Technology (continued) Hubs Drive Trains Generators Towers ...

Technology (continued)Hubs

Drive TrainsGenerators

TowersFoundations

Lightning ProtectionObstruction Marking

Paul Gipe, wind-works.org

HubsStruts & Stays


HubsTeetered-Delta 3-Butterfield

Paul Gipe, wind-works.org ESI 80, Palm Springs, CA

HubsTeetered-Pitch Linked


Windflow 500Gebbies Pass, NZ

HubsCantilevered


HubsFixed (But Adjustable) Pitch


HubsVariable Pitch


Hub (Blade) Bolts

Paul Gipe, wind-works.org© Nordex

Drive TrainsTraditional Danish


• Front Bearing• Main Shaft• Gearbox• Generator

© Bonus

Drive TrainsTraditional Danish


Drive TrainsMain Shaft-Traditional


Drive TrainsIntegrated (Small-Medium)


Drive TrainsIntegrated (Large)


Drive TrainsDual-Output Gearboxes


New Drive Trains

GE 2-3 MW


New Drive Trains

Fuhrländer 2 MW


Drive TrainsMultiple-Output Gearboxes

© Clipper Wind

Paul Gipe, wind-works.orgBuffalo, New York

Drive TrainsDirect-Drive Permanent Magnet


© Vensys

© Vensys

Generators


• DC Generators• Alternators• Induction (Asynchronous) Generators• Wound-Rotor or Doubly-Fed Induction

Generators• Direct-Drive Ring Generators• PMG

SmallLarge

GeneratorsDual-Induction


• Dual Speeds• Simple• Rugged• Cheap

Generator Pole Switching(RPM)


50 Hz 60 Hz

4-pole 1500 1800

6-pole 1000 1200

GeneratorsWound-Rotor (Doubly-Fed)


GeneratorsDirect-Drive (Large)

Paul Gipe, wind-works.org © Enercon

Generators-Variable Speed


• Better PerformanceMostly Hype

• Lower LoadsMajor Plus in LargeTurbines

• Ability to Correct Power Factor• More Expensive• More Complex• And, Don’t Forget the “Patent”

Generators-Variable Speed


• “Opti” Slip (10%)• Doubly Fed Generators

Widely Used in GermanyInverter Handles Only a Portion of Power

• Full Variable SpeedInverter Handles Full PowerFull Benefits of Variable SpeedEnercon, Lagerwey, & PMGs

Towers• Guyed

Small TurbinesLarge Turbines

• Freestanding (Cantilevered)Lattice

Small TurbinesLarge Turbines

TubularConcrete

• Hinged


Towers-GuyedSmall Turbines


Towers-Guyed LatticeSmall & Medium Wind Turbines


© Vergnet

Towers-GuyedLarge Wind Turbines


Towers-FreestandingSmall Turbines


Towers-Lattice

Paul Gipe, wind-works.org © Nordex

Towers-Lattice


Towers-TubularSmall Turbines


Towers-TubularMedium & Large Wind Turbines


Towers-Concrete

Paul Gipe, wind-works.org© Risø

Towers-HingedSmall Turbines


Hydraulic Tower


Towers-HingedMedium Turbines


Towers-Novel


• Octahedron• Farm Silos• Roof Tops• Trees

Yes, Really

TowersPendant Cables & Raceway


Foundations


• PiersLattice Towers

• Spread Footing• Monopile

SolidHollow with Fill

© Goldenstedt

Foundation MonopileHollow with Fill

Paul Gipe, wind-works.org© Neal Emmerton

Foundation Bolts


Lightning Protection


• Receptors at Blade Tip• Cabling Through Blade• Nacelle Lightning Rod• Slip Rings & Jumpers• Grounding (Earthing)

Some Areas Require Ground Net

• Large Turbines will be Hit Periodically

Lightning ProtectionNacelle Lightning Rod


Lightning Protection


Windflow 500Gebbies Pass, NZ

Obstruction Marking• Height Limits

200 ft USA100 m Europe

• LightsRed (night?)Strobe (Day)Impacts

• Painting


Obstruction Marking


Operations & Maintenance• Large Turbines

Formerly by QuarterNow Once/year

• Small TurbinesOnce/year

• Large TurbinesComplex & Rotating SchedulesVisual InspectionsMoving Parts

• Electronic ControlsLargest Single Cause of “Nuisance” Trips


Good Housekeeping

Paul Gipe, wind-works.org© Rope Partner

• Little Items Make a Big Difference on a Million-Dollar Wind Turbine!

Operations & Maintenance

• Condition MonitoringLarge Turbines

• w/o Condition Monitoring, No Insurance

• w/o Insurance, No Financing• Enercon “Partner” Program

Other Manufacturers Following Suit


Operations & MaintenanceAs Percentage of Total Investment


*Includes prorated 20% reinvestment after year 10.Source: IEA, EMD 2001

Years 1-10 Years 10-20*

150-300 kW 1-3% 4-7%

500-600 kW 1-2% 4-5%

Fall Protection• Body Harness• Shock-Absorbing Lanyard• Double-Acting Snap Hook• Positioning Belt is Only for

Positioning


Aerial Lifts


Ladders


Steps


Secure Rotor Locking


Secure Access DoorsIt’s Windy Out There


• Lock to Prevent Unauthorized Access

• Latch to PreventDoor Closing

• Interior ReleaseTo Prevent Confinement

• Ventilation Louvers© Lagerwey

Safety . . .


• Anti-Climb Guards• Shaft Guards• Two-Person Crews• Regular Reviews• Myth Busting

“Never Fall Ascending”“Want to Jump Free”

Technology (continued) Hubs Drive Trains Generators Towers ...

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