-1-

TEMPORARY COMMITTEE ON CLIMATE CHANGE

Information package for the 4th thematic session

"CLIMATE CHANGE AND THE WORLD'S WATER, WITH A SPECIFIC FOCUS ON SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT, LAND USE CHANGE AND FORESTS"

Tuesday, 29.01.2008, 15:00-18:30European Parliament, Brussels

Room ASP 1 G 3 / Listening room ASP 3 G 2

Table of contents

1. Introduction by theme leader Ms Cristina GUTIÉRREZ-CORTINES, MEP.......... 2

2. Draft Programme 4th Thematic Session.................................................................. 3

3. Achim STEINER: Speech to the Plenary of the UNFCCC in Bali, Indonesia, 12 December 2007 ..................................................................................................... 5

4. Dr. Franz FISCHLER: Climate change and its effects on Europe – sustainable adaptation in the field of agriculture and water ..................................................... 9

5. Dr. Henning STEINFELD: Livestock and Greenhouse Gas Emissions ................ 12

6. John LANCHBERY: The reduction of emissions from deforestation in developing countries ............................................................................................................. 13

7. Prof. Riccardo PETRELLA: THE WATER OF THE WORLD The great issue: from scarcity and water wars to life for all .......................................................... 15

8. Prof. John A. DRACUP: Impact of climate change on hydrology and water resources in regions with snow dominated water supplies ................................... 19

9. Prof. Seppo KELLOMAKI: Water and forests – the case of the boreal forests .... 21

-2-

1. Introduction by theme leaderMs Cristina GUTIÉRREZ-CORTINES, MEP

The Temporary Committee on Climate Change is examining the various issues related to the world's water. The 4th Thematic Session will focus on the problems of sustainable development, changes in land use and forests with the goal of forming a shared basis for political action.

The Thematic session will be led by a team of specialists. Among them are the Director Under Secretary General of the United Nations (Achim Steiner), the former Commissioner for agriculture and development (Franz Fischler), the Head of the livestock sector analysis and policy branch at the UN Food and Agriculture Organization Executive (Henning Steinfeld), the Dean of Forest Sciences of the University of Joensusu, Finland (Seppo Kellomaki), the Principal Climate Change Advisor at the Royal Society for the Portection of Birds (John Lanchbery), the president of the European Research Institute on Water Policy, Ricardo Petrella and the Professor of the University of California, Berkeley (John Dracup).

The Keynote speaker, Achim Steiner, and the rest of the experts have been invited to share the latest research with the Members of the committee, as well as the uncertainties facing us surrounding this issue. They will be focusing in particular on the available models and the degree of regional detail in climate change and the world's water with a specific focus on sustainable development, changes in land use and forests. From a basis of scientific research, we hope to achieve the best possible solutions for adaptation. Other specific subjects, such as impact on agriculture and hydrology, will also be covered by our expert guests.

The EP founded this Temporary Committee as a means to develop a systematic response to the pressing issues of climate change. As legislators, it is our task to guarantee the best possible legislative framework, enabling each sector of the society to play its part in moving toward a more sustainable way of life.

R & D remain essential in any discussion of this type. The development of new sources of energy and technology is of utmost importance.

In order to face and adequately address the new challenges of the future, we must display the highest innovation in international relations in order to find global consensus needed for effective action. We must also be open to new ideas of changing our habitsof production and consumption. In short, if necessary, we must be open to adapting our very way of life.

-3-

2. Draft Programme 4th Thematic Session

"CLIMATE CHANGE AND THE WORLD'S WATER, WITH A SPECIFIC FOCUS ON SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT, LAND USE CHANGE AND FORESTS"

15.00 -15.20 Opening session

Mr Guido SACCONI, MEP, Chairman of the Temporary Committee on Climate Change

Mr Karl-Heinz FLORENZ, MEP, Rapporteur for the Temporary Committee on Climate Change

Ms Cristina GUTIÉRREZ-CORTINES, MEP, Theme leader

15.20 - 15.40 Key-note speech

Mr Achim STEINER, UNEP Executive Director and Under-Secretary-General of the United Nations

15.40 - 16.10 Sustainable development, land-use change and livestocks

Dr. Franz FISCHLER, President of Ecosocial Forum EuropeDr. Henning STEINFELD, Head of the livestock sector analysis and policy branch at the UN Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO)

John LANCHBERY, Principal Climate Change Advisor at the Royal Society for the Protection of Birds

16.10 - 17.00 Debate with questions and answers

-4-

17.00 - 17.30 Water and forests

Prof. Riccardo PETRELLA, International Committee for the World Contract on Water

Prof. John A. DRACUP, Professor at the University of California, Berkeley

Prof. Seppo KELLOMAKI, Dean of Faculty of Forest Sciences, University of Joensuu

17.30 - 18.15 Debate with questions and answers

18.15 - 18.20 Conclusions

Ms Cristina GUTIÉRREZ-CORTINES, MEP, Theme leader

18.20 - 18.30 Closing remarks and closure of the meeting

Mr Karl-Heinz FLORENZ, MEP, Rapporteur for the Temporary Committee on Climate Change

Mr Guido SACCONI, MEP, Chairman of the Temporary Committee on Climate Change

-5-

3. Achim STEINER:Speech to the Plenary of the UNFCCC in Bali, Indonesia, 12 December 2007

Mr Secretary General, Honorable Presidents and Prime Ministers, COP President, Executive Secretary of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, Heads of Agencies and UN bodies, ladies and gentlemen, dear colleagues and friends,

In 2007 climate change is understood as an environmental change phenomenon but one that has profound economic and social-indeed security-implications.

The reports of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), established by UNEP and the World Meteorological Organisation (WMO) in 1998, have transformed the scientific and political landscape- this year and forever.

We are facing a challenge of extraordinary scale and of pace.

But the IPCC underlines that we are also facing an extraordinary opportunity if only we can grasp it.

An opportunity of moving towards more intelligent and sustainable consumption and production patterns.

Every generation has its challenge - this one, climate change, is ours.

Ten years ago governments adopted the Kyoto Protocol. It was a moment of huge celebration and optimism.

Ten years on the UN can say it has delivered the structures, mechanisms and creative markets instruments but there remains a gap between the promise and the reality.

Indeed we are now faced with ever sobering impact assessments-ones that may play out in a far shorter and more rapid time scale than had been imagined only a few years ago.

It is a scientific reality that demands and requests an order of political commitment, responsibility and urgency higher than we may have imagined only 12 months ago.

The UN is delivering as one in rising to the challenge under our new Secretary-General.

Collectively the UN has engaged on behalf of member states in assisting to realize what a post 2012 emissions reductions regime might look like and one that reflects the responsibilities and opportunities unfolding.

The UN is not alone.

One of the defining developments of the recent years and months is the rate at which cities, companies and citizens are also requesting solutions and a chance to maximize the opportunities for transiting to a low carbon world.

Within the last half hour, Costa Rica, New Zealand and Norway publicly reaffirmed commitments to climate neutrality.

-6-

Countries of Europe and Asia, of North America and Latin America and of Africa and of the Caribbean and the Pacific-join them under the understanding of the Rio Principle of Common but Differentiated Responsibilities.

But responsibilities nevertheless.

The multilateral system is certainly trying to live up to its responsibilities to support member states and establish a platform of consensus-building and greater public awareness around the climate challenge.

Support via the impartial and validated science and forward-looking economic assessments of the IPCC.

The Secretary-General's unprecedented High Level Event in which Heads of State committed to finding solutions to the climate challenge.

Through confidence-building between governments such as the accelerated freeze and phase out of HCFCs under the Montreal Protocol.

And we will continue that support to Member States in Bali and Beyond.

In collaboration with the UNFCCC, we have been building the capacity of negotiators from developing countries-it will continue.

UNEP and adaptation or climate proofing economies-we will focus and distill the latest scientific knowledge of the IPCC to establish much needed impact assessments at the regional and national level.

Ecosystems will be crucial in a climatically challenged world. UNEP will continue to not only build understanding but assist in transferring 'soft' technology on intelligent and effective ecosystem management.

We will continue to devise and define smart market mechanisms to meet the sustainable energy challenge.

We need to make progress even while the negotiations are on going and to be concluded.

UNEP will be taking forward its partnerships with the multi-trillion dollar finance and investment community in order to accelerate the transition to a more climate-friendly but also profitable global economy.

And we will accelerate the implementation of the Bali Strategic Plan on Technology Support ad Capacity Building.

Under the UN Nairobi Framework, UNEP and UNDP are already assisting developing countries to gain greater access to the carbon market.

Ministers in developing countries need swift and reliable advice on climate proofing infrastructure up to agriculture and health-we are developing this service too.

-7-

Ladies and gentlemen,

The eyes and the ears of 6.5 billion people are on this meeting via the medium of modern media.

At the last climate COP, held in Nairobi, UNEP and the World Agroforestry Centre-under the patronage of Wangari Maathai and Prince Albert of Monaco- launched the Billion Tree Campaign.

Over 1.5 billion trees have been planted. This week Indonesia planted some 80 million trees alone-proof positive that if you give the public, business and indeed governments a platform action will follow.

I sincerely believe we are in the final end game of devising an even greater stage.

One upon which governments, communities and corporations are liberated to use their ingenuity and entrepreneurialism in order to realize a low carbon and climate proofed world.

One in which we may finally get to grips with the unsustainable production and consumption patterns of the past.

One in which we unleash the greatest and most abundant commodity on this planet: namely human ingenuity.

In doing so we can transform the way we do business on this planet and not only deal with the climate change challenge but the wider sustainability issues confronting current and future generations.

The science, but also increasingly the day to day experience of millions of people, tells us climate change is a reality right now but also an opportunity that we cannot fail to take.

So why not take it now. And if not here, where? If not now, when?

-8-

CURRICULUM VITÆAchim Steiner

UNEP Executive Director and Under-Secretary-General of the United Nations

Acting on the nomination of Secretary-General Kofi Annan, the UN General Assembly unanimously elected Achim Steiner as the Executive Director of UNEP on 16 March 2006 for a four-year term, effective 15 June 2006. Mr. Steiner becomes the fifth Executive Director in UNEP's history.

Before joining UNEP, Mr. Steiner served as Director General of the World Conservation Union (IUCN) from 2001 to 2006. IUCN is widely regarded as one of the most influential and highly respected organizations in the field of conservation, environment and natural resources management. He held responsibility for the management and oversight of 1,000 staff located in 42 countries.

Mr. Steiner's professional track record in the fields of sustainable development policy and environmental management, his first-hand knowledge of civil society, governmental and international organizations, as well as his global experience spanning five Continents, make him an excellent choice to lead the United Nations Environment Programme.

His professional career has included assignments with governmental, non-governmental and international organizations in different parts of the world. In Washington, where he was Senior Policy Advisor of IUCN's Global Policy Unit, he led the development of new partnerships between the environment community, the World Bank and the United Nations system. In Southeast Asia he worked as Chief Technical Advisor on a programme for the sustainable management of Mekong River watersheds and community-based natural resources management. In 1998 he was appointed Secretary-General of the World Commission on Dams, based in South Africa, where he managed a global programme of work to bring together the public sector, civil society and the private sector in a global policy process on dams and development.

He worked both at grassroots level as well as at the highest levels of international policy-making to address the interface between environmental sustainability, social equity and economic development.

Mr. Steiner, a German national, was born in Brazil in 1961, where he lived for ten years. His educational background includes a BA from the University of Oxford as well as an MA from the University of London with specialization in development economics, regional planning, and international development and environment policy. He also studied at the German Development Institute in Berlin as well as the Harvard Business School.

Mr. Steiner serves on a number of international advisory boards, including the China Council for International Cooperation on Environment and Development (CCICED).

-9-

4. Dr. Franz FISCHLER:Climate change and its effects on Europe –sustainable adaptation in the field of agriculture and water

It is obvious that the EU target of stabilizing the increase of temperatures at a level of 2°C compared to the pre-industrial level will be accomplishable only by major efforts by all players around the world. However, the scientific community states that even if this 2°C target would be accomplished Europe would though face major changes in its environment.

Generally speaking climate change will have different effects on the different regions in Europe. Whereas Northern Europe will face a gain in crop yield and an increase in forest growth in the short term, forest fires and droughts will rise in the south of Europe. In terms of water issues the EEA1 mentions that the problems of water availability and flooding would remain a problem for the next decades. But changes in precipitation, increased temperatures and the issues of quantity and quality of water are not only of major concern for Europe’s agriculture. Sectors like the energy sector, that would be stroke by reduced potential for hydropower and cooling water availability, or the whole tourism sector, often linked to water or snow, will be affected by climate change as well.

Changes in the natural environment and the pressure on local communities to adapt will have an effect on the land use in different regions. A change in forest vegetation and the increased use of biomass will change Europe’s forests and agricultural landscapes, that will probably have negative effects on biodiversity especially within vulnerable natural ecosystems like the whole Alpine region.

Changed environmental preconditions will also affect the flow of agricultural commodities inside and outside the EU. Spain as an example has been recently one of the biggest exporters of agricultural commodities in Europe. According to the figures drawn in the Adaptation Green Paper2 and the related commission staff working document3 the mean annual temperatures on the Iberian Peninsula will rise massively whereas precipitation will decrease up to 60%. The unsustainable use of water in some parts of the country exacerbates the situation. This results in massive crop yield losses of 15% to 30%. Hence Spain might become a net importer of agricultural goods.

Considering this, for European agriculture it is of utmost importance to firstly contribute to the mitigation of climate change and secondly to minimize its vulnerability to the 1 European Environment Agency 2007: Climate change and water adaptation issues. EEA Briefing 01/2007.2 COM(2007) 354 final; Green Paper from the Commission to the Council, the European Parliament, the European Economic and Social Committee and the Committee of the Regions - Adapting to climate change in Europe – options for EU action3 SEC(2007) 849

-10-

effects of climate change especially in terms of water scarcity in a sustainable and integrated way.

As regards mitigation agriculture can contribute quite a lot. If methods like “no tillage” or “minimum tillage” are applied the carbon sequestration potential of the soil can range up to 300 Gt CO2 according to figures from ELO. This is equivalent to the increase of CO2 in the atmosphere for the next 15-30 years.

Many people pin their hope on biofuels. These expectations must not be overestimated for biofuels of the first generation. Without further development into a second generation of biofuels and new approaches in the use of biomass – like “gas to liquids” or “cascade use systems” – these expectations will hardly to be met. Anyway it is essential to introduce sustainability standards for biofuels.

The objective of minimizing the vulnerability of agriculture can be accomplished by increasing the efforts in research in agriculture and in all sectors of environmental technology. More scientific involvement will be necessary to help tackling this problem. In general, a sustainable and integrated combination of land use and water management as well as accurately selected crops and livestock, based on cutting edge research, has to be the answer for climate change at the European level and at the global level. Europe has to look for win-win situations – technology promoting sustainable development. These priorities have to be mirrored in the EU Budget review.

Integration is one core element of sustainability. Only integrated solutions will help tackling the problem of climate change without creating problems in other sectors. Policy coherence for sustainable development inside and outside the EU has therefore to be on top of the agenda of European policy for the next decades.

-11-

CURRICULUM VITÆDr. Franz Fischler

President of Ecosocial Forum Europe

Franz Fischler was born in Absam, Tyrol, Austria on 23 September 1946. After leaving school, he studied agriculture at the University of Agricultural Sciences in Vienna, graduating in 1973. After that he held various academic posts until 1979.

Franz Fischler's career as a representative of the agriculture sector began in 1979 when he joined the Tyrol Chamber of Agriculture. He dealt with environmental issues, education and training, culture and land-use planning until 1984, when he became Director of the Chamber. In 1989, he was appointed Federal Minister of Agriculture and Forestry in Austria. In that capacity he played an important part in the negotiations for Austria's accession to the European Union.

From 1995 to 1999 he was European Commissioner for agriculture and rural development. From September 1999 until 2004 he was also responsible for Community fisheries policy.

Since December 2004 Franz Fischler is concentrating on doing consultancy work, giving lectures, holding speeches and fulfilling his tasks being president of the "Ökosoziales Forum Europa".

-12-

5. Dr. Henning STEINFELD:Livestock and Greenhouse Gas Emissions

This presentation looks at the role of the livestock sector in carbon and nitrogen cycles from a global perspective and considers impacts at the various stages of the commodity chain. With regard to livestock, nitrogen, and carbon cycles are closely connected to livestock’s role in land use and land-use change. Livestock’s land use includes grazing land and cropland dedicated to the production of feed crops and fodder.

Considering emissions along the entire commodity chain, livestock currently contribute about 18% to the global warming effect. Livestock contribute about 9% of total carbon dioxide emissions, but 37% of methane, and 65% of nitrous oxide. The latter will substantially increase over the coming decades, as the pasture land is currently at maximum expanse in most regions; future expansion of the livestock sector will increasingly be crop based. The presentation also reviews techncial and policy mitigation options to reduce carbon and nitrogen emissions from livestock’s land use, production, and animal waste.

CURRICULUM VITÆDr. Henning Steinfeld

Head of the livestock sector analysis and policy branch at the UN Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO)

Henning Steinfeld is head of the livestock sector analysis and policy branch at the Food and Agriculture Organization of the UN in Rome, Italy. He has been working on livestock policy for the last 15 years, in particular focusing on environmental issues, poverty alleviation and public health protection. Prior to that, he worked in rural development projects in different African countries.

Dr Steinfeld is an agricultural economist and graduated from the Technical University of Berlin, Germany.

-13-

6. John LANCHBERY:The reduction of emissions from deforestation in developing countries

Greenhouse gas emissions from tropical deforestation account for about 20% of global emissions, as well as deforestation having devastating effects on wildlife and upon people who live in forests. Tackling emissions from deforestation must thus be a key part of any global strategy for combating climate change, as is recognised by the Bali Action Plan which aims to build the concept of reducing emissions from deforestation (REDD) into the post-2012 international climate change regime.1 In Bali it was also agreed that enhancement of forest carbon stocks (reforestation) should also be included in the regime.

The original proposal on REDD (from Papua New Guinea and Costa Rica) envisaged a mechanism in which developing countries would commit to reduce their emissions from deforestation (and degradation) and would be rewarded for doing so by receiving tradable emission credits for any reduction in deforestation below a national baseline set on the basis of historic emissions (so-called compensated reductions). Although all nations agree that a REDD regime is needed, countries vary in the precise type of policyapproach that they favour, from unrestricted markets, through constrained markets to simple funds. A general view is, however, that market-based approaches are more likely to deliver the amounts of money needed to address deforestation seriously: at leastUS$5 billion annually according to Stern.

In his talk, John examines the main issues to be resolved by an international REDD regime. He analyses the outcome of December’s UNFCCC meeting in Bali and how REDD fits in to the Bali Action Plan for a post-2012 climate change regime.

1 [The COP] Decides to launch a comprehensive process to enable the full, effective and sustained implementation of the Convention through long-term cooperative action, now, up to and beyond 2012, in order to reach an agreed outcome and adopt a decision at its fifteenth session, by addressing, inter alia: … (iii) Policy approaches and positive incentives on issues relating to reducing emissions from deforestation and forest degradation in developing countries …

-14-

CURRICULUM VITÆJohn Lanchbery

Principal Climate Change Advisor at the Royal Society for the Protection of Birds

John Lanchbery is the Principal Climate Change Advisor for the Royal Society for the Protection of Birds. John began working on climate policy in late 1991, initially for the Verification Technology Information Centre (VERTIC) in London, and for the International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis (IIASA) in Laxenburg, Austria. Prior to 1991, John conducted independent contract research in physics at ERA Technology (formerly the Electrical Research Association) over a period of 20 years.He also taught technology for the Open University.

Much of John’s work he focussed on international climate change policy and he has attended all of the main international Climate Convention meetings since the Rio conference in 1992. He was recently a member the European Commission expert group on opting aviation emissions into the EU Emissions Trading System. He has acted as a policy consultant for several institutions and governments, including the UNFCCC Secretariat, the Alliance of Small Island States, the German government research and environment ministries, the Peruvian government climate unit and various UK institutions.

A main area of John’s work at present is reducing emissions from deforestation in developing countries. He has worked closely with DEFRA on this subject, and with officials from Indonesia, Brazil, Papua New Guinea and other rainforest nations. He has convened two meetings with key negotiators at Royal Institute for International Affairs (Chatham House) this year, in addition to making presentations at many official and unofficial workshops. He is currently an advisor to the Indonesian Forests Minister.

-15-

7. Prof. Riccardo PETRELLA:THE WATER OF THE WORLD The great issue: from scarcity and water wars to life for all

Current and expected climatic disorders (better, disasters) will exacerbate (highly probable) the world “water crisis” (i.e.: a) 1.5 billion people have no access to drinkable water and 2,6 billion human beings have no access to sanitation services/ to public latrines; b) freshwater availability, in quantitative and qualitative terms, has considerably decreased because of unreasonable withdraws, intensive irrigation, industrial abuses, contamination and pollution depletion…).

Growing water scarcity is considered to be the most realistic state of the world’s water in the future as a result of global warming. Concerning Europe, Mediterranean regions will be most affected by expansion of desertification and greater instability and recurrence of extreme events (rainfalls and droughts). Land use, agriculture and coastal activities will suffer considerable changes.

UN Habitat agency has predicted that by 2032 60% of the world population will live in regions characterised by water scarcity. Under these circumstances, water security is increasingly considered as a key strategic dimension of “national security”. Hence, the strong trend towards re-enforcement of “national sovereignty” over water resources and the increasing difficulties for genuine international and transnational cooperation, sharing and solidarity on water.

The “general wisdom” has made water as the XXI century “blue gold” by analogy to the XX century “black gold”, i.e. oil. In line with the analogy, “the blue consensus” says that water will be at the origin of most territorial conflicts and wars across the world in the XXI century. By the same time, IPCC research reports confirm that climatic disorders will affect primarily and more severely poor populations (today, 2,8 billion persons are below the absolute poverty line , i.e. 2$ per day) in poor countries that are already facing huge water problems.

From above, four major questions/challenges/ to the European Parliament, the most emblematic regional institution of supranational representative democracy in the world, can be identified:

Q1 - Present mitigation and adaptation strategies to cope with climatic change are based on the promotion of sustainable growth of the world economy (growing production and consumption of new “sustainable” goods and services) through technological innovation by global companies in strong competition among themselves for access to resources (water in particular), capital, knowledge, markets, profits. Is there adequate evidencethat producing and consuming, for example, in the course of the next 30 years, 600 to 800 million new “sustainable” individual cars for private transport will a) reduce pressure on water demand, use and scarcity, b) will contribute to reduce poverty and inequalities in the access to water and other goods and services which are necessary and not substitutable for life?

-16-

Q2 – The regions of Europe (EU 27 + ) will be affected to different degrees (both positive and negative) and in different manners and sectors. Their needs in terms of new infrastructures, activities, services, competencies will vary significantly from region to region. Trans-regional programmes, actions and investments will be more needed and essential than mono-regional ones: all the 25 hydrological basins of Europe are multi-regional. Investment strategies will have to be coordinated at basin and European levels. To assess the financial needs of the various regions, particularly the Mediterranean and the central and eastern regions will not be an easy task, though necessary. The European Parliament could be the promoter of such an assessment by the Commission services under permanent and efficient public scrutiny with direct involvement from the European Committee of Regions and the European Social and Economic Committee.

Q3 – Today most spread conception of the contribution of science and technology for mitigating the negative effects of global warming and adapting our economies to the new world climate and water environment is based on the following opportunities/priorities:

- water desalination- a new generation of large dams- massive diffusion of water treatment plants and waste water recycling- financial facilities, in particular making water an attractive area for private

capital investment at global level- market based instruments such as “CO² emissions market”, prices manoeuvring

Have these opportunities/priorities been the object of rigorous, systematic, and public “sustainability” assessment (social, economic, environmental, technological sustainability) at national, European/regional and world level? A comprehensive assessment of large dams construction is available by the UN created independent international commission on dams. Its results, however, do not suggest that it is wise to initiate a new world wave of large dams construction. What about water desalination? Is there any assessment made at level of the European Union? To my knowledge, water saving innovation (technology, processes, practices…) has not been the subject of any European comprehensive assessment and programme. Maybe, the CLIM Temporary Committee could promote an initiative in this area.

Q4 - All available studies suggest that in the next 30-40 years : a) China, India and the United States will be “the sickest water countries of the world”; b) because of a still prevailing impoverishment process for African population, Africa is destined to remain a “water stress continent”; c) within the context of “no surprise scenario”, the area covering Mediterranean /Middle East/and Central Asia countries risks to become the most intensive area for water conflicts in the world.

What could/should the European Parliament take as initiatives to stimulate action by the European Commission and the European Council, in particular with regard i) the promotion of an efficient and effective system of international world-wide cooperation on water availability, accessibility, use and conservation, and ii) the prevention of water conflicts and the construction of a “water wars free world” in the new global climatic conditions?

-17-

CURRICULUM VITÆProf. Riccardo Petrella

Professor emeritus, Université Catholique de Louvain(B),Founder, International Committee for the Global Water Contract

Dr. in Social and Political Sciences (specialisation in Political Economy) from University of Florence.

Dr. Honoris Causa from the University of Umeå (Sweden) (1975), The Faculté Polytechnique of Mons (Belgium) (1992), the University of Roskilde (Denmark) (1993), The University of Québec on Montréal (Canada) (1996), the Katholiek Universiteit Brussel (1996), the Institut Polytechnique de Grenoble (France) (2000)

Present occupation President of the “European Research Institute on Water Policy” (IERPE), Brussels

(B) Professor of Human Ecology, Academy or Architecture, Università Svizzera Italiana

Mendrsio (CH)

Other Present occupations Member of the Italian Control Committee on Water Resources (the Italian Water

Authority), Rome (I) Secretary General of the International Committee for the Global Water Contract

MISCELLANEOUS (excerpts) Has been, for 16 years, director of the Programme FAST (Forecasting and

Assessment in Science and Technology) at the European Commission, Brussels Has been Professor of Globalisation at the Catholic University. of Louvain (B) He founded in 1992 “The Group of Lisbon” He founded in 2002 “The University for the Common Good” He has been visiting professor of the following universities : Marseille France),

Florence (Italy), Roskilde (Denmark), Pittsburgh (USA), Graz (Austria) ; and guest speaker in numerous universities and organisations throughout Europe, North America, Africa, Latin America and Asia

Has been President of the European University on Environment (A non-profit association based in Paris)

Has been President of the “Association des Amis du Monde diplomatique” (Paris)

PUBLICATIONSHe is author, or editor of 21 books and more than 500 articles/contributions to collectivevolumes on regional development, cities, industrial location, innovation and technological policy, society and science/technology relations, global economy, and water issues.Among his last books are:

Limits to Competition (with the Group of Lisbon), MIT Press, Boston, 1995. This book has been translated into 11 other languages

-18-

Le Bien Commun - Eloge de la Solidarité, Labor, Bruxelles, 1996. This book, as yet, is available in three other languages (NL, E, I,)

Les Ecueils de la Mondialisation, Editions Fides, Montréal, 1997 The Water Manifesto, Zed Books, London, 2000 L’éducation. Les cinq pièges, Editions Fides, Montréal, 2000 L’eau : Res publica ou marchandise (sous sa direction), Editions La Dispute, Paris,

2003 Le droit de rêver. Désirs d’humanité, Editions Labor, Bruxelles et Ecosociété,

Montréal, 2004 Pour une nouvelle narration du monde, Editions Ecosociété, Montréal, 2007

-19-

8. Prof. John A. DRACUP:Impact of climate change on hydrology and water resources in regions with snow dominated water supplies

Climate change footprint: Evidence and impacts

Future projections in northern California (up to year 2010) have predicted consistent temperature increases and uncertain changes in precipitation. Also, increases in the variability in annual inflows and precipitation are expected.

Due to temperature changes, the melting of snow is now occurring earlier in the year as detected in a 50 year data records on the west coast of North America. Therefore, we will have more water earlier in the year, during the flood season, when we don’t need it, and less water during the summer months, during the irrigation season, when we do need it.

Expected impacts will be mismatches between when the water is available and when it is needed. This will especially affect the sectors of hydropower and agriculture. Therefore, adaptation practices should be widely implemented.

Adaptation: Living with Climate Change

Measures to offset and mitigate the impacts of climate change on water resource systems will require adaptation strategies. These can be separated into two types: intrinsic and additional practices.

Intrinsic measures are long-term practices that are currently carried out independently of climate change measures, dealing with climate variability and mitigation of extreme events. Water conservation practices usually fall into this category and some examples in urban water use are presented.

Additional measures will have to be implemented increasingly as the impacts of climate change become more evident and certain. Changes in the current ways of managing water resources have different components: structural, operational and institutional. A few examples are presented.

Strategic planning and integrated water management is the key to successfully deal with climate change effects on hydrology and water resources. Flexible systems are adaptable to changes.

-20-

CURRICULUM VITÆProf. John A. Dracup

Professor at the University of California, BerkeleyProfessor of the Graduate SchoolUniversity of CaliforniaDepartment of Civil & Environmental Engineering Room 625, Davis Hall, MC 1710Berkeley, CA. 94720-1710dracup@ce.berkeley.eduhttp://www.ce.berkeley.edu/~dracup

Education:B. S. University of Washington, Seattle, June 1956, Civil Engineering M.S. Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, June 1960, Civil Engineering Ph.D. University of California, Berkeley, June 1966, Civil Engineering

Teaching Experience:University of California, Los Angeles, Professor, July 1965 – June 2000University of California, Berkeley, Professor, July 2000 - present

Recent Special Recognitions: Visiting Research Professor, Univ. of Melbourne, January – June 1995Fulbright Senior Scholar, University of Melbourne, Australia, January – June 2001Order of the Black Blouse, Water Court of Valencia Spain, January 2006Diplomate, American Academy of Water Resource Engineers, ASCE. May 2006.

Professional Society Memberships:Fellow, American Association for the Advancement of ScienceMember, American Geophysical UnionMember, American Meteorological SocietyFellow, American Society of Civil EngineersFellow, American Water Resources Association

Recent pertinent publications:

Vicuna S., Dracup J.A. 2007 “The evolution of climate change impact studies on hydrology and water resources in California.” Climatic Change. DOI 10.1007/s10584-006-9207-2.

Vicuna, S., Maurer, E. P., Joyce B., Dracup, J. A. and Purkey D, 2007 “The sensitivity of California water resources to climate change scenarios”. Journal of American Water Resources Association. Accepted for publication, vol. 43, No. 2. April

-21-

9. Prof. Seppo KELLOMAKI:Water and forests – the case of the boreal forests

The climate change will change the growth and development of the boreal forests (the forests above the 55o N) in the most northern and in the most southern parts of Scandinavian, including Finland. In the north, the productivity of the forest ecosystems may increase substantially, but the special features of northern forests may be diminished even above the current timber line. This is mainly due to the increase of temperature and precipitation, which is high enough to compensate the enhanced evaporation. Management of northern forests should be adapted to meet the higher productivity and changing tree species composition, characterizing these areas in the future. In this respect, the northern forests may provide many opportunities for forestry and timber production, while the forest environment may turn suboptimal for reindeer husbandry and recreation business currently based on the sub-alpine conditions.

In southern Scandinavia, the climate change may create environment suboptimal for Norway spruce, the growth of which may reduce throughout southern and central parts of Finland. This is due to the enhancement of evaporation, which will exceed the increase in precipitation, especially during the summer time. The dominance of Scots pine may increase on less fertile sites currently occupied by Norway spruce. Birch may compete with Scots pine even in these sites, and the dominance of birch may increase. These changes in growth and trees species composition have negative effect on the total growth locally, but at the nation-wide the total growth may increase by 44%, with an increase of 82% in the potential cutting drain over the country.

In northern Europe, forest fires are rare, the percentage of forest land burnt annually being less than 0.05%. The return period of fires is 50-100 year on the average on dry upland sites, and much longer for moist upland sites. In the boreal conditions, one to two weeks without rain is needed to increase significantly the fire risk even under the current precipitation (250-700 mm per year). The increase of the frequency of drought spells, especially in southern Finland, shows that under the climate change forest the risk of wild fires may increase substantially from the prevailing one. The main uncertainties are related to the seasonal distribution of precipitation. Nevertheless, warmer temperatures in spring and early summer may lead to earlier melting of snow and drying of soil in summer, if the summer precipitation does not increase at the same time or the increase is too small to compensate the enhancement in evaporation.

Keywords: managed forest, boreal forest, gap model, adaptive manage management, Finland, timber, carbon sequestration, dead wood, Scots pine, Norway spruce, birch, ecosystem model

-22-

CURRICULUM VITÆProf. Seppo Kellomaki

Dean of Faculty of Forest Sciences, University of Joensuu

Professor Seppo Kellomäki was born 11.8.1944. He completed in 1970 his studies for the degree of Master Science in Forest Sciences, University of Helsinki, Faculty of Agriculture and Forestry, and he achieved the PhD Degree in Forest Sciences in 1977. Since 1981, he has worked as a Professor in Silviculture in the University of Joensuu. He is also the Leader of the Graduate School for Forest Sciences since 1995.

Professor Kellomäki was nominated for the year 1990-1994, and 2002 - 2006 as Academy Professor in the Academy of Finland, with a main research area in the climate change impacts on the boreal forest ecosystem and its management implications. In 1995, the Academy of Finland nominated his research group as a Centre of Excellence for Forest Ecology and Management for years 1995-2005. In this context, this group has participated in several international research programmes mainly funded by the European Union. Professor Kellomäki was the review editor for Europe in the 4thassessment on the Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability of climate change as complied by IPCC.

Currently, the main research activities of Professor Kellomäki include the study programme on “Climate Change Impacts on the Dynamics of Functioning and Structure of Boreal Forests with Implications for the Sustainability of Forest Production and Carbon Sequestration”. These studies are expected to increase our understanding how the climate change may modify the boreal forest ecosystem and the future forestry and how to acclimate the forests and forest ecosystems to the climate change in order to mitigate the impacts of climate change on forests and forest-based activities.

Outside the science, Professor Kellomäki has worked as a dean, Faculty of Forest Sciences, University of Joensuu, 1984-1987, and 2007 – 2010 and the Vice Rector, University of Joensuu, 1987-1990. Furthermore, he has worked as a member of the Academy of Finland, Research Council for Agriculture and Forestry, in 1983-1988 and in 1995-2000 as a member and a vice chair person of Research Council for Environment and Natural Resources, the Academy of Finland. He is also the Member of the Forest Science Association of Finland since 1970, and the Member of Science Academy of Finland since 1993, and the member of Swedish Academy of Agricultural Sciences since 2004.