU
P2-D
App
le -
Con
ifer
Mix
ed P
lant
atio
nL5
old
orch
ards
pla
nted
with
con
ifers
CU
P2-E
Silv
er M
aple
- C
onife
r M
ixed
Pla
ntat
ion
L5
CU
P2-f
Hyb
rid P
opla
r -
Con
ifer
Mix
ed P
lant
atio
nL+
CU
P2-G
Ash
- C
onife
r M
ixed
Pla
ntat
ion
L5
CU
P2-h
Hor
ticul
tura
l Mix
ed P
lant
atio
nL+
ofte
n fr
om o
ld n
urse
ries,
gar
dens
CU
P3-8
AW
hite
Spr
uce
- Ta
mar
ack
Con
ifero
us P
lant
atio
nL5
CU
P3-A
Res
tora
tion
Con
ifero
us P
lant
atio
nL5
blen
d of
nat
ive
coni
fers
ON
LY (
& d
ecid
. shr
ubs)
CU
P3-b
Aus
tria
n Pi
ne C
onife
rous
Pla
ntat
ion
L+19
70s
orna
men
tal l
ands
cape
pla
ntin
gs
CU
P3-C
Whi
te S
pruc
e C
onife
rous
Pla
ntat
ion
L5
CU
P3-D
Bla
ck S
pruc
e C
onife
rous
Pla
ntat
ion
L5
CU
P3-e
Nor
way
Spr
uce
Con
ifero
us P
lant
atio
nL+
CU
P3-F
Tam
arac
k C
onife
rous
Pla
ntat
ion
L5
CU
P3-G
Whi
te C
edar
Con
ifero
us P
lant
atio
nL5
CU
P3-H
Mix
ed C
onife
r C
onife
rous
Pla
ntat
ion
L5bl
end
of n
ativ
e A
ND
exo
tic c
onife
rs; o
r al
l exo
tics
CU
P3-i
Dou
glas
Fir
Con
ifero
us P
lant
atio
nL+
CU
P3-j
Col
orad
o Sp
ruce
Con
ifero
us P
lant
atio
nL+
CU
M1-
AN
ativ
e Fo
rb O
ld F
ield
Mea
dow
L5go
lden
rod
and
aste
r or
oth
er n
ativ
es 5
0+%
CU
M1-
bEx
otic
Coo
l-sea
son
Gra
ss O
ld F
ield
Mea
dow
L+sm
ooth
bro
me,
tim
othy
, Ken
tuck
y bl
ue, e
tc.
CU
M1-
cEx
otic
For
b O
ld F
ield
Mea
dow
L+Q
A la
ce, d
og-s
tran
glin
g vi
ne, t
hist
le, p
igw
eed
etc.
138
elC
Co
De
Co
MM
Un
ity
Un
itS
ra
nk
no
teS
CU
T1-A
Nat
ive
Sapl
ing
Cul
tura
l Thi
cket
L5av
oid
this
des
igna
tion;
try
CU
T1-A
1, A
2, o
r A
3
CU
T1-A
1N
ativ
e D
ecid
uous
Sap
ling
Cul
tura
l Thi
cket
L5tr
ee s
aplin
gs &
shr
ubs;
nat
ives
>50
%
CU
T1-A
2N
ativ
e M
ixed
Sap
ling
Cul
tura
l Thi
cket
L5tr
ee s
aplin
gs &
shr
ubs;
nat
ives
>50
%
CU
T1-A
3C
onife
rous
Sap
ling
Cul
tura
l Thi
cket
L4w
hite
ced
ar, S
cots
pin
e, w
hite
pin
e re
gene
ratio
n
CU
T1-b
Buc
ktho
rn C
ultu
ral T
hick
etL+
Eu b
uckt
horn
in m
ore-
or-le
ss p
ure
stan
ds
CU
T1-c
Exot
ic C
ultu
ral T
hick
etL+
hone
ysuc
kle,
lila
c, m
ultif
lora
ros
e, a
utum
n ol
ive,
etc
.
CU
T1-D
Rou
nd-le
aved
Dog
woo
d C
ultu
ral T
hick
etL3
CU
T1-E
Red
Osi
er D
ogw
ood
Cul
tura
l Thi
cket
L4re
d os
ier
dogw
ood
with
out
wet
land
spp
. ass
ocia
ted.
CU
T1-F
Silk
y D
ogw
ood
Cul
tura
l Thi
cket
L3
CU
H1-
ATr
eed
Hed
gero
wL5
tree
cov
er >
25%
. Tre
at r
ows
of p
lant
ed c
onife
rs a
s C
UP3
.
CU
H1-
BN
ativ
e Sh
rub
- Sa
plin
g H
edge
row
L5sh
rub
cove
r >2
5%
CU
H1-
cB
uckt
horn
Hed
gero
wL+
tree
/shr
ub>2
5% o
f whi
ch 7
0+%
is b
uckt
horn
CU
H1-
dEx
otic
Shr
ub H
edge
row
L+ro
smul
t, lo
nxbe
l, et
c. S
ee a
lso
CU
T1-c
CU
S1-2
AW
hite
Ced
ar C
ultu
ral S
avan
nah
L4of
ten
on f
lood
plai
ns. C
e an
d so
met
imes
har
dwoo
ds
CU
S1-3
AW
hite
Oak
Cul
tura
l Sav
anna
hL2
tallg
rass
pra
irie
gras
ses
abse
nt
CU
S1-3
BB
ur O
ak C
ultu
ral S
avan
nah
L3B
ur o
ak d
omin
ant,
oft
en in
moi
st c
ondi
tions
CU
S1-A
Nat
ive
Cul
tura
l Sav
anna
hL5
avoi
d th
is d
esig
natio
n; t
ry C
US1
-2A
; CU
S1-A
1 or
A2
CU
S1-A
1N
ativ
e D
ecid
uous
Cul
tura
l Sav
anna
hL5
open
-gro
wn
nativ
e tr
ees
(not
oak
or
haw
thor
n)
CU
S1-A
2W
hite
Pin
e C
ultu
ral S
avan
nah
L3op
en-g
row
n w
hite
pin
e w
ith o
r w
ithou
t ha
rdw
oods
CU
S1-b
Exot
ic C
ultu
ral S
avan
nah
L+fo
rmer
ly t
ende
d la
ndsc
apes
with
orn
amen
tals
CU
W1-
AN
ativ
e C
ultu
ral W
oodl
and
L5av
oid
this
des
igna
tion;
try
CU
W1-
A1,
A2,
or
A3
CU
W1-
A1
Whi
te C
edar
Cul
tura
l Woo
dlan
dL4
ofte
n on
flo
odpl
ains
. Ce
and
som
etim
es h
ardw
oods
CU
W1-
A2
Whi
te P
ine
Cul
tura
l Woo
dlan
dL3
open
-gro
wn
whi
te p
ine
with
or
with
out
hard
woo
ds
CU
W1-
A3
Nat
ive
Dec
iduo
us C
ultu
ral W
oodl
and
L5op
en-g
row
n na
tive
tree
s (n
ot o
ak o
r ha
wth
orn)
CU
W1-
bEx
otic
Cul
tura
l Woo
dlan
dL+
aban
done
d ho
mes
tead
s &
for
mer
ly m
anic
ured
yar
ds
CU
W1-
CD
ry W
hite
Oak
Cul
tura
l Woo
dlan
dL2
tallg
rass
pra
irie
gras
ses
abse
nt
139
elC
Co
De
Co
MM
Un
ity
Un
itS
ra
nk
no
teS
CU
W1-
DH
awth
orn
Cul
tura
l Woo
dlan
dL5
hist
ory
of c
attle
gra
zing
. Nat
ive
haw
thor
n
SWC
4-A
Tam
arac
k -
Bal
sam
Fir
- Sp
ruce
Org
anic
Con
ifero
us S
wam
pL2
Vary
ing
blen
ds o
f tam
arac
k, b
alsa
m f
ir, w
hite
spr
uce>
>bla
ck s
pruc
e
SWC
A-A
Hem
lock
Org
anic
Con
ifero
us S
wam
pL2
hem
lock
dom
inan
t. If
ced
ar>2
5%, t
hen
SWC
3-2
SWM
AA
sh M
iner
al M
ixed
Sw
amp
Ecos
ite
L2re
d (g
reen
) or
bla
ck a
sh w
ith H
e, f
ir, P
w
SWM
A-A
Red
(G
reen
) A
sh -
Hem
lock
Min
eral
Mix
ed S
wam
pL2
red
(gre
en)
ash
with
hem
lock
SWD
2-A
Whi
te A
sh M
iner
al D
ecid
uous
Sw
amp
L4A
typi
cal,
ofte
n di
stur
bed
SWD
4-A
Whi
te B
irch
- C
otto
nwoo
d C
oast
al M
iner
al D
ecid
uous
Sw
amp
L2G
roun
d la
yer
incl
udes
Nel
son’
s ho
rset
ail,
Bal
tic r
ush
SWD
7-A
Will
ow O
rgan
ic D
ecid
uous
Sw
amp
L3C
rack
or
peac
hlea
f will
ow
SWT2
-aEx
otic
Min
eral
Thi
cket
Sw
amp
L+Ex
otic
s>50
%: m
ultif
lora
ros
e, E
u al
der,
buc
ktho
rn, e
tc.
SWT2
-BW
inte
rber
ry M
iner
al T
hick
et S
wam
pL3
SWT3
-ASp
irae
a O
rgan
ic T
hick
et S
wam
pL2
SWT3
-BSi
lky
Dog
woo
d O
rgan
ic T
hick
et S
wam
pL2
SWT3
-cEx
otic
Org
anic
Thi
cket
Sw
amp
L+
MA
M4-
AN
elso
n’s
Scou
ring
Rus
h -
Bal
tic R
ush
Coa
stal
Fen
L1eq
uxne
l > o
ther
equ
_spp
; cal
cana
ass
ocia
ted
MA
M6-
AB
luej
oint
- S
witc
hgra
ss T
allg
rass
Mea
dow
Mar
shL1
prob
ably
res
tric
ted
to T
oron
to Is
land
MA
M2-
aC
omm
on R
eed
Min
eral
Mea
dow
Mar
shL+
Phra
gmit
es
MA
M2-
bPu
rple
Loo
sest
rife
Min
eral
Mea
dow
Mar
shL+
MA
M2-
CR
ush
Min
eral
Mea
dow
Mar
shL4
Junc
us s
pp. +
den
se, n
on-c
oast
al; s
ee a
lso
MA
M4-
A, M
AM
5-1
MA
M2-
DR
ice
Cut
-Gra
ss M
iner
al M
eado
w M
arsh
L4
MA
M2-
EB
ulru
sh M
iner
al M
eado
w M
arsh
L4
MA
M2-
fM
isca
nthu
s M
iner
al M
eado
w M
arsh
L+
MA
M2-
gC
ool-s
easo
n G
rass
Min
eral
Mea
dow
Mar
shL+
e.g.
ely
repe
, alo
aequ
. Ver
y un
usua
l - n
eeds
stro
ng s
oil e
vide
nce.
MA
S2-1
AB
road
-leav
ed C
atta
il M
iner
al S
hallo
w M
arsh
L4
MA
S2-1
bN
arro
w-L
eave
d C
atta
il M
iner
al S
hallo
w M
arsh
L5Ty
pha
angu
stifo
lia o
r x
glau
ca; i
ndic
ates
dis
turb
ance
MA
S2-a
Com
mon
Ree
d M
iner
al S
hallo
w M
arsh
L+
140
elC
Co
De
Co
MM
Un
ity
Un
itS
ra
nk
no
teS
MA
S2-b
Purp
le L
oose
strif
e M
iner
al S
hallo
w M
arsh
L+na
tive
forb
s +
gram
inoi
ds <
50%
MA
S2-C
Hor
seta
il M
iner
al S
hallo
w M
arsh
L4
MA
S2-d
Ree
d C
anar
y G
rass
Min
eral
Sha
llow
Mar
shL5
MA
S2-e
Gia
nt M
anna
Gra
ss M
iner
al S
hallo
w M
arsh
L+G
lyce
ria m
axim
a (a
n ex
otic
) O
NLY
. See
MA
S2-G
MA
S2-F
Swee
t Fl
ag M
iner
al S
hallo
w M
arsh
L3
MA
S2-G
Man
na G
rass
Min
eral
Sha
llow
Mar
shL4
Gly
ceria
gra
ndis
, sep
tent
riona
lis, b
orea
lis (
nativ
es)
MA
S3-1
AB
road
-leav
ed C
atta
il O
rgan
ic S
hallo
w M
arsh
L3
MA
S3-1
bN
arro
w-le
aved
Cat
tail
Org
anic
Sha
llow
Mar
shL4
typx
gla,
typ
angu
: sal
t or
oth
er d
istu
rban
ce in
to o
rgan
ic m
arsh
es
MA
S3-a
Purp
le L
oose
strif
e O
rgan
ic S
hallo
w M
arsh
L+
MA
S3-B
Hor
seta
il O
rgan
ic S
hallo
w M
arsh
L2U
sual
ly E
quis
etum
flu
viat
ile
MA
S3-C
Man
na G
rass
Org
anic
Sha
llow
Mar
shL2
usua
lly G
lyce
ria s
epte
ntrio
nalis
; ket
tle m
arsh
es
SAS1
-AC
oon-
tail
Subm
erge
d Sh
allo
w A
quat
icL2
SAS1
-BB
ushy
Nai
ad S
ubm
erge
d Sh
allo
w A
quat
icL2
SAM
1-A
Wat
er L
ily -
Bul
lhea
d Li
ly M
ixed
Sha
llow
Aqu
atic
L3
SAM
1-b
Floa
ting-
hear
t M
ixed
Sha
llow
Aqu
atic
L+Ex
otic
flo
atin
g-he
art,
with
var
ious
sub
mer
sed
spec
ies
OA
O1-
TTu
rbid
Ope
n A
quat
ic (
dist
urbe
d)L+
unna
tura
l sys
tem
: sed
imen
tatio
n an
d/or
nut
rient
inpu
t
141
Appendix C-5: Flora Checklist
LYCOPODIACEAE
__Diphasiastrum
(Lycopodium) digitatum
__D (L)tristachyum
__Huperzia (L) lucidula
__Lycopodium annotinu
__L clavatum
__L dendroideum
__L hickeyi (obscurum var
isophyllum)
__L obscurum
EQUISETACEAE
__Equisetum arvense
__E hyemale
__E scirpoides
__E variegatum
__E ...
OPHIOGLOSSACEAE
__Botrychium virginianu
__B ...
OSMUNDACEAE
__Osmunda cinnamomea
__Osmunda claytoniana
__Osmunda regalis
PTERIDACEAE
__Adiantum pedatum
__Pteridium aquilinum
DRYOPTERIDACEAE
__Athyrium filix-femina
__Deparia acrostichoides
__Cystopteris bulbifera
__Dryopteris carthusiana
__D clintoniana
__D cristata
__D intermedia
__D marginalis
__Gymnocarpium dryopt
__Matteucia struthiopteri
__Onoclea sensibilis
__Polystichum acrosticho
__Thelypteris novaborace
__T palustris
TAXACEAE
__Taxus canadensis
PINACEAE
__Abies balsamea
__Larix laricina
__Picea ...
__Pinus strobus
__P sylvestris
__Tsuga canadensis
CUPRESSACEAE
__Juniperus
__Thuja occidentalis
TYPHACEAE
__Typha angustifolia
__T latifolia
__T x glauca
SPARGANACEAE
__Sparganium eurycarpu
__S emersum (chlorcarp)
PONDWEEDS, etc.
__P crispus
__P natans
__P pectinatus
__P ...
ALISMATACEAE
__Alisma plantago-aquati
__Sagittaria latifolia
POACEAE
__Agrostis gigantea
__A stolonifera
__A ...
__Alopecurus
__Ammophila breviligulat
__Brachyeletrum erectum
__Bromus ciliatus (canad
__B inermis
__B latiglumis
__B pubescens
__Calamagrostis canade
__Cinna ...
__Dactylis glomerata
__Danthonia spicata
__Digitaria ...
__Echinochloa ...
__Elymus canadensis
__E hystrix (H patula)
__E riparius
__E virginiana
__E ...
__Eragrostis ...
__Festuca arundinacea
__F pratensis
__F subverticillata (obtus
__F trachyphylla (longifo
__F ...
__Glyceria grandis
__G septentrionalis
__G striata
__G ...
__Hordeum jubatum
__Leersia oryzoides
__Leersia virginica
__Milium effusum
__Muhlenbergia mex
__M ...
__Oryzopsis ...
__Panicum acuminatum
__P capillare
__P latifolium
__P linearifolium
__P ...
__Phalaris arundinacea
__Phleum pratense
__Phragmites australis
__Poa compressa
__Poa palustris
__P pratensis
__P ...
__Schizachne purpurasc
__Schizachyrium scopar
__Setaria ...
__Sphenopholis intermed
__Sporobolus cryptandru
__S ...
CYPERACEAE
__Carex albursina
__C alopecoidea
__C aquatilis
__C arctata
__C aurea
__C bebbii
__C blanda
__C canescens
__C cephaloidea
__C cephalophora
__C communis
__C comosa
__C crinita
__C cristatella
__C deweyana
__C disperma
__C eburnea
__C gracillima
__C granularis
__C hirtifolia
__C hystericina
__C interior
__C intumescens
__C lacustris
__C laevivaginata
__C laxiculmis
__C laxiflora
__C leptalea
__C leptonervia
__C lupulina
__C pedunculata
__C pensylvanica
__C plantaginea
__C projecta
__C prairea
__C pseudocyperus
__C radiata (rosea)
__C retrorsa
__C rosea (convoluta)
__C scabrata
__C sparganioides
__C spicata
__C stipata
__C stricta
__C tenera
__C utriculata (rostrata)
__C vulpinoidea
__C ...
__C ...
__C ...
__C ...
__C ...
__Cyperus ...
__Dulichium arundinaceu
__Eleocharis erythropoda
__E ...
__Eriophorum ...
__Scirpus atrovirens
__S cyperinus
__S hattorianus
142
__S microcarpus (rubroti
__S validus
__S ...
ARACEAE
__Arisaema triphyllum
__Calla palustris
__Symplocarpus foetidus
LEMNACEAE
__Lemna minor
__Lemna trisulca
__Spirodela polyrhiza
__Wolffia ...
JUNCACEAE
__Juncus articulatus
__J dudleyi
__J effusus
__J tenuis
__J ...
__J ...
__Luzula ...
LILIACEAE
__Allium tricoccum
__Clintonia borealis
__Erythronium ...
__Hemerocallis fulva
__Liliummichiganense
__Maianthemum canaden
__M racemosum (Smilaci
__M stellatum (Smilacina)
__Medeola virginiana
__Polygonatum pubesce
__Scilla siberica
__Smilax ...
__Steptopus roseus
__Trillium cernuum
__Trillium erectum
__Trillium grandiflorum
__Uvularia grandiflora
IRIDACEAE
__Iris pseudoacorus
__Iris versicolor
__Sisyrinchium montanu
ORCHIDACEAE
__Cypripedium cal. parvi
__C calceolus pubescens
__Epipactis helleborine
__Liparis loeselii
__Platanthera ...
__Spiranthes ...
SALICACEAE
__Populus balsamifera
__P deltoides
__P grandidentata
__P tremuloides
__Salix alba
__S amygdaloides
__S bebbiana
__S discolor
__S eriocephala
__S exigua
__S fragilis
__S lucida
__S x rubens
__S ...
JUGLANDACEAE
__Carya ...
__Juglans cinerea
__J nigra
BETULACEAE
__Alnus glutinosa
__A incana rugosa
__Betula allegheniensis
__B papyrifera
__B pendula
__Carpinus caroliniana
__Corylus cornuta
__Ostrya virginiana
FAGACEAE
__Fagus grandifolia
__Quercus macrocarpa
__Q rubra
__Q ...
ULMACEAE
__Ulmus americana
__U ...
URTICACEAE
__Boehmeria cylindrica
__Laportea canadensis
__Pilea fontana
__Pilea pumila
__Urtica dioica dioica
__Urtica dioica gracilis
SANTALACEAE
__Comandra umbellata
ARISTOLOCHIACEAE
__Asarum canadense
POLYGONACEAE
__Polygonum achoreum
__P amphibium
__P aviculare
__P cilinode
__P convolvulus
__P cuspidatum
__P hydropiper
__P lapathifolium
__P pensylvanicum
__P persicaria
__P scandens
__Rumex acetosella
__R crispus
__R obtusifolius
__R orbiculatus
CHENOPODIACEAE
__Chenopodium album
__C capitatum
__C ...
__Kochia scoparia
__Salsola ...
__Amaranthus ...
PORTULACACEAE
__Claytonia caroliniana
__Claytonia virginica
CARYOPHYLLACEAE
__Cerastium fontanum
__Dianthus armeria
__Saponaria officinalis
__Silene pratensis (alba)
__Silene vulgaris (cucuba
__Stellaria ...
NYMPHAEACEAE
__Nuphar variegatum
__Nymphaea odorata
RANUNCULACEAE
__Actaea pachypoda
__Actaea rubra
__Anemone acu (Hepatic
__A americana (Hepatica)
__A canadensis
__A cylindrica
__A quinquefolia
__A virginiana
__Aquilegia canadensis
__Caltha palustris
__Clematis virginiana
__Coptis trifolia
__Ranunculus abortivus
__R acris
__R hispidus caricetorum
__R pensylvanicus
__R recurvatus
__R repens
__R scleratus
__Thalictrum dioicum
__T pubescens (polygam
BERBERIDACEAE
__Caulophyllum giganteu
__Caulophyllum thalictroi
__Podophyllum peltatum
MENISPERMACEAE
__Menispermum canade
PAPAVERACEAE
__Chelidonium majus
__Sanguinaria canadens
__Dicentra canadensis
__Dicentra cucullaria
BRASSICACEAE
__Alliaria petiolata
__Arabis ...
__Barbarea vulgaris
__Brassica
__Cakile edentula
__Capsella bursa-pastoris
__Cardamine concatenat
__C diphylla
__C douglasii
__C ...
__Diplotaxis ...
__Erysimum cheiranthoid
__Hesperis matronalis
__Lepidium ...
__L ...
__Nasturtium microphyllu
__Rorippa palustris ...
__Sinapis arvensis (charl
143
SAXIFRAGACEAE
__Chrysosplenium ameri
__Mitella diphylla
__Mitella nuda
__Tiarella cordifolia
GROSSULARIACEAE
__Ribes americanum
__R cynosbati
__R rubrum
__R ...
HAMAMELIDACEAE
__Hamamelis virginiana
ROSACEAE
__Agrimonia gryposepala
__Amelanchier ...
__A ...
__Crataegus macracanth
__C monogyna
__C pedicillata
__C punctata
__C ...
__C ...
__Dalibarda repens
__Fragaria vesca
__F virginiana
__Geum aleppicum
__G canadense
__G urbanum
__ Malus pumila
__Potentilla anserina
__P argentea
__P norvegica
__P recta
__P ...
__Prunus pensylvanica
__P serotina
__P virginiana
__P ...
__Rosa blanda
__R canina
__R multiflora
__R ...
__Rubus allegheniensis
__R ideaus melanolasius
__R occidentalis
__R odoratus
__R pubescens
__Spiraea alba
__Waldsteinia fragarioide
FABACEAE
__Amphicarpaea bracteat
__Apios americana
__Coronilla varia
__Desmodium canadens
__D glutinosum
__Lathyrus ...
__Lespedeza capitata
__Lotus corniculatus
__Medicago lupulina
__M sativa ...
__Melilotus alba
__M officinalis
__Robinia pseudo-acacia
__Trifolium ...
__T ...
__Vicia cracca
GERANIACEAE
__Geranium maculatum
__Geranium robertianum
OXALIDACEAE
__Oxalis dillenii
__O stricta (europaea)
SIMAROUBACEAE
__Ailanthus altissima
POLYGALACEAE
__Polygala ...
EUPHORBIACEAE
__Acalypha virginica
__Chamaesyce ...
__Euphorbia cyparissias
__E ...
ANACARDIACEAE
__Rhus radicans (vine)
__Rhus rydbergii (shrub)
__Rhus typhina
AQUIFOLIACEAE
__Ilex verticillatus
CELASTRACEAE
__Celastrus orbiculatus
__C scandens
__Euonymus europaea
__Euonymus obovata
STAPHYLEACEAE
__Staphylea trifoliata
ACERACEAE
__Acer negundo
__A platanoides
__A rubrum
__A saccharinum
__A saccharum
__A saccharum nigrum
__A spicatum
__A x freemanii
BALSAMINACEAE
__Impatiens capensis
__I glandulifera
__I pallida
RHAMNACEAE
__Ceanothus americanus
__Rhamnus alnifolia
__Rhamnus cathartica
__Rhamnus frangula
VITACEAE
__Parthenocissus inserta
__Vitis riparia
TILIACEAE
__Tilia americana
MALVACEAE
__Malva ...
CLUSIACEAE
__Hypericum ascyron
__H perforatum
__H punctatum
__Triadenum fraseri
VIOLACEAE
__Viola affinis
__V blanda (incognita)
__V canadensis
__V conspersa
__V pubescens ...
__V selkirkii
__V sororia
__V ...
THYMELAEACEAE
__Dirca palustris
ELEAGNACEAE
__Elaeagnus angustifolia
__E umbellata
__Shepherdia canadensis
LYTHRACEAE
__Decodon verticillatus
__Lythrum salicaria
ONAGRACEAE
__Circaea alpina
__C lutetiana canadensis
__Epilobium angustifoliu
__E ciliatum
__E coloratum
__E ...
__Oenothera biennis
__O ...
HALORAGACEAE
__Myriophyllum ..
.
ARALIACEAE
__Aralia nudicaulis
__Aralia racemosa
APIACEAE
__Aegopodium podagrari
__Angelica atropurpurea
__Cicuta ...
__Cryptotaenia canadens
__Daucus carota
__Heracleum ...
__Hydrocotyle americana
__Osmorhiza ...
__Pastinaca sativa
__Sanicula marilandica
__Sium suave
__Torilis japonica
CORNACEAE
__Cornus alternifolia
__C amomum obliqua
__C canadensis
__C foemina racemosa
__C rugosa
__C stolonifera
PYROLACEAE
__Moneses uniflora
__Orthilia secunda
__Pyrola...
144
MONOTROPACEAE
__Monotropa...
ERICACEAE
__Chamaedaphne calycu
__Gaultheria ...
__Vaccinium ...
PRIMULACEAE
__Anagallis arvensis
__Lysimachia ciliata
__L nummularia
__L terrestris
__L thyrsiflora
__L ...
__Trientalis borealis
OLEACEAE
__Fraxinus americana
__F excelsior
__F nigra
__F pennsylvanica penns
__F pennsylvanica subint
__Syringa vulgaris
GENTIANACEAE
__Gentiana andrewsii
__Gentianella quinquefoli
__Gentianopsis crinita
APOCYNACEAE
__Apocynum androsaemi
__A cannibinum
__A x floribundum
__Vinca minor
ASCLEPIADACEAE
__Asclepias incarnata
__A syriaca
__Cynanchum rossicum
CONVOLVULACEAE
__Calystegia sepium
__Convolvulus arvensis
__Cuscuta gronovii
__C gronovii
HYDROPHYLLACEAE
__Hydrophyllum canaden
__H virginianum
BORAGINACEAE
__Cynoglossum officinale
__Echium vulgare
__Hackelia deflexa (ameri
__H virginiana
__Lappula squar (echinat
__Lithospermum officinal
__Myosotis laxa
__M scorpioides
__Symphytum ...
VERBENACEAE
__Phryma leptostachya
__Verbena hastata
__V urticifolia
LAMIACEAE
__Clinopodium vulgare
__Galeopsis tetrahit
__Glechoma hederacea
__Lamium ...
__Leonurus cardiaca
__Lycopus americanus
__L europaeus
__L uniflorus
__L america x europaeus
__Mentha arvensis
__Monarda didyma
__M fistulosa
__Nepeta cataria
__Prunella vulgaris ...
__Scutellaria galiculata
__S lateriflorus
__Stachys ...
SOLANACEAE
__Physalis heterophylla
__Solanum dulcamara
__S nigrum
__S ptychanthum
SCROPHULARIACEAE
__Agalinis ...
__Chelone glabra
__Linaria vulgaris
__Mimulus ringens
__Pedicularis canadensis
__Penstemon digitalis
__Scrophularia ...
__Verbascum thapsus
__Veronica americana
__V anagallis-aquatica
__V officinalis
__V ...
__V ...
OROBANCHACEAE
__Epifagus virginiana
PLANTAGINACEAE
__Plantago lanceolata
__P major
__P rugelii
RUBIACEAE
__Galium asprellum
__G mollugo
__G obtusum
__G palustre
__G triflorum
__G verum
__G ...
__Mitchella repens
CAPRIFOLIACEAE
__Diervilla lonicera
__Lonicera canadensis
__L dioica
__L morrowii
__L tatarica
__L xylosteum
__L x bella
__Sambucus canadensis
__S racemosa pubens
__Symphoricarpos ...
__Viburnum acerifolium
__V lantana
__V lentago
__V opulus (European)
__V ...
DIPSACACEAE
__Dipsacus fullonum sylv
CUCURBITACEAE
__Echinocystis lobata
__Sicyos angulatus
CAMPANULACEAE
__Campanula ...
__Lobelia inflata
__L siphilitica
ASTERACEAE
__Achillea millefolium ...
__Ambrosia artemisiifolia
__A trifida
__Anaphalis margaritacea
__Antennaria neglecta
__Anthemis cotula
__Arctiumlappa
__A minus
__Artemisia biennis
__A campestris caudata
__A vulgaris
__Aster ciliolatus
__A cordifolius
__A ericoides ericoides
__A laevis
__A lanceolatus ...
__A lateriflorus ...
__A macrophyllus
__A novae-angliae
__A ontarionis
__A puniceus
__A umbellatus
__A urophyllus
__A x amethystinus
__Bidens cernuus
__B discoideus
__B frondosus
__B tripartita (conn,como
__B vulgatus
__Carduus ...
__Centaurea maculosa
__C ...
__Chrysanthemum leuca
__Cichorium intybus
__Cirsium arvense
__C vulgare
__Conyza canadensis
__Erigeron annuus
__E philadelphicus
__E strigosus
__Eupatorium maculatum
__E perfoliatum
__E rugosum
__Euthamia graminifolia
__Galinsoga ...
__Gnaphalium ...
145
__Grindelia squarrosa
__Helianthus annuus
__H decapetalus
__H divaricatus
__H strumosus
__H tuberosus
__Hieracium aurantiacum
__H caespitosum (praten
__H piloselloides
__H ...
__Inula helenium
__Lactuca serriola
__L ...
__Lapsana communis
__Matricaria matricarioide
__M ...
__Prenanthes alba
__P altissima
__Rudbeckia hirta
__R triloba
__Senecio vulgaris
__Solidago altissima
__S caesia
__S canadensis
__S flexicaulis
__S gigantea
__S juncea
__S nemoralis
__S patula
__S rugosa
__S ...
__Sonchus arvensis ...
__S asper
__S oleraceus
__Tanacetum vulgare
__Taraxacum officinale
__Tragopogon...
__Tussilago farfara
__Xanthium spinosum
__Xanthium strumar ...
aDDitional SPeCieS
146
Sit
e
r
an
kD
at
eSt
at
US
Co
MM
ent
S
poss
prob
conf
mig
dead
col.
alde
r fl
ycat
cher
L4
Am
eric
an b
lack
duc
kL4
Am
eric
an t
oad
L4
bank
sw
allo
wL4
belt
ed k
ingf
ishe
rL4
blue
-gre
y gn
atca
tche
r**
L4
brow
n sn
ake
(Dek
ay’s
)L4
Car
olin
a w
ren*
*L4
com
mon
nig
htha
wk
L4
com
mon
shr
ew (
mas
ked)
L4
com
mon
yel
low
thro
atL4
east
ern
blue
bird
L4
east
ern
chip
mun
kL4
east
ern
cott
onta
ilL4
east
ern
gart
ersn
ake
L4
east
ern
mea
dow
lark
L4
east
ern
phoe
beL4
east
ern
pipi
stre
lle**
L4
(eas
tern
) re
d ba
t**
L4
east
ern
scre
ech-
owl*
*L4
(eas
tern
) sm
all-f
oote
d ba
t**
L4
east
ern
woo
d-pe
wee
L4
App
endi
x C
-6:
Faun
a C
heck
list f
or L
4 an
d L
5 Sp
ecie
s
147
Sit
e
r
an
kD
at
eSt
at
US
Co
MM
ent
S
poss
prob
conf
mig
dead
col.
Gad
wal
lL4
grea
t-cr
este
d fl
ycat
cher
L4
grea
t ho
rned
ow
lL4
gree
n fr
ogL4
grey
cat
bird
L4
hair
y w
oodp
ecke
rL4
hoar
y ba
t**
L4
horn
ed la
rkL4
indi
go b
untin
gL4
little
bro
wn
bat*
*L4
long
-tai
led
wea
sel*
*L4
mea
dow
vol
eL4
mid
land
pai
nted
tur
tleL4
mou
rnin
g w
arbl
erL4
Mus
krat
L4
nort
hern
flic
ker
L4
nort
hern
moc
king
bird
L4
nort
hern
rou
gh-w
inge
d sw
allo
wL4
nort
hern
sho
rt-t
aile
d sh
rew
L4
pere
grin
e fa
lcon
**L4
red
squi
rrel
L4
red-
brea
sted
nut
hatc
hL4
148
Sit
e
r
an
kD
at
eSt
at
US
Co
MM
ent
S
poss
prob
conf
mig
dead
col.
red-
eyed
vir
eoL4
rose
-bre
aste
d gr
osbe
akL4
ruby
-thr
oate
d hu
mm
ingb
irdL4
sava
nnah
spa
rrow
L4
spot
ted
sand
pipe
rL4
swam
p sp
arro
wL4
tree
sw
allo
wL4
turk
ey v
ultu
re**
L4
whi
te-b
reas
ted
nuth
atch
L4
whi
te-t
aile
d de
erL4
will
ow f
lyca
tche
rL4
Woo
dchu
ckL4
Am
eric
an C
row
L5
Am
eric
an g
oldf
inch
L5
Am
eric
an k
estr
elL5
Am
eric
an r
obin
L5
Bal
timor
e or
iole
L5
barn
sw
allo
wL5
big
brow
n ba
t**
L5
blac
k-ca
pped
chi
ckad
eeL5
blue
jay
L5
brow
n-he
aded
cow
bird
L5
Can
ada
goos
eL5
149
Sit
e
r
an
kD
at
eSt
at
US
Co
MM
ent
S
poss
prob
conf
mig
dead
col.
ceda
r w
axw
ing
L5
chim
ney
swift
L5
chip
ping
spa
rrow
L5
cliff
sw
allo
wL5
com
mon
gra
ckle
L5
Coy
ote
L5
deer
mou
seL5
dow
ny w
oodp
ecke
rL5
east
ern
king
bird
***
L5
grey
squ
irrel
L5
hous
e fi
nch
L5
hous
e w
ren
L5
Kill
deer
L5
Mal
lard
L5
mou
rnin
g do
veL5
nort
hern
car
dina
lL5
orch
ard
orio
le**
L5
purp
le m
artin
L5
Rac
coon
L5
red
fox
L5
red-
taile
d ha
wk
L5
red-
win
ged
blac
kbird
L5
ring-
bille
d gu
llL5
150
Sit
e
r
an
kD
at
eSt
at
US
Co
MM
ent
S
poss
prob
conf
mig
dead
col.
song
spa
rrow
L5
strip
ed s
kunk
L5
Virg
inia
opo
ssum
L5
war
blin
g vi
reo
L5
whi
te-f
oote
d m
ouse
L5
yello
w w
arbl
erL5
dom
estic
cat
L+
Euro
pean
har
eL+
Nor
way
rat
L+
hous
e m
ouse
L+
Euro
pean
sta
rling
L+
hous
e sp
arro
wL+
mut
e sw
anL+
re
d-ea
red
slid
er (
pond
slid
er)
L+
ring-
neck
ed p
heas
ant
L+
rock
pig
eon
L+
**sp
ecie
s in
bol
d ar
e to
be
map
ped
in b
oth
rura
l and
urb
an p
ortio
ns o
f the
juris
dict
ion
***t
his
L5 s
peci
es is
to
be m
appe
d in
urb
an p
ortio
ns o
f the
juris
dict
ion
151
Ap
pen
dix
C-7
: S
amp
le o
f F
aun
a F
ield
Dat
a S
hee
t
FAU
NA
FIE
LD
DA
TA
Ob
serv
ers:
Yea
r:
Site
:
Po
int
#SP
eCie
SC
all
C
oD
eSt
at
US
Co
MM
ent
S
poss
prob
conf
mig
dead
colo
nial
offs
ite
Cal
l Cod
e: 1
= no
ove
rlap,
2 =
som
e ov
erla
p, 3
= fu
ll ch
orus