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Transcript of Technological Institute of the Philippines
TECHNOLOGICAL INSTITUTE OF THE PHILIPPINES938 Aurora Blvd., Cubao, Quezon City
A Research Work Presented to the Computer Engineering Department
In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirement for the Computer Fundamentals and
Programming (CS 200L2)
“UBUNTU 9.10: OPERATING SYSTEM”
Submitted By:
Caspe, Christian
Cerrero, Marjorie
Conde, Jerry
De Blas, Rahp Relly
Gasmen, Joe Vincent
Pampola, Edward
Submitted to:
Engr. Richelle Anne Tupaz
Instructor
Date Submitted:
11 December 2009
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Acknowledgement
CHAPTER I – Introduction
Introductory ParagraphsStatement of the ProblemPurposeSignificance of the StudyObject of the StudyResearch Questions and /or Hypotheses
CHAPTER II – Background
Related LiteratureDefinition of Terms
CHAPTER III – Methodology
A. Methods of Research UsedB. Source of DataC. Sampling Techniques
Procedure and TimeframeAnalysis PlanValidity and ReliabilityAssumptionsScope and Limitations
CHAPTER IV – Results
CHAPTER V – Conclusions and Recommendations
SummaryDiscussionRecommendations
THE PROCESS
THE CREATORS
REFERENCES
APPENDIX
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Our Group, the Exiles would like to acknowledge the people who guided,
supported and help us in our research. We would like to express our gratitude to the
following:
To God that gave us the intelligence, initiative and strength in conducting and
writing this research.
To our parents, who financially supported us and allowed us to stay overnight.
To Conde family, that gave us the permission to use their personal computer and
allowing us stay overnight.
To our instructor, Engr. Richelle Anne Tupaz, who gave us the chance to study
about UBUNTU 9.10 and for extending the deadline of submission.
And to the group members that gave their best effort and cooperation to finish this
research.
CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
An operating system is the most important program that runs on a computer and
without the operating system, a computer would be useless. Operating System,
commonly abbreviated OS is system software that communicates with computer
hardware on the most basic level. Without an operating system, no software programs
can run. The OS is what allocates memory, processes tasks, accesses disks and
peripherals, and serves as the user interface. Operating systems perform basic tasks, such
as recognizing input from the keyboard, sending output to the display screen, keeping
track of files and directories on the disk, and controlling peripheral devices such as disk
drives and printers.
There are different types of operating system and the most commonly used is the
Windows by Microsoft. Microsoft Windows dominate the computer market, as of
October 2009, Windows had approximately 91% of the market share of the client
operating systems.
Although there are huge amount of Microsoft Windows users, there are other
computer users that are not using Windows as their OS. The reason is that an original
Microsoft Windows are quite expensive. Some companies that uses several computers or
business that involves large numbers of computers used other types of operating system
that is free and open source. The most popular open source software is the Linux.
Linux is a free Unix-type operating system originally created by Linus Torvalds
with the assistance of developers around the world. Developed under the GNU General
Public License, the source code for Linux is freely available to everyone. Linux
Distribution developed a operating system and named after the South African ethical
ideology, Ubuntu, meaning “humanity towards other”.
Ubuntu is a free and open source operating system based on the Debian Linux
Distribution. It was first release on October 20, 2004. Ubuntu provides an up-to-date,
stable operating system for the average user, with a strong focus on usability and ease of
installation. Ubuntu also focuses on security. As a security feature, the sudo tool is used
to assign temporary privileges for performing administrative tasks, allowing the root
account to remain locked, and preventing inexperienced users from inadvertently making
catastrophic system changes or opening security holes. The Ubiquity installer allows
Ubuntu to be installed to the hard disk from within the Live CD environment, without the
need for restarting the computer prior to installation. Ubuntu comes installed with a wide
range of software that includes OpenOffice, Firefox, Empathy, Transmission, GIMP, and
several lightweight games such as Sudoku and chess. Ubuntu allows networking ports to
be closed using its firewall, with customized port selection available. Ubuntu can also run
many programs designed for Microsoft Windows, such as Microsoft Office through a
Virtual Box.
STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
We, as computer engineering students are always seeking for technical
innovations. These innovations will lead us to be more productive and effective engineers
of the future. Thus, knowing and being familiar with different operating systems aside
from windows operating systems is a must. There are free and reliable operating systems
around and all we need to do is to test which one will suit our needs and wants. We chose
UBUNTU as our topic research; it is a free and flexible operating system. In this research
we need to know its functions, advantages and disadvantages to other operating systems
and to explore its features and interface.
PURPOSE
Knowledge about different kinds of operating systems is a must especially for us
Computer Engineering students. Different operating system aside from windows
operating systems offers a broad sheet of features and innovations and the best thing is
that it is and opens source software. Knowing all these will enhance our knowledge, skills
and productivity as future engineers of our country. Our research also promotes
UBUNTU as a reliable and easy-to-download operating system that is capable in meeting
our needs and expectations.
SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
This research will give broad information regarding UBUNTU 9.10 to our co-
students, instructors and future researchers. This research will give background regarding
UBUNTU’s environment and its advantages against other operating systems.
This research will serve as an eye-opener to what things lies ahead. And for us
computer engineering students, it is an opportunity to view and to try different kind of
operating system. It will also strengthen our bond as a group and develop our initiative
and communication skills.
OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY
1. General Objective
To promote the advantages of UBUNTU 9.10 operating system.
To inform others about the difference of UNBUNU to other operating
systems in the market nowadays.
2. Specific Objectives
To enumerate the new features of Ubuntu operating system.
To provide a step by step procedure of downloading, burning and
installation of Ubuntu operating system.
To experience and explore the interface of Ubuntu operating system.
RESEARCH QUESTION / HYPOTHESES
1. Why do we need to study Ubuntu operating system?
2. Is Ubuntu operating system safe to use?
3. What are the differences between Ubuntu and other operating systems?
4. Is Ubuntu operating system easy to use like windows operating system?
5. What are the processes before Ubuntu operating system will run?
CHAPTER II
RELATED LITERATURE
Windows® Family
In 1983 Microsoft announced its development of Windows, a graphical user interface
(GUI) for its own operating system (MS-DOS) that had shipped for IBM PC and
compatible computers since 1981. Microsoft modeled the GUI, which was first known as
Interface Manager.
The first independent version of Microsoft Windows, version 1.0, released on November
20, 1985, lacked a degree of functionality and achieved little popularity. Microsoft
Windows scored a significant success with Windows 3.0, released in 1990. In addition to
improved capabilities given to native applications, Windows also allowed users to better
multitask older MS-DOS based software compared to Windows/386, thanks to the
introduction of virtual memory. During the mid to late 1980s, Microsoft and IBM had
cooperatively been developing OS/2 as a successor to DOS. OS/2 would take full
advantage of the aforementioned Protected Mode of the Intel 80286 processor and up to
16MB of memory. OS/2 1.0, released in 1987, supported swapping and multitasking and
allowed running of DOS executables. In response to the impending release of OS/2 2.0,
Microsoft developed Windows 3.1, which included several minor improvements to
Windows 3.0 but primarily consisted of bug fixes and multimedia support. In February
1989, Microsoft develops Windows NT, which means new technology. It was originally
designed to be a powerful high-level-language-based, processor-independent,
multiprocessing, multiuser operating system with features comparable to UNIX. On
August 24, 1995, Windows 95, a graphical user interface-based operating system was
released. On 25 June 1998, Microsoft released Windows 98. It included new hardware
drivers and better support for the FAT32 file system which allows support for disk
partitions larger than the 2 GB maximum accepted by Windows 95. Microsoft released
Windows 2000, known during its development cycle as Windows NT 5.0, in February
2000. It was successfully deployed both on the server and the workstation markets. In
September 2000, Microsoft introduced Windows Me (Millennium Edition), which
upgraded Windows 98 with enhanced multimedia and Internet features. In 2001,
Microsoft released Windows XP. The merging of the Windows NT/2000 and Windows
95/98/Me lines was finally achieved with Windows XP. Windows XP uses the Windows
NT 5.1 kernel, marking the entrance of the Windows NT core to the consumer market, to
replace the aging 16/32-bit branch. Windows Vista was released on November 30, 2006
to business customers, with consumer versions following on January 30, 2007. Windows
Vista intended to have enhanced security by introducing a new restricted user mode
called User Account Control, replacing the "administrator-by-default" philosophy of
Windows XP. One major difference between Vista and earlier versions of Windows,
Windows 95 and later, is that the original start button was replaced with just the
Windows icon. Windows 7 is the current major release after Windows Vista and was
planned for a three-year development timeframe.
THE OPEN-SOURCE OPERATING SYSTEM
Open source software (OSS) is computer software for which the source code and certain
other rights normally reserved for copyright holders are provided under a software license
that meets the Open Source Definition or that is in the public domain. This permits users
to use, change, and improve the software, and to redistribute it in modified or unmodified
forms. It is very often developed in a public, collaborative manner. Open source software
is the most prominent example of open source development and often compared to user-
generated content. The term open source software originated as part of a marketing
campaign for free software. A report by Standish Group states that adoption of open
source software models has resulted in savings of about $60 billion per year to consumers
OpenSUSE
OpenSUSE project is a community program sponsored by Novell. Promoting the use of
Linux everywhere, this program provides free, easy access to openSUSE, a complete
Linux distribution. The openSUSE project has three main goals: make openSUSE the
easiest Linux for anyone to obtain and the most widely used Linux distribution; leverage
open source collaboration to make openSUSE the world's most usable Linux distribution
and desktop environment for new and experienced Linux users; dramatically simplify and
open the development and packaging processes to make openSUSE the platform of
choice for Linux developers and software vendors. It is the equivalent of the historic
"SuSE Linux Professional". After their acquisition of SUSE Linux, Novell has decided to
make the community an important part of their development process.
Beyond the distribution, the openSUSE Project provides a web portal for community
involvement. The community assists in developing openSUSE collaboratively with
representatives from Novell by contributing code through the openSUSE Build Service,
writing documentation, designing artwork, fostering discussion on open mailing lists and
in Internet Relay Chat channels, and improving the openSUSE site through its wiki
interface. Novell markets openSUSE as the best, easiest distribution for all users.
Fedora
Fedora is a Linux-based operating system created back in 2003 as a community
distribution called the Fedora Project. It was released along with Red Hat Enterprise
Linux, which was to be the next official Linux distribution after Red Hat Linux was
discontinued. Its main purpose was to serve as a source of software innovations for the
Hat Enterprise Linux releases. This connection between the two Linux distributions
explains the origin of the Fedora name – 'fedora' refers to the characteristic fedora hat
used in Red Hat's "Shadowman" logo. The Fedora Project's mission is to lead the
advancement of free and open source software and content as a collaborative community..
One of Fedora's main objectives is not only to contain software distributed under a free
and open source license, but also to be on the leading edge of such technologies. Fedora
developers prefer to make upstream changes instead of applying fixes specifically for
Fedora—this ensures that their updates are available to all Linux distributions.
Fedora has a comparatively short life cycle: version X is maintained until one month after
version X+2 is released. With 6 months between releases, the maintenance period is about
13 months for each version.
Linus Torvalds, author of the Linux kernel, says he uses Fedora because it had fairly good
support for PowerPC when he used that processor architecture. He became accustomed to
the operating system and continues to use it.
According to Distrowatch, Fedora is the second most popular Linux-based operating
system as of mid 2009, behind Ubuntu.
Debian
Debian Project is an association of individuals who have made common cause to create a
free operating system. This operating system is called Debian GNU/Linux, or simply
Debian for short. Debian systems currently use the Linux kernel. Linux is a completely
free piece of software started by Linus Torvalds and supported by thousands of
programmers worldwide. Of course, the thing that people want is application software:
programs to help them get what they want to do done, from editing documents to running
a business to playing games to writing more software. Debian comes with over 20,000
packages (precompiled software that is bundled up in a nice format for easy installation
on your machine) - all of it free. It's a bit like a tower. At the base is the kernel. On top of
that are all the basic tools. Next is all the software that you run on the computer. At the
top of the tower is Debian -- carefully organizing and fitting everything so it all works
together. It is distributed with access to repositories containing thousands of software
packages ready for installation and use. Debian is known for strict adherence to the Unix
and free software philosophies as well as using collaborative software development and
testing processes. Debian can be used as a desktop as well as server operating system.
Solaris
Solaris is a UNIX-based operating system introduced by Sun Microsystems in 1992 as
the successor to SunOS. Early versions, based on BSD UNIX, were called SunOS. The
shift to a System V code base in SunOS 5 was marked by changing the name to Solaris 2.
Earlier versions were retroactively named Solaris 1.x. After version 2.6, Sun dropped the
"2." from the name. Solaris consists of the SunOS UNIX base operating system plus a
graphical user environment. Solaris is written in a platform-independent manner and is
available for SPARC and x86 processors (including x86_64). Historically, Solaris used to
be a proprietary operating system, however, starting from version 10, its licence has
changed and the product is now distributed free of charge for any system or purpose,
while its source code is available from OpenSolaris.org under a license approved by
Open Source Initiative (OSI).
Solaris is known for its scalability, especially on SPARC systems, and for originating
many innovative features such as DTrace and ZFS. Solaris supports SPARC-based and
x86-based workstations and servers from Sun and other vendors, with efforts underway
to port to additional platforms.
Solaris is certified against the Single Unix Specification. Although it was historically
developed as proprietary software, it is supported on systems manufactured by all major
server vendors, and the majority of its codebase is now open source software via the
OpenSolaris project.
COMPUTER OPERATING SYSTEMS (OS) COMPARISON
Table A
Operating System Distribution Preferred license Target System type
Solaris Free CDDL Server, WorkstationFedora Free GNU, General
Public License & other free software licenses
Desktop, server
OpenSUSE Free GNU, General Public License & other free software licenses
Desktop, server
Debian Free GNU, General Public License & other free software licenses
Desktop, server
Windows XP Per license charge Shared source Desktop,Workstation, Embedded. Media center
Windows Vista Per license charge MS-EULA Desktop, Workstation
Windows 7 Per license charge Closed source, Shared source
Tablet PC, media center, netbooks,Desktop, Workstation, Multitouch
Ubuntu 9.10 Free Mainly the GNU GPL / plus variousother licenses
Desktop, server
Table B
Operating System Author First public release
Predecessor
Solaris Sun Jul-92 SunOSFedora Red Hat 16-Nov-03 Red Hat Linux 9OpenSUSE Novell Mar-94 SUSE Linux Professional
Debian Ian Murdock 16-Aug-93 N/AWindows XP Microsoft 25-Oct-01 Windows 2000, Windows Me
Windows Vista Microsoft 8-Nov-06 Windows XPWindows 7 Microsoft 22-Oct-09 Windos Vista
Ubuntu 9.10 Canonical Ltd. 20-Oct-04 Ubuntu
DEFINITION OF TERMS
Wubi is an officially supported Ubuntu installer for Windows users that can bring
you to the Linux world with a single click. Wubi allows you to install and uninstall
Ubuntu as any other Windows application, in a simple and safe way.
Open source describes practices in production and development that promote
access to the end product's source materials—typically, their source code. The open
source model can allow for the concurrent use of different agendas and approaches in
production, in contrast with more centralized models of development such as those
typically used in commercial software companies.
Pidgin is a multi-platform instant messaging client, based on a library named
libpurple. Libpurple has support for many commonly used instant messaging protocols,
allowing the user to log into various different services from one application.
Wine is a free software application that aims to allow Unix-like computer
operating systems to execute programs written for Microsoft Windows. Wine also
provides a software library known as Winelib against which developers can compile
Windows applications to help port them to Unix-like systems.
UNetbootin utilities or installs Linux/BSD to a partition or USB drive without a
CD. It can use an existing disk image/kernel/initrd file, or download a supported distro or
system utility.
LIVE CD is a CD containing a bootable computer operating system. Live CDs
are unique in that they have the ability to run a complete, modern operating system on a
computer lacking mutable secondary storage, such as a hard disk drive. Live CDs are
designed to "demo" or "test drive" a particular operating system usually Linux or another
free or open source operating system.
CHAPTER III
A. METHODS OF RESEARCH
The method of research used is internet exploration. We rummage around the net
to find valuable pieces of information regarding Ubuntu operating system. We
also investigate the interface of Ubuntu to know its advantages and disadvantages
when compared to other operating systems. We also scan various research paper
regarding operating systems in our college department. And finally we undergo
the installation process to enable us to enumerate possible errors in setting up the
Ubuntu.
B. SOURCES OF DATA
The data we used came from the internet and the bootable disc. The internet
becomes our basis for some of our results due to its updated environment. And the
bootable disc is the source of the Ubuntu operating system which was installed in
our test computer.
C. SAMPLING TECHNIQUES
We provided a DVD+R bootable disc as our sample. We downloaded its contents
– Ubuntu 9.10 through the use of internet.
ANALYSIS
We may be familiar with Windows Operating Systems which dominated most of
the market, but there are also open-source operating systems which are stable and reliable
enough to support our needs, one of these operating systems is Ubuntu.
At first, things were vague as a mist because it was our first time conduct a
research regarding other operating system aside from windows operating systems. But
due to our collaborative effort in researching it was understood little by little.
This research was a big opportunity in discovering new operating systems
especially Ubuntu. This paper work distributed a lot, from our intellectual understanding
regarding operating systems to experiencing Ubuntu’s environment. This work also
contributed enjoyment to every members of our group.
VALIDITY AND RELIABILITY
The downloading process was quite fast due to its small size and fast internet
connection. We didn’t have any problems encountered during the installation process.
The burning process was in slower speed to ensure that it’s error free. And were right,
when the operating system was installed we haven’t experienced any error.
ASSUMPTIONS
There aren’t a lot to expect for this research because it was our first time to
encounter Ubuntu operating systems. But one thing is for sure, a lot of research, patience,
effort, and collaborative work will make everything seamlessly. This research will impart
knowledge to us computer engineering students that will truly help us in our future
works.
SCOPES AND LIMITATIONS
1. Scope
The availability of Ubuntu is easy; it is free to download via internet.
Applications are readily available.
2. Limitations
Windows based applications cannot and will not work with Ubuntu.
Drivers installed in windows in not the same with Ubuntu.
PROCEDURE AND TIME FRAME
Procedure No. Procedure
DAY1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
1 Searching the Net
2Analyzing Gathered
Data
3Downloading Ubuntu
9.10 4 Burning Ubuntu 9.10
5Intstallation of Ubuntu
9.10 6 Partition of Chapters 7 Revising and Editing 8 Printing 9 Book Binding
10Deadline of Submission
RESULTS
Before we arrived with the output, which is the environment of Linux Ubuntu, we
experienced downloading it for 2-3 hours. The Linux based systems was not that easy if
one does not know how to do it right. Also not all applications are compatible to the
Linux. We figured out that the visual effects of the Linux are much better than the
Windows Operating System. The burning and installation process was easy because in
burning, the file is already in the ISO image format that can be burn directly to any ISO
burner, and on installation, it has a wizard which is like in all windows operating systems
that will guide the user to the installation process.
We conducted different researches to know more about the environment and the
installation process of Ubuntu. We found out different improvements in its environment
upon its different releases. The operating system we downloaded is the latest release this
year (2009).
After all the hard works we were able to download it correctly. We also have
burned it successfully without any delay. After those processes we installed and
configured Ubuntu operating system using Virtual Box. Finally, the awaited moment
which was to see the Linux Ubuntu environment after all the installation done was
successful.
CHAPTER V
A. SUMMARY
Innovation and new-fangled stuffs were just an exploration ahead. There were
times were we don’t know that there were alternatives to what we knew to be general.
Like Ubuntu, a free operating system which packages with new and fantastic
specifications that meets our needs and expectations. Feature-wise it is, indeed, it was
full-packed operating system. Deviating from what we were used to is fun and
confusing at times. A new environment will enhance our skills to be flexible with
different operating system aside from Windows operating systems. All we needed to
do is to have the right resources and knowledge. And above all, group alliance gave a
better result.
B. CONCLUSION
We therefore conclude that Ubuntu is an alternative operating system versus
expensive ones such as Windows operating systems. Ubuntu is fast and straight-
forward operating system which is reliable enough to meet our needs. Ubuntu is an
opening to lets us experience different kind of operating system aside from the
renowned Windows operating systems.
C. RECOMMENDATION
Our generation focuses on innovations regarding technology and machinery.
Enable for us to adhere with this trends, we need to know more about different types
of operating system and divert from what we have been used to. Ubuntu is a nice
package of operating system which shows us what lies within other operating
systems. We highly recommend students especially computer engineering and
information and technology to try Ubuntu 9.10 and experience the world of Karmic
Koala.
CHAPTER V
D. SUMMARY
Innovation and new-fangled stuffs were just an exploration ahead. There were
times were we don’t know that there were alternatives to what we knew to be general.
Like Ubuntu, a free operating system which packages with new and fantastic
specifications that meets our needs and expectations. Feature-wise it is, indeed, it was
full-packed operating system. Deviating from what we were used to is fun and
confusing at times. A new environment will enhance our skills to be flexible with
different operating system aside from Windows operating systems. All we needed to
do is to have the right resources and knowledge. And above all, group alliance gave a
better result.
E. CONCLUSION
We therefore conclude that Ubuntu is an alternative operating system versus
expensive ones such as Windows operating systems. Ubuntu is fast and straight-
forward operating system which is reliable enough to meet our needs. Ubuntu is an
opening to lets us experience different kind of operating system aside from the
renowned Windows operating systems.
F. RECOMMENDATION
Our generation focuses on innovations regarding technology and machinery.
Enable for us to adhere with this trends, we need to know more about different types
of operating system and divert from what we have been used to. Ubuntu is a nice
package of operating system which shows us what lies within other operating
systems. We highly recommend students especially computer engineering and
information and technology to try Ubuntu 9.10 and experience the world of Karmic
Koala.
THE PROCESS
Ubuntu 9.10, also known as the Karmic Koala, arrived exactly on October 29,
2009 and is the eleventh release of Ubuntu OS.
Requirements:
You will need the Ubuntu 9.10 Desktop ISO image that corresponds to your
hardware architecture (i386 or amd64), and which can be downloaded from
http://www.ubuntu.com/GetUbuntu/download .
When the download is over, burn the ISO image with your favorite CD/DVD
burning application (Nero, CDBurnerXP, Roxio, ISO Burner) on a blank CD or DVD at
8x or lower speed.
Reinsert or leave the CD in your CD/DVD-ROM device and reboot the computer
in order to boot from the CD. Hit the F8, F11 or F12 key (depending on your BIOS) to
select the CD/DVD-ROM as the boot device.
Select your language when asked...
Select the second option "Install Ubuntu," and hit the "Enter" key...
Wait for the CD to load into RAM...
You will see the wallpaper for a few seconds. When the installer appears, you will
be able to select your native language for the entire installation process. Click the
"Forward" button to continue...
Where are you?
The second screen will feature a map of the Earth. Upon the selection of your
current location, the time for the final system will adjust accordingly. You can also select
your current location from the drop down list situated at the bottom of the window. Click
the "Forward" button after you have selected your desired location...
Test your keyboard
On the third screen, you will be able to choose a desired keyboard layout. But the
default automatic selection should work for most of you. Click the "Forward" button
when you have finished with the keyboard configuration...
Hard disk partitioning
If you have another operating system (e.g. Windows XP) and you want a dual
boot system, select the first option: "Install them side by side, choosing between them at
each startup."
Who are you?
On this screen, you must do exactly what the title says. Fill in the fields with your
real name, the name you want to use to log in on your Ubuntu OS (also known as the
"username," which will be required to log in to the system), the password and the name
of the computer (automatically generated, but can be overwritten).
Also at this step, there's an option called "Log in automatically." If you check the
box on this option, you will automatically be logged in to the Ubuntu desktop. Click the
"Forward" button to continue...
Are you really ready for Ubuntu?
This is the final step of the installation. Here, you can select to install the boot
loader on another partition or hard drive than the default one, but it is only recommended
for advanced users. If someone is installing to a USB memory stick, as if it was a USB
hard drive, then they should know that the installer will mess with their computer's hard
disk drive MBR (thanks to Donald for the info on this one!).
Therefore, click the "Advanced" button and select the correct drive (the USB stick
in this case)...
Click the "Install" button to start the installation process. The Ubuntu 9.10
(Karmic Koala) operating system will be installed...
After approximately 10 to 18 minutes (depending on your computer's specs), a
pop-up window will appear, notifying you that the installation is complete, and you'll
need to restart the computer in order to use the newly installed Ubuntu operating system.
Click the "Restart Now" button...
The CD will be ejected; remove it and press the "Enter" key to reboot. The
computer will be restarted and, in a few seconds, you will see the Ubuntu boot splash and
Xsplash...
You are now ready to use Linux Ubuntu 9.10…
THE CREATORS
The EXILES…...
REFERENCES
http://www.techterms.com/definition/operatingsystem
http://www.webopedia.com/term/o/operating_system.html
http://www.linux.org/
http://www.ubuntu.com/
http://members.fortunecity.com/pcmuseum/windows.html
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Microsoft_Windows
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparison_of_operating_systems
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ubuntu_%28operating_system%29
APPENDIX