Chukwu Nneka Helen

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TERMINOLOGIES AND THEIR MEANINGS

AGRICULTURESource: www.nal.usda.gov.afsic/pubs/terms/srb9902terms.html

1. Biological Farming/Ecological Farming: Commonly used in Europe and developing countries, Biological and Ecological Farming is a system of crop production in which the producer tries to minimize the use of 'chemicals' for control of crop pests,". In a broader sense, both terms encompass various and more specific practices and techniques of farming sustainability, e.g., organic, biodynamic, holistic, natural.

2. Agrarianism: According to Websters New Collegiate Dictionary. G&C Merriam, 1977, agrarianism is a social or political movement designed to bring about land reforms or to improve the economic status of the farmer." In agrarian practices, there is a deliberate way of life in which the integrity and wholesomeness of peoples and neighborhoods, and the natural sources they depend upon, are maintained and celebrated because we have to eat, drink and breathe.

3. Agroecology: Agroecology can be defined broadly or narrowly. Loosely defined, agroecology often incorporates ideas about a more environmentally and socially sensitive approach to agriculture, one that focuses not only on production, but also on the ecological sustainability of the productive system. At its most narrow, agroecology refers to the study of purely ecological phenomena within the crop field, such as predator/ prey relations, or crop/weed competition.

4. Alternative Farming/Alternative Agriculture: These are essentially synonymous terms encompassing a vast array of practices and enterprises, all of which are considered different from prevailing or conventional agricultural activities, such as nontraditional crops, livestock, and other farm products; service, recreation, tourism, food processing, organic farming or aquaculture; or direct marketing and other entrepreneurial marketing strategies. Alternative has also come to imply the use of environmentally-friendly farming practices in general, and the benefits of farm diversification.

5. Best Management Practices (BMPs): BMPs are established soil conservation practices that also provide water quality benefits. They include such practices as cover crops, green manure crops, and stripcropping to control erosion; and soil testing and targeting and timing of chemical applications (similar to IPM) to prevent the loss of nutrients and pesticides.

6. Biodiversity: At its simplest level, biodiversity is the sum total of all the plants, animals, fungi and microorganisms in the world, or in a particular area; all of their individual variation; and all the interactions between them. Agrobiodiversity is a fundamental feature of farming systems around the world. It encompasses many types of biological resources tied to agriculture. Agrobiodiversity therefore includes not only a wide variety of species, but also the many ways in which farmers can exploit biological diversity to produce and manage crops, land, water, insects, and biota.

7. Biodynamic Agriculture/Biodynamic Farming: Both a concept and a practice, biodynamics "owes its origin to the spiritual insights and perceptions of Dr. Rudolf Steiner, an Austrian philosopher and scientist who lived at the turn of the century. Dr. Steiner emphasized many of the forces within living nature, identifying many of these factors and describing specific practices and preparations that enable the farmer or gardener to work in concert with these parameters.

8. Biointensive Gardening/Mini-farming: John Jeavons and Ecology Action have refined a production system that makes it possible for one person to grow all of his or her family's food using truly sustainable methods that maintain the fertility of the soil without relying on nonrenewable resources like petrochemicals or imported organic matter.

9. Biotechnology: Although farmers have been practicing biotechnology in the broadest sense i.e. plant and animal breeding to achieve certain traits. Genetic engineering differs significantly from traditional biotechnological techniques in that DNA from different species can be combined to create completely new organisms (Genetically Modified Organisms - GMOs).

10. Carbon Sequestration: Carbon sequestration is the process through which agricultural and forestry practices remove carbon dioxide (CO2) from the atmosphere. The term sinks is also used to describe agricultural and forestry lands that absorb CO2, the most important global warming gas emitted by human activities. It is believed that sequestration activities can help prevent global climate change by enhancing carbon storage in trees and soils, preserving existing tree and soil acarbon, and by reducing emissions of CO2, methane (CH4) and nitrous oxide (N2O)..INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGYSource: www.ict4it.org/en/en_glossary.htm

1. Absolute Link: A term used by Web authors. In an HTML document a Relative Link indicates the location of a file relative to the document, whereas an absolute link specifies the full URL.

2. Acceptable Use Policy (AUP): An AUP is a set of rules that define the ways in which ICT facilities can and cannot be used in a business or educational institution, including a description of the possible sanctions that can be applied if a user breaks the rules. Two of the most important topics covered by an AUP are (i) e-safety and (ii) awareness of and compliance with copyright.

3. Active Matrix: A term used to describe the newer type of computer Display Screen that makes use of Thin Film Transistor (TFT) technology: see TFT. Active matrix screens have excellent colour resolution and can display motion accurately and rapidly.

4. Address Book: Usually supplied as part of your Email software. An address book in this sense is used to keep a record of all the email addresses of people whom you may wish to contact by email.

5. ADSL: Abbreviation for Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line. A high-speed digital telephone connection that operates over an existing copper telephone line, allowing the same line to be used for voice calls. ADSL lines offer transmission speed that are usually in the range 2Mbps to 8Mbps, and are used mainly for Internet access.

6. Adware: Adware is software that may have been installed on your computer by a remote computer, i.e. via the Web. Many free utilities that you download from the Internet will install hidden software that sends details of the websites you visit and other information from your computer (which can include your email address) to advertisers so they can target you with popup ads and spam.

7. Application: A computer program or a suite of computer programs that performs a particular function for the user, such as a word-processor, e.g. Microsoft Word, or a range of functions, such as Microsoft Windows or Microsoft Office. Commonly abbreviated to app, especially in the context of Web 2.0 and Mobile Assisted Learning (MALL) apps.

8. Artificial Intelligence (AI): The ability of a computer to mimic human attributes in finding a solution to a problem. Artificial Intelligence techniques are applied in various ways in computer applications in the language world, e.g. in Machine Translation (MT) programs and in grammar and style checkers.

9. Bandwidth: The amount of data that can be sent from one computer to another through a particular connection in a certain amount of time, e.g. via a computer to the Internet and vice versa. The more bandwidth available, the faster you are able to access information. Bandwidth is usually measured in kilobits per second (Kbps) or megabits per second (Mbps).

10. BIOS: Acronym for Basic Input/Output System. This is a built-in ROM Chip on the Motherboard containing essential programs to manage the computer's input and output, which are loaded into memory during the boot process. See Boot, ROM.

MEDICINE

Source: www.windhamsurgicalgroup.com/medical_terms.php

1. Appendectomy: Removal of the appendix, a small structure attached to your cecum; this is the right side of your large intestine. The appendix has no function in humans, but it can cause infection (appendicitis) in young and old patients alike! Appendicitis is most common in 15-21 year old boys, but causes the most serious problems in very young children and elderly patients.

2. Basal Cell: Basal cell skin cancer is a type of skin cancer which typically occurs in an older patient who has a life time of excessive sun exposure. It tends to grow in one spot, but can be difficult to remove completely due to extensive "roots" in the surrounding skin.

3. Benign: Benign means "not cancerous". A tissue growth that will not spread into the body and will not recur after it is removed.

4. Biopsy: Biopsy is a surgical procedure to remove some tissue from a suspicious area in the body. This biopsy is sent to the lab where the pathologist will check it out under the microscope; the pathologist checks for cancer.

5. Cholecystectomy: Cholecystectomy is the removal of the gallbladder. This can be done through the telescope (laparoscopic cholecystectomy) or through the "old fashioned" open incision below the right side rib cage.

6. Colostomy: Colostomy is a bag on the skin that collects the stool from the intestine. This is most often a temporary way to rid the body of infection. The piece of bowel that drains the stool into this bag can be "hooked back up" once the infection is adequately treated. Perforated diverticulitis is a common reason for a patient to have a temporary colostomy.

7. Cyst: Cyst is a fluid-filled "balloon". This is a very thin-walled structure often found in the breast of young ladies. The cyst results from a natural accumulation of body secretions. Cysts also occur in the liver and kidneys in "polycystic disease". Cysts are usually benign (not cancerous).

8. Edema: Edema is natural body fluid that accumulates in your skin and body tissue. When you stand all day at work, your feet swell. You also notice your socks "cut into" your skin and leave an indentation. This is edema fluid. Sometimes this edema fluid can become very serious with your legs terribly swollen.

9. H. Pylori: H.Pylori is a bacteria that was discovered (in the 1980's) to live in the stomach despite the acid environment in the stomach. H.Pylori actually causes stomach ulcers and gastritis. If a stomach ulcer is treated only with antacid medications it will have a much higher recurrence rate.

10. Hiatal Hernia: Hiatal Hernia is a hole in the diaphragm (the muscle that separates the abdomen from the chest) which allows the stomach to slide high up into the chest. Sometimes this hernia is big enough that even the colon and small intestine can slide up into the chest. Hiatal hernia is very common in this country, but it does NOT usually require any surgery.

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