TERN Australian Transect Network ATBC 2014
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Transcript of TERN Australian Transect Network ATBC 2014
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The Australian Transect Network Bioclimatic gradients for assessing and
monitoring ecological change
Stefan Caddy-Retalic, Alan Andersen & Ian Fox
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Terrestrial Environmental Research Network
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ATN – Four primary transects
NATTNorth Australian Tropical Transect
SWATTSouth West Australian Transitional Transect
BATSBiodiversity and Adaptation Transect Sydney
TRENDTRansect for ENvironmental monitoring and Decision making
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ATN – Four primary transects
Spinifex Hummock Grassland
Tropical Savanna
NATTNorth Australian Tropical Transect
SWATTSouth West Australian Transitional Transect
BATSBiodiversity and Adaptation Transect Sydney
Acacia Shrubland
TRENDTRansect for ENvironmental monitoring and Decision making
Eucalypt Open Forest
Subtropical forest
Eucalypt Open Woodland
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Why bioclimatic transects?
• Scaling-up from local, plot-based studies
• Biogeographic framework for locating plots
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Why bioclimatic transects?
• Scaling-up from local, plot-based studies
• Developing, calibrating and validating ecological models and remote sensing products
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Why bioclimatic transects?
• Scaling-up from local, plot-based studies
• Developing, calibrating and validating ecological models and remote sensing products
• Identifying sensitive zones in relation to environmental stress and disturbance• Space as a proxy for time for climate-change research
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Key Science Questions
1. How do species abundances, richness and composition, and ecological function change along large-scale environmental gradients?
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Key Science Questions
1. How do species abundances, richness and composition, and ecological function change along large-scale environmental gradients?
2. Is there predictable variation in ecosystem resilience?
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Key Science Questions
1. How do species abundances, richness and composition, and ecological function change along large-scale environmental gradients?
2. Is there predictable variation in ecosystem resilience?
3. How might ecosystems respond to climate change?• Turnover in species, adaptive traits and genes
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ATN – NATT and TREND
NATT
TREND
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Overarching research framework of responses of ecosystems to stress (PAM, AN) and disturbance (fire, grazing)
North Australian Tropical Transect IGBP-GCTE Global Network of Transects
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DARWIN
TENNANT CREEK
500 mm
750 mm
1000 mm
1250 mm
1500 mm
Photos: Adam Liedloff
North Australian Tropical Transect
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NATT Focal Areas
DARWIN
TENNANT CREEK
Growth of tagged trees
• Site every 100 km
• 12 eucalypts tagged per site
• Initial measurements 2000
• Re-measured 2012
1. Tree dynamics
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Tree growth along NATT
200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 18000
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0
0.05
0.1
0.15
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0.25
Median annual rainfall (mm)
DBH
incr
emen
t (cm
/yr)
Hei
ght i
ncre
men
t (m
/yr)
G. D. Cook, unpublished
Height (for tree with 25 cm dbh)
DBH
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Monitoring tree dynamics using LiDAR
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NATT Focal Areas
2. Carbon stocks and fluxes
0
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1
1.2
0 500 1000 1500 2000
Sand
Loam
Tree cover and rainfall
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NATT Focal Areas
2. Carbon stocks and fluxes
0
0.2
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0.8
1
1.2
0 500 1000 1500 2000
Sand
Loam
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0 1 2 3 4 5
log DBH (cm)
log
Bio
mas
s (kg
)
-1
0
1
2
3
4
5
0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5
log tree DBH (cm)
log
root
bio
mas
s (k
g/m
2)
Tree carbon stocks – above ground Tree carbon stocks – below ground
Tree cover and rainfall
Biomass as predicted by DBH
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NATT Focal Areas
2. Carbon stocks and fluxes
• LiDAR for landscape-scale assessments
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NATT Focal Areas
2. Carbon stocks and fluxes
• LiDAR
• Integration with flux-tower measurements
Collaborating institutions:
• CDU (Hutley and Maier)
• Max Planck (Levick)
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0
20
40
60
80
100
120
1500 1250 1000 750 500
Annual rainfall (mm)
No
. sp
ecie
s
Sand
Loam
Plot (1 ha) richness
Tropical
Arid
Ants as a focal taxon for biodiversity studies
NATT Focal Areas
3. Biodiversity
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Ant biogeographic discontinuities
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
1500 1250 1000 750 500
Annual rainfall (mm)
No
. sp
ecie
sSand
Loam
Plot richness
Mesic Semi-arid Arid
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Finer resolution of the sensitive areas in relation to climate change
U.S. Fulbright PhD scholar Israel Del Toro, University of Amherst
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NATT Focal Areas 4. Ecological processes - Fire
• 400,000 km2 burnt each
year
• Biodiversity declines
• GHG abatement
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NATT Focal Areas
4. Ecological processes - Fire
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 18000
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
f(x) = − 2.36773084380419E-07 x² + 0.00079202703125169 x − 0.145035160409551R² = 0.848854839692457
Mean % area burnt
Mean annual rainfall
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NATT Focal Areas
4. Ecological processes - Fire
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 18000
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
f(x) = 1.7841553555E-07 x² − 0.000033497401229 x + 0.0105952164298R² = 0.787033057338807
Early dry season
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 18000
0.05
0.1
0.15
0.2
0.25
0.3
0.35
0.4
f(x) = − 4.151886199352E-07 x² + 0.00082552443248 x − 0.155630376839314R² = 0.689735719646058
Late dry season
Mean annual rainfall Mean annual rainfall
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Transect for Environmental Monitoring and Decision-making
Vegetation turn-over quantifiedGuerin & Lowe EMAS 2012Guerin et al. 2013
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35 Plots
Soil characterisation
Floral composition
Vegetation structure
Ant communities
Metagenomics
Photopoints
Temperature loggers
δ13C & δ15N isotopes
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Current and predicted future species distributions
Now
2050
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Current and predicted future species distributions
Now
2050
Mapping sensitivity to
climate change
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Detecting ecosystem changes over time: implications for the future
Orchids flowering 20 days earlier than 20 years ago
Flowering phenology
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Detecting ecosystem changes over time: implications for the future
Orchids flowering 20 days earlier than 20 years ago
Hop Bush leaves narrowing over the last century
Flowering phenology Functional traits
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Using new genomics techniques
Plants• DNA barcoding• Biogeography• Population Genetics/Genomics
Soils• Metabarcoding
McCallum et al AustEcol 2013
Gene turn-over in plants and soilGenomics, metagenomics and transcriptomics
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Integrating information on biodiversity distribution and climate sensitivity for biodiversity resilience
• Weighted benefit maps for policy and land management decision makers
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Connecting the public to research is a TREND priority.This should be a two-way dialogue.
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Australian Transect Network
A powerful tool for enhanced ecosystem understanding and management in the face of climate change