Temperature and Heat Heat – the energy transferred between objects because of a temperature...
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Transcript of Temperature and Heat Heat – the energy transferred between objects because of a temperature...
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Temperature and Heat
Heat – the energy transferred between objects because of a temperature difference.
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Temperature and Heat
Thermal contact – two objects are in thermal contact if heat can flow between them.
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Temperature and Heat
Thermal equilibrium – if two objects are in thermal contact, but no heat flows between them, they are said to be in thermal equilibrium. (They must be at the same temperature).
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Temperature and Heat
Thermodynamics – the study of physical processes involving the transfer of heat.
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Temperature and Heat
Temperature – the quantity that determines whether two objects are in thermal equilibrium. The temperature of a system depends on the average kinetic energy of the particles making up the system.
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Temperature and Heat
Celsius temperature scale-
Freezing point of H2O = 0 oC
Boiling point of H2O = 100 oC
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Temperature and Heat
Celsius temperature scale-Notation- a temperature of five degrees celsius is written 5 oC
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Temperature and Heat
Celsius temperature scale-Notation- a temperature change of five degrees celsius is written 5 Co
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Temperature and Heat
Celsius temperature scale-
There are 100 divisions between the zero and 100 point
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Temperature and Heat
Fahrenheit temperature scale-
Freezing point of H2O = 32 oF
Boiling point of H2O = 212 oF
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Temperature and Heat
Fahrenheit temperature scale-
There are 180 divisions between the 32 and 212 point.
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Temperature and Heat
Kelvin temperature scale-
Freezing point of H2O=273.15 K
Boiling point of H2O=373.15 K
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Temperature and Heat
Kelvin temperature scale- an absolute scale with no negative equilibrium temperatures.
0 K = absolute zero
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Temperature and Heat
Conversions –
9T T 32
5F C
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Temperature and Heat
Conversions –
5T T 32
9C F
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Figure 16-8The Mechanical Equivalent of Heat
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Temperature and Heat
James Prescott Joule demonstrated that mechanical work can be converted to heat, and that energy is conserved in the process. 1cal=4.186J
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Temperature and HeatThermal expansion – when the temperature of most materials increases, they expand. When a substance is heated, its particles begin moving more and thus usually maintain a greater average separation.
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Temperature and HeatLinear expansion –
the change in the length of a material
the coefficient of linear thermal expansion of the material
the original length of the material
the temperature change of the material
o
o
L L T
where
L
L
T
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Temperature and HeatArea expansion –
2
the change in the area of a material
the coefficient of linear thermal expansion of the material
the original area of the material
the temperature change of the material
o
o
A A T
where
A
A
T
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Temperature and HeatVolume expansion –
3
the change in the volume of a material
the coefficient of linear thermal expansion of the material
the original volume of the material
the temperature change of the material
o
o
V V T
where
v
V
T
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Temperature and HeatVolume expansion –
When working with liquids we use the coefficient of volume expansion.
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Temperature and HeatLinear expansion –
the change in the volume of a material
the coefficient of volume thermal expansion of the material
the original volume of the material
the temperature change of the material
o
o
V V T
where
V
V
T
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Temperature and HeatHeat flow–
Conduction – heat flow without bulk motion of matter. The result of atoms interacting with their neighbors.
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Temperature and HeatHeat flow– Conduction
thermal conductivity of the material
heat exchanged
cross-sectional area of the material
the temperature difference between the two sides of the material
length of the m
TQ kA t
L
where
k
Q
A
T
L
aterial
the time interval during which the exchange took placet
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Figure 16-9Heat Conduction Through a Rod
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Temperature and HeatHeat flow–
Convection – heat exchange due to the bulk motion of an unevenly heated fluid.
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Figure 16-11Alternating
Land and Sea Breezes
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Temperature and HeatHeat flow–
Radiation – heat exchange due to electromagnetic radiation such as sunlight, infrared light, and microwaves. Does not require matter to transfer heat.