TEKS B. 6 D & F – Mendelian Genetics/Exceptions/Karyotypes

TEKS 7.9 A

TEKS 6 D & FMendelian Genetics

Pedigrees & Karyotypes

TAKS Objective 2 – The student will demonstrate an understanding of living systems and the environment.

TEKS Science Concepts 6 D & FThe student knows the structures and functions of nucleic acids in the mechanisms of genetics. The student is expected to

(D)compare genetic variations observed in plants and animals

(A) identify and analyze karyotypes.

TAKS Objective 2 page 1

TEKS 7.9 A

For Teacher’s Eyes OnlyMendelian Genetics

Pedigrees

Karyotypes

Student Prior KnowledgeStudents should be familiar with the components associated with body systems TEKS 6.10 (C) identify how structure complements function at different levels of organization including organs, organ systems, organisms, and populations and the functions of these systems.


TEKS 7.9 A

5 E’s

ENGAGEComical X and Y Chromosome Maps

Comic relief and fun discussing differences on the X and Y chromosome maps.

EXPLOREExplore 1

Fundamentally Genetics

In groups of two, students will look at each other to determine whether they are dominant or recessive for specific, identifiable traits.

Explore 2

Bugs, Bugs, Bugs

Genes for traits are encoded and arranged linearly on structures called chromosomes found in the nuclei of most cells. When organisms reproduce, the resulting offspring should receive an equal number of chromosomes from the mother and the father.

In this activity students will use the chromosomes and Bug Traits Key to determine the genotype and phenotype of the offspring.


Mendelian Genetics

TEKS 7.9 A

Explore 3

Begin Wisconsin Fast Plants Genetics Lab

Explore 4

Predicting Outcomes of One Trait Crosses

Monohybrid Punnett Squares

Upon completion of this activity, students will be able to predict the outcomes of various monohybrid crosses.

Predicting Outcomes of Two Trait Crosses

Dihybrid Punnett Squares

What predictions can be made when looking at two traits. Students will complete this activity to predict the outcomes of various dihybrid crosses.

EXPLAINComplete the Mendelian Genetics PowerPoint presentation with your student with discussion and the completion of the following questions.

ELABORATEElaboration 1

Exceptions to Mendel’s Rules

Students will complete various Punnet squares problems that will involve the following types of inheritance: Sex-Linked, Multiple Alleles, Co-Dominance, Incomplete Dominance


TEKS 7.9 A

Elaboration 2

Who’s the Parents?

Obtain WARD’S Scientific lab kit Simulated ABO Blood Typing Lab Activity from www.wardsci.com Item #36 V 0022

Upon completion of this lab, students will:

determine the ABO blood types of two sets of parents and two newborn children

examine the genetic relationships possible between the parents and children

match the “mixed up” children with their proper parents.

EVALUATE REWRITE1.


http://www.wardsci.com/

BiologyTAKS Objective 2 page 6

Biology

Fundamentally Genetics


Biology

Bugs, Bugs, Bugs


Biology

Predicting Outcomes of One Trait Crosses

Monohybrid Punnett Squares

The Punnett Square:

The Punnett square is a chart, used by geneticists, to help determine the chances of an offspring receiving a particular characteristic. The Punnett square will not tell you how many offspring will develop, or the order in which they will be born. B = brown hair and b = blonde hair.

Example: ----------Bb X Bb ---------Parents who are heterozygous for Brown hair.

Gametes: ----------B and b ; B and b-------Each parent produces 2 gametes.

Punnett Square:

Gametes -------|----> B b

B

--------------------------------- ----------------------

B

---------------------- ---------------------

1. What are the chances of the offspring being homozygous brown haired? ____________.

2. What are the chances of the offspring having blonde hair? __________________.

3. What are the chances of the offspring being heterozygous brown haired? ___________.

4. What is the genotypic ratio? _________________.

5. What is the phenotypic ratio? ________________.

6. What is the dominant gene? _________________.


Biology

7. Is there a heterozygous blonde haired offspring? ___________. Why? ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Questions:

8. If curly hair is dominant to straight hair, what letters will we use to show these genes?

9. If a heterozygous curly haired male marries a straight haired female, what would there genotypes look like using the letters in question 8 ? ________________X _________________.

10. What would be the gametes for the male parent? ____________________

11. What would be the gametes for the female parent? ___________________

12. Work out the Punnett square in the space below and answer the following questions.

Gametes -------|----> B b

B

--------------------------------- ----------------------

B

---------------------- ---------------------

13. What are the chances of the offspring being homozygous curly haired? ___________________.

14. What are the chances of the offspring having straight hair? __________________.

15. What are the chances of the offspring being heterozygous curly haired? ____________.





Biology

19. Is there a heterozygous straight haired offspring? ___________. Why?_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

20. If yellow pods are dominant to green pods, what letters will we use to show these genes?

21. If a heterozygous yellow male is crossed with another heterozygous yellow female, what would there genotypes look like using the letters in question 20 ? ________________X _________________.

22. What would be the gametes for the male parent? ____________________

23. What would be the gametes for the female parent? ___________________


Gametes -------|----> B b

B

-------------------------------- ----------------------

B

---------------------- ---------------------

25. What are the chances of the offspring being homozygous green? ________________.

26. What are the chances of the offspring being yellow? __________________.

27. What are the chances of the offspring being heterozygous yellow? ________________.





Biology

31. Is there a heterozygous green offspring? ___________. Why? ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________


Biology

Predicting Outcomes of Two Trait Crosses

Dihybrid Cross

Independent Assortment: Mendel's 4th Law explains that , when gametes are formed, genes move into these gametes independently of other genes. This occurs only if these genes are on different chromosomes.

Dihybrid Cross: A genetic problem with two different characteristics.

T = Tall, t= short.---------B = brown hair, b = blonde hair

Parents: TTBB-- X ttbb

Gametes: TB -tb

Punnett Square:

Gametes tb

TB TtBb

Notice that each parent produces gametes with 2 genes, one from each pair. Never do we have more than one gene from each pair in a gamete. We are now going to mate two of the offspring produced in the above problem.

Parents: --- -TtBb ---X -- TtBb

Gametes:- TB--- TB

Tb - -Tb

tB tB

tb tb

Punnett Square:


Biology

Gametes TB Tb tB tb

TB TTBB TTBb TtBB TtBb

Tb TTBb TTbb TtBb Ttbb

tB TtBB TtBb -------- --------

tb -------- -------- -------- ttbb

a). What is the phenotypic ratio: ________________________________

b). What is the genotypic ratio? _____________________________________________.

Problem:

Cross a homozygous tall, heterozygous brown haired male with a heterozygous tall, blonde haired female.

--------------------------- --__________________X ____________________

Gametes: ----------------------____________ -------------______________

Gametes: ----------------------____________ -------------______________

Gametes: ----------------------____________ -------------______________

Gametes: ----------------------____________ -------------______________

Punnett square:

Gametes TB Tb tB tb

TB TTBB TTBb TtBB TtBb

Tb -------- -------- -------- --------

tB -------- -------- -------- --------

tb -------- -------- -------- ttbb


Biology

a). What is the phenotypic ratio ? ____________________________

b). What is the genotypic ratio ? ____________________________

c). How many offspring are homozygous for both characteristics ? _______________.

d). How many offspring are heterozygous for both characteristics ? _________________.


Biology

Mendelian Genetics Guided Notes

Mendel and Genetics

Directions: Answer the following questions completely.

1. The _________________________ is a chart, used by geneticists, to help determine the chances of an offspring receiving a particular characteristic.

2. Before parents can mate successfully, each one must produce special cells called _________________.

3. These special cells contain ______________ the normal number of chromosomes of regular body cells.

4. ________________________ is considered the father of Genetics.

5. DNA contains the code for every ____________________ that an organism can produce.

6. According to Mendel, ______________ pairs separate during gamete formation.

7. Mendel called traits that appeared more often than its alternate ____________________.

8. This trait or characteristic is assigned a(n) _________________ letter to distinguish it from its recessive allele.

9. If two alleles for a characteristic are identical, the organism is said to be _________________________ for that trait.

10. Another word for hybrid is ___________________________.

11. The ____________________ is the outward appearance of an organism’s trait.

12. Tt or BB represents the _______________________ of an organism.

13. An alternate form of a gene is called its __________________________.


Biology

Read the following problem, solve it by working out the Punnett square, and then answer the questions that follow.

Mate a rooster that is homozygous for curly feathers with a hen that is heterozygous for straight feathers. Straight feathers are dominant to curly feathers.

1. Choose a letter to represent the allele curly feathers ___________ and one for the allele straight feathers __________.

2. Write out the genotypes of each parent below:

______________ X _______________

3. List the gametes for each parent: _____ _____ and ____ ____

Show all work for full credit.

Gametes -------|----> B b

B

--------------------------------- ----------------------

B

---------------------- ---------------------

4. What are the chances of the offspring having curly feathers? __________________.

5. What are the chances of the offspring having straight feathers? __________________.




Biology

8. Being able to roll your tongue into a u shape is caused by a dominant gene. The recessive allele does not allow this to happen. Two parents, one with the ability to roll her tongue and the other one cannot roll his, mate and have two children. All of the children cannot roll their tongues. What is the genotype of each parent? ______________and _______________.

Mendel tried to determine if green seed color was dominant to yellow seed color. The result of the experiment is found below. Examine the data, bar graph it, and answer the questions that follow.

Generation of Plants

Number of Yellow Seeds Produced per generation

Number of Green Seeds Produced per generation

P 0 0

F1 0 100

F2 102 312

F3 303 879

F4 970 2900

F5 2,970 9,080


Biology

Graph Title: ___________________________________________________________


Biology

1. What color appears to be the dominant allele? _______________________.

2. Why? ________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________

3. What is the phenotypic ratio of the above experiment? ______________________.

4. What is the dependent variable? ____________________________________________.

5. What is the independent variable? __________________________________________.

6. Explain why the F1 generation contained all green seeds. _______________________________________________________________________________________________

7. What was the genotype of the F1 generation? ___________________.

__________________________________________________________________


Biology

Exceptions to Mendel’s Rules

Multiple Alleles, Co-Dominance, Incomplete Dominance

Incomplete Dominance

Sometimes the masking effect of a dominant allele (gene) is not complete. This is evident in the case of the red and white 4 o'clock flower. If we mate a homozygous red flower (RR) with a homozygous white flower (WW), we would expect all the offspring to be red. Instead all of the flowers came out pink. Red did not completely mask the white allele. The red gene allows the production of red pigment, if it is in a homozygous condition. The white gene does not allow pigment production. If one R gene is present, half of the pigment is produced and a pink color appears. The genotype for pink colored flowers is RW. This condition also occurs in cattle, where the individual with the genotype RW is called a roan.

Define incomplete dominance ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Give two characteristics that are governed by incomplete dominance?

__________________________________________________________________


Biology

Example -------------------------------------RR ------X------WW

Punnett Square:

Gametes W W

R

RW RW

R

RW RW

1. What are the chances of having pink offspring ? ___________________.

2. What are the chances of having red offspring ? __________________.

3. What are the chances of having white offspring ? __________________.

4. What is the genotypic ratio ? _________________.

5. What is the phenotypic ratio ? ________________.

6. A farmer wants to mate two roans together. What are the genotypes of the these animals ? _____________ X _________________

7. What would be the gametes for the male parent ? ____________________

8. What would be the gametes for the female parent ? ___________________


Gametes -------|----> B b

B

--------------------------------- ----------------------

---------------------- ---------------------


Biology

B

10. What are the chances of having red offspring ? ___________________.

11. What are the chances of having white offspring ? __________________.

12. What are the chances of having roans ? __________________.

13. What is the genotypic ratio ? _________________.

14. What is the phenotypic ratio ? __________________________________________________________

15. What information would let a person know that a characteristic is governed by incomplete dominance? __________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________


Biology

Multiple Alleles and Co-Dominance

16. Define multiple alleles. __________________________________________________

__________________________________________________.

17. What are the genotypes for Blood type A? ____________________, Type B? ________________________, and Type O? ______________________.

18. What is the genotype of the universal donor? ____________________________

19. A man with heterozygous B type blood marries a women with heterozygous A blood. What are the chances of them having children with type A blood? __________, Type B blood? _____________, O type blood? _____________. Work out the problem below.

Punnett Square:

Gametes -------|----> B B

B

--------------------------------- ----------------------

b

---------------------- ---------------------

20. Of the three alleles for blood type which two are codominant? ____________________.

21. At a local hospital, Mr. and Mrs. Lump had a child at the same time as Mr. and Mrs. Bump. The Lumps had a boy and called him Bill, while the Bumps also had a boy and called him Tony. A few weeks past and the Bumps claimed the babies were switched. They sued the hospital and all 6 individuals were asked to get their blood tested. The results of the tests were: Mr. Lump had A type blood, his wife had B type blood, and Bill had A type blood. Mr. Bump tested for O type blood, his wife had AB blood, and Tony had O type blood. Was there a switch? _________. How do you or do you not know?____________________________


Biology

Work the punnett square for each of the parents below:

The Bumps: ________ X ________. The Lumps: _________X________

Gametes ---> B b Gametes ---> B b

B

---------------------------------

----------------------

B

--------------------------------- ----------------------

B

---------------------- ---------------------

B

------------------- --- ---------------------


Biology

Who’s the Parents?

Inheritance Patterns of Blood Types

Use the provided documents from the Ward’s science kit.


Biology

5 E’s

ENGAGEPedigrees

Read the short story Alexis: The Prince Who Had Hemophilia –by:-Kelley, Laureen A.Set in the early 1900s, this is the story of the youngest child of Tsar Nicholas II of Russia, last Tsar of Russia. The story includes how Alexis's haemophilia influenced the course of events in Russia that led to the Russian Revolution. (Ages 8 to adult.)Cost: FREEwww.kelleycom.com

Kelley, Laureen A., 1992 LA Kelley Communications, Inc.68 East Main Street, Suite 102Georgetown, MA 01833(978) 352-7657

Complete the PowerPoint presentation and discussion of the spread of hemophilia through the Royal Family. The history and pedigrees will engage students in predicting inheritance patterns. Have student complete the Sex Chromosomes hand out in the Blackline Masters before continuing with karyotypes.

Karyotypes

Show students various normal and abnormal karyotypes with their corresponding diseases and symptoms.


Pedigrees and Karyotypes

http://www.kelleycom.com/

Biology

EXPLOREExplore 1

Sex-Linked Inheritance (Blackline Masters)

Explore 2

What Do You Know About Diabetes?

Obtain this kit from www.sciencekit.com item number WW4810600. This activity will review covered information over the digestive system and allow students to a different aspect of diabetes. Students compare a “normal” DNA strand with one that has a mutation known to cause diabetes. They then test solutions with glucose test strips to determine the glucose levels of each, examine the disorder from a Mendelian perspective (pedigrees), workout a diet according to NIDDK guidelines, and investigate techniques used to determine if a person carries the genes for diabetes. Developed by Bill Humphries.

Explore 3

Analyzing Chromosomes

Students will correctly identify and analyze the chromosomes of a normal male and female.

EXPLAINComplete the Karyotyping and Pedigrees PowerPoint presentation with your student with discussion and the completion of the following questions.


http://www.sciencekit.com/

Biology

ELABORATEElaboration

Pedigrees

Students will analyze and draw conclusions from various pedigrees that they will draw.

Clues from the Karyotype

Order photomicrographs of chromosomes spreads from www.sciencekit.com. Students will become “geneticists” by identifying, organizing and studying human chromosomes to determine if any chromosomal disorder is present in their patient. Order numbers: WW6062301, WW6062401, WW6062501, WW6062601, WW6062701, WW6062801.

EVALUATE REWRITE


http://www.sciencekit.com/

BiologyTAKS Objective 2 page 30

Biology

Sex Chromosomes

1. What are the two sex chromosomes? ________________ and ________________.

2. In order for an individual to be a male he must contain the ___________ and __________ chromosomes.

3. A female's sex chromosomes are ____________and ______________.

4. Of the male and female , the ______________ is responsible for the sex of their offspring.

5. Mate a male (XX) with a female (XY). Answer the questions that follow:

Gametes -------|----> B b

B

--------------------------------- ----------------------

b

---------------------- ---------------------

6. What is the possibility of producing a boy? ___________________.

7. What is the phenotypic ratio? _________________________.

8. If a family contained 5 children, 3 boys and 2 girls, what is the chance of having another girl? ___________________.

9. Explain what happens to a person with Turner's syndrome. ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

10. Who can get Turner's syndrome? __________________________________________

11. Explain the cause of Kleinfelter's syndrome: ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________


Biology

12. Can girls get Klienfelter's syndrome? ___________. Explain __________________________________________________________________

13. How can an individual get Down's syndrome? ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

14. What are sex-linked genes? _______________________________________________

15. What sex chromosome is the largest? _______________

16. Which sex chromosome contains the most genes? ______________

17. Name 2 sex-linked diseases. ______________________________________________

18. What is the genotype of a carrier female for Hemophilia? ________________________

19. Mate a normal male and a carrier female for Hemophilia. Use the Punnett square below to show your work.

XHY x XHXh

20.

What are the chances of having a normal boy? ________________.

21. What are the chances of having a normal girl? __________________.

22. What are the chances of having a hemophiliac boy? ________________.

Sex-Linked Characteristics


Gametes -------|----> B b

B

--------------------------------- ----------------------

b

---------------------- ---------------------

Biology

1. Determine the possible blood types from the cross of a person who is homozygous A blood type and a person who is heterozygous B blood type.

Show you work here:

_______________________ X _______________________

Female Male

Gametes ___________________________ ______________________

_____

___________________________

___________________________

___________________________

___________________________

___________________________

___________________________

2. Humans contain __________ sex chromosomes.

3. Of these sex chromosomes the _________ determines the sex of the child.

4. A gene found on the sex chromosome is called a(n) ________________ gene.

5. Define the term carrier female. _____________________________________

______________________________________________________________.

6. Name two sex-linked conditions. ___________________________________


Biology

7. Cross a carrier female and a normal male in the space below.

_______________________ X _______________________

Female Male

Gametes ___________________________ ______________________

_____

___________________________

___________________________

___________________________

___________________________

___________________________

___________________________

8. What are the chances of their offspring having the disease hemophilia? ____________.

9. What are the chances of their sons being normal? ______________.

10. What are the chances of their daughters being a carrier? ______________.

11. Cross a colorblind male and a carrier female.

_______________________ X _______________________

Female Male

Gametes ___________________________ ______________________

_____

___________________________

___________________________

___________________________

___________________________

___________________________

___________________________

12. What are the chances that their sons will be colorblind? ____________.


Biology

13. What are the chances that their daughters will be carriers? __________.

14. If a woman's father had hemophilia, what are the chances that she is normal? ______________

15. Explain your answer. ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

16. If her mother was a carrier, what are the chances that she is normal? ____________, a carrier? _______

17. Explain why are there more males with sex-linked problems than females?

______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

18. What is a karyotype? ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

19. Name some chromosomal abnormalities detected through the use of karyotypes.

____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Cat color is a sex linked trait. Yellow is the dominant allele while black is recessive. The heterozygous condition results in a mixed coat color refered to as calico. A calico cat is mated to a black cat. What are the chances of them producing calico males? _______________.

_______________________ X _______________________

Female Male

Gametes ___________________________ ______________________

_____

______________________ ____________________________________________


Biology

_____ _____ _____

___________________________

___________________________

___________________________

WHAT DO YOU KNOW ABOUT DIABETES?

Use the handouts provided in the ordered kit.


Biology

Pedigrees

Follow the directions below and draw each pedigree.

1.

a. Generation I : A male with blood type O marries a female with blood type A.

b. Generation II : They have 4 children. The first born is a male with A type blood, the second born is a girl with O type blood, and the last two children were identical twin boys.

c. Generation III : The last boy married a women with type B blood. They had two girls, one with AB blood type and one with B blood type.


Biology

2.

a. Generation I : A man with dark brown hair marries a women with blond hair.

b). Generation II : They have 5 children. The first born is a girl, who marries a man with blond hair, the second and third child are boys with blond hair. The remaining 2 children were girls , both with brown hair.

c). Generation III : The first born girl has 3 girls, all of which have blonde hair. Is it possible for them to have children with brown hair? Explain. ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________


Biology

3.

a. Generation I : A farmer mates a roan bull with a red cow.

b. Generation II: Over a period of 5 years three roan cows and 2 red bulls were born in that order.

c. Generation III : The first roan was mated to a white bull and had 4 calves. The first one was a white bull while the other 3 were cows.


Biology

Analyzing a Normal Karyotype


Biology

Clues from the Karyotype

Use the handouts and directions provided in the ordered kit.


TEKS B. 6 D & F – Mendelian Genetics/Exceptions/Karyotypes

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Transcript of TEKS B. 6 D & F – Mendelian Genetics/Exceptions/Karyotypes