Technological, Economical and Ecological Role of Agricultural Mechanization in Sustainable...
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Technological, Economical and Ecological Role of Agricultural Mechanization
in Sustainable Viticulture
Anıl GÜCÜYEN
Department of Agricultural Machinery Ege University Faculty of Agriculture İzmir-TURKEY
Contents
GÜCÜYEN, Dept. of Agricultural Machinery, Ege University, İzmir-Turkey
•Comperative Values
•Climate of Turkey
•The Main Prospects and Challanges of the Mechanization
•General Analysis of Operational Mechanization Costs
•Cultural OperationsSoil TillagePruningRemoving Pruning Waste FertilizationPlant ProtectionIrrigationHarvesting
•Conculusion
GÜCÜYEN, Dept. of Agricultural Machinery, Ege University, İzmir-Turkey
Where is TURKEY?
Grape output in 2005 shown as a
percenteage of the top producer
(Italy 8 553 580 tonnes)
GÜCÜYEN, Dept. of Agricultural Machinery, Ege University, İzmir-Turkey
GÜCÜYEN, Dept. of Agricultural Machinery, Ege University, İzmir-Turkey
Some General Indicators
•Agricultural area
•Use of agricultural area
•Agricultural regions
•Farm size
•Employment
•Trade of agricultural goods
•Viticulture and Viniculture regions of Turkey
•Most important wine varieties in Turkey
GÜCÜYEN, Dept. of Agricultural Machinery, Ege University, İzmir-Turkey
Vineyard Areas of Some Countries 7400
3690
1200842
755550 483
320 315 223 219 178 82 113 107
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
7000
8000
Wo
rld
EU
27
+
Sp
ain
Fra
nce
Italy
Tu
rke
y
Ch
ina
US
A
Ira
n
Po
rtu
ga
l
Arg
en
tina
Ch
ile
Gre
ece
S. A
fric
a
Bu
lga
ria
(1000 ha)
Fresh Grape Production of Some Countries
GÜCÜYEN, Dept. of Agricultural Machinery, Ege University, İzmir-Turkey
68953
26936
83266693 6402 6375 6094
4000 29642881 2250 1550 973 897 2660
10000
20000
30000
40000
50000
60000
70000
1000 ton
Annual Average Precipitation of Turkey
Climate of Turkey
GÜCÜYEN, Dept. of Agricultural Machinery, Ege University, İzmir-Turkey
Long Term Mean Temperature of Turkey
Climate of Turkey
GÜCÜYEN, Dept. of Agricultural Machinery, Ege University, İzmir-Turkey
Climate of Turkey
Precipitation Temperature
GÜCÜYEN, Dept. of Agricultural Machinery, Ege University, İzmir-Turkey
Monthly variation of the temperature and the precipitation
GÜCÜYEN, Dept. of Agricultural Machinery, Ege University, İzmir-Turkey
Avaliable Field-Working-Days in March and April
Avaliable Field-Working-Days in May and June
GÜCÜYEN, Dept. of Agricultural Machinery, Ege University, İzmir-Turkey
Avaliable Field-Working-Days in September, October, November
GÜCÜYEN, Dept. of Agricultural Machinery, Ege University, İzmir-Turkey
GÜCÜYEN, Dept. of Agricultural Machinery, Ege University, İzmir-Turkey
GÜCÜYEN, Dept. of Agricultural Machinery, Ege University, İzmir-Turkey
•In technical perspective, realization of necessary processes in best manner and most appropriate frame,
•In an economic perspective, minimization of costs without quality losses and overcoming operational bottlenecks related to planning,
•In an ecological perspective, solutions to problems like soil compaction, water management, environmental and residue in spraying.
Mechanization as an Instrument for Sustainable Viticulture
GÜCÜYEN, Dept. of Agricultural Machinery, Ege University, İzmir-Turkey
•Reduction of energy consumption•Reduction of fuel consumption•Reduction of time requirement•Reduction of work hours•Reduction of field traffic•Optimum Fertilizing•Optimum Spraying•Optimum Irrigation•Use of spatial data for precise farming•Increasing the farm scale•Increasing the efficiency in machine use
The Main Prospects and Challanges of the Mechanization
GÜCÜYEN, Dept. of Agricultural Machinery, Ege University, İzmir-Turkey
OPERATION OPERATION TIME and (REPETATION)
UNIT COST(Euro/ha)
TOTAL COST
(Euro/ha)
SHARE(%)
CULTURAL OPERATION
( 1€ = 2TL )
Soil Tillage December-July (6) 21,5 TL/da107,5 €/ha
1290 TL/ha645 €/ha
36,3
Pruning December- February (1) 25 TL/da125 €/ha
250 TL/ha125 €/ha
7,0
Transport of Pruning Waste
December- February (1) 7 TL/da35 €/ha
70 TL/ha35 €/ha
1,9
Branch Binding
December- February (1) 9 TL/da45 €/ha
90 TL/ha45 €/ha
2,5
Green Pruning May-June (1) 13 TL/da65 €/ha
130 TL/ha65 €/ha
3,7
Fertilizing November-March (2) 11,5 TL/da57,5 €/ha
230 TL/ha115 €/ha
6,5
Spraying February-July (6) 10,4 TL/da52 €/ha
624 TL/ha312 €/ha
17,6
Irrigation May-July (3) 9 TL/da45 €/ha
270 TL/ha135 €/ha
7,6
Harvesting August-September 38 TL/da190 €/ha
380 TL/ha190 €/ha
10,7
Miscellaneous 22 TL/da110 €/ha
220 TL/ha110 €/ha
6,2
TOTAL 3554 TL/ha 1777 €/ha
100
General Analysis of Operational Mechanization Costs
GÜCÜYEN, Dept. of Agricultural Machinery, Ege University, İzmir-Turkey
Cultural Operations Cost Share (%)Soil Tillage
Pruning+ Green PruningTransport of Pruning Waste Branch BindingFertilizingSprayingIrrigationHarvestingMiscellaneous
36,310,71,92,56,517,67,610,76,2
GÜCÜYEN, Dept. of Agricultural Machinery, Ege University, İzmir-Turkey
Soil Tillage
The in-row and inter-row soil tillage is the main operation during the winter, repeated up to 8 times a year for rain water storage, weed control and airation. Conventional ploughs, discharrows, rotary tillers and tineharrows, subsoilers are the most used equipments for soil cultivation. Soil tillage is the most costly operation because of improper machinery and multiple passes.
GÜCÜYEN, Dept. of Agricultural Machinery, Ege University, İzmir-Turkey
Soil Tillage
GÜCÜYEN, Dept. of Agricultural Machinery, Ege University, İzmir-Turkey
Pruning There are some differences between the pruning methods in according to production targets and the quality of grapes depend on also pruning efficiency besides other influential factors. Generally hand devices such as knives, scissors and saws are used. This method is simple but is not economic and ergonomic.
In last years there is a tendence for electrical-pneumatic-automatic devices for this purpose. They increase the work capacity app. 40 %.
GÜCÜYEN, Dept. of Agricultural Machinery, Ege University, İzmir-Turkey
Self propelled machines and high-tech pruning methods are only suitable for new wine grape plantations and there are few examples in Turkey. First calculations on pruning expences per area show a decrease about 30-50%, although the purchase price of such system-tractors are rather high.
Pruning
GÜCÜYEN, Dept. of Agricultural Machinery, Ege University, İzmir-Turkey
The pruning waste is not prefered to be mixed with soil because of bacterial disease danger. Generally this waste is removed with special rakes and trailers.
Removing Pruning Waste
GÜCÜYEN, Dept. of Agricultural Machinery, Ege University, İzmir-Turkey
Fertilization
Only in one year fertilizer prices are doubled or even trippled in Turkey. For that reason, distribution of plant nutrients are much more important than ever before.
Fertilizer Prices (€/kg) August’07 August’08 % Increase
Amonyum Sülfat (%21N) 0,38 0,76 100
Amonyum Nitrat (%26N) 0,34 0,65 91,1
Amonyum Nitrat (%33N) 0,42 0,90 114,2
Üre (%46 N) 0,63 1,32 109,5
DAP (%18 N, %46 P2O5) 0,75 2,10 180,0
Kompoze 20-20-0 0,53 1,38 160,3
GÜCÜYEN, Dept. of Agricultural Machinery, Ege University, İzmir-Turkey
As the performance of surface spreaders are not sufficient and not ideal for homogeneus distribution, undersoil fertilization must be prefered. This machine is much more efficient and saves about 30% fertilizer, although the time requirement is little higher.
Fertilization
GÜCÜYEN, Dept. of Agricultural Machinery, Ege University, İzmir-Turkey
Generally in small vineyards, hand and snapneck pulverizators are used, wheras mainly tractor mounted or trailed machines prefered in larger areas.
Plant Protection
Herbicide application
Pesticide application
GÜCÜYEN, Dept. of Agricultural Machinery, Ege University, İzmir-Turkey
Plant Protection
Under the unsuitable conditions, sprayed chemicals do not reach the target surface but pollute air and soil along with economic and ecologic problems.
Spraying costs can be reduced up to 60 % with assistance of appropriate design, construction, nozzle type, air velocity and operation pressure.
GÜCÜYEN, Dept. of Agricultural Machinery, Ege University, İzmir-Turkey
Special purpose side spraying, or system-tractors and their spraying attachments are not in use, except a few new established vineyards for wine production.
Plant Protection
GÜCÜYEN, Dept. of Agricultural Machinery, Ege University, İzmir-Turkey
Irrigation
The efficiency of irrigation and total costs depend on;•Water source•Irrigation method•Irrigation area
GÜCÜYEN, Dept. of Agricultural Machinery, Ege University, İzmir-Turkey
Border irrigation needs much more water, manpower, time and as a result higher cost.
Although higher capital demand at the beginning, the water and energy costs of drip irrigation are approximately 20-40% lower.
Moreover this system can be used for fertilization.
Irrigation
GÜCÜYEN, Dept. of Agricultural Machinery, Ege University, İzmir-Turkey
Inventive Solutions !!!!
GÜCÜYEN, Dept. of Agricultural Machinery, Ege University, İzmir-Turkey
HarvestingAll vineyards in the region are harvested manually.
Such rear boxes reduce in-farm transport costs up to 40%, compared to hand-baskets.
The vineyards are mostly optimal preperad for harvest operations, but sometimes such unusual bed examples can be seen.
GÜCÜYEN, Dept. of Agricultural Machinery, Ege University, İzmir-Turkey
Harvesting
For raisin production, the next steps are dipping and drying in open air before industrial manipulations. Also these steps are done manually.
GÜCÜYEN, Dept. of Agricultural Machinery, Ege University, İzmir-Turkey
Harvesting
The high-tech in harvesting with various methods have just been introduced to Turkey. Althougt the existed vineyards are not suitable for such solutions, new wine grape farms are interested with these, while the real “Kilogram” or “Hectare” costs are calculated 20-40% lower and can be harvested just in time.
GÜCÜYEN, Dept. of Agricultural Machinery, Ege University, İzmir-Turkey
CONCULUSION Estimated costs and investment analysis related to the production of grapes highly depend on different single cases. The main bottle-necks in Turkey for higher productivity and lower unit costs are;
•Farm sizes are too small,
•Farm areas have fragmented structure,
•Vine shapes are varying and they have different systems,
•In-row and inter-row spaces are variying too much,
•Financal instruments for the small-scale farms are limited,
which make mechanization really difficult if not impossible. But it must be seen all these discussions are not only for todays questions, but especially for new vineyards of tomorrow, so that we will not have the same problems in the future.
THANK YOUTHANK YOU