Teleost Fish: Bonytongues Through Anglerfish

Ch. 14

Subdividision EuteleosteiSubdividision Euteleostei• Superorder OstariophysiSuperorder Ostariophysi• Superorder ProtacanthopterygiiSuperorder Protacanthopterygii• Superorder StenopterygiiSuperorder Stenopterygii• Superorder CyclosquamataSuperorder Cyclosquamata• Superorder ScopelomorphaSuperorder Scopelomorpha• Superorder LampridomorphaSuperorder Lampridomorpha• Superorder PolymixiiformesSuperorder Polymixiiformes• Superorder ParacanthopterygiiSuperorder Paracanthopterygii• Superorder AcanthopterygiiSuperorder Acanthopterygii

Primitive vs. Advanced TraitsPrimitive vs. Advanced TraitsPrimitive Advanced

Elongated bodies with 50-60vertebrae

Deeper bodies with 20-30vertebrae

Single dorsal fin towardsmiddle or posterior of body

Multiple dorsal fins beginningmore anterior

Fins with soft rays only Fins with spines and soft rays

Pectoral fins ventral Pectoral fins high on sides ofbody

Pelvic fins towards posterior Pelvic fins below pectorals

Premaxilla and maxillainvolved in gape of jaw andbear teeth

Maxilla limited to angle ofjaw, does not bear teeth

Non-protrusible jaw Protrusible Jaw

Primitive vs. Advanced Primitive vs. Advanced (continued)(continued)

Primitive Advanced

Physostomous gas bladder Physoclistous gas bladder

Separate Liver and Pancreas Hepatopancreas

Cycloid scales Ctenoid Scales

Subdividision EuteleosteiSubdividision Euteleostei• Superorder OstariophysiSuperorder Ostariophysi• Superorder ProtacanthopterygiiSuperorder Protacanthopterygii• Superorder StenopterygiiSuperorder Stenopterygii• Superorder CyclosquamataSuperorder Cyclosquamata• Superorder ScopelomorphaSuperorder Scopelomorpha• Superorder LampridomorphaSuperorder Lampridomorpha• Superorder PolymixiiformesSuperorder Polymixiiformes• Superorder ParacanthopterygiiSuperorder Paracanthopterygii• Superorder AcanthopterygiiSuperorder Acanthopterygii

Subdividision EuteleosteiSubdividision Euteleostei

• Superorder Ostariophysi -- SuckersSuperorder Ostariophysi -- Suckers Minnows, Characins, and CatfishesMinnows, Characins, and Catfishes

• Superorder Protacanthopterygii -- Pikes, Superorder Protacanthopterygii -- Pikes, Smelts and SalmonidsSmelts and Salmonids

• Superorder Paracanthopterygii -- Cods and Superorder Paracanthopterygii -- Cods and AnglerfishesAnglerfishes

• Superorder Acanthopterygii -- Advanced Superorder Acanthopterygii -- Advanced FishesFishes

Superorder ProtocanthopterygiiSuperorder Protocanthopterygii

• Contains three ordersContains three orders– EsociformesEsociformes

– OsmeriformesOsmeriformes

– SalmoniformesSalmoniformes

Order EsociformesOrder Esociformes

• Three families:Three families:–EsocidaeEsocidae

–UmbridaeUmbridae

–DaliidaeDaliidae

Family EsocidaeFamily Esocidae

• Pikes, pickerels, and muskellunge:Pikes, pickerels, and muskellunge:

– Predatory; sagittiform bodiesPredatory; sagittiform bodies

– Large mouth & sharp teethLarge mouth & sharp teeth

– Found in N. America and Found in N. America and

EurasiaEurasia

– Important recreational spp.Important recreational spp.

– Largest: muskellunge (musky)Largest: muskellunge (musky)

• North-Central USNorth-Central US

• Central CanadaCentral Canada

Family UmbridaeFamily Umbridae

• mudminnows:mudminnows:– smallsmall

– Slow-moving Slow-moving

– Burrow in mud when disturbedBurrow in mud when disturbed

Family DalliidaeFamily Dalliidae

• blackfishes:blackfishes:– Australia and Australia and

SiberiaSiberia

– Able to survive Able to survive frozen in the icefrozen in the ice

– Remain inactive Remain inactive until the thawuntil the thaw

Order OsmeriformesOrder Osmeriformes

• Two suborders:Two suborders:– Argentoidea (argentines deep-sea smelts)Argentoidea (argentines deep-sea smelts)

– Osmeroidei (smelts, galaxiids)Osmeroidei (smelts, galaxiids)

Suborder ArgentoideiSuborder Argentoidei

• Argentines:Argentines:– ““deep-sea smelts”deep-sea smelts”

– very numerousvery numerous

– harvested commercially in mid-water harvested commercially in mid-water trawlstrawls

Suborder OsmeroideiSuborder Osmeroidei• Smelts and galaxiids:Smelts and galaxiids:• Smelts:Smelts:

– Small, silvery fish (< 30 cm)Small, silvery fish (< 30 cm)

– Popular food fishPopular food fish

– Freshwater, anadromous, marineFreshwater, anadromous, marine

– Australian salamanderfish (galaxiid)Australian salamanderfish (galaxiid)• Turn head sharply left or right while perched Turn head sharply left or right while perched

on its pectoral finon its pectoral fin• Lacks lung; able to aestivateLacks lung; able to aestivate

SalamanderfishSalamanderfish

SmeltsSmelts

Order SalmoniformesOrder Salmoniformes

• Family SalmonidaeFamily Salmonidae– Contains three subfamilies:Contains three subfamilies:

• Salmoninae - trouts, salmon, charsSalmoninae - trouts, salmon, chars• Coregoninae - whitefishesCoregoninae - whitefishes• Thymalinae – graylingsThymalinae – graylings

– North America and EurasiaNorth America and Eurasia– High latitude speciesHigh latitude species

• Require high DO and cooler water for survival and Require high DO and cooler water for survival and reproductionreproduction

Subfamily SalmoninaeSubfamily Salmoninae• Trouts, salmons and charsTrouts, salmons and chars

– Many species have landlocked and anadromous Many species have landlocked and anadromous formsforms

• OnchorhynchusOnchorhynchus mykissmykiss – rainbow trout – rainbow trout (landlocked); steelhead (anadromous)(landlocked); steelhead (anadromous)

• OO. . nerkanerka – sockeye (anadromous); kokanee – sockeye (anadromous); kokanee (landlocked)(landlocked)

Subfamily SalmoninaeSubfamily Salmoninae• Anadromous speciesAnadromous species

– Eggs laid in freshwaterEggs laid in freshwater

– Fry hatch and develop into parrs (large spots on side of Fry hatch and develop into parrs (large spots on side of body)body)

– Transform into smolts (migrates to the sea)Transform into smolts (migrates to the sea)

– Grow to large size in seaGrow to large size in sea

– Return to FW to spawn and typically die after spawningReturn to FW to spawn and typically die after spawning

– Transfer of nutrients upstream from seas to FW streams Transfer of nutrients upstream from seas to FW streams important ecologicallyimportant ecologically

• Dead salmon decay, biomass is utilized by scavengers that Dead salmon decay, biomass is utilized by scavengers that may ultimately be preyed upon by young salmonmay ultimately be preyed upon by young salmon

Subfamily SalmoninaeSubfamily Salmoninae• Three important genera in North America:Three important genera in North America:

– Onchorhynchus – Pacific salmonOnchorhynchus – Pacific salmon• California through Canada to Alaska and throughout California through Canada to Alaska and throughout

SiberiaSiberia• Includes rainbow trout and cutthroat troutIncludes rainbow trout and cutthroat trout

– Salmo – Atlantic salmonSalmo – Atlantic salmon• Massachusetts to Canada; Iceland and EuropeMassachusetts to Canada; Iceland and Europe• Nearly extinct due to damsNearly extinct due to dams• Landlocked and anadromous formsLandlocked and anadromous forms• Includes brown trout – introduced to US; tolerates Includes brown trout – introduced to US; tolerates

warm water and lower DO warm water and lower DO

– Salvelinus – North American CharsSalvelinus – North American Chars• Lake trout and Brook troutLake trout and Brook trout

Subfamily CoreginaeSubfamily Coreginae• Whitefishes:Whitefishes:

– Formerly an important speciesFormerly an important species– Numbers have greatly declined relative to Numbers have greatly declined relative to

introduced speciesintroduced species

Subfamily ThymalinaeSubfamily Thymalinae• Graylings:Graylings:

– Small trout-like fishesSmall trout-like fishes– Grey irridescent bodiesGrey irridescent bodies– Long dorsal finsLong dorsal fins

Marine HabitatMarine Habitat• Classified into distinct areas:Classified into distinct areas:

– Pelagic- area away from the shorelinePelagic- area away from the shoreline

• Pelagic divided into distinct regionsPelagic divided into distinct regions– Surface to 200 meters = epipelagicSurface to 200 meters = epipelagic

• light penetration occurslight penetration occurs

– 200 meters to 1000 meters = mesopelagic200 meters to 1000 meters = mesopelagic• Faint amount of lightFaint amount of light• Animals migrate up at night; down during dayAnimals migrate up at night; down during day

– 1000 meters to 4000 meters = bathypelagic1000 meters to 4000 meters = bathypelagic• Practically no lightPractically no light

StomiiformesStomiiformes• Marine Marine hatchetfisheshatchetfishes::

– Extremely flattened laterallyExtremely flattened laterally– Photophores on ventral sidePhotophores on ventral side

• Photophores = light producing organsPhotophores = light producing organs• Provides countershading = less visible to predatorsProvides countershading = less visible to predators

MyctophiformesMyctophiformes• Lantern fishesLantern fishes::

– Small black fishesSmall black fishes– Photophores along entire bodyPhotophores along entire body– Present in great numbersPresent in great numbers– Important food for many speciesImportant food for many species

LampridiformesLampridiformes• Bizarre species:Bizarre species:

– OpahOpah• Found close to the surface; taken by the same Found close to the surface; taken by the same

pelagic longlines used to catch tunas and marlins pelagic longlines used to catch tunas and marlins and meat is soldand meat is sold

oarfishoarfish

Superorder ParacanthopterygiiSuperorder Paracanthopterygii• Contains a number of orders that are Contains a number of orders that are

grouped together because of similar grouped together because of similar morphology:morphology:– Order PercopsiformesOrder Percopsiformes– Order OphidiiformesOrder Ophidiiformes– Order GadiformesOrder Gadiformes– Order BatrachoidiformesOrder Batrachoidiformes– Order LophiiformesOrder Lophiiformes

Order PercopsiformesOrder Percopsiformes• Trout perch, pirate perch, and cavefishesTrout perch, pirate perch, and cavefishes::

– Possess a true spinePossess a true spine– Possess an adipose finPossess an adipose fin– Pirate perch:Pirate perch:

• Pelvic fins located below pectoralsPelvic fins located below pectorals• Anus located in the throatAnus located in the throat

– Cavefishes:Cavefishes:• Adapted to cavesAdapted to caves• Eyes reducedEyes reduced• Lost their pigmentLost their pigment• Elongated bodiesElongated bodies• Lateral line system very well-developedLateral line system very well-developed

Trout perchTrout perch

Pirate Perch (Pirate Perch (Aphredoderus sayanus)Aphredoderus sayanus)

Anal opening

Order OphidiiformesOrder Ophidiiformes• Cusk eelsCusk eels : :

– Taeniform body shapeTaeniform body shape– Found all over worldFound all over world– Mostly marineMostly marine– Some brightly coloredSome brightly colored

• Pearl fishesPearl fishes– Very thin fishesVery thin fishes– Sharp pointed tailsSharp pointed tails– Live inside invertebratesLive inside invertebrates

• In cloaca of sea cucumbersIn cloaca of sea cucumbers• Tickles it to get back in Tickles it to get back in

Order GadiformesOrder Gadiformes• CodsCods and cod-like fishes (haddock, pollock): and cod-like fishes (haddock, pollock):

– Large and economically important groupLarge and economically important group– Possess isocercal tailsPossess isocercal tails– Grand Banks fishery inexhaustible?? Grand Banks fishery inexhaustible??

– CodCod::• Collected in great numbers off the European coastCollected in great numbers off the European coast• Contains little fat—can be driedContains little fat—can be dried• Used by ocean-going travelers as a food sourceUsed by ocean-going travelers as a food source

Batrachoidiformes (frog-like)Batrachoidiformes (frog-like)• Toadfishes, frogfish and midshipmanToadfishes, frogfish and midshipman::

– Bottom dwellersBottom dwellers– Lack pleural ribsLack pleural ribs– Large mouths Large mouths – Modified dorsal fish for “fishing”Modified dorsal fish for “fishing”– Able to produce sound: hummingAble to produce sound: humming

• Muscular vibrations of swim bladderMuscular vibrations of swim bladder

– Midshipmen oddityMidshipmen oddity::• 600-800 photophores600-800 photophores

» Arranged on their belly like the buttons of a midshipmen’s Arranged on their belly like the buttons of a midshipmen’s uniform...rare for shallow water fish.uniform...rare for shallow water fish.

» Humming sound amplified by stationary boats....no sleep!!Humming sound amplified by stationary boats....no sleep!!

ToadfishToadfish

FrogfishFrogfish ““Harry” FrogfishHarry” Frogfish

Midshipman, Midshipman, Porichthys notatus

Order LophiiformesOrder Lophiiformes

• AnglerfishesAnglerfishes::– Most possess modified dorsal fins “rod and Most possess modified dorsal fins “rod and

lures”lures”

• BatfishesBatfishes- odd shaped...multicolered- odd shaped...multicolered• MonkfishMonkfish

– Bottom dwellerBottom dweller– Taken in trawlsTaken in trawls– Once considered trash fish “poor mans lobster”Once considered trash fish “poor mans lobster”

Batfish Batfish

Anglerfish Anglerfish

Monkfish and some Monkfish and some Anglers are food in Anglers are food in some countries, so some countries, so you might see some you might see some store.... store....

Just be careful who you take shopping!! Just be careful who you take shopping!!