TELEGRAPH & TELEPHONETELEGRAPH & TELEPHONE

OutlineOutline

Visual TelegraphyVisual TelegraphyElectric TelegraphyElectric TelegraphyTelegraph LinesTelegraph LinesTelephoneTelephone

Visual TelegraphyVisual TelegraphyClaude Chappe (1763-1805)Claude Chappe (1763-1805)

Built By Abraham Bruguet (1793)Built By Abraham Bruguet (1793)Clockmaker

Could Have Been Built Earlier (100 Years)Could Have Been Built Earlier (100 Years)Lacked TelescopeStations Too Close

First StationsFirst StationsMenilmontantSaint-Martin-du-Tertre (21 Miles Away

First LineFirst LineParis to Lille

Chappe Semaphore SystemChappe Semaphore System Masonry TowersMasonry Towers Wooden “T” Wooden “T”

Horizontal Beam (Regulator)Horizontal Beam (Regulator) Pivoted On Axis

Jointed Arms (Indicator)Jointed Arms (Indicator) Pivoted On Regulator Ends

Cranks & RopesCranks & Ropes

196 Different Positions196 Different Positions Chappe Code - 92 PositionsChappe Code - 92 Positions

Diplomatic DictionaryDiplomatic Dictionary 92 Pages - First Signal 92 Words Per Page - Second Signal

Second Dictionary - PhrasesSecond Dictionary - Phrases

Slowed Development Of Electric TelegraphSlowed Development Of Electric TelegraphFrance

Nothing New TechnologicallyNothing New Technologically Increased Communication

Calais To ParisCalais To Paris33 Posts, 58 Leagues, 3 Minutes33 Posts, 58 Leagues, 3 Minutes

Toulon To ParisToulon To Paris10 Posts, 200 Leagues, 20 Minutes10 Posts, 200 Leagues, 20 Minutes

Used Extensively In WW IUsed Extensively In WW IStill Used - Aircraft CarriersStill Used - Aircraft Carriers

Chappe Semaphore SystemChappe Semaphore System

Electric TelegraphyElectric TelegraphyElectric BatteryElectric BatteryElectromagnetismElectromagnetismFirst Electric TelegraphsFirst Electric TelegraphsRelaysRelaysAlphabetical DevicesAlphabetical DevicesFirst French Telegraphic DevicesFirst French Telegraphic DevicesPrinting DevicesPrinting DevicesMorse SystemMorse SystemTelegraph LinesTelegraph LinesMachinery & Electrical Industry Machinery & Electrical Industry

Electric BatteryElectric Battery Telegraph - Electric CurrentTelegraph - Electric Current

ContinuousContinuousPermanentPermanent

Voltaic Pile - Not SatisfactoryVoltaic Pile - Not Satisfactory Cesar Bequerel (1828)Cesar Bequerel (1828)

Two-Fluid ClassTwo-Fluid Class

J.F. Daniell (1836)J.F. Daniell (1836)Daniell CellDaniell CellReliableReliableContiuousContiuous

ElectromagnetismElectromagnetism

Conductor Traversed By Electric CurrentConductor Traversed By Electric CurrentMagnetic Needle MovesMagnetic Needle Moves

Georges-Louis Lesage (1774)Georges-Louis Lesage (1774)Dischages Of Static Electricity From Leydon JarDischages Of Static Electricity From Leydon Jar24 Wires For Alphabet24 Wires For AlphabetUnderground - Conductors Insulated By GlassUnderground - Conductors Insulated By Glass

Ampere (1820)Ampere (1820)Deviation Of Magnetic NeedleDeviation Of Magnetic Needle

Electromagnetism (Continued)Electromagnetism (Continued)

Baron Schilling (1832)Baron Schilling (1832)Six Indicators & Six WiresSix Indicators & Six Wires

Black Side & White Side

Two Additional WiresTwo Additional WiresCall SignsReturn Current

Carl-August von SteinheilCarl-August von SteinheilSingle Circuit (1827)Single Circuit (1827)Return Current Through Ground (1828)Return Current Through Ground (1828)

First Electric TelegraphsFirst Electric Telegraphs

Euston & Camden In London (1837)Euston & Camden In London (1837)40 Years After Chappe40 Years After Chappe1 Mile Long1 Mile LongSir William F. Cooke (1806-1879)Sir William F. Cooke (1806-1879)Sir Charles Wheatstone (1802-1875)Sir Charles Wheatstone (1802-1875)Five Needles & Circuits With Six WiresFive Needles & Circuits With Six Wires

Wheatstone & Clarke (1842)Wheatstone & Clarke (1842)Two Needle InstrumentTwo Needle Instrument

Alexander Bain (1843)Alexander Bain (1843)Single Needle InstrumentSingle Needle Instrument

Five Needle Five Needle Telegraph By W & CTelegraph By W & C

Wheatstone & Cooke Wheatstone & Cooke (1837)(1837)

TopTopReceiverReceiver

BottomBottomTransmitterTransmitter

Local Circuit Of W & C TelegraphLocal Circuit Of W & C Telegraph

Left - RelayLeft - Relay Right - Calling DeviceRight - Calling Device

Transmitting-Receiving PostTransmitting-Receiving Post Built By Wheatstone & Clarke (1842)Built By Wheatstone & Clarke (1842)

Two Needle InstrumentTwo Needle InstrumentRightRight

Transmitters & Connections

LeftLeftGeneral View

First Electric TelegraphsFirst Electric Telegraphs

Electromagnet (1820s)Electromagnet (1820s)Ampere & AragoAmpere & AragoCoarse Wires With Few CoilsCoarse Wires With Few Coils

Inappropriate For Operation Over Long Distances

Took 20 Years To Be Adopted In TelegraphTook 20 Years To Be Adopted In TelegraphTelegraphic DevicesTelegraphic Devices

Alphabetical TelegraphAlphabetical TelegraphElectric Telegraph With Chappe SignalsElectric Telegraph With Chappe SignalsMorse SystemMorse System

RelaysRelays

Wheatstone (1837)Wheatstone (1837) ElectrochemicalElectrochemical Close Circuit From A DistanceClose Circuit From A Distance ““U” Shaped TubeU” Shaped Tube

Acidulated Water & MercuryAcidulated Water & MercuryCurrent Causes Hydrogen To Current Causes Hydrogen To

Be LiberatedBe LiberatedPressure Cause Mercury To Pressure Cause Mercury To

Close Circuit Of Sounding Close Circuit Of Sounding DeviceDevice

RelaysRelays

Wheatstone (1839)Wheatstone (1839) Close Circuit From A DistanceClose Circuit From A Distance Needle In Center Of FrameNeedle In Center Of Frame

Fork Shaped Contact At One Fork Shaped Contact At One EndEnd

Current Caused Fork To Plunge Current Caused Fork To Plunge Into Containers Of MercuryInto Containers Of Mercury

Closed Local Circuit Closed Local Circuit

Alphabetical DevicesAlphabetical Devices

Wheatstone & CookeWheatstone & CookeClock Movement At Each PostClock Movement At Each PostPointer Turned In JerksPointer Turned In Jerks

Many VariationsMany VariationsReplaced Needle DevicesReplaced Needle Devices

First French Telegraphic DevicesFirst French Telegraphic Devices Louis Breguet (1844)Louis Breguet (1844)

Same Concept As WheatstoneSame Concept As Wheatstone2 Needles - Chappe System2 Needles - Chappe SystemEscapementEscapement

Right - TransmitterRight - Transmitter Left - ReceiverLeft - Receiver

Keyboard SenderKeyboard SenderGustave Froment (1845)Gustave Froment (1845)Replaced Crank Sender Of Breguet’sReplaced Crank Sender Of Breguet’s

First French Telegraphic DevicesFirst French Telegraphic Devices

Printing DevicesPrinting Devices

WheatstoneWheatstoneReplaced Dial And Pointer On Replaced Dial And Pointer On

AlphabeticalAlphabetical24 Radiating Arms With Letter EngravedHammer Presses On Recording Cylinder

Separate Control Circuit

John W. Brett (1805-1863)John W. Brett (1805-1863)Modified Keyboard Idea Of FromentModified Keyboard Idea Of Froment

Printing DevicesPrinting Devices

David E. Hughes (1831-David E. Hughes (1831-1900)1900)Best IdeaBest IdeaSynchonizedSynchonized

Transmitter Receiver

Morse SystemMorse SystemSamuel F. B. Morse (1791-1872)Samuel F. B. Morse (1791-1872)

Painter Turned Physicist & MechanicPainter Turned Physicist & MechanicModern Day da Vinci

Numerous BiographiesNumerous BiographiesElectromagnet With An Armature Holding A StylusElectromagnet With An Armature Holding A Stylus

Left Long & Short Marks On Paper As It UnrolledTried Ink & PencilDecided On Rod That Embossed Paper

Lacked Experience In Making ElectromagnetsLacked Experience In Making ElectromagnetsStudied Works Of Joseph Henry (1797-1878)First Electromagnet Was 2’ High

Morse SystemMorse SystemSimplicitySimplicity

Make Signal With A Simple Mechanical DeviceMake Signal With A Simple Mechanical DeviceSimilar MovementsSimilar Movements

TransmitterReceiver

Single Code With 2 ElementsSingle Code With 2 ElementsShort & Long SignalsCombinations Of 4 Signals

Every Letter Of Alphabet 12 + 22 + 32 + 42 = 2 + 4 + 9 + 16 = 31 Similarities & Symmetry

Morse SystemMorse System

Manual TransmitterManual TransmitterRight - Flexible Blade (First Model)Right - Flexible Blade (First Model)Left - Jointed Lever Type With Reversing SpringLeft - Jointed Lever Type With Reversing Spring

Perfected Morse System (1845)Perfected Morse System (1845)Diagram Of ConnectionsDiagram Of Connections

Baltimore To Washington (1845)Baltimore To Washington (1845) Adopted Throughout Europe (Beginning 1846)Adopted Throughout Europe (Beginning 1846) International Communication (1854)International Communication (1854)

Morse SystemMorse System

Telegraph LinesTelegraph Lines

Success Of Telegraph Depended On:Success Of Telegraph Depended On:Transmitting & Receiving DevicesTransmitting & Receiving DevicesBatteriesBatteriesTransmission LinesTransmission Lines

First LinesFirst LinesIron Wires - Poor ResultsIron Wires - Poor ResultsCopper Wires - Tempted ThievesCopper Wires - Tempted Thieves

UndergroundCovered With Cotton & Pitch

Insulating Wires In SuspensionInsulating Wires In Suspension

Telegraph LinesTelegraph Lines Ring Insulator (1845)Ring Insulator (1845) Insulator With Tension Devices (1845)Insulator With Tension Devices (1845) Porcelein Insulator (1860)Porcelein Insulator (1860)

Telegraph Produced Numerous InventionsTelegraph Produced Numerous InventionsLightning RodsLightning RodsCummutators, Relays, Sound Devices, Cummutators, Relays, Sound Devices,

Galvanometers, Measuring InstrumentsGalvanometers, Measuring InstrumentsTelephoneTelephone

New OccupationsNew OccupationsPhysicists To Electrical EngineeringPhysicists To Electrical EngineeringFirst High Tech Occupation In The WestFirst High Tech Occupation In The West

Machinery & Electrical IndustryMachinery & Electrical Industry

Machinery & Electrical IndustryMachinery & Electrical Industry Pixii (1832)Pixii (1832)

Magnetoelectric MotorMagnetoelectric Motor

Froment (1844)Froment (1844)Electric GeneratorsElectric Generators

Shown - FromentShown - Froment8 Soft Iron Hubs8 Soft Iron Hubs4 Elctromagnets4 ElctromagnetsAdapted (1855)Adapted (1855)

Power Clocks In Telegraph Machines

TelephoneTelephone

Robert Hooke (1635-1703)Robert Hooke (1635-1703)““Tis not impossible to hear a whisper a furlong’s Tis not impossible to hear a whisper a furlong’s

distance, it having already been done; and perhaps distance, it having already been done; and perhaps the nature of the thing would not make it more the nature of the thing would not make it more impossible though that furlong should be ten times impossible though that furlong should be ten times multiplied”multiplied”

J. Philipp Reis (1834-1874)J. Philipp Reis (1834-1874)First Practical Electric Telephone (1861)First Practical Electric Telephone (1861)Just A ToyJust A Toy

TelephoneTelephone

18761876Alexander Graham Bell - Awarded PatentAlexander Graham Bell - Awarded Patent

Based On Hermann Helmholtz’s Work

Elisha Gray - Superior DesignElisha Gray - Superior DesignAlexander Graham BellAlexander Graham Bell

Teacher Of DeafTeacher Of DeafUsed No External Power SourceUsed No External Power Source

Still Can Be Used For Short Distances

Transmitter & Receiver Nearly IdenticalTransmitter & Receiver Nearly IdenticalElectromagnetic MicrophoneElectromagnetic Microphone