Technologies  for  LFG  Abatement,  Extrac9on  and  U9liza9on  

 

Philippine  Landfill  Forum  February  21  -‐  22,  2012  Manila,  Philippines  

             

Presented  by  Bryce  Lloyd  

   

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Presenta(on  Outline  

§ What  is  landfill  biogas  (LFG)?  §  Proper(es  of  LFG  § How  to  collect  and  control  LFG?  §  Typical  LFG  collec(on  system  components  § How  to  beneficially  use  the  LFG?  §  Conver(ng  the  LFG  to  electrical  power  or  process  heat  §  Examples  of    the  technologies  that  have  been  used  to    convert  LFG  to  Power  and/or  Heat  

§  Poten(al    benefits  and  revenue  from  LFG  recovery  and  u(liza(on  

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Background  §  Even  aKer  the  3R’s  (reduce,  reuse,  recycle)  and  with  the  

employment  of  other  waste  management  op(ons  (incinera(on,  compos(ng,  anaerobic  diges(on),  some  waste  will  con(nue  to  be  landfilled)  

§  Landfills  will  con(nue  to  produce  some  landfill  biogas  (  LFG),  which  can  and  should  be  controlled,  collected  and  u(lized  

§  Benefits  of  controlling  and  u(lizing  LFG  include:  §  elimina(ng  odor  nuisance  and  safety  hazards  §  improving  local  and  regional  air  quality  §  reducing  greenhouse  gas  emissions,  and    §  harves(ng  a  renewable  energy  resource  

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What  is  LFG?  

§  Formed  during  anaerobic  decomposi(on  of  organic  materials  in  landfills  § Amount  &  composi(on  dependent  on  solid  waste  characteris(cs  § Increase  in  organics  equals  an  increase  in  gas  genera(on  § Gas  produc(on  ends  with  end  of  decomposi(on  § Collec(on  efficiency  can  vary  from  20%  to  80%  § Landfill  fires  destroy  organics  and  reduce  the  amount  of  LFG  generated  

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Characteris(cs  of  LFG  §  Methane  (CH4)  -‐  50%  to  65%  §  Carbon  Dioxide  (CO2)  -‐  35%  to  50%  §  Vola(le  Organic  Compounds  (VOCs)  –  trace    §  Ammonia,  H2S,  Mercaptans,  etc.  §  Explosive  and  asphyxia(on  danger  §  Health  hazards  associated  with  trace  gases  (VOCs;  HAPs)  

§  Groundwater  contamina(on  (in  some  areas  this  means  drinking  water!)  

§  Methane  is  a  potent  greenhouse  gas    (CH4  GWP  –  23  (mes  CO2)    

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§  Local,  Available  Fuel  Source  §  Rela(vely  Easy  to  Capture  and  Use  §  Source  of  Energy  that  Otherwise  would  have  been  Wasted    

§  Con(nuous  Supply  -‐  24  Hours  a  Day  &  7  Days  a  Week  

§  Reliable  Technologies  Exist  for  Using  LFG  §  >95%  On  Line  Availability  

§  Improves  the  Environment  by  Reducing  Uncontrolled  Emissions  of  LFG  

Why  Use  LFG?  

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LFGE  Project  Benefits  §  Improves  air  quality  and  reduces  greenhouse  gas    

§  Offsets  non-‐renewable  resource  use  §  Each  1  MW  Of  Genera(on  Capacity:  

§  Annual  environmental  equivalent  to  plan(ng  4,900  hectare  of  trees  or  removing  the  CO2  emissions  of  9,000  cars  

§  Annual  energy  equivalent  to  preven(ng  the  use  of  99,000  barrels  of  oil,  offselng  the  use  of  200  railcars  of  coal,  or  powering  more  than  650  homes  

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Conver(ng  LFG  to  U(lizable  Energy  

§  Energy  Recovery  Poten(al  (~18  MJ/m3)  §  Approx.  amount  of  electrical  energy  that  can  be  produced  by  LFG  from  a  small,  medium,  large  LFGE:  §  Small:    25kW  to  1MW  § Medium:  1~  3MW  §  Large:  3  ~  30MW  

§  A  moderate  frac(on  of  landfills  in  Asia  have  LFGE  

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LFGE  System  Design  

§  Array  of  ver(cal  or  horizontal  extrac(on  wells  §  Main  header  and  lateral  piping  network  with  control  valves  and  monitoring  ports  

§  Moisture  (condensate)  removal  (  KOP  and  sumps)    

§  Gas  extrac(on  blowers  

§  Flares  §  LFG  Pretreatment  equipment    §  LFGE  equipment

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Ver(cal  Wells  

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Horizontal  Collectors  

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LFG  Well  Field  

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Blowers  吹风机类别….

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Flare  and  Pre-‐treatment  Unit  

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LFGE  Technology  Op(ons  

§  Electrical  Power  Genera(on  §  On-‐site  Use  §  Connec(on  to  Grid  

§  Gas  Purifica(on  §  Direct  Thermal  Applica(ons   §  Combined  Heat  and  Power              (CHP)

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Electrical  Power  Genera(on

Available  Technologies  

§  Reciproca(ng  internal  combus(on  engine  §  ~80  %  of  LFGE  projects  worldwide    

§  Gas  turbine §  Steam  turbine  § Microturbine  §  Cogenera(on

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Electricity  Genera(on §  Most  prevalent  type  of  LFG  u(liza(on  

§  In  US,  1100  MW  of  capacity  from  over  250  opera(onal  projects  

Advantages  §  Electricity  can  be  used  on-‐site,  or  sold  to  nearby  customer,  coopera(ve  or  u(lity  

Disadvantages  §  LFG  will  require  pre-‐treatment  §  Connec(ng  to  the  grid  could  be  expensive  §  Capital  cost  typically  higher  than  for  direct  use,  but  less  than  for  purifica(on/high  BTU  

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LFG  Electricity  Genera(on  ProjectsTechnology No.  of  Projects  in  

USA*

Internal  Combus(on  (55kW-‐3MW) 279  

Gas  Turbine  (1-‐10MW) 28  

Cogenera(on 26  

Steam  Turbine  (1-‐10MW) 14  

Microturbine  (30-‐200kW) 13  

Combined  Cycle  (1-‐10MW) 6  

S(rling  Engine  (25-‐55kW) 2  

*Source:  LMOP  (2010) 18

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Example –  Electricity  Genera(on  Kam  Phaeng  Saen  Landfill,  Thailand  

§  Design  Electricity  Power  Genera9on  Capacity  (16  MW)  §  Connected  to  electrical  grid  

Landfill  Capacity:    26  Million  tonnes  Landfilling  began:  2005  (10  years  design  life)  Waste  In  place:  12  Million  tonnes  Waste  Intake:  ~ 5000  tpd  LFG  Recovery:  ~ 6000  m3/hr  

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Example –  Electricity  Genera(on  Xiaping  Landfill,  Shenzhen  

§  Design  Electricity  Power  Genera9on  Capacity  (7.5MW+)  §  Tied  into  electrical  grid  

Landfill  Capacity:    47  Million  m3  Landfilling  began:  1997  (30  years  design  life)  Waste  In  place:  13  Million  tonnes  Waste  Intake:    3000~3500  tpd  LFG  Recovery:  >9000  m3/hr  

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Example –  Electricity  Genera(on  Gaoantun  Landfill,  Beijing  

§  Design  Electricity  Power  Genera9on  Capacity  (2.5MW+)  §  Provides  electricity  to  on-‐site  leachate  treatment  plant  and  offices  

Landfill  Capacity:    8.92  Million  m3  Landfilling  began:  2002  (20  years  design  life)  Waste  In  place:  6.5  Million  tonnes  Waste  Intake:    ~1000  tpd  (upto  3200  tpd)  LFG  Recovery:  2500  m3/hr  

Flaring  System  and  Generator  House  

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Example –  Electricity  Genera(on  Bantar  Gebang  Landfill,  Indonesia  

§  Design  Electricity  Power  Genera9on  Capacity  (14  MW+)  §  Connected  to  electrical  grid  

Landfill  Capacity:    35  Million  tonnes  Landfilling  began:  1989  (~30  years  design  life)  Waste  In  place:  ~26  Million  tonnes  Waste  Intake:    ~5000  tpd  LFG  Recovery:  >3000  m3/hr  

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