RESTLESS EARTH (Paper 1)FOUNDATION – Past Exam Questions

THE EARTH’S CRUST

1 (a) Are the following statements about continental crust and oceanic crust true or false? Tick the correct boxes.

(3 marks – June 2011)

DISTRIBUTION of Plates/ Fold mountains/ Ocean trenches/ Earthquakes/ Volcanoes

1 (a) (i) Study Figure 1 on the insert, a map showing the locations of young fold mountains and ocean trenches. The following statements describe the locations of young fold mountains and ocean trenches. Tick the three correct statements

(3 marks – June 2012)

4 (a) Study Figure 4 which shows the earth’s tectonic plates and the distribution of young fold mountains.

4 (a) (i) Are the following statements about the distribution of fold mountains true or false? Tick the correct boxes.

(3 marks – June 2009)

4 (a) Study Figure 6 which shows the distribution of volcanoes.

4 (a) (i) Tick the correct box to show whether each of the following statements about the distribution of volcanoes is true or false.

(3 marks – June 2008)

4. Study Figure 4, which shows the distribution of major earthquakes.

4 (a) (i) Tick the correct box to show whether each of the following statements is true or false.

(3 marks – June 2005)

4 (a) (ii) Explain the distribution of the earthquakes shown in Figure 4. (2 marks – June 2005)

1 (a) Study Figure 1 which shows the Earth’s tectonic plates and the places where earthquakes occur.

1 a) (i) Are the following statements about the distribution of earthquakes true or false? Tick the correct boxes.

(3 marks – June 2010)

1 (a) (ii) On Figure 1, the letter A is on a plate boundary. What type of plate boundary is shown by the letter A? Circle the correct type in the following list.

Conservative Constructive Destructive(1 mark – June 2010)

1 (a) Study Figure 1 which shows the earth’s tectonic plates and the distribution of volcanoes and super volcanoes.

1 (a) (i) Tick the correct box to show whether each of the following statements about the distribution of volcanoes and supervolcanoes is True or False.

(4 marks – Specimen Paper)

Insert map from specimen paper here

PLATE BOUNDARIES

1 (a) Study Figure 1, a map showing the earth’s tectonic plates and margins (boundaries).

Three plate margins, X, Y and Z, are shown in Figure 1. Complete the table below by naming the types of plate margin shown at X, Y and Z. Choose from destructive, constructive and conservative.

(3 marks – June 2013)

1 (b) Name two landforms that are found at a destructive plate margin. (2 marks – June 2013)

1 (a) (iii) Complete the paragraph below to explain why earthquakes occur at conservative plate boundaries. Choose the correct words from this list.

apart from jerking different lava slide past parallel with pressure smooth

At conservative plate boundaries, plates move .................................. each other. They .................................. each other. The plates often stick and .................................. builds up. The sudden release of the plates causes a .................................. movement and an earthquake occurs. (4 marks – June 2010)

4 (a) (ii) Mount St Helens, in the USA, is a volcano which occurs at a compressional (destructive) plate boundary. Figure 7 is a cross-section of a compressional (destructive) plate boundary. Label Figure 7 to explain why volcanoes such as Mount St Helens occur at compressional plate boundaries. Choose four correct labels from the list below. Write the letter in the correct box.

A Magma moves towards the surface through a vent.B Oceanic crust sinks below continental crust.C Continental crust is less dense than oceanic crust.D Plates are moving apart.E Friction and heat melt rock.

(4 marks – June 2008)

1 (c) Earthquakes occur at destructive plate margins (boundaries). Figure 2 shows a destructive plate margin. With the help of Figure 2, explain why earthquakes occur at destructive plate margins

(4 marks – June 2014)

1 (a) (ii) Complete the paragraph below to explain why volcanoes occur at constructive plate boundaries. Choose the correct words from the following list.

At constructive plate boundaries, the plates are moving ……………….. .Hot, molten rock called ……………….. moves up from the mantle. Thisbuilds up and a volcano with ……………….. sides is formed. (3 marks – Specimen Paper)

1 (b) (iii) Figure 2 shows that volcanoes are formed at constructive plate boundaries. Write a sentence in each box to explain why volcanoes occur at constructive plate boundaries.

(3 marks – June 2011)

gentlemagmaaparttogethersteeplava

FOLD MOUNTAINS

4 (b) Mount St Helens is part of the Cascade Range of young fold mountains. Complete the sentences below to explain how Fold Mountains are formed. Choose the correct words from the list.

Fold mountains are formed along ......................................................... . Over millions of years, thick sediments were ....................................... in huge depressions. The sediments were compressed into solid rocks such as......................................................... . The plates moved .........................................................., forcing the rocks upwards into fold mountains.

(4 marks – June 2004)

eroded sandstone apart plate boundariestogether deposited ocean ridges granite

4 (a) (ii) Figure 5 shows the stages in the formation of Fold Mountains. Add a sentence in each box to explain the formation of Fold Mountains. (3 marks – June 2009)

1 (a) (iii) Figure 2 shows the formation of young fold mountains. Complete the sentence in each box to explain the formation of young fold mountains. (4 marks – June 2012)

1 (e) Are the following statements about fold mountains true or false? Tick the correct boxes.

(4 marks – June 2014)

4 (a) (iii) Give a reason(s) why one type of human activity happens in fold mountain areas. (2 marks – June 2009)

1 (d) (i) Study Figure 3 on the insert, photographs of how people use fold mountains. Choose one of the photographs – A, B, C or D. State which photograph you have chosen and describe how people are using Fold Mountains in the photograph you have chosen.

(3 marks – June 2011)

OCEAN TRENCHES

1 (a) (ii) Give two characteristics of an ocean trench. (2 marks – June 2012)

VOLCANOES

4 (b) (i) Study Figure 5, which shows a cross section through Mount Vesuvius, a composite volcano. On Figure 5, label features X, Y and Z. (3 marks – June 2003)

4 (ii) Circle the correct answer below to show the type of plate boundary where a composite volcano is formed. (1 mark – June 2003)

o Constructive (Tensional) Plate boundary

o Destructive (Compressional) boundary

1 (b) (i) Study Figure 1 on the insert, a photograph of Mount Vesuvius, a volcano in Italy. Three characteristics of the volcano are shown by X, Y and Z on Figure 1. Write labels for X, Y and Z. (3 marks – June 2011)

1 (b) (ii) Is the volcano, Mount Vesuvius, shown in Figure 1 on the insert, a composite volcano or a shield volcano? Circle the correct answer. (1 mark – June 2011)

Composite Shield

4 (b) (i) Volcanoes can occur in fold mountain ranges. Figure 6, on the insert, shows Mt Fuji in Japan. What type of volcano is Mt Fuji? Circle the correct answer. (1 mark – June 2009)

Composite Shield

4 (b) (ii) Figure 7 below is a sketch of Figure 6 on the insert. On Figure 7, write a label in box X and a label in box Y to describe the volcano. (2 marks – June 2009)

4 (a) (i) On the outline below, draw a cross-section through Mauna Loa, a volcano in Hawaii. Use the following information:

it is 400 kilometres wide at its base;

it rises 10 000 metres above the sea bed; it has a central crater.

(3 marks – June 2007)

4 (a) (ii) Tick the correct box to show whether each of the following statements about Mauna Loa is true or false.

(3 marks – June 2007)

1 (c) Outline the characteristics of a shield volcano. (2 marks – June 2013)

1 (d) Explain the formation of a composite volcano. (4 marks – June 2013)

1 (e) Volcanic eruptions have effects on the surrounding area. Complete the table below to show whether each effect is: Primary (P) or Secondary (S) and Positive (Po) or Negative (N). One has been done for you.

(4 marks – June 2013)

4 (b) (i) Study Figure 8, on the insert, which shows information about the area north of the crater of Mount St Helens, an active volcano. Give one physical and one human attraction shown on Figure 8. (2 marks – June 2008)

4 (b) (ii) Figure 8, on the insert, lists the activities which are not allowed in the Restricted Area of Mount St Helens. For one of these activities, suggest why it is not allowed.

(2 marks - June 2008)

4 (a) (i) Study Figure 6, on the insert, which shows the effects of the eruption of Mount St Helens in 1980. Using Figure 6, give three effects of the eruption on the natural environment.

(3 marks – June 2004)4 (a) (ii) Using Figure 6, on the insert, explain how the eruption may have affected the local people. (4 marks – June 2004)

4 (b) (i) Study Figure 5, which shows the area around Mount Vesuvius, a volcano in Italy. Using Figure 5, explain why it is an advantage to live near to Mount Vesuvius.

(3 marks - June 2006)

4 (b) (ii) Describe the disadvantages of living near to volcanoes such as Vesuvius. (2 marks - June 2006)

4 (c) Study Figure 5 which shows the island of Hawaii.

4 (c) (i) Name the highest volcano on the island of Hawaii. (1 mark – June 2007)

Sketch Map of Mount Vesuvius, Italy - not reproduced here due to third-party copyright constraints.

4 (c) (ii) Give one tourist attraction that could be visited on the island. (1 mark – June 2007)

4 (c) (iii) Apart from tourism, describe some other advantages of living near volcanoes. (3 marks – June 2007)

SUPERVOLCANOES

1 (c) (i) Describe the size and shape of a supervolcano. (2 marks – June 2011)

1 (a) (iii) Give one difference between a volcano and a supervolcano for each of the following.

Shape Scale of eruption (4 marks – Specimen Paper)

EARTHQUAKES

1 (a) What is an earthquake? (2 marks – June 2014)

1 (c) Describe a method, other than the Richter Scale, of measuring earthquakes. (4 marks – Specimen Paper)

1 (c) Describe how earthquakes are measured using the Mercalli Scale. (4 marks – June 2012)

4 (b) Study Figure 5, which shows a cross-section through an area affected by an earthquake.4 (b) (i) On Figure 5, clearly mark and label the following: Focus Epicentre

(2 marks – June 2005)

4 (b) (ii) Place the letter D on Figure 5 where you would expect the greatest loss of life to occur from the earthquake. (1 mark – June 2005)

4 (b) (iii) Explain your chosen location for the letter D. (3 marks – June 2005)

1 (f) (i) Study Figure 2a on the insert, information about the Japanese earthquake and tsunami on 11 March 2011. Where was the epicentre of the earthquake?

(1 mark – June 2013)

4. Figure 4 shows some information about earthquakes.

4 (a) (i) Figure 4 shows that the earthquake in Japan in 1995 measured between 7 and 7.9 on the Richter scale. How should it be described? Tick one box. (1 mark – June 2003)

4 (a) (ii) What happens to the number of earthquakes per year as the strength increases? (1 mark – June 2003)

4 (a) (iii) Using Figure 4, give the location of the earthquake that caused the least loss of life. (1 mark – June 2003)

4 (a) (iv) Using Figure 4, what was the strength of the earthquake that caused the greatest loss of life? (1 mark – June 2003)

4 (a) (v) Why do some earthquakes cause more deaths than others? (3 marks – June 2003)

1 (b) (i) Study Figure 1, a table showing the largest and deadliest earthquakes from 2008 to 2012. Use information from Figure 1 to complete the fact file underneath.

(3 marks – June 2014)

1 (b) (ii) Outline one reason why the largest earthquakes do not always cause the most deaths (2 marks – June 2014)

1 (b) (i) Study Figure 2 which shows information about the six earthquakes that have caused most deaths in the last 100 years.

1 (b) Give evidence that is either for or against the statement that ‘the higher the magnitude of the earthquake, the greater the number of deaths’. (2 marks – Specimen Paper)

1 (b) (ii) Suggest possible reasons why most deaths occurred in Tangshan, China, even though this earthquake measured 7.5 on the Richter scale. (2 marks – Specimen Paper)

4 (a) Study Figure 4, which shows information about the earthquake in the Indian Ocean on 26 December 2004.

4 (a) (i) What did the earthquake measure on the Richter Scale? (1 mark – June 2006)

4 (a) (ii) Off the coast of which island was the epicentre of the earthquake? (1 mark – June 2006)

4 (a) (iii) What caused the loss of life in the affected countries? (1 mark – June 2006)

4 (a) (iv) Using Figure 4, complete the sentences below to explain why there was an earthquake.

There is a plate boundary in the ................................................ Ocean. Here the plates are moving ................................................ . The plates are called the Indo-Australian plate and the ................................................ plate. The plates suddenly moved, causing the earthquake.

(3 marks – June 2006)

4 (a) (v) Suggest why the loss of life was so great in Sumatra, part of an LEDC. (4 marks – June 2006)

1 (b) Study Figure 2, on the insert, a 1:50 000 Ordnance Survey map extract of Market Rasen, Lincolnshire. An earthquake struck Market Rasen on 27 February 2008. Figure 3 is a sketch map drawn from Figure 2.

1 (b) (i) The epicentre of the earthquake was 4 km north of the railway station in Market Rasen. On Figure 3, mark the position of the epicentre with the letter X.

(2 marks – June 2010)

1 (b) (ii) Damage was reported to Legsby parish church in grid square 1385 and to chimneys of houses at grid reference 108892. On Figure 3, draw two arrows to show where this damage occurred. Label these arrows with the correct letters Y and Z from the key.

(3 marks – June 2010)

1 (b) (iii) The earthquake measured 5.2 on the Richter Scale. With the help of Figure 2 and your own knowledge, explain why the damage was limited. (4 marks – June 2010)

1 (b) Study Figure 3 on the insert , which shows characteristics of the L’Aquila, Italy earthquake in April 2009 and the Haiti earthquake in January 2010.

1 (b) (i) Use Figure 3 to complete the missing information in the table below. (3 marks – June 2012)

1 (b) (ii) With the help of Figure 3, outline the differences in the magnitude of the two earthquakes. (3 marks – June 2012)

1 (d) Study Figures 3a and 3b on the insert, photographs showing responses to the earthquake in Christchurch, New Zealand in 2010. Use Figures 3a and 3b to describe how people respond to earthquakes. (4 marks – 2014)

TSUNAMIS

1 (c) (i) Explain why a tsunami is a secondary effect of plate movement. (2 marks – June 2010)

1 (f) (ii) Study Figures 2a and 2b on the insert, information about the Japanese earthquake and tsunami on 11 March 2011. Use Figures 2a and 2b to explain the cause of the Japanese tsunami. (3 marks – June 2013)

CASE STUDY Questions

4 (c) Describe the human activities in an area of young fold mountains that you have studied. (4 marks June 2004)

1 (f) Use a case study to describe how people use Fold Mountains. (6 marks – June 2014)

1 (d) (ii) Fold mountain areas suffer from limited communications, steep slopes and poor soils.Describe how people have coped with one or more of these problems. (4 marks – June 2011)

4 (iii) Using one or more examples of a volcanic eruption, describe the effects on the environment and people. (4 marks – June 2003)

4 (b) Describe the immediate effects of a volcanic eruption or earthquake that you have studied. (4 marks – June 2007)

4 (c) Earthquakes are another example of tectonic activity. Describe the primary and secondary effects of an earthquake. (4 marks – June 2008)

1 (d) Describe how the effects of an earthquake in a richer area of the world are different from the effects of an earthquake in a poorer area of the world. (6 marks – June 2012)

1 (d) Describe the immediate and long-term responses to an earthquake that you have studied in a poor part of the world. (6 marks – Specimen Paper)

4 (c) For an earthquake or volcanic eruption you have studied, describe the ways in which people responded to the disaster. (4 marks – June 2005)

4 (c) Describe how the short term responses to volcanic eruptions and / or earthquakes inMEDCs are different from the short term responses in LEDCs. (4 marks – June 2009)

1 (c) (ii) Describe the likely worldwide effects of a supervolcano eruption. (6 marks – June 2011)

1 (c) (ii) Use a case study of a tsunami to describe its effects on coastal areas.(6 marks – June 2010)

1 (g) Use a case study to describe how people respond to a tsunami. (6 marks – June 2013)