Temporal and Spatial Distribution of Asian Dust over · PDF fileTemporal and Spatial...
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Temporal and Spatial Distribution of Asian Dust
over North America
Tony VanCuren California Air Resources Board
& Thomas Cahill Delta Group
University of California, Davis
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Kosa (“Yellow Sand”) in Asia April 1, 1998
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Asian Dust in North America April 28, 1998
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Why Care About Aerosol Dust?
• Condensation Nuclei • Reaction Surfaces • Radiation Effects • Ocean Fertilization • Visibility Impairment • Human Health • Anthropogenic Components
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Why Asian Dust?
• Dominant over North Pacific • Historical and modern large events • Accompanied by Asian air pollutants • Contributes to downwind “background” • Tracer for hemispheric circulation • May be subject to cycles and trends • Calibration of Pleistocene and modern
aerosols for climate modeling
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Approach
• Define Asian dust chemical signature from known transport events.
• Search long term aerosol data bases for chemically similar events.
• Control for “overlap” with other dust sources affecting North America (local, Mexico, North Africa, etc.).
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North American
vs. Asian Dust
Source Regions
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Takla Makan vs U.S. Deserts
200 nm
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Takla Makan - Lop Nor
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Takla Makan Dust Event
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TOMS Aerosol Depth Apr 15-May 2 1998
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April 29, 1998
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Model Confirmation
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Western IMPROVE
Sites (1998)
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A Regional Extreme Event
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IMPROVE PM2.5 SOIL (WED & SAT ONLY)
“SOIL” at 36 IMPROVE SITES 4/15 - 5/6 ‘98
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Standardized Si-ratios for 6 Elements 7 Days - 33 Sites - 79 Clusters
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Chemical Composition Test Set
BLIS
BR
CA
BRID
BR
LA
CR
MO
G
RBA
G
RC
A G
RSA
IN
GA
JAR
B LA
VO
SAG
O
SALM
SA
WT
SEQ
U
SNPA
TO
NT
WH
RI
YOSE
BI
BE
CAN
Y C
OR
I C
RLA
D
EVA
GLA
C
MEV
E PI
NN
PO
RE
RED
W
RO
MO
SC
OV
SOLA
W
EMI
YELL
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
Nor
mal
ized
Rat
io to
Sili
con
Fe Al Mg Ca Mn Ti
STANDARDIZED COMPOSITION PROFILES 4-29-98
Asian Type 1 Asian Type 2
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Dust Classification TOP 12 of 640 COMPOSITIONAL CLUSTERS
CRATER LAKE, OR
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Dust Climatology Mauna Loa, HI
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Dust Climatology Redwood N.P., CA
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Dust Climatology Lassen N.P., CA
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Eastern Pacific Basin - Monthly Frequency (%) MOUNT RAINIER 436 m
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Eastern Pacific Basin - Dust Concentration MOUNT RAINIER
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Continental Transect - Monthly Frequency (%)
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Continental Transect - Dust Concentration
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Atlantic Region - Monthly Frequency (%)
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J FMAMJ J ASOND0
5000
10000
15000ACADIA
J FMAMJ J ASOND0
5000
10000
15000DOLLY SODS
Atlantic Region - Dust Concentration
J FMAMJ J ASOND
SHENANDOAH
J FMAMJ J ASOND0
5000
10000
15000
20000
25000
30000OKEFENOKEE
J FMAMJ J ASOND
EVERGLADES
J FMAMJ J ASOND0
5000
10000
1500020000
25000
30000
ASIANNORTH AFRICAN
VIRGIN ISLANDS
ng m
-3ng
m-3
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Asian Dust over the Caribbean Sea
SEAWifs April 2001 NRL Monterey
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Frequency at High Altitude
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Concentration at High Altitude
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Reality Check - Is This Credible?
• Was the 1998 event unequivocally Asian?
• Is there corroborating evidence for the temporal and spatial structure of the data?
• Is there corroborating evidence for the long term consistency?
• What new data are on the horizon?
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Was the 1998 event unequivocally Asian?
• Husar, et al. 2000 – TOMS and SEAWifs imagery show dust clouds – Simultaneity of PM spikes in many data sets
• Uno, et al., 1999 – Model dust generation based on wind speed only – Transport using standard CSU-RAMS code – Closes with observational data
• Claiborn, et al., 2000 – Dust events at Spokane show elevated urban
PM10, small increase in PM2.5, no change PM1 – April 1998 Asian dust events showed elevated
PM2.5, PM1
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Corroborating evidence for the temporal and spatial structure of the data?
• Yienger, et al., 2000 – GCM shows persistent synoptic “pulsating” transport
for Asian CO in Western U.S. and Central Canada • Chung & Yoon, 1996
– ROK AF Pilot Reports: “Kosa” commonly observed 600-3000 m AGL
• Wang, et al., 2000 – Abundance of fines related to deflation of Loess Plateau – Model calculations show coarse dust near surface w/
fast removal; long-lived fines in elevated layer over E. China, China Sea, and W. Pacific
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Corroborating evidence for long term transport consistency?
• Canadian Data – Barrie, et al., 1992 POPs & Heavy Metals in NWT
• Greenland Data – GRIP - Steffensen, 1997 - Dust size distributions in
snow, firn, and ice column show MMD ~2µm with abundant mineral fines
– GISP2 - Biscaye, et al., 1997 - 87Sr/ 86Sr, 143Nd/ 144Nd, 206Pb/ 207Pb isotopes show Gobi sand,
China loess as source of <5µm dust over last 25,000 years
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What new data are on the horizon?
• Dust Events 1999, 2000, 2001 • ACE Asia 2001
– Source area monitoring China, Korea, Japan,
– Receptor monitoring - Ron Brown (NOAA), Hawaii, Crater Lake.
• IMPROVE expanded network • CFCAS - UBC (McKendry) A/C Profiles
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Conclusions • Asian transport is persistent except in winter. • Typical tropospheric PM2.5 dust
concentrations range from .5 to 1 µg/m3. • MBL strongly limits ground contact at west
coastal sites. • CBL limits ground contact below 1000 m
except in spring. • Transport layer top is typically near 3000 m. • Tropical transport is limited by seasonal
migration of trade wind zone.
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Future Work • Calibrate to long term records. • Quantify accompanying
anthropogenic gas and aerosol pollutants.
• Analyze mineral affinities. • Determine natural and
anthropogenic components of the dust.