Technological Hazards. Smith Ch 13 Technological Hazards Artificial hazards due to a technological...
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Technological Hazards
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Technological Hazards
• Smith Ch 13
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Technological Hazards
• Artificial hazards due to a technological failure– slow-acting– fast-acting
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Slow-Acting
• soil and water contamination
• air pollution
• occupational disease
• life-style disease
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"Smoking is one of the leading causes of all statistics."
-- Liza Minnelli
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“Smoking kills. If you're killed, you've lost a very important part of your life.”
— Brooke Shields
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Byssinosis victim, Greenville SC
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Arsenic poisoning
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Arsenic
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London Smog Nov 1952
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“It isn’t the pollution that’s harming the environment. It’s the impurities in the air and water that are doing it.”
-- Dan Quayle
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Aral Sea
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Bangkok
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• Sudbury 1979
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"Hollywood is the only place where you can wake up in the morning and hear the birds coughing in the trees."
-- Joe Frisco
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Leaking USTs
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• British sewage sludge dumped at sea 1980s
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Fast-Acting
• major fires
• structural failures
• transportation accidents
• industrial accident
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Major conflagrations
• 1666 Great Fire of London: 13,200 houses destroyed
• 1871 Great Fire of Chicago: 18,000 homes destroyed
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Dutch firework disaster
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Hagersville ON 1990
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London May 10-11 1941
• Heaviest air raid on London in WW2
• 35 Weeks into the London “Blitz”
• 541 German aircraft involved– 700 tons of high explosive– 86 tons of incendiaries
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London May 10-11 1941
• 1436 Civilians killed
• 1800 serious injuries
• 2200 fires started, 700 acres burned (bigger than 1666)
• 11000 homes destroyed
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Major transport accidents
• 1912 Titanic: 1,500 dead
• 1914 Empress of Ireland
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• Empire State crash 1940s
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Mississauga Train Derailment
• November 1979 train carrying propane & chlorine derails
• 250,000 evacuated
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• Amoco Cadiz 1978
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Exxon Valdez
• Exxon pays $35 Billion US in compensation for major oil spill in Alaskan waters
• Tanker runs aground while captain drunk
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Major industrial accidents
• 1769 San Nazzaro gunpowder explosion: 3,000 dead
• 1858 Boiler explosion, London docks: 2,000 dead
• 1906 Courrieres coal mine explosion: 1,099 dead
• 1917 Halifax Explosion: 1,200+ dead
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• Toronto Oil Tank Fire 1911
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Cubatao, Brazil 25 Feb 1984
• 500 squatters die when petroleum spills from industrial plant and ignites shanty community
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Mexico City, 19 Nov 1984
• Liquified Petroleum Gas explosions at plant adjoining poor neighbourhood
• 452 dead, 31,000 homeless, 300,000 evacuated
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Bhopal, India 2-3 Dec 1984
• India applying modern technology to farming
• Leak of toxic Methyl Isocyanate gas from Union Carbide agrochemicals plant
• Killed 2000 immediately, 6,400 total
• 34,000 blinded, 200,000 injured
• 200,000 refugees
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Bhopal
• Factory without US-standard safety measures
• Large numbers of vulnerable people living close to the plant
• No preparation to evacuate or protect population
• Company able to offload much of the responsibility onto India
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Bhopal
• Union Carbide eventually pays $470 million US in compensation (1989)
• Around $500 per injured person, $2000 per death
• Victims face corruption in Indian legal and medical systems
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Bhopal
• Brought tighter controls in USA on chemical companies– US chemical companies shift production to
LDCs
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Exposure increases
• More people living in dense urban areas and exposed to risk
• More powerful technologies
• Rapid pace of technological change: – new hazards in places unfamiliar with them
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Road Deaths
• 70% of all road deaths now in LDCs
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Dubai
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Globalization of industrial technology
• Global spread of industrialization
• Globalization of commercial farming– chemicals
• From mid 1980s LDCs enter the big league for industrial accidents
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Pesticides in Singapore
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Spreading DDT on a Toronto Dump, Spring 1948
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Protection increases
• Engineering improves
• Safety features improved
• Improved safety regulation– Less in LDCs– Eroding in MDCs with
reductions in public spending
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Chernobyl 25-26 April 1986
• Nuclear reactor accident in Belarus
• Flawed plant design plus human incompetence– water-cooled graphite-modified
• Radioactive steam blows the 1000 tonne cover off the reactor– fragments flung for 1 km– plume of radioactive gas enters upper atmosphere
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Chernobyl 25-26 April 1986
• US satellite surveillance incomplete– crucial hardware lost on the Space Shuttle
Challenger
• World has to observe the unfolding disaster on an old LANDSAT satellite– not designed to see things this small– sees two reactors
• First western alarm: at a nuke plant in Sweden
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Chernobyl 25-26 April 1986
• 31+ die from radiation burns– Kamikaze firefighting to bury the reactor
• 200+ seriously injured
• 135,000 permanently evacuated within 35 km radius
• Abandonment of Pripyat
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Chernobyl 25-26 April 1986
• Radioactive plume circles the globe within 2 weeks
• Heaviest fallout in high-rainfall northern hemisphere– contamination of the arctic and subarctic food
chains
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Scrapbook of Technological Hazards
Historic Waste Disposal
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Weston Rd & Black Creek
• Early C20th: flood-liable creek and quarries
• Some waste disposal, landfilling, cheap housing
• Hurricane Hazel 1954: extensive flooding
• Black Creek placed in concrete channel
• Metro and York Township landfill the quarries
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Weston Rd & Black Creek
• Expropriation of Porter Ave homes 1965– Michael Vukovitz
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Weston Rd & Black Creek
• Feb 1965: Landfill-methane explosion on Avon Ave– garage explodes, man becomes human torch
• 1969: same garage explodes again– different man becomes human torch
• Litigation: Gertson vs Borough of York 1973– Gertson won
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Hamilton Waterfront 1970s
• Laidlaw’s Interflow subsidiary treating hazardous liquids on Hamilton waterfront in 1970s– Thermal treatment– Transfer station– Licensed to send region’s wastes to dump
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Upper Ottawa St Dump
• Wastes hauled to Upper Ottawa St Landfill– operated by another Laidlaw company: KD
Disposals
• Upper Ottawa St Landfill leaks– Red Hill Creek contaminated– Region recently fined $500,000 for this
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Philip Services
• 1990s secured contract to operate Hamilton’s water supply, sewage disposal
• 1990s secured approval for Taro landfill, Stoney Creek
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Philip Services
• Taro Landfill accepts illegal plating wastes from US– Philip forcing city to allow Taro leachate in city
sewers
• Philip’s spills sewage into Harbour
• Philip abandons Hamilton’s blue-box collection programme May 2001– Leaves City to pick up the pieces
• Wonderful corporate behaviour
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Global Acid Rain
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Technological Hazards
• Complex hazard spectrum
• Significant role of human factors
• Signs that the vulnerability and hazard exposure reflect broad societal changes:– urbanization– global industrialization
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