Tenses in Urdu
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Transcript of Tenses in Urdu
(TENSES) iâä
·àk,Z£:Š~²[ZzgQgŠz~öë÷X Subject »x™äzZáÃZ‹~ :Subject-1
ZzgQgŠz~Bwë÷X Object Tq6,»xHYg;ƒQkqÃZ‹~ :Object-2
ZÅâqìX ZzgQgŠz~÷ë÷X}: Verb �»xƒg;ƒQk»xÃZ‹~ :Verb-3
ìX Verb ÷ Write ìZzgr Object Bw Letter ìZzgâ subject ö Aslam Zk¿~ZÅiâäãCŠ~îg6,&ƒD÷X
z{â‘ÇX }: Future w( ÷ z{âqåX3XWäzZÑ) }: Past âè( ÷ }:z{âqìX2X¦/gZƒZ) Present é1Xñ�Š{)¢›ÿE
Lqw(
Present Indefinite Tense (Simple)
~QgŠzÆÓVÆWy~@*ìÔCìÔ@*ƒVÔD÷DƒÔC÷z){W@*ìX Tense z~¶Kã:XSk QgŠ
Å«ÃgxÎD÷X Verb ÎD÷Q Subject »§i:XQgŠzÐZ‹~F,À™Dz‰ÜƒÐ¬ F,À™ä Z‹~
Subject+Ist form of verb
»ZŸ†™D÷X esc*s Æ‚B Verb ƒÂ (Singular Noun) c*(He,She,It)Subject â^:þþZ¤/øgZ
»ZŸ†7HY@*X esc* s Æ‚B verb ÆPlural noun c*,we,you,they, I Zzg
I write a letter. ~âqƒVX }:XHe writes a letter. z{âqìX
She writes a letter. z{â—ìX
Aslam writes a letter. ZÅâqìX
Aslam and Akram write a letter. ZÅZzgZ™xâ˜÷X
Present Indefinite Tense (Negative)
Subject+ do not / does not + Ist form of verb
»ZŸ†7HY@*X es c*s Æ‚B Verb ZEwƒäÅßg]~ Does ZEwƒ@*ìX does not Æ‚B Singular Noun Zzg He,She,It â^:X
ZEwHY@*X do not Æ‚B Plural noun c*,we,you,they, I Zzg
I do not write a letter. ~â7qƒVX }:XHe does not write a letter. z{â7qìX
She does not write a letter. —ìX 7 z{âAslam does not write a letter. qìX 7 ZÅâ
Aslam and Akram do not write a letter. ˜÷X 7 ZÅZzgZ™xâ
Present Indefinite Tense(Interrogative)
Do/Does+Subject+Ist form of verb+?
» es c*s Æ‚B Verb ZEwƒäÅßg]~ Does ZEwƒ@*ìX Does ¿ÆÑzq~ Æ‚B Singular Name Zzg He,She,It â^:X
¿ÆÑzq~ZEwHY@*X do Æ‚B Plural noun c*,we,you,they, I Zzg ZŸ†7HY@*X Do I write a letter? H~âqƒV? }:X
Does he write a letter? z{âqì? H
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Does she write a letter? z{â—ì? H Does Aslam write a letter? ZÅâqì? H Do Aslam and Akram write a letter? ZÅZzgZ™xâ˜÷? H
Past Indefinite Tense (Simple)
þþz){W@*ì ~Ô} , ~QgŠzÆÓVÆWy~@*åÔC¶ÔC‰ÔDÔZ³ Tense QgŠz~¶Kã:XSk
ÅŠzu~ÃgxÎD÷X Verb ÎD÷Q Subject QgŠzÐZ‹~F,À™Dz‰ÜƒÐ¬ Z‹~F,À™ä»§i:X
Subject+2nd form of verb
I wrote a letter. ~âqåX }:XHe wrote a letter. z{âqåX
She wrote a letter. z{â—¶XAslam wrote a letter. ZÅâqåX
Aslam and Akram wrote a letter.X¸ ZÅZzgZ™xâ˜
Past Indefinite Tense (Negative)
Subject+did not+Ist form of verb
ZEwƒ@*ìÂQ did ~Z# Interrogative Zzg Negative ~z,Šzu~ÃgxZEwƒCì1 Past Indefinite Tense â^:
~~~~ZZZZEEEEwwwwƒƒƒƒCCCC Past Indefinite Tense(Simple) ŬÃgxZEwƒCìXc*ŠgO7g~Z‹¤/Z%~Šzu~ÃgxÜsZzgÜs Verb
ZEwƒ@*ìX did Å«qªÐ¬ Verb ¿Æn (Negative)ÔììììXXXXI did not write a letter. ~â7qåX }:X
He did not write a letter. qåX 7 z{âShe did not write a letter. —¶X 7 z{â
Aslam did not write a letter. qåX 7 ZÅâAslam and Akram did not write a letter. ¸X 7˜ ZÅZzgZ™xâ
Past Indefinite Tense (Interrogative)
Did+Subject+Ist form of verb+?
ÿÆÑzq~˜÷X did ¿~ (Interrogative) ÎZD
Did I write a letter? H~âqå? }:X Did He write a letter? z{âqå? H
Did She write a letter? z{â—¶? H Did Aslam write a letter? ZÅâqå? H
Did Aslam and Akram write a letter? HZÅZzgZ™xâ˜?
Future Indefinite Tense (Simple)
~QgŠzÆÓVÆWy~ÇÔÏÔÐz){W@*ìX Tense QgŠz~¶Kã:XSk
Å«ÃgxÎD÷X Verb ÎD÷Q shall c*will ÎD÷Q Subject Z‹~F,À™ä»§i:XQgŠzÐZ‹~F,À™Dz‰ÜƒÐ¬Subject+will/shall+Ist form of verb
»ZEwZ«™Šï÷X shall Zzg will ZEwƒ@*ìXZzgZ¤/!*]izgŠ}™:ƒÂQ will !*¹ƒÆ‚B Shall Æ‚B We )Wð(Zzg I â^:X
I shall write a letterX �VÇ ~â }:X
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We shall write a letter. ëâKÐXHe will write a letter.X ‘Ç z{â
She will write a letter.X ‘Ï z{âAslam will write a letter.X ‘Ç ZÅâ
Aslam and Akram will write a letter.X KÐ ZÅZzgZ™xâ
Future Indefinite Tense (Negative)
Subject+will not/shall not+Ist form of verb
I shall not write a letter. 7�VÇX ~â }:XWe shall not write a letter. KÐX 7 ëâ
He will not write a letter. ‘ÇX 7 z{âShe will not write a letter. ‘ÏX 7 z{â
Aslam will not write a letter. ‘ÇX 7 ZÅâAslam and Akram will not write a letter. KÐX 7 ZÅZzgZ™xâ
Future Indefinite Tense (Interrogative)
shall/will+Subject+Ist form of verb +?
Shall I write a letter? �VÇ? H~â }:XShall we write a letter? ëâKÐ? HWill he write a letter? ‘Ç? z{â HWill she write a letter? ‘Ï? z{â H
Will Aslam write a letter? ZÅâ‘Ç? HWill Aslam and Akram write a letter? ZÅZzgZ™xâKÐþ? H
Present Continuous Tense (Simple)
g;ìÔg;ƒVÔg„ìÔg„ƒVÔgì÷Ôgìƒz){W@*ìX ~QgŠzÆÓVÆWy~ Tense QgŠz~¶Kã:XSk
ing Å«ÃgxÎD÷XQ Verb ÎD÷Q is/am/are ÎD÷Q Subject Z‹~F,À™ä»§i:XQgŠzÐZ‹~F,À™Dz‰ÜƒÐ¬ÎD÷X
Subject+is/am/are+Ist form of verb+ing
Ãå¦Åßg]~„1Y@*ìX You ZEwƒ@*ìXZ‹¤/Z%~ is zZuÆ‚B are ¦Æ‚B am )Wð(Æ‚B I â^:X
I am writing a letterX Ég;ƒV ~â }:XYou are writing a letter. ƒX Égì ?â
He is writing a letter. g;ìX É z{âAslam is writing a letter.X g;ì É ZÅâ
Aslam and Akram are writing a letter.X Égì÷ ZÅZzgZ™xâPresent Continuous Tense (Negative)
Subject+is not/am not /are not +Ist form of verb+ing
I am not writing a letter ~â7Ég;ƒVX }:XYou are not writing a letter. ÉgìƒX 7 ?â
He is not writing a letter. g;ìX É 7 z{â
3 ™�·àk,Z£:Š~²[
Aslam is not writing a letter. g;ìX É7 ZÅâAslam and Akram are not writing a letter. Égì÷X 7 ZÅZzgZ™xâ
Present Continuous Tense (Interrogative)
is/am/are+Subject+Ist form of verb+ing+?
Am I writing a letter? Ég;ƒV? H~â }:XAre you writing a letter? ?âÉgìƒ? H
Is he writing a letter? g;ì? É z{â HIs Aslam writing a letter? g;ì? É ZÅâ H
Are Aslam and Akram writing a letter? ZÅZzgZ™xâÉgì÷? HPast Continuous Tense (Simple)
z){W@*ìX ¸ Ôg„‰Ôgì ¶ Ôg„ å g; ~QgŠzÆÓVÆWy~ Tense QgŠz~¶Kã:XSk
ing Å«ÃgxÎD÷XQ Verb ÎD÷Q was/were ÎD÷Q Subject Z‹~F,À™ä»§i:XQgŠzÐZ‹~F,À™Dz‰ÜƒÐ¬ÎD÷X
Subject+was/were+Ist form of verb+ing
ÎD÷XZ‹¤/Z%~ were Æ‚B they,we,you,plural Nouns ZEwƒ@*ìXZzg¦ª was Æ‚B he,she,it,I,singular noun â^:XzZuª
Ãå¦Åßg]~„1Y@*ìX You
I was writing a letterXå ~âÉg; }:XYou were writing a letter.X¸ ?âÉgì
He was writing a letter.Xå g; É z{âAslam was writing a letter.Xå g; É ZÅâ
Aslam and Akram were writing a letter.X¸ Égì ZÅZzgZ™xâPast Continuous Tense (Negative)
Subject+was not/were not+Ist form of verb+ing
I was not writing a letter ~â7Ég;åX }:XYou were not writing a letter. Égì¸X 7 ?â
He was not writing a letter. Ég;åX 7 z{âAslam was not writing a letter. Ég;åX 7 ZÅâ
Aslam and Akram were not writing a letter. 7Égì¸X ZÅZzgZ™xâPast Continuous Tense (Interrogative)
was/were+Subject+Ist form of verb+ing+?
Was I writing a letter? H~âÉg;å? }:XWere you writing a letter? ?âÉgì? H
Wa she writing a letter? g;å? É z{â HWas Aslam writing a letter? g;å? É ZÅâ H
Were Aslam and Akram writing a letter? Égì? ZÅZzgZ™xâ HFuture Continuous Tense (Simple)
z){W@*ìX ƒVÐ gì ƒÏÔg„ƒVÏÔ Ôg;ƒVÇÔg„ ƒÇ g; ~QgŠzÆÓVÆWy~ Tense QgŠz~¶Kã:XSk
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will be/shall be ÎD÷Q Subject Z‹~F,À™ä»§i:XQgŠzÐZ‹~F,À™Dz‰ÜƒÐ¬ÎD÷X ing Å«ÃgxÎD÷XQ Verb ÎD÷Q
Subject+will be/shall be+Ist form of verb+ing
»ZEwZ«™Šï shall Zzg will ZEwHY@*ìXZzgZ¤/!*]izgŠ}™:ƒÂQ will ZEwƒ@*ìXZzg!*¹ƒÆ‚B shall Æ‚B we )Wð(Zzg I â^:X
÷XI shall be writing a letter ~âÉg;ƒVÇX }:X
You will be writing a letter.X ƒVÐ ?âÉgì
He will be writing a letter.X ƒÇ g; É z{âAslam will be writing a letter.X ƒÇ g; É ZÅâ
Aslam and Akram will be writing a letter.X ƒVÐ Égì ZÅZzgZ™xâFuture Continuous Tense (Negative)
Subject+will not be/shall not be+Ist form of verb+ing
I shall not be writing a letter 7Ég;ƒVÇX ~â }:XYou will not be writing a letter. ÉgìƒVÐX 7 ?â
He will not be writing a letter. Ég;ƒÇX 7 z{âAslam will not be writing a letter. Ég;ƒÇX 7 ZÅâ
Aslam and Akram will not be writing a letter. 7ÉgìƒVÐX ZÅZzgZ™xâFuture Continuous Tense (Interrogative)
will/shall+Subject+ be+Ist form of verb+ing
Shall I be writing a letter? H~âÉg;ƒVÇ? }:XWill you be writing a letter? ?âÉgìƒVÐ? H
Will he be writing a letter? g;ƒÇ? É z{â HWill Aslam be writing a letter? g;ƒÇ? É ZÅâ H
Will Aslam and Akram be writing a letter? ZÅZzgZ™xâÉgìƒVÐ? HPresent Perfect Tense( Simple)
~QgŠzÆÓVÆWy~[ìÔ[ƒVÔ_ìÔ`÷Ôc*ìÔ~ìÔ}÷Ô}ìz){W@*ìX Tense QgŠz~¶Kã:XSk
ÅŠ~ÃgxÎD÷X Verb ÎD÷Q has/have ÎD÷Q Subject Z‹~F,À™ä»§i:XQgŠzÐZ‹~F,À™Dz‰ÜƒÐ¬Subject+has/have+3rd form of verb
Æyou )Wð(Zzg I ZEwƒ@*ìX have Æ‚B They, we,you,I,plural nouns ª Zzg¦ has Æ‚B he,she,it,singular noun â^:XzZuª
ZEwƒ@*ìX have ‚BÌI have written a letter ~âÉ[ƒVX }:X
You have written a letter. ?âÉ`ƒXHe has written a letter. z{â[ìX
Aslam has written a letter. ZÅâ[ìX
Aslam and Akram have written a letter. ZÅZzgZ™xâÉ`÷XPresent Perfect Tense( Negative)
Subject+has not /have not +3rd form of verb
I have not written a letter 7É[ƒVX ~â }:X
5 ™�·àk,Z£:Š~²[
You have not written a letter. `ƒX 7 ?âÉHe has not written a letter. [ìX É7 z{â
Aslam has not written a letter. É[ìX 7 ZÅâAslam and Akram have not written a letter. É`÷X 7 ZÅZzgZ™xâ
Present Perfect Tense( Interrogative)
has/have+Subject+3rd form of verb+?
Have I written a letter? H~âÉ[ƒV? }:XHave you written a letter? ?âÉ`ƒ? H
Has he written a letter? [ì? É z{â HHas Aslam written a letter? [ì? É ZÅâ H
Have Aslam and Akram written a letter? ? HZÅZzgZ™xâÉ`÷Past Perfect Tense( Simple)
z){W@*ìX Ôc*åÔ~¶Ô}¸ Ô` ¶ Ô_ å ~QgŠzÆÓVÆWy~[ Tense QgŠz~¶Kã:XSk
Zôm,~Æ Tense ÅŠ~ÃgxÎD÷Xt Verb ÎD÷Q had ÎD÷Q Subject Z‹~F,À™ä»§i:XQgŠzÐZ‹~F,À™Dz‰ÜƒÐ¬~HY@*ìZzg�»xˆ~ƒZ Past Perfect Tense Z+ßg]~�»x¬ƒZQk»F,À }:X)eZËÆWäЬ%!%[å( %“ÓV~ÌZEwƒ@*ìX
™,ÐZzgeZˈ~Wc*Zk{ Past Perfect Tense ~HY@*ìXZz6,zZá¿~%!¬%ZZ=Zk{»F,À~ Past Indefinite Tense Qk»F,À
The patient had died before the doctor came. ~™,ÐX Past Indefinite Tense »F,À
Subject+had+3rd form of verb
I had written a letterXå ~âÉ[ }:XYou had written a letter.X¸ ?âÉ`He had written a letter.X É[å z{â
Aslam had written a letter.X å ZÅâÉ[Aslam and Akram had written a letter.X¸ ZÅZzgZ™xâÉ`
Z[¼%“ÓVÅVB:X
The bell had rung when I reached the school. Z#~jwàÂp#_¶XThe patient had died before the doctor came. eZËÆWäЬ%!%[åX
He had gone out before finished his work. z{»x»™äЬ!*CÙŠHX
ZEwƒ@*ìX Tense ~¼Z,%“¿ÌZEwƒD÷X~ÜsZq-„ Tense Zk
He had never seen the lion before. }:XZkäè¬L7Š¬åX
I had already finished my work. ~䬄»x»™1åX
Past Perfect Tense( Negative)
Subject+had not+3rd form of verb
I had not written a letter 7[åX ~âÉ }:XYou had not written a letter. ¸X `7 ?âÉ
He had not written a letter. 7É[åX z{âAslam had not written a letter. [åX 7É ZÅâ
6 ™�·àk,Z£:Š~²[
Aslam and Akram had not written a letter. É`¸X 7 ZÅZzgZ™xâ
Past Perfect Tense( Interrogative)
had+Subject+3rd form of verb+?
Had I written a letter ? H~âÉ[å? }:X Had you written a letter? ? ?âÉ` H
Had he written a lette? [å? É z{â H Had Aslam written a letter? [å? É ZÅâ H
Had Aslam and Akram written a letter? ZÅZzgZ™xâÉ`? H
Future Perfect Tense( Simple)
z){W@*ìX ƒVÐ Ô_ƒVÏÔ` ƒÏ ÇÔ_ V Ô[ƒ ƒÇ ~QgŠzÆÓVÆWy~[ Tense QgŠz~¶Kã:XSk
ÅŠ~ÃgxÎD÷X Verb ÎD÷Q will have/shall have ÎD÷Q Subject Z‹~F,À™ä»§i:XQgŠzÐZ‹~F,À™Dz‰ÜƒÐ¬Subject+will have/shall have+3rd form of verb
ZEwHY@*ìX will have ZEwƒ@*ìXZzg!*¹ƒÆ‚B shall have Æ‚B we )Wð(Zzg I â^:X
I shall have written a letter ~âÉ[ƒVÇX }:XYou will have written a letter.X ƒÐ ?âÉ`
He will have written a letter.X ƒÇ z{âÉ[Aslam will have written a letter.X ƒÇ ZÅâÉ[
Aslam and Akram will have written a letter.X ƒVÐ ZÅZzgZ™xâÉ`
Future Perfect Tense( Negative)
Subject+will not have/shall not have+3rd form of verb
I shall not have written a letter ~â7É[ƒVÇX }:XYou will not have written a letter. É`ƒÐX 7 ?â
He will not have written a letter. É[ƒÇX 7 z{âAslam will not have written a letter. É[ƒÇX 7 ZÅâ
Aslam and Akram will not have written a letter. É`ƒVÐX 7 ZÅZzgZ™xâ
Future Perfect Tense( Interrogative)
will/shall+Subject+ have+3rd form of verb+?
Shall I have written a letter? H~âÉ[ƒVÇ? }:XWill you have written a letter? ?âÉ`ƒÐ? H
Will he have written a letter? z{âÉ[ƒÇ? HWill Aslam have written a letter? ZÅâÉ[ƒÇ? H
Will Aslam and Akram have written a letter? ZÅZzgZ™xâÉ`ƒVÐ? H
7 ™�·àk,Z£:Š~²[
)÷âèŒÛd$Yg~( PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSES
PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE
» PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE Ty:TQgŠzÆ¿ÆWy~@*g;ƒVÔDgì÷ÔCg„ƒVÔ@*g;ìÔCg„ìÔCg„÷z){W@*ìz{]
»ZEw™D÷XZzgZ¤/¬xz‰Üª since »f™ƒÂ¿~ Point of Time ™ÌHY@*ìXZ¤/¿~{mz‰Üª f ~z‰Ü» Tense ƒ@*ìXâ^:Zk
ZEwƒ@*ìXZzgŠz‚ßVÔŠz since ZEwƒ@*ìXÓx‹ÆŠâVÔ‚ßVÔð÷áxÔz‰ÜÆ‚B for )�¥x:ƒYƒ(»ZEwƒÂZ+ßg]~ Period of time
ZEw™D÷X for [RVÆ‚BSubject+has been/Have been+Ist form of verb+ing Z‹~F,À™ä»§i:
ZEwƒ@*ìX have been Æ‚B Plural Noun Zzg has been Æ‚B He,She,It, singular noun
He has been playng hockey for two hours. }:z{Šz[RVÐ;Åög;ìX
He has been playng hockey for two days. Ð;Åög;ìX ŠâV z{ŠzŠ
You have been singing a song since 8'clock. ?WJWÐÇ**ÇgìƒX
I have been building this house since 1970. âÐtky¯g;ƒVX 1970~
PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE (Negative)
Subject+has not been/Have not been+Ist form of verb+ing
He has not been playng hockey for two hours. 7ög;ìX }:z{Šz[RVÐ;ÅHe has not been playng hockey for two days. z{ŠzŠŠâVÐ;Å7ög;ìX
You have not been singing a song since 8'clock. ?WJWÐÇ**7ÇgìƒX
PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE (Interrogtive)
Has/Have+Subject+ been+Ist form of verb+ing+?
Has he been playng hockey for two hours? }:Hz{Šz[RVÐ;Åög;ì?
Has he been playng hockey for two days? Hz{ŠzŠŠâVÐ;Åög;ì?
Have you have been singing a song since 8'clock? H?WJWÐÇ**Çgìƒ?
Has Zahid been remaining absent fron school for two days? ì? g; HiZ@ŠzŠyÐjwÐ)q¢
Yg~( ê ÷âè PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE (Simple)
~Ìz‰Ü»f™ƒ@* Tense »ƒ@*ìXZk Past Perfect Continuous Tense Ty:TQgŠz¿ÆWy~@*g;åÔCg„¶ÔDgìz){Wñz{]
ZEwƒ@*ìX for Æ‚B Period of Time Zzg since Æ‚B Piont of Time ìX
Subject+had been+Ist form of verb+ing F,À™ä»§i:
I had been reading this book for two months. }:~Šzâ{ÐtÂ[7,|g;åXHe had been sleeping since morning. z{ðÐÎ@*g;åX
You had been playing hockey for two hours. ?Šz[RVÐ;Åögì¸X
We had been reading this lesson since Sunday. ëZÂZgÐt$7,|gì¸X
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PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE (Negative)
Subject+had not been+Ist form of verb+ing
I had not been reading this book for two months. 77,|g;åX }:~Šzâ{ÐtÂ[He had not been sleeping since morning. z{ðÐ7Î@*g;åX
You had not been playing hockey for two hours. ?Šz[RVÐ;Å7ögì¸X
We had not been reading this lesson since Sunday. ëZÂZgÐt$77,|gì¸X
PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE (Interrogative)
Had +Subject+ been+Ist form of verb+ing+?
Had I been reading this book for two months? H~Šzâ{ÐtÂ[7,|g;åX }:Had He been sleeping since morning? Hz{ðÐÎ@*g;åX
Had You been playing hockey for two hours? H?Šz[RVÐ;Åögì¸X
Had We been reading this lesson since Sunday? HëZÂZgÐt$7,|gì¸X
FUTURE PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE (Simple) )¢›ÿE
LwYg~(
»ƒ@* PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE Ty:TQgŠzÆ¿ÆWy~@*g;ƒÇXCg„ƒÏÔ@*g;ƒVÇÔDgìƒVÐÔCg„ƒVÏz){W@*ìz{]
ZEwZEwƒ@*ìX for Æ‚B Period of Time Zzg since Æ‚B Point of Time ~Ìz‰Ü»f™ƒ@*ìXZk~Ì Tense ìXZk
ZEw™D÷X will have been Zzg!*¹Æ‚B shall have been Æ‚B we )Wð(Zzg I
Subject+will have been/shall have been+Ist form of verb+ing Z‹~¯ä»§i:
I shall have been reading this news for two months. }:~Šzâ{Ðt7,kg;ƒVÇXYou will have been playing since noon. W\ŠzPÐÈgìƒVÐX
The farmer will have been ploughing the fields since morning. ‚yðÐXRV~I`@*g;ƒÇXFUTURE PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE (Negative)
Subject+will not have been/shall not have been+Ist form of verb+ing
I shall not have been reading this news for two months. 77,kg;ƒVÇX }:~Šzâ{Ðt
You will not have been playing since noon. W\ŠzPÐ7ÈgìƒVÐXThe farmer will have not been ploughing the fields since morning. ‚yðÐXRV~I7`@*g;ƒÇX
FUTURE PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE (Interrogative)
Will/Shall+Subject+ have been+Ist form of verb+ing+?
Shall I have been reading this news for two months? }:H~Šzâ{Ðt7,kg;ƒVÇ?Will You have been playing since noon? HW\ŠzPÐÈgìƒVÐ?
Will The farmer have been ploughing the fields since morning? H‚yðÐXRV~I`@*g;ƒÇ?
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ACTIVE VOICE / PASSIVE VOICE
PERSONS OF PRONOUNS
Cases
qª
First Person
1
Second Person
q¢
Third Person
¸T$
Singular Plural Singular Plural Singular Plural
Subjective
Case
ÃZqª
I
~
We
ë
You
?You
?He/She/It
z{)Zq-(
They
z{)ic*Š{(
Objective
Case
Bàqª
Me
=
Us
…
You
»
You
»
Him/Her/It
QÐ
Them
Q7
Possessive
Case
$Ó»4-öGG
qª
My
Mine
÷Z
Our
Ours
øgZ
Your
Yours
vgZ
Your
Yours
vgZ
His/Her/Its
Qk»Their
Theirs
Qy»
~®Y({™s™@*ƒVX ~»xpŠHY@*ìX} Active Voice
®Y({íЙsHY@*ìX ~»x™Zc*Y@*ìX} Passive Voice
Objectà Subject ÎD÷Zzg by Îäƈ ÅŠ~Ãgx verb Ι is/am/are ¯c*Y@*ìQ Subject »Object Z‹~F,À™ä»§i:XƒÐ¬¯Šï÷X
I clean the blackboard. }:X~®Y({™s™@*ƒVX
The blackboard is cleaned by me. ®Y({íЙsHY@*ìX
Present Indefinite Tense (Simple) Passive Voice
Ι by ÅŠ~ÃgxÎäƈ Verb Ι is/am/are ¯c*Y@*ìQ Subject à Object ¯ä»§i:XƒÐ¬¯Šï÷X Object à Subject
}:X~®({™s™@*ƒVX
Voice) I clean the blackboard. ( Active
®({íЙsHY@*ìX
The blackboard is cleaned by me. (Passive Voice)
Present Indefinite Tense (Negative)
ÅŠ~ verb Ι not Ι is/am/are ¯c*Y@*ìQ Subject »Object Z‹~F,À™ä»§i:XƒÐ¬¯Šï÷X Subjectà Object ÎD÷Zzg by ÃgxÎäƈ
}:X~®({™s™@*ƒVX
I clean the blackboard. ( Active Voice)
®({íЙs7HY@*ìX
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s verb object
subject verb object
S verb object
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The blackboard is cleaned by me. (Passive Voice)
Present Idefinite Tense (Interrogative) Passive Voice
à Subject Ι by ÅŠ~ÃgxÎäƈ Verb ¯c*Y@*ìQ Subject à Object ÎD÷Q is/am/areObject ¯ä»§i:XƒÐ¬¯Šï÷X Object
I polish the shoes. X }:X~�D0*×™@*ƒV
Are the shoes polished by me H�DíÐ0*×GYD÷?Are the shoes not polished by me? ? YD H�DíÐ0*×7G
Past Indefinite Tense (Simple) Passive Voice
¯Šï÷X Object à Subject Ι by ÅŠ~ÃgxÎäƈ Verb Ι was/were ¯c*Y@*ìQ Subject à Object ¯ä»§i:XƒÐ¬
Past Indefinite Tense (Negative) Passive Voice
¯Object à Subject Ι by ÅŠ~ÃgxÎäƈ Verb Ι was not/ were not ¯c*Y@*ìQ Subject à Object ¯ä»§i:XƒÐ¬Šï÷X
Past Indefinite Tense (Interrogative) Passive Voice
¯Object à Subject Ι by ÅŠ~ÃgxÎäƈ Verb ÷Q Šï ¯ subjectà object ÎD÷Q was/were ¯ä»§i:XƒÐ¬Šï÷X
Future Indefinite Tense (Simple) Passive Voice
¯Object à Subject Ι by ÅŠ~ÃgxÎäƈ Verb Ι will be/shall be ¯c*Y@*ìQ Subject à Object ¯ä»§i:XƒÐ¬Šï÷X
Future Indefinite Tense (Negative) Passive Voice
à Subject Ι by ÅŠ~ÃgxÎäƈ Verb Ι will not be/shall not be ¯c*Y@*ìQ Subject à Object ¯ä»§i:XƒÐ¬¯Šï÷X Object
Future Indefinite Tense (Interrogative) Passive Voice
Subject Ι by ÅŠ~ÃgxÎäƈ Verb ÎD÷Q be ¯Šï÷Q subjectà object ÎD÷Q will/shall ¯ä»§i:XƒÐ¬¯Šï÷XZzgWy~?ÎD÷X Object Ã
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Direct and Indirect Narration
ëËZq-¿ÆìІƒñZÖpËŠ}¿Æ‚tŠz§bÐ7™Mh÷:X1ÆZÖpËŠ}¿Æ‚t!*ÇZϧbÒy™ŠñYNX 1X
1ÆZÖp~ðhZ¹gŠz$+w™ÆZk§b7HYñāZkÆ|x~�Ût:Wä0*ñX 2X
Narration ÃX~ Sentences ë÷XZ, Indirect Narration ZzgŠzu}§jà Direct Narration ¬§jÃ
ë÷ZzgZ7 Reported Speech ñ�ŠƒÔŠz”V~„HYYìXZq-z{z�1ÆZ-ZÖp6,Œƒ@*ìZÐ
~g3Y@*ìXZzgŠzuZzz{ƒ@*ì�1%zZá¿ÆZ-ZÖpŠzCÙZäЬZLìÐ ( " " ) Inverted commas
Verb ë÷ZzgZk{Æ Reporting Speech Æ!*CÙƒ@*ìXZÐ Inverted Commas 1áƒñZÖp6,Œƒ@*ìXt
eZÑY@*ìX (,) Comma ÆWy~ZÖpƈ Reporting speech ë÷Xt!*]c*ŠgOāz‰Ü Reporting Verb Ã
@*āŠzâV{ZµZµƒYNX
~$+%»‡°{ Indirect Speechà Direct speech
Reported ~ps™Dz‰Ü Indirect Speech ~ƒÂ Future Tense c*Present Tense Z¤/Reporting Verb 1
shall c*will say ~ Tellà say )Bw(Šc*ƒÂ Object 6,ÃðZW,:ƒÇXpZ¤/ZkÆÃð TenseÆVerbÆSpeech
~$+s÷X} shall tell c*will tellà say
Direct speech: He says, " I am going to the post office." (present Tense)
Indirect speech: He says that he is going to the post office.
Direct speech: They will say, " We have done our duty." (future Tense)
Indirect speech: They will say that they have done their duty.
~$+wŠï÷X} toldà said ~ƒÂ Past Tense Z¤/Reporting Verb 2X
Direct speech: He said to me, " I sing a song." (past Tense)
Indirect speech: He told me that he sang a song.
ÎD÷X that U™ZyÅ( inverted commasÆReported Speech Zzg comma »Wy~ Reporting speech 3X
)ö(Æ subject ÆReporting Verbà pronouns Æ( I, we, ) First person ÆReporting Speech 4X
_.$+wŠï÷X} Direct speech: He says to me, " I am ill.
Indirect Speech: He tells me that he is ill.
)Bw(Æ_.$+w object ÆReporting Verbà pronoun Æ(you) second person ÆReported Speech 5X
Šï÷X
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pronounsÆ(he , she, it, they ) Third PersonÆReported speech 6X
~ËnÅÃðp~7ƒCXDrect speech: She will say, " You are at fault."
Indirect speech: She sill say that you are at fault.
~ps™D÷Xª Past Tense à verbs ÆÓx Reported speech ~ƒÂ Past Tense Z¤/Reporting Verb 7X
Present Perfect ~Ô Past continuous à Present Continuous ~Past Indefinite à Present Indefinite
~$+wŠï÷ Past perfect continuous à Present Perfect continuous ~Zzg Past Perfect Ã
present ~past continuous à present continuous ~Ô past perfect à Past Indefinite ZkÆ´z{~$+wŠï÷X past perfect continuous à present perfect continuous ~Zzg past perfect à perfect
~$+wŠï past perfect continuous à past continuous ~Zzg past perfect à indefinite past ZkÆ´z{ ~X} would à will c* shall ÷XZzg
Direct speech: He said tome," I sang a song today."
Indirect speech: He told me that he had sung a song that day.
custom )¬KCð(c* Universal Truth ~Ãð Reported speech ~ƒp Past Tense Z¤/Reporting Verb 8X
„~gLìX} Present Tense 6,ÃðZW,7ƒ@*Xªz{ tense Æverb ÆReported speech )gzZ`(ñ�ŠƒÂQ
Direct speech: The teacher said, " God is one."
Indirect speech: The teacher said that God is one.
Ãv.sª»™Šc*Y@*ìX well Zzg all right, No, Yes 9X
z‰ÜZzg(ªCÙ™äzZáZÖp~qgzfsp´VƒC÷:X 01X
hither ~Ô then à now ~Ô thence à hence ~Ô those à these ~Ô that à this ~Ô there à here
next ~Ô next dayà tomorrow ~Ô that day à today ~Ô before à ago ~Ô so à thus ~Ô thither Ãprevious à last night ~Zzg previous dayà yesterda ~Ô that night à tonight ~Ô following day à day
~$+s÷X night
~ps™Dz‰Üqgzfs!*ÂV»ìwgO:X Indirect Narrations )¬c*Zi(à Imperative Sentences 11X
forbade, commanded, ordered requested,advised ÃLzVÅâÎÆ_. Reporting Verb Z,LzVÆ )Z(
~$+wŠc*Y@*ìX proposed c*
¯fe÷X infinitive verb ΙZÐ To Ь verb Æ Imperative Sentences )[(
)¬ÔZiÔÃz){ÆLzV~(
4ìX not to Ь verb Åßg]~ Negative Sentences )`(
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c*proposed à Reporting Verb Ë?m,c*æ¾ÆnZEwHYñ let Z¤/ )Š(
ZiÆpŠ} let ZEwHY@*ìXpZ¤/ should ƈ ~$+wŠc*Y@*ìXZzgZk suggested
ZEwHY@*ìX permit c* allow ~$+w™Zkƈ Requested à Reporting Verb
(is, are, am, was, were, will. Helping verb )ÎZDL}(ŠznƃD÷)1(�Ë Interrogative sentences 11X
sentences Æ‚BŠc*Y@*ìX)2(z{ No c*yes Æ‚BÑzqƒD÷ZzgZy»�Z[ shall, has,have,had may, might)
Æ‚BÑzqƒD÷ How c*who, where, when, why, which, whom, whose, what ) zZ᪠wh �Ë
ZzgZyÆ�Z[~å]W@*ìX
~$+s÷X inquired c*asked à Reporting Verb ~$+sz‰Ü Indirect à Interrogative Sentences Z,
Reporting ÐÑzqƒD÷ZyÆ helping verb L} X� that Îc*Y@*ìZzg:„ To ZhZäЬZy~: commas
ZEw7 that ªÒ6¯Šc*Y@*ìXZk~ statement Îc*Y@*ìZzgL}à whether c*if ƈ object Æ verb
™DX
zZÑÂZ(„g�Šï÷XÎZD§iÃ$+w™L}à wh ~$+sz‰Ü Indirect zZáÂÐÑzqƒD÷Z¹ wh �ÎZDL}
ZEw7™DX that )Ò6(~ps™Šï÷Zzg statement
~ps indirect Ð direct ¹Y@*ìXZ,LzVÃ Exclamatory Sentences Z,L}X~¯g~_."»ZÖgƒZ7 21X
™äÆnqgzfs!*ÂV»ìwgec:X
~$+w Exclaimed joyfully c*Exclaimed with joy à Reporting Verb Z¤/L}ÐËpÙ»ZÖgƒÂZkÆ )Z(
Ί,X that Š,XZkƈ
Exclaimed c*Exclaimed with sorrow à Reporting Verb Z¤/L}Ð˧Æ_."»ZÖgƒÂZkÆ )[(
Ί,X that ~$+wŠ,XZkƈ sorrowfully
z){Ã:KX Hurrah , Alas, Oh, Aha _./Ô§Ôc*ä]ªCÙ™äzZáZÖp} )`(
~ps™ä Indirect Ð Direct ¹Y@*ìXZ¹ Optative Sentences Z,L}X~ËŠ¬c*pZé»ZÖgƒZ¹ 31X
Ænqgzfs!*ÂV»ìwgec:X
Ί,X that ~ps™,ZzgZkƈ wished c*Prayed à Reporting Verb )Z(
ÎNX respectfully ƈ Reporting Verb ñ�ŠƒÂps”{ Sir ~Z¤/ Reporting speech 41X
~$+wŠ,X bade farewell à Reported Speech ÐÑzqƒÂ Farewell ÂReporting speech Z¤/ 51X
Reporting ÐÑzqƒÂ Good day c*Good night c*Good evening c*Good morning Z¤/Reported speech 61X
Å bade z){~$+s÷X bade good night c*bade good evening c*bade good morning à speech
ÌZEwƒ@*ìX wished (
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PERSONS OF PRONOUNS
Cases
qª
First Person
1
Second Person
q¢
Third Person
¸T$
Singular Plural Singular Plural Singular Plural
Subjective
Case
ÃZqª
I
~
We
ë
You
?You
?He/She/It
z{)Zq-(
They
z{)ic*Š{(
Objective
Case
Bàqª
Me
=
Us
…
You
»
You
»
Him/Her/It
QÐ
Them
Q7
Possessive
Case
$Ó»4-öGG
qª
My
Mine
÷Z
Our
Ours
øgZ
Your
Yours
vgZ
Your
Yours
vgZ
His/Her/Its
Qk»Their
Theirs
Qy»
·àk,Z£:Š~²[
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