Teplota prostředí – „řídící“ proměnná...
Transcript of Teplota prostředí – „řídící“ proměnná...
Temperature„biological clock“
Temperature influences development, physiology and reproduction of most organisms.
Smith & Smith 6th ed. (p. 102)
Each organism has its temperature requirements
Influence of temperature and net photosynthesis
Fig. 6.6, Smith & Smith 6th ed. (p. 110)
Endotherms vs. Ectotherms
Fig
. 4
0.1
2, C
am
pb
ell
& R
ee
ce
7th
ed
. (p
. 8
34
)
Fig. 7.13, Smith & Smith 6th ed. (p. 148)
Thermodynamics and the organism sizesmall object do have relatively larger surface to their volume….
Fig. 7.14, Smith & Smith 6th ed. (p. 149)
„Price“of stable body temperature
hmotnost v kg
Fig. 7.11, Smith & Smith 6th ed. (p. 147)
„Regulation“ of body temperature by some ectotherms
Cost of metabolism
85 kg aligator needs 60 kcal/per day under 20°C
85 kg human needs 1600 kcal/per day under 20°C
In case ectotherms – poikilothermic organisms the rate of development depends on temperature of the environment.
Fig. 33.36, Campbell & Reece 7th ed. (p. 661)
It is possible to use accumulated temperature to estimate developmental stage of ectoterm….as a „biological clock“.
Fig. 33.36, Campbell & Reece 7th ed. (p. 661)
Principle of calculations of degree days (°C)
• There is a base temperature e.g. 5 or 10°C)
• Development starts only over this threshold.
• For each degree above the base temperature 1 Degree day is accumulated…
• Total number of degree-days for reaching individual life stages (e.g. pupa, blooming etc.) is more or less constant!!!
Fig. 45.1, Campbell & Reece 7th ed. (p. 943)
degree days (°C)
10
24 hodin
Calculation of DD with lower and upper thresholds
Formula….
where TMAX andTMIN are daily temp. extremes.
base temperature e.g. 10°C;
t
i
iTMINTMAXtDS i
1
2/)()(
In Reality
Application of DD
• Introduction of new crops• Pest and disease monitoring and prognosis• Monitoring of alergen plants…..etc.
Vine production in the New York stateMinimum temp. requirement is 2200 DS (base of 50°F)= 1222°C (base ~ 10°C)
Introduction of new crops/cultivars
Pest and diseases monitoring
Gypsy moth
Evalution of the pest and disease risk
Gypsy moth study
Gypsy mothAssumed male flight dates
(Régniere a Sharov, 1999)
Potential niche….
Concept of potential niche
Actual range does not have to correspond with potential niche!!
Why it is so popular?
Enables:
1) better results of field studies
2) map potential risk of introduction of non-native species
3) better define protected areas
4) serve as a warning systém (e.g. climate change)
Red -
new observations
Blue/Yellow -older observation
Green -
model BIOCLIM
Regent Honeyeater
Improvement of field studies
Invasive species projection
Thuiller et al. 2005
South Africa Biomes projection
Highway iceplant
Thuiller et al. 2005
Carpobrotus edulis
Mapovat nebezpečí invazivních druhů
Thuiller et al. 2005
Odhad počtu druhů a směrů šíření (díky obchodu a cestovnímu ruchu) –číslo indikuje počet druhů jejichž zavlečení reálně připadá v úvahu
Life cycle Damage
European corn borer
ECB – present area• Originally Europe /Asia species
• It can survive on number of species (potatoes, sorghum, peppers,hemp or corn)
• Extremely adaptable
• It managed to colonize 2/3 of USA in just over 80 years
• Sharp increase of damage caused by ECB in the CR during 1990´s
ECAMON – model for ECB evaluation
ECAMON – výskyty Zavíječe kukuřičného1961-1990
ECAMON – výskyty Zavíječe kukuřičného1991-2000
ECAMON estimates vs. real damage