Temario de inglés UP

8/10/2019 Temario de ingls UP

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BASIC 1

Be: Affirmative, Yes/No Questions, Contractions, Short Answers, Be: Negative,

Yes/No questions - be (am, are, is)

Subject and verb change their position in statement and question.

statement Youarefrom Germany.

question Areyoufrom Germany?

We always use the short answer, not only "Yes" or "No".

NOTE:If the answer is "Yes", we always use the long form.Example: Yes, I am.

If the answer is "No", we either use the long or the contracted form (short form).Example: No, I am not - No, I'm not.

Are you from Germany?

Yes, I am.

No, Iamnot.'mnot.

Is he your friend? Yes, he is.

Are Peter and John from England? Yes, they are.

Nouns: This/That/These/Those,This(indicates something close to the speaker)That(indicates something away from the speaker)These(indicates some things close to the speaker)Those(indicates some things away from the speaker

Nouns: Singular/Plural,

Nouns: There is/There areis used to indicate that something "exists"or is in a certain location. The main subject f o l lowsthe

verb whenthere is/are

is used.There is an apple on the table.There are some apples on the table.

Other forms of "be" can also be used with there is/there are.There will be a party at Bill's house on Saturday.There were four witnesses at the crime scene.There have been two robberies in the last five months.

Nouns: Articles

Nouns: Possessive

Possessive 's

When we want to show that something belongs to somebody or something, we usually add 'sto a singularnoun and an apostrophe 'to a plural noun, for example:

the boy's ball(one boy) the boys' ball(two or more boys)

Notice that the number of balls does not matter. The structure is influenced by the possessor and not thepossessed.

one ball more than one ball


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one boythe boy's ball the boy's balls

more than one boythe boys' ball the boys' balls

Irregular Plurals

Some nouns have irregular plural forms without s(man > men). To show possession, we usually add 'stothe plural form of these nouns:

singular noun plural noun

my child's dog my children's dog

the man's work the men's work

the mouse's cage the mice's cage

a person's clothes people's clothes

Present Progressive: Negative, Wh Questions, Affirmative, Yes/No Questions, Short Answers, Contractions

The present progressive is formed by combining the verb "to be" with the present participle. (The present participle is

merely the "-ing" form of a verb.)

In English, present progressive can be used to describe what is happening now, or what will happen in the future.

1. Forming a negative

Negatives in the present continuous are formed by adding notor n'tafter the verb BE:

Positive sentence Negative sentence Contracted negative

I am eating. I am not eating. I'm not eating.

You are working. You are not working. You aren't working.

He is driving. He is not driving. He isn't driving.

She is teaching. She is not teaching. She isn't teaching.

It is raining. It is not raining. It isn't raining.

We are reading. We are not reading. We aren't reading.

They are writing. They are not writing. They aren't writing.


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2. Forming a question

Yes/no questions are created by moving the verb BE to the beginning of the sentence. WH-questions are

formed by moving the verb BE, and then adding the WH- word. Here are the rules:

Statement Yes/no question WH question

I am eating. Am I eating? What am I eating?

You are crying. Are you crying? Why are you crying?

He is going. Is he going? Where is he going?

She is arriving. Is she arriving? When is she arriving?

It is sleeping. Is it sleeping? Why is it sleeping?

We are leaving. Are we leaving? When are we leaving?

They are fighting. Are they fighting? Why are they fighting

Pronouns: Subject, Object, Possessive

Pronouns are words like I, me(personal pronouns) or my, mine(possessive pronouns).

Personal Pronouns Possessive Adjectives and Pronouns

Reflexive Pronouns

subject form object form possessive adjective possessive pronoun

I Me my mine myself

You You your yours yourself

He Him his his himself

She Her her hers herself

It It its its itself

We Us our ours ourselves

You You your yours yourselves

They Them their theirs themselves


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Subjective Pronouns: A subjective pronoun acts as the subject of a sentenceit performs the actionof the verb. The subjective pronouns are he, I, it, sh e, they, we,and you.

Objective Pronouns: An objective pronoun acts as the object of a sentenceit receives the action ofthe verb. The objective pronouns are her, him, it, me, them, us, and you.

Possessive Pronouns: A possessive pronoun tells you who owns something. The possessivepronouns are hers, his, its, mine, ours, theirs,andyours .

BASIC 2Be-Past: Statements, Questions,

To Be - Affirmative

Subject To Be Examples

I was I wastired this morning.

You were You werevery good.

He was He wasthe best in his class.

She was She waslate for work.

It was It wasa sunny day.

We were We wereat home.

You were You wereon holiday.

They were They werehappy with their test results.

To Be - Negative Sentences

The negative of To Becan be made by adding notafter the verb (was or were).

Subject To Be Examples

I was not I was nottired this morning.

You were not You were notcrazy.

He was not He was notmarried.

She was not She was notfamous.

It was not It was nothot yesterday.

We were not We were notinvited.

You were not You were notat the party.

They were not They were notfriends.

To Be - Negative Contractions

The can make negative contractions of the verb To Bein the Past tense by joining the verb(was or were)and n't(e.g. were not = weren't). We don't make a contraction of the subjectand the verb(e.g. I was).

To Be - Questions

To create questions with To Be, you put the Verbbefore the Subject.


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Affirmative You were happy.

Question Were you happy?

To Be - Short Answers

In spoken English, we usually give short answers in response to questions.

Was he from Japan? - Yes, he was (from Japan). The last part (from Japan) is not necessary. We use shortsanswers to avoid repetition, when the meaning is clear.

Question Short Answers** Short Answers

Was I late? Yes, you were. No, you weren't.

Were you sick? Yes, I was. No, I wasn't.

Was he surprised? Yes, he was. No, he wasn't.

Was she from Italy? Yes, she was. No, she wasn't.

Was it a big house? Yes, it was. No, it wasn't.

Were we ready? Yes, we were. No, we weren't.

Were you early? Yes, we were. No, we weren't.

Were they busy? Yes, they were. No, they weren't.

Nouns: Non-Count and Quantifiers/ Count Nouns and Quantifiers,

Quantifiers are words that come before nouns in order to indicate the amount or how much of a non-count noun is

being stated, or the number or how many of a count noun is being stated. Remember that amountand how muchrefer

tonon-count nounswhile numberand how manyrefer tocount nouns. Let's look at a few examples.

Non-count nouns

"The students have a tremendous amountof work to complete before the end of the year."

"His fuel gauge was not working, so he didn't know how muchgas was left."

Count nouns

"The numberof people in the club exceeded the maximum occupancy."

"I don't remember how manytimes I have been to New York."

There are some quantifiers which are used only with non-count nouns. Here are a few examples: a little, not

much, little, or too much.

There are some quantifiers which are used only withcount nouns. Here are a few examples: few,many, several, or a

couple of.

There are some quantifiers which are used with both non-countand count nouns. Here are a few examples: some, a lot

of, plenty of, or enough.

Present Simple: Statements, Yes/No Questions, Wh-Questions,

Forming a negative


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Negatives in the simple past are formed by adding didn't(informal) or did not(formal) before the simple form of the

verb. The verb BE is an exception to this; in the case of BE, we just add n't(informal) or not(formal) after "was" or

"were":

Simple past statement Informal negative Formal negative

I had a car. I didn't have a car. I did not have a car.

You ate my toast. You didn't eat my toast. You did not eat my toast.

He was here yesterday. He wasn't here yesterday. He was not here yesterday.

They were in the park. They weren't in the park. They were not in the park.

Forming a yes/no question

Yes/no questions are also created using the auxiliary did. This time, the auxiliary is placed before the subject. The verb

BE is an exception; in this case, we move BE before the subject. Here are the rules:

Simple past statement Yes/no question

He brought his friend. Did he bring his friend?

They had a party. Did they have a party?

You were here. Were you here?

She was sick. Was she sick?

3. Forming a WH- question

WH- questions (using words such as "what", "when", and "where") are also created by putting the auxiliary didbefore

the subject (or moving BE, as explained above). Then, you add the WH- word at the beginning. Here are some examples:

Statement Yes/no question WH- question

The building fell down. Did the building fall down? Why did the building fall down?

They lived in Vancouver. Did they live in Vancouver? Where did they live?

The store was closed. Was the store closed? Why was the store closed?

They were wolves. Were they wolves? What were they?

Comparison of Adjectives: Equality, Comparatives, Superlatives,

COMPARATIVES SUPERLATIVES

MAIN USE

Comparatives are used to compare two things

and to highlight the superiority, inferiority, or

equality of one term compared to another.

For comparisons in larger groups, you

must use the superlative.

Thesuperlative designates extremes: the

best, the first, the worst, the last, etc.


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SUPERIORITY

a) Short adjectives: adj + -ER THAN

Peter is taller than Sandra.

b) Long adjectives: MORE + adj + THAN

A Ferrari is more expensive than a Mini.

a) Short adjectives: THE + adj -EST

Tom is the tallest boy of the school.

b) Long adjectives:

THE MOST + adjective

This is the most pleasant place on Earth!

EQUALITYShort & long adjectives:AS... adjective... AS

English is as easy as German.

Doesn't exist

INFERIORITY

Short & long adjectives:

LESS + adjectif + THAN

July is less cold than January.

Short & long adjectives:

THE LEAST + adjective

This is the least interesting movie of the

year!

Present Simple: Tag Questions

Postive sentences, with negative tags

Present simple 'be' She's Italian, isn't she?

Present simple other verbs They live in London, don't they?

Present continuous We're working tomorrow, aren't we?

Past simple 'be' It was cold yesterday, wasn't it?

Past simple other verbs He went to the party last night, didn't he?

Past continuous We were waiting at the station, weren't we?

Present perfect They've been to Japan, haven't they?

Present perfect continuous She's been studying a lot recently, hasn't she?

Past perfect He had forgotten his wallet, hadn't he?

Past perfect continuous We'd been working, hadn't we?

Future simple She'll come at six, won't she?

Future continuous They'll be arriving soon, won't they?


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Future perfect They'll have finished before nine, won't they?

Future perfect continuous She'll have been cooking all day, won't she?

Modals He can help, can't he?

Modals John must stay, mustn't he?

Negative sentences, with positive tags

Present simple 'be' We aren't late, are we?

Present simple other verbs She doesn't have any children, does she?

Present continuous The bus isn't coming, is it?

Past simple 'be' She wasn't at home yesterday, was she?

Past simple other verbs They didn't go out last Sunday, did they?

Past continuous You weren't sleeping, were you?

Present perfect She hasn't eaten all the cake, has she?

Present perfect continuous He hasn't been running in this weather, has he?

Past perfect We hadn't been to London before, had we?

Past perfect continuous You hadn't been sleeping, had you?

Future simple They won't be late, will they?

Future continuous He'll be studying tonight, won't he?

Future perfect She won't have left work before six, will she?

Future perfect continuous He won't have been travelling all day, will he?

Modals She can't speak Arabic, can she?


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Modals They mustn't come early, must they?

Modals: Can, Have To, May.

The modal verbs are:-

CAN/COULD/MAY/MIGHT/MUST/SHALL/SHOULD/OUGHT TO/WILL/WOULD

Modal Example Uses

Can (podes) They can control their own budgets.

We cant fix it.

Can I smoke here?

Can you help me?

bility / Possibility

Inability / Impossibility

sking for permission

Request

Could (podrias) Could I borrow your dictionary?

Could you say it again more slowly?

We could try to fix it ourselves.

I think we could have another Gulf War.

He gave up his old job so he could work for us.

sking for permission.

Request

Suggestion

Future possibility

bility in the past

May May I have another cup of coffee?

China may become a major economic power.


Future possibility

Might We'd better phone tomorrow, they might be eating their dinner

now.

They might give us a 10% discount.

Present possibility

Future possibility

Must (debe) We must say good-bye now.

They mustnt disrupt the work more than necessary.

Necessity / Obligation

Prohibition

Ought to We ought to employ a professional writer. Saying whats right or correct

Shall Shall I help you with your luggage?

Shall we say 2.30 then?

Shall I do that or will you?

Offer

Suggestion

sking what to do

Should

(debera)

We should sort out this problem at once.

I think we should check everything again.

Profits should increase next year.

Saying whats right or correct

Recommending action

Uncertain prediction

Will I cant see any taxis so Ill walk.

I'll do that for you if you like.

Ill get back to you first thing on Monday.

Profits will increase next year.

Instant decisions

Offer

Promise

Certain prediction

Would Would you mind if I brought a colleague with me?

Would you pass the salt please?

Would you mind waiting a moment?

"Would three o`clock suit you?" - "Thatd be fine."

Would you like to play golf this Friday?

"Would you prefer tea or coffee?" - "Id like tea please."


Request

Request

Making arrangements

Invitation

Preferences

BASIC 3

Adverbs: Frequency,

Frequency Adverb of Frequency Example Sentence

100% always I alwaysgo to bed before 11pm.

90% usually I usuallyhave cereal for breakfast.

80% normally / generally I normallygo to the gym.

70% often* / frequently I oftensurf the internet.
http://www.learnenglish.de/grammar/verbmodal.html#Canhttp://www.learnenglish.de/grammar/verbmodal.html#Canhttp://www.learnenglish.de/grammar/verbmodal.html#Couldhttp://www.learnenglish.de/grammar/verbmodal.html#Couldhttp://www.learnenglish.de/grammar/verbmodal.html#Couldhttp://www.learnenglish.de/grammar/verbmodal.html#Mayhttp://www.learnenglish.de/grammar/verbmodal.html#Mayhttp://www.learnenglish.de/grammar/verbmodal.html#Mayhttp://www.learnenglish.de/grammar/verbmodal.html#Mayhttp://www.learnenglish.de/grammar/verbmodal.html#Mayhttp://www.learnenglish.de/grammar/verbmodal.html#Mayhttp://www.learnenglish.de/grammar/verbmodal.html#Musthttp://www.learnenglish.de/grammar/verbmodal.html#Musthttp://www.learnenglish.de/grammar/verbmodal.html#Musthttp://www.learnenglish.de/grammar/verbmodal.html#Shallhttp://www.learnenglish.de/grammar/verbmodal.html#Shallhttp://www.learnenglish.de/grammar/verbmodal.html#Shallhttp://www.learnenglish.de/grammar/verbmodal.html#Shouldhttp://www.learnenglish.de/grammar/verbmodal.html#Shouldhttp://www.learnenglish.de/grammar/verbmodal.html#Shouldhttp://www.learnenglish.de/grammar/verbmodal.html#Ought%20tohttp://www.learnenglish.de/grammar/verbmodal.html#Ought%20tohttp://www.learnenglish.de/grammar/verbmodal.html#Ought%20tohttp://www.learnenglish.de/grammar/verbmodal.html#Willhttp://www.learnenglish.de/grammar/verbmodal.html#Willhttp://www.learnenglish.de/grammar/verbmodal.html#Willhttp://www.learnenglish.de/grammar/verbmodal.html#Wouldhttp://www.learnenglish.de/grammar/verbmodal.html#Wouldhttp://www.learnenglish.de/grammar/verbmodal.html#Wouldhttp://www.learnenglish.de/grammar/verbmodal.html#Wouldhttp://www.learnenglish.de/grammar/verbmodal.html#Willhttp://www.learnenglish.de/grammar/verbmodal.html#Ought%20tohttp://www.learnenglish.de/grammar/verbmodal.html#Shouldhttp://www.learnenglish.de/grammar/verbmodal.html#Shallhttp://www.learnenglish.de/grammar/verbmodal.html#Musthttp://www.learnenglish.de/grammar/verbmodal.html#Mayhttp://www.learnenglish.de/grammar/verbmodal.html#Mayhttp://www.learnenglish.de/grammar/verbmodal.html#Couldhttp://www.learnenglish.de/grammar/verbmodal.html#Can


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50% sometimes I sometimesforget my wife's birthday.

30% occasionally I occasionallyeat junk food.

10% seldom I seldomread the newspaper.

5% hardly ever / rarely I hardly everdrink alcohol.

0% never I neverswim in the sea.

Gerund or Infinitive,

Gerundsare often used when actions are real, fixed, or completed. "I enjoycooking."

Infinitivesare often used when actions are unreal, abstract, or future: "He wantsto swim

1. I often go (dance) ___ on a Saturday night.

Dancing

2. When I finish (write) ___ this letter, I'll come and help you.

Writing

3. I am planning (buy) ___ a new laptop soon.

To buy

4. I need (sleep) ___ at least eight hours a night.

To sleep

5. I want (move) ___ to London next year.

To move

INTERMEDIATE 1

Passive Voice: With or Without Agent,

EstructuraSujeto + verbo auxiliar ("to be") + participio pasado.

Ejemplos:

The speech is writtenfor the president.(El discurso est escrito para el presidente.)

The house was builtin 1975. (La casa fue construida en 1975.)

My wallet has been stolen. (Ha sido robada mi cartera.)

The room will be cleaned while we are out.(Se limpiar la habitacin mientras estemos fuera.)

Relative Clauses: Object Clauses, Subject Clauses, With or Without

A relative clause is one kind of dependent clause. It has a subject and verb, but cant stand alone as a sentence. It is sometimes

called an adjective clause because it functions like an adjectiveit gives more information about a noun. A relative clause always

begins with a relative pronoun, which substitutes for a noun, a noun phrase, or a pronoun when sentences are combined.

The relative pronouns are:

who for people can substitute for subject nouns/pronouns (he, she, we, they)


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whom for people can substitute for object nouns/pronouns (him, her, us, them)

whose for people can substitute for possessive nouns/pronouns (his, hers, our, their)

that for people or things can be either subject or object

can only be used in restrictive relative clauses (see below)

which for things can be either subject or object

can be used in non-restrictive relative clauses

can also be used in restrictive relative clauses, though some people dont likethis use

Relative pronoun as subject (in red):

I like the person. The person was nice to me.

I like the person whowas nice to me.

I hate the dog. The dog bit me.

I hate the dog thatbit me.

I am moving to Louisville, KY. Itis home to the Muhammad Ali Museum.

I am moving to Louisville, KY, whichis home to the Muhammad Ali Museum.

Relative pronoun as object (in red):

I like the bike. My father gave me the bike.

I like the bike thatmy father gave me.

Passive Voice: Modals,

Este tiempo gramatical tiene tres frmulas(o estructuras) bsicas:

Afirmativa The tickets could be bought online. (Los boletos podran ser comprados en lnea)

Sujeto + modal + be + verbo (pasado participio) + complemento.

Negativa The tickets could not be bought online. (Los boletos no podran ser comprados en lnea)

Sujeto + modal + not + be + verbo (pasado participio) + complemento.

Interrogativa Could the tickets be bought online? (Podran los boletos ser comprados en lnea?)

Modal + sujeto + be + verbo (pasado participio) + complemento + ? (question mark)

INTERMEDIATE 2

Conditionals: Real, Unreal

The present conditional also known as the "real" conditional because it is generally used with situations that are very

likely (probable). For example, in the sentence below, rain is a definite possibility.

If it rains, I will use an umbrella.

I will use an umbrella if it rains.


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If the part of the sentence with "if" goes first, use a comma. These sentences are known as "unreal" conditional because

they contain conditions that are not likely (probable). For example, in the sentence below, winning the lottery is not

very likely.

If I won the lottery, I would buy a new car.

I would buy a new car if I won the lottery.

Past Perfect: Progressive, Past Perfect Simple

Causatives/Permissives: Active, PassiveCausative Verbs 2

We can use theverbhaveas a causative verb in both the active and passive forms. In this case

thesubjectof the sentence forces or causes an action from another person.

Active forms:Bill hadthe mechanic fix the car.

He hadthe secretary call the customer.

The doctor hadthe nurse take the temperature.

Passive forms:He hadthe computer fixed.

Mary hadher jacket cleaned.

John hadhis hair cut.
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