Technology and the Environment Spring 2013.pptx

7/30/2019 Technology and the Environment Spring 2013.pptx

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Technology and the Environment

Humanities 110 PowerPoint #7


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Why is the environment important when

discussing technology and society?

Environment provides resources and raw

materials for manufacturing and powering

tools, processes, machines etc.

Our environment provides energy needed

to power modern life.

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In other words. . . Technology would not be possible without

the resources provided by the our

environment.

But technology changes the environment

by mining, gathering, processing, and using

resources (including energy).

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There are increasing pressures on the

environment today:

Decrease in natural resources, especially fossil

fuels like petroleum

Increased demand for natural resources as theworld becomes smaller, flatter and more

interconnected through the process of globalization

Increase in population will place increased

demands on natural resources to meet even our

basic needs (How will we feed all 9 billion of us that

may be on the planet by 2050?)

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Central question Will our technology evolve fast enough to

offset the environmental problems caused

by an increase in population, increase indemand for resources to fuel our

technology?

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What is the Environment? A good simple definition is the

world around us. Here are some other important words:

Ecosystem:

all of the natural world

Ecology: the study of the mutual relationship between organisms and this

natural world, including the effects of man and technology on the

environment.

Climate:

patterns of weather over time

Weather:

short term climate conditions

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High risk issues related to technologys

effects on the environment

Habitat destruction

Climate Change

Hotter temperatures

Species extinction

Loss of biological diversity (biodiversity)

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Habitat destruction Trends:

Deforestation 1/3 of the rain forests have disappeared

Estimates are that by 2020 only 5% of the rain forests will remain untouched(source: IUCN)

Desertification

Loss of wetlands

have been destroyed in the US since Colonial Times

Loss of coastal wetland ecosystems are very vulnerable to rising sealevels associated with climate change

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Why we should care about

habitat destruction Of the 3,000 species of plants that fight

cancer, 70% are in the rain forest

Huge effects on the weather

Storms probably will increase in intensity and

number

Wetlands are important as fisheries and asnatural water purifiers

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Stop and think: What occurred in the Louisiana wetlands the summer of 2010?

The Gulf Coastline of Louisiana is home to 40% of the remaining

wetlands in the USA.

How is this related to the choices we make about energy andtechnology?

An irony to consider: our technology has enabled us to drill for oil

one mile under the ocean!

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Local effects in ENC likely Loss of land due to rising sea levels

Coastal water supplies threatened

Flooding more common and more severe

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Rising sea levels in ENC

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http://epa.gov/climatechange/ef

fects/coastal/slrmaps_sa.html

This map provides

a look at how farrising sea levels

could go in North

Carolina.
http://epa.gov/climatechange/effects/coastal/slrmaps_sa.htmlhttp://epa.gov/climatechange/effects/coastal/slrmaps_sa.htmlhttp://epa.gov/climatechange/effects/coastal/slrmaps_sa.htmlhttp://epa.gov/climatechange/effects/coastal/slrmaps_sa.html


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How habitats are destroyed Agricultural

Mining

Overfishing

Building

Run-offs Climate change

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What is ClimateChange?Here is how the EPA definesclimate change and how it is

different from global warming:

The term climate change is often

used interchangeably with the term

global warming, but according to

the National Academy of Sciences,

"the phrase 'climate change' is

growing in preferred use to 'global

warming' because it helps convey

that there are [other] changes in

addition to rising temperatures.

Climate change refers to any

significant change in measures of

climate (such as temperature,

precipitation, or wind) lasting for anextended period (decades or

longer).

Climate Change Basic Information.

http://www.epa.gov/climatechange/basici

nfo.html 20 EPA. 20 May 2010. Web. 8

June 2010.

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The warming of the earth is no longer denied by scientists,

even government officials.

Quotation from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration

Human activity has been increasing the concentration of greenhouse gases

in the atmosphere (mostly carbon dioxide from combustion of coal, oil, and

gas; plus a few other trace gases). There is no scientific debate on this point.Pre-industrial levels of carbon dioxide (prior to the start of the Industrial

Revolution) were about 280 parts per million by volume (ppmv), and current

levels are greater than 380 ppmv and increasing at a rate of 1.9 ppm yr-1

since 2000. The global concentration of CO2 in our atmosphere today far

exceeds the natural range over the last 650,000 years of 180 to 300 ppmv.

According to the IPCC Special Report on Emission Scenarios (SRES), by theend of the 21st century, we could expect to see carbon dioxide concentrations

of anywhere from 490 to 1260 ppm (75-350% above the pre-industrial

concentration).

http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/oa/climate/globalwarming.html

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Causes of Climate Change Natural causes

Human activities

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How much climate change is due to

man and how much is natural?

There is increasing evidence that we live at

the end of a recurring pattern of 10,000

years of warmth followed by 90,000 yearsof cold (ice ages).

You will find more information about this in

Ice Age Memory one of your assignedreadings for this week.

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Natural causes These include changes in the Earths

orbit, the suns intensity, the circulation

of the ocean and the atmosphere, andvolcanic activity.

Although the Earths climate has changed

many times throughout its history, the rapidwarming seen today cannot be explained

by natural processes alone.HUM 110 PP 7


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Human activities Contribute to climate change Some of these activities include burning fossil fuels, cutting

down forests, and developing land for farms, cities, and roads.These activities all release greenhouse gases into the

atmosphere.

Some amount of greenhouse gases is necessary for life to exist on

Earththey trap heat in the atmosphere, keeping the planet warm

and in a state of equilibrium. But this natural greenhouse effect is

being strengthened as human activities (such as the combustion of

fossil fuels) add more of these gases to the atmosphere, resulting in a

shift in the Earths equilibrium.

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What is the greenhouse effect?

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http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/paleo/globalwar

ming/what.html
http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/paleo/globalwarming/what.htmlhttp://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/paleo/globalwarming/what.htmlhttp://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/paleo/globalwarming/what.htmlhttp://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/paleo/globalwarming/what.html


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The term greenhouse effect describes how water vapor, carbondioxide, and other "greenhouse" greenhouse gases absorb some

of the energy that is emitted from the Earth's surface, preventing

this energy from being lost to space. As a gases in the atmosphere

alter the return of energy to space, and in turn, change the

temperature at the Earth's surface. These result, the lower

atmosphere warms and sends some of this energy back to the

Earth's surface. When the energy is "recycled" in this way, theEarth's surface warms.

Life on Earth would be very different without the greenhouse effect.

The greenhouse effect keeps the long term annual average

temperature of the Earth's surface approximately 32C (or about

58F) higher than it would be otherwise.

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ming/what.html
http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/oa/climate/globalwarming.htmlhttp://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/paleo/globalwarming/what.htmlhttp://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/paleo/globalwarming/what.htmlhttp://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/paleo/globalwarming/what.htmlhttp://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/paleo/globalwarming/what.htmlhttp://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/oa/climate/globalwarming.html


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How is the Greenhouse Effectrelated to Global Warming? Over the past century, atmospheric carbon dioxide (as

measured from ice cores) has increased due to human

activities from 300 to 380 parts per million (ppm), and the

average Earth temperature has increased approximately

0.7C (or about 1.3F).


ming/what.html

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Increase of C02 since 1000 AD

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ming/what.html


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Quote from Ice Age Memory

For at least half a million years, and probably a lot longer,

warm periods and ice ages have alternated according to a

fairly regular, if punishing, pattern: ten thousand years of

warmth followed by ninety thousand years of cold. The

current warm period, the Holocene, is now ten thousand

years old, and all things being equalwhich is to say had

we not interfered with the pattern by burning fossil fuels

we should now be heading toward another ice age(Kolbert, 144).

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So is climate change no big deal?

No, because the side effects are

completely unknown and could include

these results: Could trigger cooler temperatures by shutting

down the Gulf Stream

Could result in wild temperature swings fromvery hot to very cold within decades

Could actually hasten the next Ice Age

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2012 hottest year ever in

USA!

http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2013/01/130109-warmest-year-record-2012-

global-warming-science-environment-united-states/

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Worldwide 2012 was in top

ten hottest years ever 2012 global temperatures 10th highest on record

2012 was also warmest "La Nia year" on record

The globally-averaged temperature for 2012 marked the 10 th warmest year since recordkeeping began in 1880. It also marked the 36th consecutive year with a global temperatureabove the 20th century average. The last below-average annual temperature was 1976.Including 2012, all 12 years to date in the 21st century (20012012) rank among the 14warmest in the 133-year period of record. Only one year during the 20st century1998waswarmer than 2012.

Most areas of the world experienced higher-than-average annual temperatures, includingmost of North and South America, most of Europe and Africa, and western, southern, and farnortheastern Asia. Meanwhile, most of Alaska, far western Canada, central Asia, parts of theeastern and equatorial Pacific, southern Atlantic, and parts of the Southern Ocean were

notably cooler than average. Also , the Arctic experienced a record-breaking ice melt season

while the Antarctic ice extent was above average. Source: http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/sotc/

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How did 2011 measure up? 2011 tied with 1997 as the 11th hottest year

on record.

This year tied 1997 as the 11th warmest year since records began in

1880. The annual global combined land and ocean surface

temperature was 0.51C (0.92F) above the 20th century average of

13.9C (57.0F). This marks the 35th consecutive year, since 1976,

that the yearly global temperature was above average. The warmestyears on record were 2010 and 2005, which were 0.64C (1.15F)

above average. From http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/sotc/global/

Accessed January 26, 2012.

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http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/sotc/global/http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/sotc/global/


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2011 was unusually wet! The 2011 globally-averaged precipitation over land was

the second wettest year on record, behind 2010.

Precipitation varied greatly across the globe. La Nia

contributed to severe drought in the Horn of Africa and to

Australias third wettest year in its 112-year period of

record.

From State of the Climate Global Analysis Annual 2011. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. National Climatic Data Center. 19-Jan-2012 .

http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/sotc/global/. 26 January 2012.

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2010 compared to averages

for 1971-2000

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Link to National Geographic

video on Global Warming http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oJAbATJ

Cugs&feature=related

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So wheres the global warming?

Why isnt it always colder?

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Shot from noaa.gov of

the tremendous snow

storm which stretched

2,100 miles across the

USA February 1, 2011.


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Warming can lead to colder

winters

http://www.nytimes.com/2011/01/25/science/earth/25cold.html

http://green.blogs.nytimes.com/2011/01/25/frigid-winters-and-the-

polar-vortex/?ref=earth

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NjmHMSv2AmkHUM 110 PP 7
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How warmer weather can

lead to colder winters Since satellites began tracking it in 1979, the ice on the Arctic

Oceans surface in the bellwether month of September has declined

by more than 30 percent. It is the most striking change in the terrain

of the planet in recent decades, and a major question is whether it isstarting to have an effect on broad weather patterns.

Ice reflects sunlight, and scientists say the loss of ice is causing the

Arctic Ocean to absorb more heat in the summer. A handful of

scientists point to that extra heat as a possible culprit in the recent

harsh winters in Europe and the United States.

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http://www.nytimes.com/2011/01/25/scienc

e/earth/25cold.html
http://www.nytimes.com/2011/01/25/science/earth/25cold.htmlhttp://www.nytimes.com/2011/01/25/science/earth/25cold.htmlhttp://www.nytimes.com/2011/01/25/science/earth/25cold.htmlhttp://www.nytimes.com/2011/01/25/science/earth/25cold.html


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Fence weakened Their theories involve a fast-moving river of air called the

jet stream that circles the Northern Hemisphere. Many

winters, a strong pressure difference between the polar

region and the middle latitudes channels the jet stream

into a tight circle, or vortex, around the North Pole,

effectively containing the frigid air at the top of the world.

Its like a fence . . . When that pressure difference

diminishes, however, the jet stream weakens andmeanders southward, bring warm air into the Arctic and

cold air into the mid latitudes.http://www.nytimes.com/2011/01/25/science/earth/25cold.html

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Change in the jet stream The uncertainty about what is causing the strange winters highlights a

core difficulty of climate science. While mainstream researchers are

sure that greenhouse gases released by humans are warming the

Earth, they acknowledge being on shakier ground in trying to predictthe regional effects of that change. It is entirely possible, they say,

that some regions will cool temporarily, because of disruption of the

atmospheric and oceanic circulation, even as the Earth warms over

all.

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http://www.nytimes.com/2011/01/25/scienc

e/earth/25cold.html
http://topics.nytimes.com/top/news/science/topics/earth_planet/index.html?inline=nyt-classifierhttp://www.nytimes.com/2011/01/25/science/earth/25cold.htmlhttp://www.nytimes.com/2011/01/25/science/earth/25cold.htmlhttp://www.nytimes.com/2011/01/25/science/earth/25cold.htmlhttp://www.nytimes.com/2011/01/25/science/earth/25cold.htmlhttp://topics.nytimes.com/top/news/science/topics/earth_planet/index.html?inline=nyt-classifier


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Whats the bottom line?WHAT WE DO KNOW:

-The climate is changing worldwide

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But . ..NOBODY really knows:

how much of climate change is due to man,

how much is due to natural causes,

how we can effectively slow the change if we

decide to,

or what the short or long terms effects will be

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Findings from the IPCC Intergovernmental Panel on Climate

Change

International group of scientists whichcollects and interprets climate data

Publishes assessment reports which

analyze causes and effects of climatechange.

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Major findings from latest IPCC

assessment report

Last Assessment Report (TAR) released in

2007

http://www.ipcc.ch/pdf/assessment-report/ar4/wg2/ar4-wg2-spm.pdf

Pay particular attention to page 18,

examples of major impacts by sector

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Examples of why biodiversity is

important: Keeps us alive

Diverse plant life purifies water and air

Diverse plants needed to fix nitrogen, which

is important for plants to grow

Biodiversity helps to recycle nutrients and

waste

Diverse insects needed to pollinate our

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How big is the problem? Only about 1.75 million of the estimated 13-14 million

species on earth have been identified and described.

Many species are being destroyed before even being

catalogued.

Source The Red List of the International Union for the Conservation of Nature

http://www.iucn.org/about/work/programmes/species/red_list/?1695

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Pandas and Polar Bears

Gone? At least 76 mammals have become extinct

since 1500.

Up to 36% of all mammals may be at risk.

Think: Why should we be particularly concerned

about the extinction of mammals?

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Medium risk issues related to

technology and the environment Herbicides and pesticides

Surface water pollution http://www.earth911.org/waterquality/default.asp?cluster=8

Airborne toxic substances

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Low risk (??)issues related to

technology and the environment The next three slides are very telling in that

they show how quickly low risk issues can

become very high risk concerns. When I first put together this PowerPoint

these three issues were all considered

Low Risk problems. I leave these in toillustrate how complacent we can be about

potentially very serious problems.HUM 110 PP 7


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Low Risk (Not Really) # 1:

Oil SpillsDo I really need to comment on this? This was a

low risk issue when I revised this PowerPoint

in September, 2009! DUH!Just a little over two years ago in the summer of

2010 we were in the midst of the Gulf Oil Spill.

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BP Gulf Oil Spill, 2010

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This is a remarkable photo of the

Deep Horizon, the oil rig which

exploded and sank in the Gulf of

Mexico April 2010, 2010, killing

eleven workers and rupturing a

pipeline on the bottom of the gulf.

Since then oil has been spewing out

at the rate of probably about 15,000

barrels per day. Source: New York

Times.


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Low Risk (Not Really) #2:

Radioactive wastes fromnuclear plants

Certainly another DUH! if you watched the

Japanese earthquake/tsunami/nuclear power plant

disaster unfold last spring!

Guess which country has the highest number of

nuclear plants? Built on earthquake faults?

Answer: The USA!

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Low risk (not really) #3

Groundwater pollution

The USA is blessed with one of the most abundant supplies

of natural gas in the world. One of the recent technologies

developed to remove that gas involves drilling miles belowthe earth, forcing chemicals down to the natural gas

fields, and then pumping it to the surface. The process is

called hydraulic fracturing or fracking for short. There is

increasing evidence that this technique is leading towidespread pollution of groundwater. In fact in some

areas this technique has left so much benzene (yes, the

stuff in your cigarette lighter) in the water, that tap water

BURNS. HUM 110 PP 7


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Dont believe it? Check this

out these sources http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=timfvNgr_Q4

Or if you prefer, a more traditional discussion is at

http://www.nytimes.com/gwire/2011/05/13/13greenwire-

baffled-about-fracking-youre-not-alone-

44383.html?pagewanted=all

Note: This article discusses the assertion made by energycompanies that the problem is not with the process, but with how

the wells are constructed.

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For more information:

EPA Climate Change Website

http://www.epa.gov/climatechange/index.ht

ml http://www.epa.gov/climatechange/indicator

s.html

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An interesting read via free

e-book

HUM 110 PP 7

If youre interested in this topic, here is the

link to a free e-book about an ambitious

plan to save the world.

I found it interesting because Brown

proposes that in the end, technology is our

only hope for feeding all 9 billion of us by

2050!

Some very interesting insights even if you

dont buy into the whole plan.

http://www.earth-

policy.org/index.php?/books/pb4

Technology and the Environment Spring 2013.pptx

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Transcript of Technology and the Environment Spring 2013.pptx