Technology,Problems and Issues of Transfer of Techology

8/8/2019 Technology,Problems and Issues of Transfer of Techology

1/19

I. Introduction The systematic knowledge of for the manufacture of aproduct, for the application of a process or for the renderingof a service is called technology.

Technological knowledge is necessary for the installation,operation, and functioning of plant and equipment, andturn-key projects.

Many historians of science argue not only that technology isan essential condition of advanced, industrial civilizationbut also that the rate of technological change has developedits own momentum in recent centuries.


2/19

II. Definition

y Technology, general term for the processes by whichhuman beings fashion tools and machines to increase

their control and understanding of the materialenvironment. The term is derived from the Greekwords tekhn, which refers to an art or craft, and logia,meaning an area of study; thus, technology means,literally, the study, or science, of crafting.


3/19

Steam EngineHarnessing the powerof steam marked asignificant step intechnology. Theintroduction of the

steam engine led tomany new inventions,most notably intransportation andindustry. Steamengines transfer the

energy of heat intomechanical energy.


4/19

III. Transfer of Technology1. Ancient and Medieval Technology The earliest known human artifacts are roughly flaked stones

used for chopping and scraping, found primarily in easternAfrica.

The first toolmakers were nomadic groups of people who usedthe sharp edges of stone to process food. By about 40,000 yearsbefore present.

The next big step in the history of technology was the control

of fire. By striking flint against pyrites to produce sparks,people could kindle fires at will.

By the time of the Bronze Age, They had also embarked on amajor cultural revolution; the shift from nomadic hunting andherding societies to the more settled practice of agriculture.


5/19

A. Rise of Agricultrey By 5000 bc, farming communities were established in areas

known today as Syria, Turkey, Lebanon, Israel, Jordan,Greece, and the islands of Crete and Cyprus

y Development of the Nile River valley led to othertechnological advances. In that valley, the river floods inthe early spring. A system of irrigation and canals had to bedeveloped to water the crops during the growing seasons,when insufficient rain falls.

y Human technology also began to manifest another of itseffects: major alteration of the environment.

y For example, the demand for firewood led to deforestation,and the overgrazing of sheep and cattle caused fewer newtrees to grow in the thin soils of the region.


6/19

Early AgriculturalTools

Humans began farming about12,000 years ago. The ability tocontrol their food supply freedpeople from a nomadic lifestyle,which allowed for the beginning ofcities and towns. These early

farming tools date from about6,000 bc. The picture portrays anaxe (bottom) used for clearing;flint sickles (left), used forharvesting cereal crops; a flat rockand rounded stone (center), usedfor grinding f lour; and perforatedclay slabs (upper right), probably

used to ventilate bread ovens.


7/19

B. UrbanizationyAfter about 3000 bc, one of the most complex

creations of humankind appeared: the city.

y

From this point forward, technology cannot bedescribed only in terms of simple tools, agriculturaladvancements, and technical processes such asmetallurgy, because the city itself is a technologicalsystem.

y The accumulation of precious metals, the acquisitionof the power to build defensive walls, and the controlof armies and priests ensured the ascendancy of theking, who may be called the first urban technologist.


8/19


9/19

2. Middle Agesy The period between the fall of Rome and the Industrial

Revolutionfrom approximately ad 500 to 1500is known asthe Middle Ages.

y

Islamic cultures that thrived during this period were active in theareas of natural philosophy, art, literature, and religion, andIslamic culture in particular made many scientific contributionsthat would be of great importance in the European Renaissance.

y In the area of warfare, cavalry was improved as a military weaponwith the invention of the lance and the building of great castles

in 4

th

century.y One of the most important machines of medieval times was thewindmill.

y Innovations in transportation, horseshoe, whiffletree, springcarriage.


10/19


11/19

3. Modern Technologyy By the end of the Middle Ages the technological systems called cities had long

since become a central feature of Western life.y By the beginning of the 18th century, capital resources and banking systems

were well enough established in Great Britain to initiate investment in mass-

production techniques that would satisfy some of these middle-classaspirations.y The Industrial Revolution started in England, because that nation had the

technological means, government encouragement, and a large and varied tradenetwork.

y The Industrial Revolution brought a new pattern to the division of labor.y One of the several reasons why the United States became a technological leader

in the 20th century was its development of an advanced system of technicaleducationy John von Neumann developed one of the first computers used to solve

problems in mathematics, meteorology, economics, and hydrodynamics.y In the late 19th century, the American inventor Thomas Edison's light bulb

began to replace candles and lamps


12/19

Nuclear-PoweredAircraft Carrier

Nuclear power propels thehuge bulk of the AbrahamLincoln through the water. Partof the fleet of the U.S. Navy,the Abraham Lincoln providesa flight deck for high-performance planes. By navalstandards the ship is very long,

but its runway is still shorterthan most air strips on land. Tocompensate for this, incomingplanes use hooks on theirundersides to catch arrestingcables on the ships deck.


13/19

y Such 19th- and 20th-century inventions as the telephone,the phonograph, the wireless radio, the motion picture, theautomobile, and the airplane served only to add to thenearly universal respect that society in general felt fortechnology.

y World War I and the Great Depression forced a soberingreassessment of this rapid technological explosion.

y

The development of submarines, machine guns,battleships, and chemical warfare made increasingly clearthe destructive side of technological change.

y With World War II, came the development of the weaponthat has since become a general threat to life on earth: the

atomic bomb.y Although national leaders often speak of the peaceful uses

of nuclear energy, nuclear power can never be discussedwithout referring to its dangers as well.


14/19

Technological Progressy Is the important source of economic growth.

y Technology can be classifed:

y Neutral, Labour saving and capital saving.

1. Neutral-occurs when the higher output levels areachieved with same quantity.

2. Labour saving-the use of electronic computers,automated textile looms, high speed electric drills,tractors and mechanical ploughs these aid many other

kinds of modern machinery and equipment is consideredas labour saving.

3. Capital saving-in the labour abundant countries capitalsaving technological progress is most needed.


15/19

Problems and issues of Technology1. The development of submarines, machine guns, battleships, and

chemical warfare made increasingly clear the destructive side oftechnological change.

2. In addition, worldwide mass unemployment and the disasters met by

capitalistic institutions in the 1930s initiated a further strong critiqueof the benefits that result from technological progress.3. Then, with World War II, came the development of the weapon that

has since become a general threat to life on earth: the atomic bomb.4. During the 1950s some observers began to warn that many other

products of technology also had harmful or destructive aspects.

5. Automobile exhausts, they pointed out, were polluting theatmosphere, pesticides such as DDT were threatening the foodchain, and mineral wastes from a wide variety of industrial sources

were polluting large reservoirs of groundwater.


16/19


17/19


18/19


19/19

Thank You

Technology,Problems and Issues of Transfer of Techology

Documents

Transcript of Technology,Problems and Issues of Transfer of Techology