Tensile characteristics of yarns in wet condition -...

Indian Journal of Fibre & Textile Research

Vol. 34, December 2009, pp. 338-344

Tensile characteristics of yarns in wet condition

A Dasa, S M Ishtiaque, S Singh & H C Meena

Department of Textile Technology, Indian Institute of Technology, New Delhi 110 016, India

Received 22 December 2008; accepted 25 February 2009

This paper reports the tensile characteristics of cotton, polyester, viscose and polyester/viscose (P/V) ring and rotor

yarns of different linear densities and blend proportions in dry and wet conditions. An experimental set-up has been

fabricated, which can be attached with the tensile tester to study the tensile characteristics of yarns under water. The tenacity

of yarns is found to be higher in wet condition as compared to that in dry condition for all the yarns, except the viscose yarns

where tenacity drops in wet condition. The increase in tenacity in case of cotton is much higher than that in case of polyester

and P/V blended yarns. In case of polyester and cotton, the breaking elongation of yarns increases while in viscose and

viscose-rich P/V blended yarns, the breaking elongation decreases in wet condition. In viscose and viscose-rich P/V blended

ring-spun yarns, the increase in initial modulus is found to be very high, whereas in the case of polyester and cotton, there is

moderate increase in initial modulus of yarns in wet condition. In case of cotton ring-spun yarns, there is very high level of

increase in work of rupture in wet condition. Yarn fineness significantly affects the tensile characteristics.

Keywords: Breaking elongation, Cotton, Initial modulus, Polyester, Ring yarn, Rotor yarn, Tenacity, Viscose, Work of rupture

1 Introduction There are many application areas where textile

materials are used under water, e.g. swimming or any

other under water activities. It will therefore be

beneficial to know the tensile characteristics of yarns

under water. Yarn properties, such as dimensions,

tensile strength, elasticity recovery, elongation,

modulus, rigidity, electrical resistance, and energy at

break point, are affected by the amount of water

absorbed. In the case of polyester, although the fibre

is less hygroscopic, polyester yarns or fabrics absorb

water by wicking action. Similarly, in case of yarns or

fabrics made of hydrophilic fibres or blends, the

absorption behaviour is entirely different.

There are large numbers of publications available

on the effect of various parameters on tensile

characteristics of yarn. But, almost all the studies

were carried out with normal dry yarn. Midgely and

Pierce1 first suggested the effect of rate of loading on

the tensile properties of spun yarn. Balasubramanian

and Salhotra2 and Kaushik et al.

3 investigated the

influence of rate of loading on the tensile behavior of

rotor-spun yarns in dry conditions. Serwatka et al.4

gave a new approach for modeling the stress-strain

curve of linear textile products in dry conditions.

They explained the stress-strain curve of yarn in three

zones. Robert et al.5 studied resiliency and modulus of

viscose rayon as a function of swelling and

temperature in wet condition. Bryant and Walter6

measured the tensile properties of yarn, immersed in

water, as a function of temperature. Paul et al.7

presented preliminary result of the deep star polymer

taut leg mooring project. Preston and Nimkar8 studied

the adhesion force between fibres in the yarn. They

observed that the capillary water, present in the spaces

between fibres, attracted to one another by the

hydrostatic tension in water. The present work is

undertaken to study the tensile characteristics of

different types of yarns in wet condition. The tensile

characteristics of yarns under water is expected to be

affected by fibre type and blend proportion and also

by the yarn structure. Hence, a detailed study has been

reported on the effect of blend proportion and yarn

count on tensile characteristics of ring and rotor yarns

in dry and wet (under water) conditions.

2 Materials and Methods 2.1 Materials

Polyester, viscose rayon, cotton and

polyester/viscose (P/V) blend were used for the study.

The specifications of cotton fibres were: ring-spun

yarns–2.5% span length 30mm, fineness

4.2 micronaire; and rotor-spun yarns–2.5% span

length 25 mm, fineness 4.5 micronaire. The lengths

and deniers of polyester and viscose staple fibres were

_____________ a To whom all the correspondence should be addressed.

E-mail: [email protected]

DAS et al.: TENSILE CHARACTERISTICS OF YARNS IN WET CONDITION

339

44 mm×1.4 den and 44 mm × 1.5 den respectively.

The tensile tests of these staple fibres were carried out

in dry and wet (under water) conditions and the

results are given in Table 1. Two types of yarn

structures were used, i.e. ring-spun and rotor-spun

yarns. Ring-spun yarns were produced from different

blend proportions of polyester and viscose

(100% polyester, 65/35 P/V, 50/50 P/V and 100%

viscose) and cotton of different yarn counts (10s Ne,

20s Ne, 30s Ne and 40s Ne). Rotor-spun yarns of

different counts (7s Ne, 8s Ne, 10s Ne and 12s Ne)

were produced from only cotton.

2.2 Methods

2.2.1 Preparation of Yarn Samples

The cotton fibre was processed through blow room

and card. The carded sliver was then fed to the two

passage of draw frame to produce a sliver of linear

density 4.54 ktex. The same drawn sliver was then

processed in roving frame to produce the rovings of

required linear densities. Total twenty different types

of ring-spun yarns and four rotor-spun yarns were

studied.

2.2.2 Evaluation of Tensile Characteristics of Yarns

Under Water

An experimental set-up was fabricated to study the

tensile characteristics of yarns under water. The set-

up was attached with the Instron tensile tester (Fig. 1).

The tensile tests of yarns, both in conditioned yarn

(referred as dry test) and under water (wet condition),

were carried out using similar test conditions to

eliminate the possibilities of any errors introduced

during the test. The transparent water tray was filled

up with water until the yarn specimen was fully

dipped in water. The yarn specimen was placed in

between a fixed jaw and a movable jaw. The movable

jaw moves with the help of movable jaw of Instron

tensile tester through a very strong non-extensible

(extension at lower level of load was almost zero)

Kevlar string. The Instron tensile tester was then

started and the load-elongation behaviour of the yarns

under water was recorded. In this experiment, 10 kg

load cell was used for test reading of yarn in dry and

wet conditions. Gauge length was taken as 200mm

and Instron cross-head speed was kept at 100mm/min.

Average of twenty readings were taken. The test

results are given in Tables 2 – 6.

3 Results and Discussion 3.1 Tensile Properties of Fibres and Yarns

Table 1 shows that the tenacity of cotton fibre

increases to a great extent in wet conditions, whereas

in case of viscose fibre the tenacity drops to a great

extent in wet condition. In case of polyester staple

fibre, there is hardly any change in tenacity in wet

condition. As far as breaking elongation is concerned,

there is hardly any change in case of polyester and

viscose staple fibres, but in case of cotton, a

significant increase in breaking elongation is observed

in wet condition. It is a well-known fact that the

polyester and viscose fibres in wet condition loose

strength as compared to dry condition, while cotton

shows exactly opposite trend. The increase in tenacity

of cotton fibre in wet condition is due to the relief of

shear stress that can occur by untwisting and

unbending of the fibre. When the fibrils are bonded

together, the complex stress leads to early breakdown

but when they are free to move and release stress, the

fibre is strong9. In case of viscose staple fibre, the

drop in tenacity in wet condition is due to more

amorphous region and therefore the bonds are more

susceptible to be damaged by water molecule.

Table 1 Tenacity and breaking elongation of fibres in dry and wet conditions

Parameter Polyester Viscose Cotton

Dry Wet % Change Dry Wet % Change Dry Wet % Change

Tenacity, g/tex 6.02 6.03 +0.25 2.89 1.92 -33.6 3.47 4.42 +27.6

Elongation-at-break, % 14.9 15.0 +0.67 11.80 12.0 +2.0 6.8 9.5 +27.0

Dry – Tested in dry condition; Wet – Tested in wet condition.

Fig. 1 Schematic diagram of experimental set-up

INDIAN J. FIBRE TEXT. RES., DECEMBER 2009

340

Polyester staple fibre does not show any significant

change in tenacity in wet condition due to very low

moisture absorption. But, when the tensile

characteristics of staple yarns in dry and in under

water conditions are considered, the mechanics are

not straight forward. The phenomenon of fibre

swelling, change in fibre-fibre surface friction due to

wetting, effect of hydrostatic forces, etc. play

significant role in addition to the change in fibre

characteristics on tensile characteristics.

3.2 Ring-spun Yarns

3.2.1 Effects of Fibre Type

Table 2 shows that in general the tenacity of yarns is

higher in wet condition, except in case of viscose

yarns. The significant drop in tenacity in case of

viscose staple fibre in wet condition is the basic

reason for drop in tenacity of viscose yarns. In case of

polyester yarn, tenacity in wet condition is more than

that in dry condition, which is due to the formation of

water film between the fibres in the yarns. Water film

enhances the fibre-fibre friction and generates stick-

slip phenomenon between the fibres in the yarn9. In

case of P/V blended yarns the combined effect of

above two phenomena play important role. In case of

cotton yarn, the tenacity increases significantly in wet

condition. It is also clear from Table 2 that in general

the increase in tenacity under water in polyester and

cotton yarns is more in case of finer yarn. This may

be due to the fact that more compact water film

friction is created between the fibre and the water

molecule of finer yarn. But, in case of other polyester-

viscose blended yarns, tenacity does not increase

significantly due to higher viscose fibre proportion in

the blended yarn.

Table 3 shows that in case of polyester and cotton

the breaking elongation of yarns increases while in

case of viscose and viscose-rich P/V blended yarns

the breaking elongation decreases in wet condition.

The increase in breaking elongation in case of

polyester is found to be marginal, whereas it is very

high in case of cotton yarns. This is mainly due to

higher breaking elongation of cotton fibre in wet

condition (Table 1). There are no definite trends in the

case of polyester/viscose blended yarns, which is due

to totally different nature of changes when the

polyester and viscose fibres are wet. In case of cotton

yarns, the increase in breaking elongation in wet

condition is higher for finer yarn.

Very interesting results are observed in case of

initial modulus of yarns in wet condition. Table 4

shows that in case of viscose and viscose-rich P/V

blended yarns, the increase in initial modulus is

found to be very high, whereas in the case of

polyester and cotton, there is moderate increase in

initial modulus of yarns in wet condition. It is also

observed that with the increase in fineness of yarns

the % increase in their initial modulus becomes

more in all the yarns, except in cotton yarn. The

twisting and bending effects will be easier when the

fibre is internally lubricated by absorbed water so

that fibrils can slide past one another. This is

probably the main reason why cotton fibre has

lower modulus when wet. Even in the simple

Table 2 Tenacity (cN/tex) of ring-spun yarns in dry and wet conditions

Linear

density

of yarns

Ne

Polyester Polyester/Viscose

(65/35)

Polyester/Viscose

(50/50)

Viscose Cotton

Dry Wet %

Change

Dry Wet %

Change

Dry Wet %

Change

Dry Wet %

Change

Dry Wet %

Change

10s

31.7

(9.38)

32.9

(6.13)

+4.06 20.31

(8.30)

23.91

(6.40)

+17.7 19.51

(7.31)

20.29

(4.96)

+3.99 14.64

(8.75)

8.37

(11.49)

-42.8 15.34

(4.36)

19.82

(5.12)

+29.20

20s

23.34

(9.19)

29.78

(8.50)

+27.5 20.80

(13.07)

23.51

(6.50)

+13.02 21.23

(10.40)

18.19

(5.92)

-14.3 14.97

(9.60)

9.84

(14.80)

-34.2 13.75

(5.28)

20.36

(6.68)

+48.07

30s

22.84

(13.35)

27.53

(11.20)

+20.5 18.67

(13.40)

20.77

(12.10)

+11.2 19.91

(9.88)

18.32

(10.16)

-7.9 13.83

(10.06)

10.98

(15.60)

-20.6 13.34

(8.90)

22.88

(9.31)

+71.5

40s

21.91

(14.26)

27.32

(13.97)

+24.69 16.43

(13.77)

16.31

(6.40)

-0.73 18.36

(10.80)

17.59

(18.45)

-4.19 14.77

(12.30)

10.43

(16.10)

-29.3 13.66

(8.70)

24.04

(8.89)

+75.9

Values in parentheses indicate CV% of tenacity.


341

extension of helical assembly, there is also a shear

deformation, which will be easier if the fibrils are

free of one another9.

Table 5 shows that the work of rupture increases in

wet condition for polyester yarn, whereas for viscose

yarn, there is a drop in work of rupture from marginal

to moderate level in wet condition. But, in case of

cotton, there is very high level of increase in work of

rupture in wet condition. This can be explained on the

basis of per cent change in tenacity and breaking

elongation of yarns in wet condition as compared to

that in dry condition. Very high level of increase in

the work of rupture of cotton in wet condition is

mainly due to the increase in both breaking elongation

and tenacity in wet condition. The trends for

polyester, viscose and P/V blended yarns can be

explained on the basis of changes in tenacity and

elongation of these yarns in wet condition.

3.2.2 Effects of Linear Density of Yarn

Effects of linear density of ring-spun yarns on

tenacity in dry as well as wet conditions are shown

in Table 2. It is observed that in case of polyester

and cotton, with the increase in yarn fineness the %

increase in tenacity is more in wet condition as

compared to that in dry condition. However, in case

of viscose and viscose-rich P/V blended yarns, the

tenacity decreases in wet condition and there are no

specific trends with the change in yarn fineness.

This may be due to the fact that more compact

Table 3 Breaking elongation (%) of ring-spun yarns in dry and wet conditions

Linear

density

of yarns

Ne


(65/35)

Polyester/Viscose

(50/50)

Viscose Cotton

Dry Wet %

Change

Dry Wet %

Change

Dry Wet %

Change

Dry Wet %

Change

Dry Wet %

Change

10s

12.13

(9.00)

12.63

(7.75)

+3.95 13.13

(8.50)

14.63

(5.80)

+11.4 13.56

(7.36)

14.17

(4.20)

+4.49 18.52

(5.50)

16.78

(14.12)

-9.93 7.24

(15.32)

9.13

(13.85)

+26.1

20s

11.89

(13.60)

11.96

(11.18)

+0.58 12.95

(12.40)

13.77

(11.2)

+6.33 13.05

(9.46)

13.93

(4.60)

+6.31 17.08

(8.02)

17.33

(15..09)

+1.46 6.82

(15.21)

8.92

(13.19)

+30.79

30s

8.87

(15.26)

9.17

(13.62)

+3.38 12.50

(10.32)

12.67

(9.30)

+1.36 12.75

(11.4)

12.20

(10.32)

-4.3 16.12

(12.0)

16.02

(16.10)

-0.62 6.03

(13.10)

8.44

(11.80)

+39.96

40s

11.81

(8.10)

12.13

(9.37)

+2.70 10.60

(13.99)

10.28

(9.94)

-3.01 11.29

(7.25)

10.27

(7.22)

-9.03 14.34

(12.1)

13.18

(13.90)

-8.08 5.59

(13.10)

8.21

(11.85)

+46.8

Values in parentheses indicate CV% of breaking elongation.

Table 4 Initial modulus (cN/tex) of ring-spun yarns in dry and wet conditions

Linear

density

of yarns

Ne


(65/35)

Polyester/Viscose

(50/50)

Viscose Cotton

Dry Wet %

Change

Dry Wet %

Change

Dry Wet %

Change

Dry Wet %

Change

Dry Wet %

Change

10s

254.85

(8.90)

271.62

(4.19)

+6.58 191.79

(12.70)

226.43

(12.70)

+18.06 176.43

(10.52)

287.93

(8.20)

+63.19 165.79

(5.52)

199.24

(13.45)

+20.17 164.45

(6.69)

242.17

(9.20)

+47.26

20s

234.57

(18.0)

257.95

(13.20)

+9.96 216.17

(15.83)

275.98

(13.60)

+27.66 184.98

(12.19)

356.56

(12.20)

+92.75 206.11

(4.15)

270.78

(15.52)

+31.37 238.86

(7.10)

285.56

(10.97)

+19.55

30s

333.42

(30.38)

388.86

(26.60)

+16.62 320.25

(12.30)

449.35

(8.75)

+40.31 287.69

(12.03)

601.18

(10.30)

+108.9 244.28

(7.79)

400.82

(20.46)

+64.08 250.57

(11.32)

297.53

(11.44)

+18.74

40s

434.35

(37.24)

556.44

(33.80)

+28.10 539.53

(13.54)

962.46

(11.60)

+78.38 365.52

(12.26)

797.59

(7.60)

+118.2 285.75

(8.65)

707.31

(19.20)

+147.5 315.73

(11.73)

322.33

(11.90)

+2.09

Values in parentheses indicate CV% of initial modulus.


342

water film friction is created between the fibre and

the water molecule of finer yarn.

It is observed from Table 3 that in all the yarns,

except for cotton yarns, there is not much change in

yarn breaking elongation in wet condition as

compared to that in dry condition. In case of cotton

yarns the breaking elongation increases significantly

in wet condition. This is mainly due to the higher

breaking elongation of cotton fibre in wet condition.

Table 3 also shows that in case of cotton, the per cent

increase in breaking elongation increases with the

increase in yarn fineness. As already explained, this

may also be due to the formation of water film which

enhances fibre-fibre friction and thus reduces fibre-to-

fibre sliding.

It is clear from Table 4 that initial modulus of all

the yarns increases in wet condition as compared to

dry yarn, irrespective of the type of material and

blend proportion. This may be due to the fact that in

wet condition, water film forms inside the yarn

structure, which enhances the fibre-fibre friction and

thus resists initial deformation. It is also interesting to

observe that in case of cotton yarns, with the increase

in yarn fineness, the % increase in initial modulus of

yarn reduces in wet condition as compared to that in

dry condition, but for all other yarns the trends are

just opposite.

It is observed from Table 5 that the work of

rupture of cotton and polyester yarns increases in

wet condition, whereas in case of viscose yarns the

trend is just opposite due to the reason as explained

above. No specific trends are observed in case of

viscose-rich P/V blended yarns. It is also observed

from Table 5 that the yarn fineness has no specific

effect on the per cent increase in work of rupture of

yarns.

3.3 Rotor-spun Yarns

3.3.1 Effect on Yarn Tenacity

It can be observed from Table 6 that irrespective of

fineness of yarn, the yarn tenacity under water is

always higher than that of dry yarn. No specific trend

on per cent change in yarn tenacity in wet condition is

observed when the linear density of rotor yarns is

changed. The trend is exactly the same as that for

ring-spun yarns and the reason has been explained

earlier.

3.3.2 Effect on Yarn Breaking Elongation

It is evident from Table 6 that for all the yarn linear

densities, the breaking elongation of yarn under water

is always higher than that of dry yarn. The trend is

exactly the same as that for ring-spun yarns due to the

reason as explained earlier. No specific trend on the

per cent change in breaking elongation of yarn in wet

condition is observed when the linear density of rotor

yarns is changed. 3.3.3 Effect on Yarn Initial Modulus

It is clear from Table 6 that the initial modulus of

yarns in wet condition is always higher than that of

dry yarn. The trend is exactly the same as that for

ring-spun yarns due to the reason as explained earlier.

Table 5 Work of rupture (cN/tex) of ring-spun yarns in dry and wet conditions

Linear

density

of yarns

Ne


(65/35)

Polyester Viscose

(50/50)

Viscose Cotton

Dry Wet %

Change

Dry Wet %

Change

Dry Wet %

Change

Dry Wet %

Change

Dry Wet %

Change

10s

268.01

(14.70)

270.75

(16.97)

+1.02 177.07

(10.89)

227.59

(15.72)

+28.53 115.31

(9.52)

124.34

(6.59)

+7.83 74.68

(7.8)

73.18

(6.73)

-2.10 37.32

(8.65)

87.43

(9.31)

+134.2

20s

89.35

(13.60)

113.01

(17.50)

+26.48 74.55

(20.35)

92.95

(13.08)

+24.68 67.06

(10.90)

70.87

(9.20)

+5.68 67.04

(5.50)

56.21

(5.32)

-16.1 25.51

(9.76)

57.78

(16.19)

+126.5

30s

43.75

(13.30)

67.99

(16.31)

+55.4 47.62

(15.20)

55.75

(13.62)

+17.07 53.95

(17.20)

44.05

(13.30)

-18.3 33.70

(4.36)

29.20

(3.10)

-13.3 16.47

(12.26)

39.00

(12.60)

+136.8

40s

43.16

(6.13)

44.63

(13.07)

+3.40 29.98

(16.90)

35.50

(17.08)

+18.41 32.46

(13.32)

30.88

(10.35)

-4.86 28.83

(5.40)

24.03

(2.40)

-16.64 13.17

(14.80)

29.44

(15.37)

+123.53

Values in parentheses indicate CV% of work of rupture.


343

Also, it is very clear that the per cent increase in

initial modulus increases rapidly as the yarns become

finer.

3.3.4 Effect on Work of Rupture

It is evident from Table 6 that for all the yarn linear

densities, the work of rupture of yarn under water is

always higher than that of dry yarn. The trend is

exactly the same as that for ring-spun yarns due to the

reason as explained above. No specific trend on the

per cent change in breaking elongation of yarn in wet

condition is observed when the linear density of rotor

yarns is changed.

4 Conclusions

4.1 The tenacity of ring-spun yarns is higher in

wet condition as compared to that of dry yarn for

all the yarns, except for viscose yarns where

tenacity drops in wet condition. The increase in

tenacity in case of cotton is much higher than that

of polyester and P/V blended yarns. In general, the

increase in tenacity under water for polyester and

cotton yarns is more in the case of finer yarn. For

polyester and cotton, with the increase in yarn

fineness the per cent increase in tenacity in wet

condition enhances as compared to yarn tenacity in

dry condition.

4.2 In case of polyester and cotton, the breaking

elongation of ring-spun yarns increases, while in

viscose and viscose-rich P/V blended yarns the

breaking elongation decreases in wet condition.

For cotton yarns, the increase in breaking

elongation in wet condition is higher in case of

finer yarn.

4.3 In viscose and viscose-rich P/V blended ring-

spun yarns the increase in initial modulus is found to

be very high, whereas in case of polyester and cotton,

there is moderate increase in initial modulus of yarns

in wet condition. In case of cotton yarns, with the

increase in yarn fineness the % increase in initial

modulus of yarn reduces in wet condition as

compared to dry yarns, but for all other yarns the

trends are just opposite.

4.4 In case of polyester ring-spun yarn, work of

rupture is increased and in case of viscose ring-

spun yarn, there is drop in work of rupture from

marginal to moderate level in wet condition. But in

case of 100% cotton ring-spun yarns, there is very

high level of increase in the work of rupture in wet

condition.

4.5 In case of cotton rotor yarn, the tenacity,

breaking elongation, initial modulus and work of

rupture under water are higher than that of dry yarn.

Industrial Importance: There are many applications

in which the textile materials are used in wet

condition such as swim wear, rain wear, etc. This

paper describes the characteristics of different types

of yarns with various blend proportions used in such

applications. Hence, the industry will get some

guidelines in selecting the materials for the production

of these products and optimize the blend proportion as

per the requirement.

References 1 Midgeley E & Pierce F T, Tensile tests for cotton yarns, the

rate of loading, J Text Inst, 17 (1926) T330-T341.

2 Balasubramanian P & Salhotra K R, Effect of strain rate on

yarn tenacity, Text Res J, 55(1) (1985) 74-75.

3 Kaushik R C D, Salhotra K R & Tyagi G K, Influence of

extension rate and specimen length on tenacity and breaking

Table 6 Tensile property of open-end yarns of different fineness in dry and wet conditions

7s Ne yarn 8s Ne yarn 10s Ne yarn 12s Ne yarn Yarn parameter

Dry Wet %

Change

Dry Wet %

Change

Dry Wet % Change Dry Wet %

Change

Tenacity

cN/tex

11.63

(6.6)

16.03

(6.3)

37.83 12.08

(6.8)

16.68

(5.3)

38.08 12.52

(8.5)

16.77

(7.87)

33.94 12.84

(8.75)

16.89

(8.06)

31.54

Elongation at

break, %

8.27

(4.9)

12.59

(15.4)

52.23 9.70

(5.6)

12.46

(8.6)

28.45 8.93

(5.06)

12.66

(13.8)

41.76 8.89

(6.20)

13.12

(7.01)

47.58

Initial modulus

cN/tex

131.9

(8.75)

143.7

(8.00)

8.95 122.9

(5.20)

158.5

(6.70)

28.96 127.9

(4.85)

242.4

(16.00)

89.52 144.1

(5.30)

333.6

(13.96)

131.51

Work of

rupture, N.mm

67.63

(9.06)

133.8

(6.80)

97.84 80.01

(6.48)

125.8

(13.06)

57.23 59.43

(9.11)

103.5

(14.70)

74.15 48.16

(5.96)

89.63

(5.60)

86.10

Values in parentheses indicate CV%.


344

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