Terrestrial N Budget “Natural” Biological N Fixation 90 - 125 Lightning 5 95 - 130 Inorganic N...
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Terrestrial N Budget
“Natural” Biological N Fixation 90 - 125Lightning 5 95 - 130Inorganic N Fertilizer 90Crop N Fixation 32Fossil Fuel Fixation 25Industrial Uses 15 162
1860
1990s
Galloway et al. 2004
Terrestrial P Budget
Weathering of P from Minerals 10 – 20
Phosphorus in Fertilizer 19
Industrial Uses of P 0.8
Bennett et al. 2001
Urea
SoilOrganic Matter
NH4+ NO3
- N2O N2Nitrification Denitrification
N2O N2NONH3
Fertilizer Use and Loss
Nitrate change in the Mississippi River
Agricultural sustainability in the Yaqui Valley
Beman, Arrigo and Matson 2005
Beman, Arrigo and Matson 2005
Urea
SoilOrganic Matter
NH4+ NO3
- N2O N2Nitrification Denitrification
N2O N2NONH3
NH4+
NO3-
Fertilizer Use and Loss
Gas Source RoleAnthropogenic
Ammonia
Nitrogen Oxides
Nitrous Oxides
VegetationSoilsAgricultureAnimalsBiomass Burning
SoilsLightningAgricultureFossil Fuel CombustionBiomass BurningAircraft
OceansSoilsAgricultureFossil Fuel CombustionIndustrial Processes
83 %
42 %
Neutralizes precipitationTransports available N
Regulates tropospheric ozonePrecursor to nitric acidTransports available N
Greenhouse gasRegulates stratospheric ozone
69 %
Source: IPCC Third Assessment Report, 2001
1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000Year
NO3- Input
to Marine
Marine and CoastalEcosystems
CroppingSystems
Urban
NO
NOX
N Deposition
DownwindDownstream
N2O
UplandEcosystems
NO3- in
Surface andGround water
Saving “land for nature”?
Yaqui Valley Human-Environment System
Water Agriculture
Industry
Wetlands
Aquaculture
Urban
Fisheries + Marine
Estuaries +Fisheries
Climate Markets
Policies Technology & Resources CO2
Note: institutions for each , but no institutions for integrated system
Bio Invasions
“natural”lands
Conservation NGOs
Agriculture and Ecosystem Services: Options for Maximizing Biodiversity Conservation and other Services on
Working Landscapes
Water Resource
Urban Environmental
Residential
Commercial
Industrial
AgricultureWetlands
Wild + Scenic Rivers
Endangered Species
In-stream Flows
Balancing Agriculture and Other Demands for Water
Patronato (Farmer
Research)
CIMMYT & CGIAR centers
Universities
INIFAP / CIANO
Secretary of Natural Resources
Secretary of Health
NGO’s (e.g., CI, WWF, Red Fronteriza)
Financiera Rural
FIRA
AOASS
Agro-industry
(Markets)
Agro-industry (inputs)
Practice
Regulation/ Policy
Research
Private Banks
Phytosanitary Committee& Irrigation
District
Secretary of Agriculture
(State / Federal)
Producers
Innovative
Credit Unions
Agriculture Knowledge System,Yaqui Valley050610
CONACYT
NGO’s (e.g.,
Foundations)