Technology Validation of Hydrogen Refueling Infrastructure · 2020. 10. 21. · Delivered...
Transcript of Technology Validation of Hydrogen Refueling Infrastructure · 2020. 10. 21. · Delivered...
Technology Validation of Hydrogen Refueling Infrastructure
November 6, 2019
Fuel Cell Seminar, Long Beach, CaliforniaGenevieve Saur, Sam Sprik, Jen Kurtz, Shaun Onorato, Spencer Gilleon, Erin Winkler, Mike Peters (presenter)
NREL | 2
NFCTEC Current Status FCEV Ownership
Cost Reliability
Topics of Discussion
NREL’s National Fuel Cell Technology Evaluation Center
NFCTEC
NREL | 4
NREL’s National Fuel Cell Technology Evaluation Center
National Fuel Cell Technology Evaluation Center
CDPs
DDPs
Composite Data Products (CDPs) • Aggregated data across multiple systems, sites, and teams
• Publish analysis results without revealing proprietary data every 6 months2
Detailed Data Products (DDPs) • Individual data analyses• Identify individual contribution to CDPs• Only shared with partner who supplied data every 6 months1
1) Data exchange may happen more frequently based on data, analysis, and collaboration2) Results published via NREL Tech Val website, conferences, and reports
Results
Internal analysis completed quarterly
Bundled data (operation and maintenance/safety) delivered to
NREL quarterly
ConfidentialPublic
National Fuel Cell Technology Evaluation Center(NFCTEC)
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Evaluating Existing Stations/Equipment
Objectives • Use existing stations as real-world guide
for future innovations• Identify issues for research• Have results readily available
FirstElement Fuel, Costa Mesa, CA. Photo: NREL
Air Liquide, Anaheim, CA. Photo: NREL
A Developing Market• 39 retail stations open (34 last AMR)
• All in CA (as of April 2019)• Supporting over 6,000 FCEVs
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Collaborations
Air LiquideAir Products
California State University Los AngelesFirstElement Fuel
H2 FrontierLinde
Proton OnSite/NELShell
StratosFuel
California Energy CommissionCalifornia Air Resources Board
SCAQMD
California Fuel Cell PartnershipIPHE and HySUT
Gas Technology InstituteCA - CDFA Division of
Measurement Standards
Data Requirements > Data Reporting > Analysis Results > Feedback
Current Status
Overview of current retail stations
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Cumulative Stations - Retail Stations
2014
Q4
2015
Q1
2015
Q2
2015
Q3
2015
Q4
2016
Q1
2016
Q2
2016
Q3
2016
Q4
2017
Q1
2017
Q2
2017
Q3
2017
Q4
2018
Q1
2018
Q2
2018
Q3
2018
Q4
2019
Q1Future
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
Num
ber o
f Sta
tions
Future - AwardedRetiredOpen
NREL cdpRETAIL_infr_10Created: Mar-15-19 2:56 PM | Data Range: 2011Q1-2018Q4
925
4,436*
6,700*
2,473
2019Q1: 39 Retail Stations Open25 Future – Awarded stations (CA)Does not include 12-25 northeast stations, 6 built to date
Cumulative Number of Retail Stations
*Argonne National Laboratory, 2019
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Station Types
Hydrogen Station Type - Retail Stations
Trailer
s
Mobile Fuele
r
Onsite E
lectro
lysis
Onsite S
MR
Compresse
d Delive
ry
Liquid Delive
ry
Delive
red Pipeli
ne
Delivered On-Site Other Projects
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
Num
ber o
f Sta
tions
RetiredFutureOpen
NREL cdpRETAIL_infr_11Created: Mar-15-19 2:56 PM | Data Range: 2011Q1-2018Q4
Although most retail stations are compressed H2 delivery, they also include liquid delivery, pipeline, SMR and onsite electrolysis.
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Hydrogen Dispensed By Quarter - Retail Stations
2015
Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4
2016
Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4
2017
Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4
2018
Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4
1 1 3 10 17 20 23 25 26 27 30 30 31 32 32 340
50
100
150
200
250
Hydr
ogen
Dis
pens
ed [1
,000
kg]
Cumulative Hydrogen Dispensed = 1,470,151 kg
By Year
2,341 kg
104,891 kg
449,725 kg
913,194 kg
0 200 400 600 800 1000
H2 Dispensed [1,000 kg]
2015
2016
2017
2018
NREL cdpRETAIL_infr_01Created: Mar-15-19 11:55 AM | Data Range: 2014Q3-2018Q4 Note: Colors represent individual stations. Station count is number
at bottom of bar.
Hydrogen Dispensed by Quarter
Retail stations dispensing significantly more each quarter. Drop in the final quarter is due to several stations not reporting data after October.
# of Stations Reporting
*Colors represent individual stations
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Hydrogen Dispensed by RegionHydrogen Dispensed By Region - Retail Stations
2015
Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4
2016
Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4
2017
Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4
2018
Q1 Q2 Q3 Q40
50
100
150
200
250
Hyd
roge
n D
ispe
nsed
[1,0
00 k
g]
Cumulative Hydrogen DispensedNorthern California = 497,283 kg Southern California = 912,243 kg Connector California = 52,941 kg
Northern CaliforniaSouthern CaliforniaConnector California
By Year
0 200 400 600 800 1000
H2 Dispensed [1,000 kg]
2015
2016
2017
2018
NREL cdpRETAIL_infr_81Created: Mar-05-19 11:13 AM | Data Range: 2014Q3-2018Q4
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0
100
200
300
70M
Pa [k
g]
Daily Fueling Amounts Over Time - Retail Stations
*Daily Average per Month
0
50
100
35M
Pa [k
g]
2015
Mar
May
Ju
l Sep
Nov
2016
Mar
May
Ju
l Sep
Nov
2017
Mar
May
Ju
l Sep
Nov
2018
Mar
May
Ju
l Sep
Nov
Months
0
200
All
[kg]
NREL cdpRETAIL_infr_82Created: Mar-05-19 11:12 AM | Data Range: 2014Q3-2018Q4 *Daily average only includes days with fills.
Daily Fueling by Month
Average daily is approaching 100 kg/day
Several “outlier” days above 200 kg/day
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Hydrogen by Day and Hour – Northern California
sun
0 4 8 12 16 200
5
10
%
mon
0 4 8 12 16 200
5
10
%
tue
0 4 8 12 16 200
5
10
%
wed
0 4 8 12 16 200
5
10
%
thu
0 4 8 12 16 200
5
10
%
fri
0 4 8 12 16 200
5
10
%
sat
0 4 8 12 16 200
5
10
%
HydrogenGasoline*
Fueling Amounts by Day and Hour - Retail Stations - Northern California
NREL cdpRETAIL_infr_88bCreated: Mar-18-19 11:15 AM | Data Range: 2014Q3-2018Q4
*Chevron gasoline profile "Hydrogen Delivery Infrastructure Options Analysis", T. Chen, 2008.
Daily trends approaching those seen in gasoline stations
Fuel Cell Electric Vehicle Ownership
What to expect
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2018 Station Unavailability for 38 stations
Feb 01 Mar 01 Apr 01 May 01 Jun 01 Jul 01 Aug 01 Sep 01 Oct 01 Nov 01 Dec 01
Day of the Year
2am
4am
6am
8am
10am
12pm
2pm
4pm
6pm
8pm
10pm
12am
Tim
e of
Day
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20# of Stations Unavailable
NREL cdpRETAIL_infr_93Created: Mar-21-19 1:27 PM | Data Range: 2012Q1-2018Q4 * y-axis resolution - minutes | x-axis resolution - days
Network Issues
Station Unavailability: Number of Stations Unavailable in 2018
Based on SOSS “Offline” status for all of 2018.
ClosedHours
Opened Hours
Closed Hours
6 stations are closed overnight
32 Stations are open 24/7
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Fueling Time
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Queuing at Stations
Fueling times –supplied in NREL templates (covered in CDPs)Waiting time/queuing – NREL manually collected 2.5 days of data at FirstElementFuel using camera footage from 2 stations.
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Queuing at Stations• Build more accurate queuing models, understand consumer behavior, and provide insight into
station needs • Arrival, waiting, service, departure times, and queueing behavior
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Queuing behavior
Fuel Delivery TruckQueuing in opposite direction Vehicle dropping out of queue
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Queuing at Stations• As your place in queue is higher (more vehicles in front of you) your total time at
station increases• Wait times seen over 20 minutes with total time at station near 30 minutes
0 5 10 15 20 25Wait Time (minutes)
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
Tota
l Tim
e at
Sta
tion
(min
utes
)Number in Queue vs Waiting and Total Time
0
1
2
3
Plac
e in
Que
ue
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Queuing Results Summary
Based on the data: • A FCEV driver would expect to spend a total of about 7 minutes and 24 seconds at
a station (based on the median total time at a station due to skewed data)• A station would expect about 3 vehicles to arrive each hour but require a current
capability of servicing up to at least 12 vehicles per hour
Total Time at Station
Max Median Min Grand Mean
30.2 min 7.4 min 0.1 min 8.5 min
Number of Arrivals per Hour
Max Median Min Grand Mean
12 3 0 2.9
Cost
Exploring cost to station operators and customers
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Hydrogen PriceHydrogen Price by Quarter - Retail Stations
2016
Q1
2016
Q2
2016
Q3
2016
Q4
2017
Q1
2017
Q2
2017
Q3
2017
Q4
2018
Q1
2018
Q2
2018
Q3
2018
Q4
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20H
2 Pr
ice
[$/k
g] H70 Price RangeH35 Price RangeH70 Weighted Price (by kg)H35 Weighted Price (by kg)
NREL cdpRETAIL_infr_89Created: Mar-05-19 11:15 AM | Data Range: 2014Q3-2018Q4
H70 Sales Price - Weighted AvgBy Amount Dispensed:$16.56 in 2018Q4
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Missed Opportunity Fueling
Calculated from average dispensing profiles from each station and their SOSS “Offline”
status.
Missed Fuel Opportunity during Q4 of 2018 for 26 stations (12,342 kg)
1,481 kg
1,690 kg
1,378 kg
1,822 kg
1,902 kg
2,456 kg
1,613 kg
2am 4am 6am 8am 10am 12pm 2pm 4pm 6pm 8pm 10pm 12amTime of the Day
Sun
Mon
Tue
Wed
Thu
Fri
Sat
Day
of t
he W
eek
0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4Missed Opportunity per minute (kg)
NREL cdpRETAIL_infr_91Created: Mar-18-19 12:22 PM | Data Range: 2014Q3-2018Q4 *The minute fill profile was taken as an average from an hourly total.
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Maintenance Costs per kg Dispensed
Maintenance Costs Per kg Dispensed Over Time - Retail Stations
Overall Average: $19 per kg.
2015 2016 2017 2018 20190
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
200
Cos
t per
Am
ount
Dis
pens
ed [$
/kg]
AverageIndividual Stations
NREL cdpRETAIL_infr_53Created: Mar-07-19 3:20 PM | Data Range: 2014Q3-2018Q4
*Each color represents a unique station. 0 data points excluded that were over $1000/kg
Decreasing maintenance cost per kg as more hydrogen dispensed and as stations mature.
Reliability
Looking at what causes station down time and where products can be improved
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Impurities (Retail Stations) - Water
nd d
et. l
im =
1 p
pm
SAEJ
2719
Lim
it =
5 pp
m
nd 0-1 1-1.5 1.5-2 2-3 3-4 4-5 > 5
Measured Impurity [ppm]
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
Num
ber o
f Sam
ples
Delivered CompressedDelivered LiquidDelivered PipelineOnsite ElectrolysisDelivered Compressed; Onsite ElectrolysisOnsite SMR
NREL cdpRETAIL_infr_79Created: Mar-18-19 11:53 AM | Data Range: 2015Q4-2018Q4
261 Total Samples
--Not Detected Summary--
Delivered Compressed 1 Sample(s)--Not Measured Summary--
Delivered Compressed; Onsite Electrolysis 1 Sample(s)
Impurities - Water
This year, we added large number of data points from CA Department of Food and Agriculture, Division of Measurement Standards. We show H20 here but also publish the other constituents.
8 samples over the limit (water), mostly electrolysis stations
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Maintenance by Equipment Type by Quarter - Retail Stations
16 20 22 25 27 28 29 29 31 32 32 31
2016
Q1
2016
Q2
2016
Q3
2016
Q4
2017
Q1
2017
Q2
2017
Q3
2017
Q4
2018
Q1
2018
Q2
2018
Q3
2018
Q4
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
Num
ber o
f Mai
nten
ance
Eve
nts
FEEDWATERELECTROLYZERTHERMAL MANAGEMENTSAFETYSTORAGEELECTRICALAIRGAS MGMT PANELCHILLEROTHERCOMPRESSORDISPENSER
NREL cdpRETAIL_infr_94Created: Mar-15-19 12:20 PM | Data Range: 2014Q3-2018Q4
Number at bottom of bars is number of stations reporting for that quarter.
Maintenance by Equipment Type
Over time, the distribution of maintenance events by equipment type is similar.
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Total Events 1 = 7,95467% unscheduled
6%
12%
25%
57%
entire
system284
entire 923
multiple
systems1143
classifiedevents
5604
Event Count
Total Hours 1 = 17,62379% unscheduled
7%
24%
22%
47%
dispenser
compressor
chiller
gas mgmt panel
NREL cdpRETAIL_infr_21Created: Mar-14-19 3:32 PM | Data Range: 2014Q3-2018Q4
Maintenance by Equipment Type - Retail Stations
Classified Events
MISC includes the following failure modes: feedwater, electrolyzer,thermal management, safety, storage, electrical, air, other
1. Total includes classified events (plotted) and unclassified events.
Maintenance by Equipment Type
Most maintenance remains on dispensers, followed by compressors.
Chiller maintenance large portion of events and hours (stations fill at -40 C).
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Thank you
This work was authored by the National Renewable Energy Laboratory, operated by Alliance for Sustainable Energy, LLC, for the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) under Contract No. DE-AC36-08GO28308. Funding provided by the U.S. Department of Energy Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy Fuel Cell Technologies Office. The views expressed in the article do not necessarily represent the views of the DOE or the U.S. Government. The U.S. Government retains and the publisher, by accepting the article for publication, acknowledges that the U.S. Government retains a nonexclusive, paid-up, irrevocable, worldwide license to publish or reproduce the published form of this work, or allow others to do so, for U.S. Government purposes.
NREL/PR-5400-77950