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Technologies and Energy Carriers for an Integrated Energy ... · Technologies and Energy Carriers...
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Technologies and Energy Carriers for an Integrated Energy System
Conference Presentation
Sektorkopplung: Welche Chancen und Herausforderungen für die Energiewende?
French embassy in Berlin
Ralph-Uwe Dietrich
Antje Seitz
Berlin, 28. Feb. 2017
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The German energy transition – pathway to a secure,
environmentally-friendly and economically successful future
• Technologies and Energy Carriers for the Integrated Energy System • R.-U. Dietrich • 13-Mar-17 DLR.de • Chart 2
Four energy transition targets by 2020
Others Renewables
Mineral Oil
Natural Gas
Hard Coal
Lignite
Nuclear
Waste
Hydro power
Wind power
Solar
Biomass
Geothermal
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The German energy transition – challenges for renewables integration
• Technologies and Energy Carriers for the Integrated Energy System • R.-U. Dietrich • 13-Mar-17 DLR.de • Chart 3
Updated: July 2016
Po
we
r-to
-X
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Technology options for Power-to-X
• Technologies and Energy Carriers for the Integrated Energy System • R.-U. Dietrich • 13-Mar-17 DLR.de • Chart 4
Renewable Electricity
Quelle: helmholtz.de Quelle: keck-energie.de
Power-to-Heat Power-to-Gas Power-to-Liquid
Power-to-X
Quelle: welt.de Quelle: fhotovoltaikanlage.net
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Power-to-Heat Applications: Power-operated Heat Pumps
• Technologies and Energy Carriers for the Integrated Energy System • R.-U. Dietrich • 13-Mar-17 DLR.de • Chart 5
Power-to-Heat
• District heating
• Large power range
(0.1 – 10 MW)
• 330 MW installed
• Huge storage capacity
• Domestic water heating
• Integrated with heating
installation, PV, solar heat
• Model region with 200 homes
in SH: excess wind power
• Process steam generation
• High pressure and capacity
• Fossil fuel substitution by renewable power: 1 kWhel up to 3-4 kWhth
• Established, user accepted Technologies, small investment required
Pictures: Klöpper-Therm GmbH & Co. KG
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Power-to-Heat Technologies: Heat Storage
• Technologies and Energy Carriers for the Integrated Energy System • R.-U. Dietrich • 13-Mar-17 DLR.de • Chart 6
Power-to-Heat
• Uncoupling of heat supply and demand
HOTREG test facility: Storing high-temperature
heat in small ceramic particles (175 kW, 830 °C)
CeraStorE: Chemical heat storage by reversible gas- and
solid-state reactions (High storage capacity using Lime)
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Large scale electricity storage: Power-X-Power
• Technologies and Energy Carriers for the Integrated Energy System • R.-U. Dietrich • 13-Mar-17 DLR.de • Chart 7
• Seasonal storage
• Compressed Air Energy Storage
(CAES)
• 320 MW Demonstration plant (2 h),
Efficiency ≈ 42 %
• 33 pumped-storage
hydropower plants (Σ: 6,6 GW)
• Limited potential • Adiabatic compressed air
energy storage concept
• Re-use of compression heat,
Efficiency ≈ 70 %
Power-to-Heat
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Combining electricity storage and District Heating:
Smart District Heating Concept
• Technologies and Energy Carriers for the Integrated Energy System • R.-U. Dietrich • 13-Mar-17 DLR.de • Chart 8
• Seasonal electricity storage using hot water reservoir
Power-to-Heat
90°C
40°C
District Heating
M
Heat Storage 150…200°C
Charge Mode
G
Discharge Mode
1 MWel 1 MWel
6 MWth
6 MWth
Solar Heat
Wind / PV Power Usage
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Power-to-Gas: H2O electrolysis
• Technologies and Energy Carriers for the Integrated Energy System • R.-U. Dietrich • 13-Mar-17 DLR.de • Chart 9
• Global electrolysis demand by 2030: 330 GW (Boston Consulting Group)
• Established, user accepted technologies – but continuous R&D efforts
• Energiepark Mainz:
3*1,3 MW demonstration
• Goal: 200 t/a H2 @ 35 bar
• Established industrial applications:
Thyssenkrupp, ELB (former Lurgi), …
• R&D: sunfire, DLR, …
• Highest overall efficiency
• Allows reverse operation (SOFC)
Power-to-Gas
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Power-to-Gas: Methane
• Technologies and Energy Carriers for the Integrated Energy System • R.-U. Dietrich • 13-Mar-17 DLR.de • Chart 10
• Synthetic Natural Gas (SNG) uses current gas infrastructure
• Mobile applications available today
• To compete with import natural gas
Quelle: helmholtz.de
Power-to-Gas
• Audi e-gas plant since 2013
• 1,000 Nm3/a SNG fueling
1,500 Audi A3 Sportback g-tron vehicles • Project pipeline @ www.dvgw-innovation.de
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Power-to-Liquid: More than a Concept?
• Technologies and Energy Carriers for the Integrated Energy System • R.-U. Dietrich • 13-Mar-17 DLR.de • Chart 11
Quelle: helmholtz.de
Power-to-Liquid
• Advantage: Renewable Transport with current infrastructure
• Challenge: Currently not competitive to fossil fuels
• Dresden, 14.11.2014: Federal Minister of Education and Research Johanna Wanka
fills the first 5 l of synthetic fuel from sunfire demo plant into her ministry car
Electrolyzer
Synthesis
Gas
Synthesis
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Pyrolysis & gasification
Fischer-Tropsch synthesis
Separation & upgrading
Electrolysis
CO2 purification PtL
PBtL
BtL
Reverse water-gas-shift (900°C)
Water-gas-shift (230°C) + CO2
removal
CO2
H2
CO,H2,CO2
FT-Product
CO2
Internal Recycle
External Recycle
Off gas
Power
Biomass
Water
Steam
Steam
Oxy-fuel burner + steam cycle
Tail gas
CO2-recycle
O2
O2
Syngas supply Syngas upgrade Fuel production
Power-to-Liquid combined with biomass processing:
Multiple Options for Renewable Transport
• Technologies and Energy Carriers for the Integrated Energy System • R.-U. Dietrich • 13-Mar-17 DLR.de • Chart 12
Quelle: helmholtz.de Quelle: keck-energie.de
Power-to-Liquid
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Pyrolysis & gasification
Fischer-Tropsch synthesis
Separation & upgrading
Electrolysis
CO2 purification PtL
PBtL
BtL
Reverse water-gas-shift (900°C)
Water-gas-shift (230°C) + CO2
removal
CO2
H2
CO,H2,CO2
FT-Product
CO2
Internal Recycle
External Recycle
Off gas
Power
Biomass
Water
Steam
Steam
Oxy-fuel burner + steam cycle
Tail gas
CO2-recycle
O2
O2
Syngas supply Syngas upgrade Fuel production
Power-to-Liquid combined with biomass processing:
Multiple Options for Renewable Transport
• Technologies and Energy Carriers for the Integrated Energy System • R.-U. Dietrich • 13-Mar-17 DLR.de • Chart 13
Quelle: helmholtz.de Quelle: keck-energie.de
Power-to-Liquid
Gasifier
technologies
• Entrained flow
• Fluidized bed
• Fixed bed
Electrolysis
technologies
• Alkaline
• Proton exchange
membrane (PEM)
• Solid oxide (SOEC)
FT technologies
0
0,04
0,08
0,12
0 10 20 30
Sh
are
/ -
C number / -
Fischer-Tropsch product mass distribution
= 0.75 = 0.85
CCU
technologies
• Adsorption
• Absorption
• Membrane Sep.
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Power-to-Liquid: Process Performance
• Technologies and Energy Carriers for the Integrated Energy System • R.-U. Dietrich • 13-Mar-17 DLR.de • Chart 14
Power-to-Liquid
Case study equipment selection and assumptions:
• PEM electrolyzer, ƞ = 4.3 kWh/Nm³ [6]
• Entrained flow gasifier, T = 1200 ℃, p = 30 bar, pure O2 [7]
• Fischer-Tropsch synthesis, T = 225 ℃, p = 25 bar, a = 0.85, XCO = 40 % [8]
• BTL fuel yield can be increased by the factor 3 – 4 by the PBTL concept
• Approximately full carbon conversion for PBTL and PTL applying oxy-fuel combustion and recycle concept
• High XTL-efficiency for PTL and PBTL
[6] T. Smolinka, M. Günther and J. Garche, „Stand und Entwicklungspotenzial der Wasserelektrolyse zur Herstellung von Wasserstoff aus regenerativen Energien,“ NOW GmbH, 2011. [7] K. Qin, „Entrianed Flow Gasification of Biomass, Ph. D. thesis,“ Technical University of Denmark (DTU), Kgs. Lyngby, 2012. [8] P. Kaiser, F. Pöhlmann and A. Jess, "Intrinsic and effective kinetics of cobalt-catalyzed Fischer-Tropsch synthesis in view of a Power-to-Liquid process based on renewable energy,“
Chemical Engineering Technology, vol. 37, pp. 964-972, 2014.
Process parameter BTL PBTL PTL
Energy efficiency XTL 36,3 % 51,4 % 50,6 %
Power consumption - 4.2 kWh/kgfuel* 15.8 kWh/kgfuel 24.4 kWh/kgfuel
Biomass/CO2 demand 7.6 kgBM/kgfuel 2.0 kgBM/kgfuel 3.1 kgCO2/kgfuel
Carbon efficiency C 24.9 % 97.7 % 98.9 %
*BTL can generate electricity from exhaust heat
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Power-to-Liquid: Production costs for 11 tfuel/h capacity (2014)
• Technologies and Energy Carriers for the Integrated Energy System • R.-U. Dietrich • 13-Mar-17 DLR.de • Chart 15
Power-to-Liquid
Case study operating funds assumptions:
• Electricity: 105 €/MWh [12]
• Biomass (wood chips): 100 €/twet [13]
[12] Eurostat, „Electricity prices for industrial consumers - bi-annual data (from 2007 onwards), 2016. [13] C.A.R.M.E.N e.V., „Price development of wood chips“, 2015.
PTL – NPC = 2.74 €/l PBTL – NPC: 2.24 €/l BTL – NPC: 1.77 €/l
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Power-to-Liquid: Techno-economic assessment
• Technologies and Energy Carriers for the Integrated Energy System • R.-U. Dietrich • 13-Mar-17 DLR.de • Chart 16
Power-to-Liquid
• PtL preference: small plant size, cheap electricity
• PBTL preference: larger plant size (biomass availability?), current electricity prices
2029
3847
5665
7483
921011
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4
1.5
1.6
1.7
1.8
1.9
2
2.1
2.2
2.3
Electricity price (€/MWh)
NP
C (€/l)
Plant capacity (kt/year)
2.2-2.3
2.1-2.2
2-2.1
1.9-2
1.8-1.9
1.7-1.8
1.6-1.7
1.5-1.6
1.4-1.5
1.3-1.4
1.2-1.3
1.1-1.2
1-1.1
PBtL
BtL
PtL
NPC / €/l
* Red line indicates stock exchange power price
Fuel production costs (NPC) over plant size and electricity price
*
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Technology options for Power-to-X
• Technologies and Energy Carriers for the Integrated Energy System • R.-U. Dietrich • 13-Mar-17 DLR.de • Chart 17
Renewable Electricity
Quelle: helmholtz.de Quelle: keck-energie.de
Power-to-Heat Power-to-Gas Power-to-Liquid
Power-to-X
Quelle: welt.de Quelle: fhotovoltaikanlage.net
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Technology options for Power-to-X
• Technologies and Energy Carriers for the Integrated Energy System • R.-U. Dietrich • 13-Mar-17 DLR.de • Chart 18
Renewable Electricity
Power-to-Heat
Power-to-X
Quelle: welt.de Quelle: fhotovoltaikanlage.net
• Cheap, state-of-the-art electroboiler for low temperature
applications (exergy loss included)
• Currently not for saisonal storage
• High temperature applications required for sustainable industry
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Technology options for Power-to-X
• Technologies and Energy Carriers for the Integrated Energy System • R.-U. Dietrich • 13-Mar-17 DLR.de • Chart 19
Renewable Electricity
Quelle: helmholtz.de
Power-to-Gas
Power-to-X
Quelle: welt.de Quelle: fhotovoltaikanlage.net
• Industrial hydrogen demand can be supplied sustainable
• Growing demand of hydrogen applications not clear
• Hydrogen economy will require Power-to-Gas
• Gas production includes exergy losses
• Methane can be used for power production (grid stabilization)
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Technology options for Power-to-X
• Technologies and Energy Carriers for the Integrated Energy System • R.-U. Dietrich • 13-Mar-17 DLR.de • Chart 20
Renewable Electricity
Quelle: keck-energie.de
Power-to-Liquid
Power-to-X
Quelle: welt.de Quelle: fhotovoltaikanlage.net
• Sustainable transport with current infrastructure requires
sustainable fuels
• Sustainable chemistry from renewable power
• Exergy losses unavoidable for current transport system
• Huge long term storage potential
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Technology Demand for Power-to-X
• Technologies and Energy Carriers for the Integrated Energy System • R.-U. Dietrich • 13-Mar-17 DLR.de • Chart 21
Renewable Electricity
Power-to-X
Quelle: welt.de Quelle: fhotovoltaikanlage.net
• Large scale energy storage technologies (efficiency, maturity, costs)
• Electrolyzer mass production
• Efficient synthesis technologies for renewable transport
The future integrated energy system will look different!
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THANK YOU FOR YOUR ATTENTION!
German Aerospace Center (DLR)
Institute of Engineering Thermodynamics, Stuttgart
Research Area Alternative Fuels
http://www.dlr.de/tt/en