(Terrestrial) Malagasy mammals & Parasitism - a force that shapes the world
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Transcript of (Terrestrial) Malagasy mammals & Parasitism - a force that shapes the world
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(Terrestrial) Malagasy mammals
Tuomas Aivelo18.9.2012
University of Helsinki
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Overview on mammal diversity
Tenrecs: 34
Lemurs: 99
Bats: 46
Euplerids: 10
Rodents: 30
Invasive species: ~10
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Mammal colonisation
of Madagascar
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Invasives
Black rat, house mouse, dog, cat, pig, zebu, shrew, human…
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Tenrecs
34 species, 10 in Ranomafana
Shrewlike, small, insectivores
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Bats
46 (of which 35 endemic)
8 species in Ranomafana
Both African and Asian colonisations
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Carnivores
10 species – 6 species in Ranomafana
Euplerids – related to mongooses
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Lemurs
99 species
13 in Ranomafana
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Many recently extinct species
Giant aye-aye – 10 kg
Megaladapis – 50 kg
Pachylemur – 12 kg
Archaeolemur – 10 kg
Hadropithecus – 30 kg
Mesopropithecus – 10 kg
Babakotia – 30 kg
Paleopropithecus – 30 kg
Archaeoindris – 160 kg
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Lemurs not the only group of extinct mammals
Hippopotamusmadagascariensis
lemerlei
Laloumena
Bibymalagasia
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Parasitism -The force that shapes the world
Tuomas Aivelo18.9.2012University of Helsinki
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All the organisms in the world have parasites.
More than half of the organisms in the world are parasites.
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1. Systematics: What are the parasites?
2. Ecology: Patches and vectors
3. Evolution: Host-parasite interaction
4. Conservation biology: Vicious circle
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What is parasitism?C
lose ness
+
-
Mutualism
Commensalism
Sym
biosis
PredationParasitoidi
sm
Ectoparasites
Endoparasites
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Classifying of parasites
Micro- and macroparasites Ecto-, meso- and endoparasites Bacterial, protistan, metazoans By taxa they parasitize Direct or indirect life cycles Mode of transmission
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What does the world look like for a parasite?
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Ways of transmission Direct Through freeliving stage Via vector
Through skin From mouth
?
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Factors affecting transmission (in mouse lemurs)
Testosterone and stress hormones Activity, home range Susceptibility, immunocompetence, body
condition Sharing sleeping nests Hibernation/torpor Gestation Nutrition Amount of parasite species around
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Expanding to community level Many parasite species are highly host-
specific Then again, many are not, but target larger
groups Eg. primates, mammals, vertebrates,...
Role of invasive species?
in
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Parasite-host interaction
The puzzle: Parasite should use as much as possible its host without compromising its own habitat
= Take all you can without killing your host Sounds familiar?
TRAGEDY OF COMMONS!
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Vicious cycle
Infection
Up-regulating immunedefence
Decrease in host condition
More susceptibleto pathogens
New infection
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Fragmentation
Infection
Up-regulating immunedefence
Decrease in host condition
More susceptibleto pathogens
New infection
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Factors affecting transmission (in mouse lemurs)
Testosterone and stress hormones Activity, home range Susceptibility, immunocompetence, body
condition Sharing sleeping nests Hibernation/torpor Gestation Nutrition Amount of parasite species around
?
??
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Effective contacts
Invasive species might be vectors Fragmentation increases contacts of
animals with humans Indirectly or directly
Difficult to tell apart different effects of fragmentation
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Broader question marks
Cycle of epidemics How does the parasite cycle differ in
fragmented areas? Will the epidemics be harsher / more frequent?
Host switchs Do fragmented areas drive parasites to more
switches between hosts?