Technology of Building Construction Part

VILNIUS GEDIMINAS TECHNICAL UNIVERSITYFACULTY OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

Department of Construction Technology and Management

COMPLEX PROJECTTECHNOLOGY OF BUILDING CONSTRUCTION PART

DONE BY:CHECKED BY:

Vilnius2012

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Turinys1. Initial Data..............................................................................................................................................3

1.1 Design data according the given data for Steel Structures part of complex work..........................3

2. The design of the technological card.....................................................................................................42.1 The purpose of the technological card............................................................................................4

2.2 The description of the technology of frame’s mounting works......................................................4

2.3 The selection of mechanisms and equipment..................................................................................5

2.3.1 The selection of stropping equipment......................................................................................52.3.2 Selection of auto crane.............................................................................................................6

2.4 Needs of resources in the construction site.....................................................................................7

2.4.1 Maximum number of persons per shift....................................................................................72.4.2 Accommodations.....................................................................................................................82.4.3 Temporary water supplies........................................................................................................82.4.4 Electricity supplies...................................................................................................................9

2.5 Calculation of needs of work expenditures and payment..............................................................10

2.5.1 Calculation of work expenditures...............................................................................................102.5.2 Calculations of needs of materials..............................................................................................112.3.3 The prime cost of mounting works.............................................................................................12

2.6 Works safety..................................................................................................................................12

2.6.1 Work safety requirements......................................................................................................122.6.2 Work with cranes...................................................................................................................13

2.7 Organizing of the quality control..................................................................................................14

2.7.1 The allowable deviations of columns, trusses and beams.....................................................142.7.2 Control of prefabricated constructions’ mounting.................................................................15

3 Finishing works....................................................................................................................................163.1. Economical indicators.......................................................................................................................16

3.6.1 Calculations of payments.......................................................................................................164 Information sources..............................................................................................................................16

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1. Initial Data

1.1 Design data according the given data for Steel Structures part of complex work.

According the given data, a steel frame structure of four floors is designed. Main data which is necessary for

the designing of the technological card is provided in the Table 1. :

Table 1. Main characteristics.

Total length of the structure (the distance between 1st and last axis) 20 m

Total width of the structure (the distance between 1st and last axis) 9 m

The distance between 2 columns in longitudinal direction 10 m

The distance between 2 columns in transverse direction 4.5 m

Characteristics of H shaped columns (HEA 300):

Length:

Mass of one unit:

Amount of units:

Total mass:

9.49 m

839.2 kg

9 units

7552.8 kg

Characteristics of welded main beams:

Length:

Mass of one unit:

Amount of units:

Total mass:

Characteristics of I shaped deck beams (IPE 220):

Length:

Mass of one unit:

Amount of units:

Total mass:

9.995 m

10212.9 kg

6 units

61277.3 kg

4.495 m

117.77 kg

20vnt

2355.4 kg

The reinforced concrete deck:

Amount: 28.8 m³

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2. The design of the technological card

2.1 The purpose of the technological card

The technological card in this project is designed for mounting works of steel columns, beams and

reinforced concrete deck. The works are executed in the structure of four floors of 10m height (each of 2,5m). The

area of the deck is 180m². The building is situated Klaipėda. For this project some necessary roads,

communications, temporary water supply connected to the central supply line, temporary electricity

supply for construction works, temporary drainage system are designed and shown in construction site

plan. Also there are installed some temporary accommodations for workers, toilets, guard posts and

storage places for materials. The safety zone is designed, the building site is fenced and outsiders are prevented

from getting into the building territory I choose tower crane ZBK180\2 (“Vilniaus kranai”), which arrow

length is R=60m, maximum power is Qmax=12 t. Other mounting works which can be prepared with

hands are prepared by three workers who are qualified for such kind of works. Work is performing in

summer period with one shift which is 8 hours per day. The names of mounting elements and its marks

are represented in Table 2:

Table 2. Data of mounting elements.

Name, mark Quantity, piece

H shaped columns (HEA 300) 9

I shaped deck beams (IPE 220) 20

Welded main beams 6

2.2 The description of the technology of frame’s mounting works.

For this framework structure organized flow superposition method is used. The principle of the mounting of

separate elements is to establish a stable and rigid unit as quickly as possible, and to attach subsequent elements

directly to those which are already erected.

A typical procedure for erection of a steel frame would be to set up a corner rectangle of four columns, linked

by beams and diagonally braced for secure the stability. Further the successive columns are erected in respect to

corner ones. Each of the column has to be correctly positioned in line, but also correct in level and in orientation, it

must be leveled. The best way is to work in respect with centre lines marked on the ground slab. If a line of

columns coincides with the centre line, then any line parallel to it at a known distance can be used. For the erection

of first column there is a need of guying if the holding-down bolt group is not sufficiently strong

The first step is to install columns on their prepared foundations. Before the connecting column to base it

must be cleaned, the anchor bolts need to be checked, the altitude and horizontality of the foundation also must be

checked, a thin layer of concrete is used for final leveling. The basis from S275 class steel is mounted to the bottom

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of the column. The welding is done by semiautomatic way using electrode wire G42. Then the column is being

slinged and is lifted to a vertical position by a crane. The top surface of this concrete foundation is set slightly

lower to permit steel shims to be packed beneath the steel column's base plate. (The steel base packs are placed and

leveled before erection of the columns). After the column is positioned the nuts on the holding-down bolts are

tightened. The base plate and lower part of the column will eventually be encased in concrete below ground floor

level. The verticality of the columns is checked by two theodolites which are put on the perpendicular axes of the

columns’ rows. The slinging equipment is taken off from the columns. Concrete of class C20/25 for concreting

works is used.

Before the fixing of beams to the columns the mortar for foundation of column base plate must be delayed,

because it is necessary to be sure that there is no need of slight adjustment for some column positions. After this

the main beams are slinged by strapping them by universal strop. They are lifted to the necessary height and

fastened by the columns by bolts.

In general this frame is mounted from the fixing of the columns to the footing of it. Nine columns are

mounted and then the main beams are put on them starting from the corner of the building by connecting the

outside row of columns. The middle row is connected and then the 3 rd row of columns is connected by the main

beams. Finally, the deck beams are mounted on the top in series starting from one corner till the frame is finished

and all four floors are finished.

2.3 The selection of mechanisms and equipment

2.3.1 The selection of stropping equipment The elements of my designed construction is stropped, lifted and shifted using special loops/holes strapped

by hooking (for instance, forms for concrete laying). The other elements of the frameworks which do not have

mounting holes or loops are strapped by belts with fixations for hooking. Because of different elements, different

kind of strops are used, which consist of a rope of particular diameter, hooks, grabs, clips for tightening of cables

and other elements. I select stropping equipment for columns, beams and concrete mix:

Table 3. Stropping equipment.

Scheme No Equipment type Mark Mass of the equipment, kg

1.1Stropping equipment for concrete mix and deck

beams4CK-5 45

1.2 Stropping equipment for columns P3k-5.0 33

1.3 Stropping equipment for main beams 4CK-10 65

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Figure1. Stropping equipment.

2.3.2 Selection of auto crane

The main criteria for selection of auto crane:

The height, length and width of the building;

The mass of the heaviest construction elements.

Calculation of the optimal arrow angle:

tg α opt=3√ hk

b3

=3√10 , 04,5

=1 , 49⇒α opt=560hk - height of the building, m;

b3 - width of the building till middle axis, m.

The minimum length of crane arrow:

Rmin=hk

sin α opt

+b3

cosα opt

=10 , 0sin 560

+ 4,5cos560

=20 ,11 m;

I choose tower crane ZBK180\2 (“Vilniaus kranai”), which arrow length is R=60m, maximum power is Qmax=12 t.

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Required reach:

RR=l+ba+bpk

2=1+9.0+ 6

2=13.0 m,

RR – reach of an arrow, m;

l – distance from rails to the building, m;

ba – the biggest distance from building

corner to the center of element being

mounted, m;

bpk - the width of the crane railway, m.

The height required for lifting:

Hr=h1+h2+hstrops+1=10 ,0+0 ,65+5. 8+1=17 , 45 m; h1 - height of the building, m;

h2 - height of the main beam, m;

hstrops - height of the stropping equipment.

The maximum necessary power of crane is the weight of the heaviest element (under-crane

beam)and stropping equipment:

Qmax=10212.9+65=10277.9kg=10.3t<12t.

Safety zone for crane:

Rsafe = l1 + l2 + l3 = 9.0 + 9.62 + 10= 28.62≈29.0 m, l1 – the distance from crane center to position of

element placement, m;

l2 – the altitude of support, m;

l3 – the element falling distance taken from

normatives, m (up to 20 m heigth).

2.4 Needs of resources in the construction site

2.4.1 Maximum number of persons per shiftMaximum number of workers, managers, supervisors, engineers and personal employers during one shift:

D=Dd+ (1+k1+k t+k p)=6⋅(1+0 . 09+0 . 03+0 .01 )=6 . 78=7 persons ;

k 1 - coefficient that evaluates the amount of managers;

k t - coefficient that evaluates the amount of technical personal, surveyours, etc.;

k p - coefficient that evaluates the amount of other personal employers (cleaners, etc.);

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However, I choose more than 7 persons (D=9 persons), because, there can be a manager, a technical

supervisor and an engineer as well.

2.4.2 Accommodations

Pr=D⋅Kb⋅N p ;

Pr - required area for accommodations, m²;

Kb - coefficient that evaluates the amount of persons using the premises at the same time;

N p - the norm of premise area, m²;

Administrative part: Kb=1 . 0; N p=4m2 ;

Pr , adm .=3⋅1 .0⋅4=12 m2 ;

Personal part: Kb=0 . 7 ; N p=0 .5 m2 ;

Pr , personal=6⋅0 .7⋅0 .5=2 .1 m2 ; too small area, so I choose minimum – 12m²;

Toilets: Kb=0 . 5 ; N p=0 .15 m2 ;

Pr , WC=9⋅0. 15⋅0. 5=0 .675 m2 ; I choose 2 (for men and women) toilets for rent from “TOI TOI” company

(1.23x1.23m);

Washing rooms: Kb=1 . 0; N p=0 .3 m2 ;

Pr ,wash=9⋅1 .0⋅0 . 3=2 .7 m2 ;

2.4.3 Temporary water suppliesThere are no water supplies for industrial purposes because the concrete is mixed in the factory and

delivered to the building site:

Zg=0;

The daily living needs of water are:

Zu=D⋅Znu⋅k v

t⋅3600= 9⋅25⋅3

8⋅3600=0 . 023 l /s

D - the maximum amount of workers per shift;

Znu - one person water needs per day (25l/day);

k v - uneven water need coefficient (in our case k v =3 because we have drains to the public sewerage);

Total water needs:

Zb=Z g+Zu+Z;

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Z – the amount of water for fire safety (10l/s).

Zb=0 .023+10=10 .023l /s;

The diameter of the main pipe:

d=( 4⋅Zb

1000⋅π⋅v )12=( 4⋅10 .023

1000⋅3 .14⋅1 )12=0 .113 m

;

v - the velocity of water flow in the pipeline (1m/s);

2.4.4 Electricity supplies

For welding works we use SUPERIOR 240CE which power is 7.5kW.

For accommodation – 6 kW.

Illumination of construction site – we do not need it because our works are being executed in

summer when it gets dark very late in the evenings and gets dawn very early in the mornings. Besides, in such way

we save some money.

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2.5 Calculation of needs of work expenditures and payment.

2.5.1 Calculation of work expenditures. Table 4. Work expenditures.

No. Work process Amount of works

Link composition Work expendituresPc. total Normative, pc. total

Pre

para

tion

wor

ks 1 Preparation works - - Workers - 2 days

2 Installation of crane road

m 30 Mounter (III)mounter(IV)

1,50 peop. Hour0,22 mach. Hour

45 peop. hour6.6 mach. hour

3 Mounting of crane Pc. 1 mounters - 3 days

Mou

ntin

g w

orks

of

fir

st f

loor

4 Mounting of columns pc 9 Mounter(III)Stropper(II)

5,5 peop. hour1,2 mach. hour

49,5 peopl.hour6,6 mach. hour

5 Mounting of the main beams

pc 6 Mounter(IV)Stropper (II)


94,2 žm.val10,02 maš.val

6 Mounting of secondary beams

pc 20 Mounter (IV)Stropper(II)



Mou

ntin

g w

orks

of

sec

ond

floo

r 7 Mounting of columns pc 9 Mounter(III)Stropper(II)











Mou

ntin

g w

orks

of

thi

rd f

loor

10 Mounting of columns pc 9 Mounter(III)Stropper(II)











Mou

ntin

g w

orks

of

fou

rth

floo

r 13 Mounting of columns pc 9 Mounter(III)Stropper(II)











Fin

ishi

ng

wor

ks

16 Dismantlement of crane

vnt 1 Mounters - 3 days

17 Cleaning of the site - - workers - 2 days

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2.5.2 Calculations of needs of materials.Table 5. Needs of materials.

No Name of material Units AmountUnit Total

N9-19

Mounting of columns, 839.2 t 9 7.55Electrodes kg 4,0 8,34

Fixing bolts kg 3,41 7,11Subsidiary steel constructions for

montaget 0,00739 0,02

N9-1

Mounting of main beams, 10212.9 t 6 61.28Electrodes kg 2,4 20,88


montaget 0,005 0,04

N9-1

Mounting of deck beams, 117.77 t 20 2.36Electrodes kg 2,4 5,11


montaget 0,005 0,01

N6-117

Reinforced concrete deck, 28.88 m³ 28.88 72.0Emulsifier 3GT kg 0,64 18,84

Fuel of the heater t 0,0006 0,01Steel wire t 0,0003 0,01

Construction nails kg 0,245 7,21electrodes kg 1,2 35,33

Elements for flashing fixing t 0,0014 0,04Flashing forms m² 0,032 0,94

Table 6. Materials and equipment used for construction works.

No Name Amount1 Strops (4CK-10, 4CK-5; P3k-5.0) 3 units2 A crane ZBK180\2 (“Vilniaus kranai”) 1 unit3 A theodolite T30П 1 unit4 A welding device SUPERIOR 240CE 2 units5 A steel measure-tape PC-1, VN & S 7502-80 2 units6 Columns 9 units7 Main beams 6 units8 Deck beams 20 units9 Forms for concrete 40 units10 Concrete C20/25 28.8m3

11 A box for grout P.Y. N0 3.241 42.000, volume – 0,24m3 2 units12 A trowel for concrete works VN & S 9533-71 3 units13 A shovel for grout VN & T 3620-76 2 units14 Shelvings 2 units15 Hardhats 30 units16 Safety belts (with cables) 20 units17 Working gloves (a pair) 50 units

2.3.3 The prime cost of mounting works.

Table 7. Prime costs.

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Description of works and expenses Units AmountNormal cost,

LtTotal, Lt

1Mounting of steel frame of light

buildingst 71.35 4721.0 336843.35

2 Concreting works m² 180.0 241.0 43380.0

3Auto crane GROOVE GMK 2035

(power – 35t, arrow –29 m )machine

hours30.6 48 1468.8

Σ=381692.15Lt

2.6 Works safety.

2.6.1 Work safety requirements.

1. Before and during the construction works dangerous zones have to be indicated on the site, where risk can

occur.

2. Such dangerous zones have to be surrounded by fences, that no one form outside could get in these zones

3. Mounters are restricted to cross form one construction to another, walk through trusses and girders without

ladders or cross bridges with fences.

4. It is restricted to work in high buildings when the wind speed exceeds 15 m/s, during lightening, in slippery

constructions, mist or in bad visibility.

5. During the installation of construction elements workers are restricted to be below them.

6. After the installation of construction parts or elements they have to be firmly fixed.

7. During the brakes crane cannot be left with the loading.

8. Canteen and other rooms for builders have to be outside dangerous zone.

9. In the construction works all the equipment and machines have to match safety and health requirements.

And all of these requirements have to be shown in construction technology project.

10. All persons on the construction site have to wear protective helmets.

11. If in the construction site tower cranes are used and in their dangerous zones they can reach living, public

houses, manufacturing and other buildings, pedestrian crosses, roads so in technological project in

construction site project there have to be set human safety rules and tools: roads and pedestrian crosses

have to be moved from dangerous zones, safety zones have to be created.

12. In cities and in working company’s territory construction site have to fenced by a fence not lower than 1.6

m. Fences near massive movement of people have to be not lower than 2 m and with roof protecting form

falling objects.

13. Roads and pedestrian ways have to be clean, not loaded with constructing materials.

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14. During works in the construction site hanged ladders must be used and the working place has to be with

attachable hooks.

2.6.2 Work with cranes.

1. Do not let to lift not marked constructions, which are too heavy for the crane.

2. Show crane operator and slinger how and where to store materials and constructions.

3. Control crane operators and slingers work, instruct them if it is necessary. Make sure that they are doing

their jobs safely.

4. All lifting operations have to be correctly planned, preceded and supervised.

5. Hooked and lifted loadings cannot be left on the crane, unless it is in safe place and safely held by a crane.

6. Crane works have to be stopped in the weather conditions are dangerous.

7. Crane can lift only those loadings which are not too heavy for crane’s lifting power.

8. It is forbidden to lift people, melted metal, toxic and explosive materials.

9. It is forbidden to move the loadings above manufacturing, living and service buildings where people are

working. It is allowed to do that just in certain times, in top safety requirements.

10. Broken or damaged lifting equipment cannot be kept in building site. Loadings have to be lifted just form

well illuminated area. If the working place is not illuminated correctly and weather conditions are bad,

crane work us be stopped.

11. Persons who are not directly working in the lifting area are not allowed to be there or in cranes.

12. Taking the technical provision of the crane, regulating or fixing electric machines the cranes electric power

have to be shut down. Slinging equipment must be chosen according the loading weight, number of points

to sling.

13. Small loadings like bricks have to be lifted in special pallet or in other device that nothing could fall down.

14. It is allowed to move the loading form one place to another only into already prepared and safe place that

the loading could not turn over, slide or somehow break down.

15. It is not allowed to get in the riding crane.

16. It is not allowed to be behind the crane where there is a possibility to get in the cranes machinery and get

hurt or killed.

17. It is not allowed to lift the loading which is not in stable position.

18. It is not allowed to drag the loadings with the crane.

19. It is not allowed to drag the slings when they are pressed with other loadings.

20. It is not allowed to work with the crane which is under repair.

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2.7 Organizing of the quality control

2.7.1 The allowable deviations of columns, trusses and beams

Table 8. Allowable deviations.

Steel columns of the buildings are put on prefabricated or monolithic foundations, where the anchor

bolts are already mounted according all requirements. The surfaces of the foundations have to be of projected

altitudes and horizontal.

The foundation is estimated, the axes are delineated, the height of every anchor bolt is measured

using a theodolite and the steel strap of necessary thickness is put on in order that the bolt is in the required height.

The column is adjusted by a theodolite, fixed by anchor bolts and disconnected from stropping devices. The

columns that will be connected by constant steel braces are mounted at first.

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2.7.2 Control of prefabricated constructions’ mounting.

Table 9. Control . Operation under control R* & C* How control is executed P*

1. Preparative works

- the check of constructions CM tape- measure EST

- the delineation of the foundation seat axes and heights CM surveying device

- the delineation of axes on the columns CM tape- measure S

2. The mounting of the constructions

- a temporary fixing and alignment of elements CM surveying device

- a permanent fixing of elements CM surveying device

- the control of constructions fixing CM surveying device

3. Formalizing of documents

- the records in the journal of construction works CM EST

- the geodetic control photographs of constructions mounting CM, S EST

- the laboratory tests of junctions (if there is a need) Lab. laboratory device CM

R*- responds, C*- controls, P*- participates.

CM – Construction Manager,

EST – Engineer Supervisor for Technology,

S – Surveyour,

Lab. – tests that are performed in the laboratory.

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3 Finishing works.

3.1. Economical indicators.

3.6.1 Calculations of payments. Table 10. Payments.

ProcessMean

category

Normal payment

for workerDuration

of works,

days

Total

payment for

worker, Lt

Amount

of

workers

Total

payment for

process, LtLt/hour Lt/day

N9-19 3.56 7.247 58.0 8 464.0 7 3248,0

N9-1 4.67 8.358 66.9 20 1338,0 8 10704,0

N6-117 3.11 6.832 54.7 8 437.6 6 2625.6

Σ=16577,6 Lt

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4 Information sources.

1. Statybos darbų technologijos praktiniai uždaviniai;VISI,Vilnius, 1985m.2. Statybos taisyklės:Bendrieji statybos darbai;ST 2189567.02:2003,Lietuvos statybininkų

asociacija,Vilnius,2003m.3. Technologinių kortelių projektavimas; “Technika”;Vilnius,1991m.4. Darbo, medžiagų ir mechanizmų sąnaudų statyboje normatyvai. Bendrieji statybos ir montavimo

darbai.1dalis.UAB „Sistela“,Vilnius,1999.5. Saugos ir sveikatos taisyklės statyboje DT-500.6. Saugos ir sveikatos taisyklės statyboje DT-800.7. V.Krušinskas,V.Mažeika, P.Mikšta. Statybos technologija.Vilnius.19928. Statybos resursų skaičiuojamosios rinkos kainos (IV);UAB „Sistela“, Vilnius,20039. Statybos technologija;Mokslo ir enciklopedijų leidykla, Vilnius,1992

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