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Technician Licensing ClassMay 23 & 24, 2014

Vers. 3.2.14 M.Hayden1

Welcome to theTechnician Licensing Class !

Glendora Emergency Response Communications

Southern California Intermountain Repeater Association

American Radio Relay League

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CLASS INFORMATION

Class Schedule:First session - May 23, 2014, 6:30 pm to 9:00 pm

Second session – May 24, 2014, 7:30 am – 3:30 pmTest session – May 29, 2014, 6:30 pm until last examinee is finished

Location of all sessions:2121 E. Rte. 66, Glendora CA, multi purpose room.

Instructional Staff:Frank Bigelow, KG6TQVJim Dowdle, KG6TQT

Rob Foth, KE6YGFDavid Gordon, KJ6OOHMark Hayden, N7YLA

Dennis Swink, KI6NQG

4

HOW ARE THE 394 QUESTIONSARRANGED?

They are arranged in ten chapters called “sub elements”. Each sub element is further dividedinto exam groups. The number of exam groups varies from two to six, with an average ofabout 11 questions in each exam group.

Sub Element Number ofGroups

Questions inPool

Exam Questions

T-1 6 68 6

T-2 3 31 3

T-3 3 33 3

T-4 2 22 2

T-5 4 45 4

T-6 4 47 4

T-7 4 47 4

T-8 4 44 4

T-9 4 22 2

T-0 3 35Total Pool Ques =

394

3Total Exam Ques

= 35

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Amateur Radio Technician ClassElement 2 Course Presentation

ELEMENT 2 SUB-ELEMENTS

T1 - FCC Rules, descriptions and definitions for the amateur radioservice, operator and station license responsibilities.

• T2 - Operating Procedures• T3 - Radio wave characteristics, radio and electromagnetic properties,

propagation modes• T4 - Amateur radio practices and station set up• T5 - Electrical principles, math for electronics, electronic principles,

Ohm’s Law• T6 - Electrical components, semiconductors, circuit diagrams,

component functions• T7 - Station equipment, common transmitter and receiver problems,

antenna measurements and troubleshooting, basic repair and testing• T8 - Modulation modes, amateur satellite operation, operating activities,

non-voice communications• T9 - Antennas, feedlines• T0 - AC power circuits, antenna installation, RF hazards

6

T1A: Amateur Radio services; purpose of the amateur service, amateur-satellite service, operator/primary station license grant, where FCCrules are codified, basis and purpose of FCC rules, meanings of basicterms used in FCC rules.

• T1A1 For whom is the Amateur Radio Serviceintended?The Amateur Radio Service is intended for persons who areinterested in radio technique solely with a personal aim andwithout pecuniary interest.

There is no minimum age requirement for holding an FCC Amateur Radio License.

William,KI6YBWearned hisTechnicianLicense atage 10

7


• T1A2 What agency regulates and enforces the rules forthe Amateur Radio Service in the United States?The FCC

• T1A3 Which Part of the FCC rules contains the rules andregulations governing the Amateur Radio Service?Part 97 of the FCC rules.

Part 97 Amateur Radio regulations are contained in Title-47 Telecommunication. (3 inches thick)

FCC governs Amateur Radio Service

8


• T1A4 Which of the following meets the FCC definition of harmfulinterference?That which seriously degrades, obstructs, or repeatedly interrupts aradio communication service operating in accordance with the RadioRegulations

• T1A5 What is the FCC part 97 definition of a space station?An amateur station located more than 50 km above the Earth's surface

• T1A6 What is the FCC Part 97 definition of telecommand?A one-way transmission to initiate, modify or terminate functions of adevice at a distance

• Types of Commands• Turning ON an amateur radio satellite• Initiating a satellite mode change• Turning OFF a distant propagation radio beacon• Changing data ports on a digital repeater system

9


• T1A7 What is the FCC Part 97 definition of telemetry?A one-way transmission of measurements at a distance from themeasuring instrument

• Type of Information• Battery condition: Full• Outside temperature: Very cold• Power output: Excellent• Solar Panels: Bring on the sun!

• T1A8 Which of the following entities recommends transmit/receivechannels and other parameters for auxiliary and repeater stations?Frequency Coordinator

• T1A9 Who selects a frequency coordinator?Amateur operators in a local or regional area that are eligible to beauxiliary or repeater stations

10

T1A: Amateur Radio services; purpose of the amateur service, amateur-satellite service, operator/primary station license grant, where FCCrules are codified, basis and purpose of FCC rules, meanings ofbasic terms used in FCC rules.

• T1A10 What is the FCC Part 97 definition of an amateur station?A station in an Amateur Radio Service consisting of the apparatusnecessary for carrying on radio communications

• T1A11 Which of the following stations transmits signals over the airfrom a remote receive site to a repeater for retransmission?Auxiliary station

A control operator Make sure the FCC has issued your call sign beforeyou go on the air for the first time. There areexceptions such as “third party” use.

11

T1B: Authorized frequencies; frequency allocations, ITU regions,emission type, restricted sub-bands, spectrum sharing,transmissions near band edges.

• T1B1 What is the ITU?A United Nations agency for information and communication technologyissues

12


• T1B2 North American amateur stations are located in which ITUregion?Region 2

NorthAmerica

ITU

Region 2

13


• T1B3 Which frequency is within the 6 meter band? 52.525 MHz

• T1B4 Which amateur band are you using when your station istransmitting on 146.52 MHz? 2 meter band

• T1B5 Which 70 cm frequency is authorized to a Technician Classlicense holder operating in ITU Region 2? 443.350 MHz

• 443.350 MHz is in the upper third of the 70 cm band

2-Meter Wavelength Band Privileges

6-Meter Wavelength Band Privileges

50 MHz 50.1 MHz

CW52.525 MHz

54 MHz

144 MHz 144.1 MHz 148 MHz

146.52 MHzCW

443.350 MHz

450 MHz

70-CM Wavelength Band Privileges

440 MHz430 MHz420 MHz

14


• T1B6 Which 23 cm frequency is authorized to a Technician Classoperator license? 1296 MHz

• T1B7 What amateur band are you using if you are transmitting on223.50 MHz? 1.25 meter band

• T1B8 What do the FCC rules mean when an amateur frequency bandis said to be available on a secondary basis?Amateurs may not cause harmful interference to primary users

1.25-Meter Wavelength Band Privileges

23-CM Wavelength Band Privileges

1240 MHz 1300 MHz

1296 MHz

219 MHz 220 MHz 222 MHz

223.50 MHz

225 MHz

1515


• T1B9 Why should you not set your transmit frequency to be exactly at theedge of an amateur band or sub-band?

• To allow for calibration error in the transmitter frequency display• So that modulation sidebands do not extend beyond the band edge• To allow for transmitter frequency drift• All of these choices are correct

• T1B10 Which of the bands available to Technician Class operators havemode-restricted sub-bands? The 6 meter, 2 meter, and 1.25 meter bands

• 6 meters 50.0 – 50.1 No FM!

• 2 meters 144.0 – 144.1 No FM!

• 1.25 meters 222.0 – 222.34 No FM!

• T1B11 What emission modes are permitted in the mode-restricted sub-bandsat 50.0 to 50.1 MHz and 144.0 to 144.1 MHz? CW only

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T1C: Operator classes and station call signs; operator classes, sequential, specialevent, and vanity call sign systems, international communications, reciprocaloperation, station license and licensee, places where the amateur service isregulated by the FCC, name and address on ULS, license term, renewal, graceperiod.

• T1C1 Which type of call sign has a single letter in both theprefix and suffix? Special event

• T1C2 Which of the following is a valid US amateur radio stationcall sign? W3ABC

Ham radio call signs, for the U.S, begin with A, K, N, orW. They also have a single numbers 0 through 9.

Our local Boy ScoutJamboree On The Airspecial event call sign isK6U, “Kilo Six Uniform”

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• T1C3 What types of international communications are permitted byan FCC-licensed amateur station?Communications incidental to the purposes of the amateur service andto remarks of a personal character

• T1C4 When are you allowed to operate your amateur station in aforeign country? When the foreign country authorizes it

• T1C5 What must you do if you are operating on the 23 cm band andlearn that you are interfering with a radiolocation station outsidethe United States?Stop operating or take steps to eliminate the harmful interference

• T1C6 From which of the following may an FCC-licensed amateurstation transmit, in addition to places where the FCC regulatescommunications?From any vessel or craft that is documented or registered in the UnitedStates

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• T1C7 What may result when correspondence from the FCC isreturned as undeliverable because the grantee failed to provide thecorrect mailing address?Revocation of the station license or suspension of the operator license

• T1C8 What is the normal term for an FCC-issued primarystation/operator license grant? Ten years

• T1C09 What is the grace period following the expiration of anamateur license within which the license may be renewed?

• Two years

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• T1C10 How soon may you operate a transmitter on an amateurservice frequency after you pass the examination required for yourfirst amateur radio license?As soon as your name and call sign appear in the FCC’s ULS database

• T1C11 If your license has expired and is still within the allowablegrace period, may you continue to operate a transmitter on amateurservice frequencies?No, transmitting is not allowed until the ULS database shows that thelicense has been renewed

20

T1D: Authorized and prohibited transmissions

• T1D1 With which countries are FCC-licensed amateur stationsprohibited from exchanging communications?Any country whose administration has notified the ITU that it objects tosuch communications

• T1D2 On which of the following occasions may an FCC-licensedamateur station exchange messages with a U.S. military station?

• During an Armed Forces Day Communications Test• T1D3 When is the transmission of codes or ciphers allowed to hide

the meaning of a message transmitted by an amateur station?Only when transmitting control commands to space stations or radiocontrol craft

Spacestation

Radiocontrol

craft

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• T1D4 What is the only time an amateur station is authorized totransmit music?When incidental to an authorized retransmission of manned spacecraftcommunications

• T1D5 When may amateur radio operators use their stations to notifyother amateurs of the availability of equipment for sale or trade?When the equipment is normally used in an amateur station and suchactivity is not conducted on a regular basis

Music in thebackground atyour station isnot permitted.

22


• T1D6 Which of the following types of transmissionsare prohibited?Transmissions that contain obscene or indecent words orlanguage

• Absolutely not allowed = indecent and obscene language

• T1D7 When is an amateur station authorized toautomatically retransmit the radio signals of

• other amateur stations?When the signals are from an auxiliary, repeater, orspace station

A repeater: Nice clean,neat, and compact.

HandHeld Mobile/BaseStation

Repeater

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What repeaters really look like.

These repeaters are maintained by Joe Parrino, N6WZK

24


T1D8 When may the control operator of an amateur station receivecompensation for operating the station?When the communication is incidental to classroom instruction at aneducational institution

School teacherscan receive theirregular pay whenteaching aboutham radio

25


• T1D9 Under which of the following circumstances are amateurstations authorized to transmit signals related to broadcasting,program production, or news gathering, assuming no other means isavailable?Only where such communications directly relate to the immediate safetyof human life or protection of property

• T1D10 What is the meaning of the term broadcasting in the FCCrules for the amateur services?Transmissions intended for reception by the general public

• T1D11 Which of the following types of communications arepermitted in the Amateur Radio Service?Brief transmissions to make station adjustments

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T1E: Control operator and control types; control operator required, eligibility,designation of control operator, privileges and duties, control point,local, automatic and remote control, location of control operator.

• T1E1 When must an amateur station have a control operator?Only when station is transmitting

T1E2 Who is eligible to be the control operator of an amateurstation?Only a person for whom an amateur operator/primary station licensegrant appears in the FCC database or who is authorized for alienreciprocal operation

When you operate your station youare the “control operator,” and youare at the station’s “control point.”

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• T1E3 Who must designate the station control operator?The station licensee

• T1E4 What determines the transmitting privileges of an amateurstation?The class of operator license held by the control operator

When you operatefrom another ham’sstation, you useyour license classprivileges.

28


• T1E5 What is an amateur station control point?The location at which the control operator function is performed

The control point is the spotwhere you have complete

capability to turn yourequipment on or off.

29


T1E6 Under which of the following types of control is it permissiblefor the control operator to be at a location other than the controlpoint? Automatic control

• T1E7 When the control operator is not the station licensee, who isresponsible for the proper operation of the station?The control operator and the station licensee are equally responsible

• Both of you are responsible for the transmissions

• T1E8 What type of control is being used for a repeater when thecontrol operator is not present at a control point?Automatic control

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• T1E9 What type of control is being used when transmitting using ahandheld radio?Local control

• T1E10 What type of control is used when the control operator is notat the station location but can indirectly manipulate the operatingadjustments of a station?Remote

• T1E11 Who does the FCC presume to be the control operator of anamateur station, unless documentation to the contrary is in thestation records?The station licensee

• Another licensee runs your gear, log who it was.

31

T1F: Station identification and operation standards; special operations forrepeaters and auxiliary stations, third party communications, club stations,station security, FCC inspection.

• T1F1 What type of identification is being used when identifying astation on the air as “Race Headquarters”? Tactical call

• Tactical call signs ARE permitted as long as they don’t sound like a U.S. orforeign call sign.

• T1F2 When using tactical identifiers, how often must your stationtransmit the station’s FCC-assigned call sign? Every ten minutes

32


• T1F03 When is an amateur station required to transmit its assignedcall sign? At least every 10 minutes during and at the end of a contact

33


• T1F4 Which of the following is anacceptable language for use forstation identification when operatingin the phone sub-band?The English language

• T1F5 What method of call signidentification is required for astation transmitting phone signals?Send the call sign using CW or phoneemission

Repeaters can identify with a voicemessage announcing their call sign, oruse Morse code not to exceed 20wpm

to send out their station call letters

34


• T1F6 Which of the following formats of a self-assigned indicator isacceptable when identifying using a phone transmission?KL7CC stroke W3, KL7CC slant W3 and KL7CC slash W3 “All of thesechoices are correct”

• T1F7 Which of the following restrictions apply when appending aself-assigned call sign indicator?It must not conflict with any other indicator specified by the FCC rules orwith any call sign prefix assigned to another country

• T1F8 When may a Technician Class licensee be the control operatorof a station operating in an exclusive Extra Class operator segmentof the amateur bands? Never

• You must stay within your Technician Class band privileges.

• T1F9 What type of amateur station simultaneously retransmits thesignal of another amateur station on a different channel or channels?Repeater station

35


• T1F10 Who is accountable should a repeater inadvertentlyretransmit communications that violate the FCC rules? The controloperator of the originating station

• T1F11 To which foreign stations do the FCC rules authorize thetransmission of non-emergency third party communications? Anystation whose government permits such communications

• T1F12 How many persons are required to be members of a club for aclub station license to be issued by the FCC? At least 4

• T1F13 When must the station licensee make the station and itsrecords available for FCC inspection? Any time upon request by anFCC representative

Technician Licensing Class“T2”

Valid dates:

July 1, 2010 – June 30, 2014

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• T1 - FCC Rules, descriptions and definitions for the amateur radioservice, operator and station license responsibilities.

T2 – Operating Procedures• T3 – Radio wave characteristics, radio and electromagnetic properties,

propagation modes• T4 – Amateur radio practices and station set up• T5 – Electrical principles, math for electronics, electronic principles,

Ohm’s Law• T6 – Electrical components, semiconductors, circuit diagrams,

component functions• T7 – Station equipment, common transmitter and receiver problems,

antenna measurements and troubleshooting, basic repair and testing• T8 – Modulation modes, amateur satellite operation, operating activities,

non-voice communications• T9 – Antennas, feedlines• T0 – AC power circuits, antenna installation, RF hazards

38

T2A: Station operation; choosing an operating frequency, callinganother station, test transmissions, use of minimum power,frequency use, band plans.

T2A1 What is the most common repeater frequency offset in the2 meter band? Plus or minus 600 kHz

• T2A2 What is the national calling frequency for FM simplexoperations in the 70 cm band? 446.000 MHz

• T2A3 What is a common repeater frequency offset in the 70 cmband? Plus or minus 5 MHz

T2A4 What is an appropriate way to call another station on arepeater if you know the other station's call sign?Say the station's call sign then identify with your call sign

• W2HLD this is K3DIO

T2A5 What should you transmit when responding to a call of CQ?The other station’s call sign followed by your call sign

W5YI this is K3DIO

39


• T2A6 What must an amateur operator do when making on-airtransmissions to test equipment or antennas?Properly identify the transmitting station

• All transmissions must be identified

• T2A7 Which of the following is true when making a testtransmission? Station identification is required at least every tenminutes during the test and at the end

Just like normal ID requirements for a QSO

• T2A8 What is the meaning of the procedural signal "CQ"?Calling any station

• T2A9 What brief statement is often used in place of "CQ" to indicatethat you are listening on a repeater? Say your call sign

T2A10 What is a band plan, beyond the privileges established by theFCC? A voluntary guideline for using different modes or activities withinan amateur band

40


• T2A11 What are the FCC rules regarding power levels used in theamateur bands? An amateur must use the minimum transmitter powernecessary to carry out the desired communication

Use the minimum amount of power output tomake contact with another station

41

T2B: VHF/UHF operating practices; SSB phone, FM repeater, simplex,frequency offsets, splits and shifts, CTCSS, DTMF, tone squelch,carrier squelch, phonetics.

T2B1 What is the term used to describe an amateur station that istransmitting and receiving on the same frequency?Simplex communication

No offset frequency used for simplex like with a repeater

TransmittingFrequency:146.52 MHz

Xcvr #1 Xcvr #2

ReceivingFrequency146.52 MHz

One way

Xcvr #3 Xcvr #4

ReceivingFrequency446.00 MHz

TransmittingFrequency:446.00 MHz

One Way

42


T2B2 What is the term used to describe the use of a sub-audible tonetransmitted with normal voice audio to open the squelch of a receiver?CTCSS = Continuous Tone-Coded Squelch System

Also called a PL tone.

67.0 Hz 94.8 Hz 131.8 Hz 171.3 Hz 203.5 Hz69.3 Hz 97.4 Hz 136.5 Hz 173.8 Hz 206.5 Hz71.9 Hz 100.0 Hz 141.3 Hz 177.3 Hz 210.7 Hz74.4 Hz 103.5 Hz 146.2 Hz 179.9 Hz 218.1 Hz77.0 Hz 107.2 Hz 151.4 Hz 183.5 Hz 225.7 Hz79.7 Hz 110.9 Hz 156.7 Hz 186.2 Hz 229.1 Hz82.5 Hz 114.8 Hz 159.8 Hz 189.9 Hz 233.6 Hz85.4 Hz 118.8 Hz 162.2 Hz 192.8 Hz 241.8 Hz88.5 Hz 123.0 Hz 165.5 Hz 196.6 Hz 250.3 Hz91.5 Hz 127.3 Hz 167.9 Hz 199.5 Hz 254.1 Hz

CTCSS Tones In Use

43


T2B3 Which of the following describes the muting of receiver audiocontrolled solely by the presence or absence of an RF signal?Carrier squelch

T2B4 Which of the following common problems might cause you to beable to hear but not access a repeater even when transmitting with theproper offset?

The repeater receiver requires audio tone burst for access The repeater receiver requires a CTCSS tone for access The repeater receiver may require a DCS tone sequence for access All of these choices are correct

44


T2B5 What determines the amount of deviation of an FM signal?The amplitude of the modulating signal

T2B6 What happens when the deviation of an FM transmitter isincreased? Its signal occupies more bandwidth

T2B7 What should you do if you receive a report that your station’stransmissions are causing splatter or interference on nearbyfrequencies?Check your transmitter for off-frequency operation or spurious emissions

T2B8 What is the proper course of action if your station’s transmissionunintentionally interferes with another station?Properly identify your transmission and move to a different frequency

4545


• T2B9 Which of the following methods is encouraged by the FCCwhen identifying your station when using phone? Use of a phoneticalphabet

• T2B10 What is the "Q" signal used to indicate that you are receivinginterference from other stations? QRM

• T2B11 What is the "Q" signal used to indicate that you are changingfrequency? QSY

A Alpha H Hotel O Oscar V VictorB Bravo I India P Papa W WhiskeyC Charlie J Juliet Q Quebec X X-rayD Delta K Kilo R Romeo Y YankeeE Echo L Lima S Sierra Z ZuluF Foxtrot M Mike T TangoG Golf N November U Uniform

464646

T2B: VHF/UHF operating practices; SSB phone, FM repeater, simplex,frequency offsets, splits and shifts, CTCSS, DTMF, tone squelch, carriersquelch, phonetics.

Something is causing interferenceI am troubled by static/noise.I am running low power.I am going off the air.Who is calling me?Your signal is fading.I received the message.I will communicate with ________ directly.I am changing frequency to _____.My location is _______.

QRMQRNQRP

QRZ

QSBQSL

QSOQSYQTH

QRT

47

T2C: Public service; emergency and non-emergency operations,message traffic handling (T2C2, T2C3 removed by FCC)

• T2C1 What set of rules applies to proper operation of your station whenusing amateur radio at the request of public service officials?FCC Rules

• Amateur radio operators are not relieved from FCC rules at request fromFBI, FEMA, or any other Federal agency.

• T2C4 What do RACES and ARES have in common?Both organizations may provide communications during emergencies

• T2C5 What is the Radio Amateur Civil Emergency Service?A radio service using amateur stations for emergency management or civildefense communications

48

T2C: Public service; emergency and non-emergency operations,message traffic handling

• T2C6 Which of the following is common practice during netoperations to get the immediate attention of the net control stationwhen reporting an emergency?Begin your transmission with “Priority” or “Emergency” followed byyour call sign

Another way to interrupt a conversation to signal a distress call is to say theword “BREAK” several times to indicate a priority or emergency distress call.

49


• T2C7 What should you do to minimize disruptions to an emergencytraffic net once you have checked in?Do not transmit on the net frequency until asked to do so by the net controlstation

• T2C8 What is usually considered to be the most important job of anamateur operator when handling emergency traffic messages?Passing messages exactly as written, spoken or as received

• Write in block letters, word for word.

50


• T2C9 When may an amateur station use any means of radiocommunications at its disposal for essential communications inconnection with immediate safety of human life and protection of

• property?When normal communications systems are not available

• in an emergency, anything goes!

51


• T2C10 What is the preamble in a formal traffic message?The information needed to track the message as it passes through theamateur radio traffic handling system

• Keep track of emergency messages as they pass through thewell structured amateur radio traffic-handling system.

• T2C11 What is meant by the term "check" in reference to a formaltraffic message?The check is a count of the number of words in the message

• include a ‘check’ to make sure all words in a message indeedwere received in their entirety.


Valid dates:

July 1, 2010 – June 30, 2014

53



• T1 - FCC Rules, descriptions and definitions for the amateur radio service,operator and station license responsibilities.

• T2 – Operating Procedures T3 – Radio wave characteristics, radio and electromagnetic properties,

propagation modes• T4 – Amateur radio practices and station set up• T5 – Electrical principles, math for electronics, electronic principles, Ohm’s

Law• T6 – Electrical components, semiconductors, circuit diagrams, component

functions• T7 – Station equipment, common transmitter and receiver problems, antenna

measurements and troubleshooting, basic repair and testing• T8 – Modulation modes, amateur satellite operation, operating activities,


54

T3A: Radio wave characteristics; how a radio signal travels; distinctions of HF, VHF,and UHF; fading, multipath; wavelengths vs. penetration; antenna orientation.

• T3A1 What should you do if another operator reports that yourstation’s 2 meter signals were strong just a moment ago, but nowthey are weak or distorted?Try moving a few feet, as random reflections may be causing multi-pathdistortion

• T3A2 Why are UHF signals often more effective from insidebuildings than VHF signals?The shorter wavelength allows them to more easily penetrate thestructure of buildings

UHF signals are shortenough in wavelength topermit bouncing aroundinside buildings andpenetrating of walls.

55


T3A3 What antenna polarization is normally used for long-distance weak-signal CW and SSB contacts using the VHFand UHF bands? Horizontal

• T3A4 What can happen if the antennas at opposite ends of a VHF orUHF line of sight radio link are not using the same polarization?Signals could be significantly weaker

Transmitter toReceiver – Radiowaves fromtransmittingantennas inducesignals inreceivingantennas as theypass by

56


• T3A5 When using a directional antenna, how might your station beable to access a distant repeater if buildings or obstructions areblocking the direct line of sight path?Try to find a path that reflects signals to the repeater

DirectionalAntenna can beused to bouncesignal to reach

repeater blockedby building

57


• T3A6 What term is commonly used to describe the rapid flutteringsound sometimes heard from mobile stations that are moving whiletransmitting?Picket fencing

• T3A7 What type of wave carries radio signals between transmittingand receiving stations?Electromagnetic

• T3A8 What is the cause of irregular fading of signals from distantstations during times of generally good reception?Random combining of signals arriving via different path lengths

5858


• T3A9 Which of the following is a common effect of "skip" reflectionsbetween the Earth and the ionosphere?The polarization of the original signal is randomized

• Skip happens when signals refract and reflect off the ionosphere.• DX stations 1000 miles away come booming in.

• Every 30 seconds signal goes from strong to weak and back.• Caused by random, ever changing polarization of the original signal.

Critical Frequency

59


• T3A10 What may occur if VHF or UHF data signals propagate overmultiple paths? Error rates are likely to increase

• T3A11 Which part of the atmosphere enables the propagation of radiosignals around the world? The ionosphere

Ionosphere and its layers

6060

T3B: Radio and electromagnetic wave properties; the electromagnetic spectrum,wavelength vs. frequency, velocity of electromagnetic waves.

• T3B1 What is the name for the distance a radio wave travels duringone complete cycle? Wavelength

• T3B2 What term describes the number of times per second that analternating current reverses direction? Frequency

0V

V+

V-

One Cycle

time

One Wavelength

61


• T3B3 What are the two components of a radio wave?Electric and magnetic fields

T3B4 How fast does a radio wave travel through free space?At the speed of light

• T3B5 How does the wavelength of a radio wave relate to itsfrequency?The wavelength gets shorter as the frequency increases

• Higher in frequency the shorter the distance between each wave.

They are at right angles to eachother and together are called“electromagnetic” radio waves

6262


• T3B6 What is the formula for converting frequency to wavelength inmeters?Wavelength in meters equals 300 divided by frequency in megahertz (Oneanswer ends with word Megahertz)

Conversions Between Wavelength and Frequency

Converting Frequencyto Wavelength

Converting Wavelengthto Frequency

To find wavelength ( ) inmeters, if you know fre3quency(f) in megahertz (MHz) Solve:

To find frequency (f) inmegahertz (MHz), if you knowwavelength ( ) in meters,Solve:

(meters) =300

f(MHz)

300

(meters)f(MHz) =

6363

T3B: Radio and electromagnetic wave properties; the electromagnetic spectrum,vs. frequency, velocity of electromagnetic waves.

• T3B7 What property of radio waves is often used to identify the differentfrequency bands? The approximate wavelength

• Wavelength of the band: 2 meters; 20 meters; 40 meters, etc

• T3B8 What are the frequency limits of the VHF spectrum?30 to 300 MHz

2-meters 70 CM

64

T3B: Radio and electromagnetic wave properties; the electromagnetic spectrum,vs. frequency, velocity of electromagnetic waves.

• T3B9 What are the frequency limits of the UHF spectrum?300 to 3000 MHz

• UHF is 300 MHz to 3000 MHz

• T3B10 What frequency range is referred to as HF?3 to 30 MHz

T3B11 What is the approximate velocity of a radio wave as it travelsthrough free space?300,000,000 meters per second

65

T3C: Propagation modes; line of sight, sporadic E, meteor, aurora scatter,tropospheric ducting, F layer skip, radio horizons

• T3C1 Why are "direct" (not via a repeater) UHF signals rarely heardfrom stations outside your local coverage area?UHF signals are usually not reflected by the ionosphere

• REFRACTION IN THE IONOSPHERE:• When a radio wave is transmitted into an ionized layer, refraction, or

bending of the wave, occurs.• Refraction is caused by an abrupt change in the velocity of the upper part

of a radio wave as it strikes or enters a new medium.• The amount of refraction that occurs depends on three main factors:

• (1) the density of ionization of the layer,• (2) the frequency of the radio wave,• (3) the angle at which the wave enters the layer

• REFLECTION IN THE IONOSPHERE:• When a radio wave hits an obstacle, some or all of the wave is reflected,

with a loss of intensity.• Reflection is such that the angle of incidence is equal to the angle of

reflection.

66


• T3C2 Which of the following might be happening when VHF signalsare being received from long distances? Signals are being refractedfrom a sporadic E layer

• Sporadic-E refractions off ionized patches of the ionospheric E-layer arecommon in summer on 6-meters.

• T3C3 What is a characteristic of VHF signals received via auroralreflection? The signals exhibit rapid fluctuations of strength and oftensound distorted

Incoming signals from a distant station heard hundreds of milesaway will sound fluttery and distorted by auroral bounce

67


• T3C4 Which of the following propagation types is most commonlyassociated with occasional strong over-the-horizon signals on the 10,6, and 2 meter bands?Sporadic E

• T3C5 What is meant by the term "knife-edge" propagation?Signals are partially refracted around solid objects exhibiting sharpedges

Knife-Edge Diffraction

68


• T3C6 What mode is responsible for allowing over-the-horizon VHFand UHF communications to ranges of approximately 300 miles on aregular basis? Tropospheric scatter

• T3C7 What band is best suited to communicating via meteor scatter?6 meters

• Leonids and Geminids meteor showers provide these conditions• Bounce signals off meteor tail

69


• T3C8 What causes "tropospheric ducting"?Temperature inversions in the atmosphere

Tropospheric Ducting

Tropoducting on 2 meters and 10 GHz

70


• T3C9 What is generally the best time for long-distance 10 meter bandpropagation? During daylight hours

• T3C10 What is the radio horizon?The distance at which radio signals between two points are effectively blockedby the curvature of the Earth

• VHF & UHF radio signals will generally travel “line of sight.”• VHF & UHF radio signals are blocked by the curvature of the Earth.

• T3C11 Why do VHF and UHF radio signals usually travel somewhatfarther than the visual line of sight distance between two stations?The Earth seems less curved to radio waves than to light


Valid dates:

July 1, 2010 – June 30, 2014

72




• T2 – Operating Procedures• T3 – Radio wave characteristics, radio and electromagnetic properties,

propagation modes T4 – Amateur radio practices and station set up• T5 – Electrical principles, math for electronics, electronic principles, Ohm’s





73

T4A: Station setup; microphone, speaker, headphones, filters, power source,connecting a computer, RF grounding

• T4A1 Which of the following is true concerning the microphoneconnectors on amateur transceivers?Some connectors include push-to-talk and voltages for powering themicrophone

Push to talk button

Connector

VHF/UHFTransceiver

7474


• T4A2 What could be used in place of a regular speaker to help youcopy signals in a noisy area? A set of headphones

• T4A3 Which is a good reason to use a regulated power supply forcommunications equipment? It prevents voltage fluctuations fromreaching sensitive circuits

Jetstream JTPS30M Regulated Power SupplyMFJ-4125 13.8VDC@22Amp

7575


T4A4 Where must a filter be installed to reduce harmonicemissions? Between the transmitter and the antenna

There are low-pass filters like thisone, band-pass filters, and high-passfilters that can be used to solveinterference problems.

Drake TV-3300-LP Low Pass Filter.80 db attenuation above 41 MHz.

1000 Watts below 30 MHz.

7676


• T4A5 What type of filter should be connected to a TV receiver as thefirst step in trying to prevent RF overload from a nearby 2 metertransmitter? Band-reject filter

Low PassFilter onTransmitter

High PassFilter on TV

Low Pass Filter

Passes lowfrequenciesand cuts highfrequencies

7777


• T4A6 Which of the following would be connected between atransceiver and computer in a packet radio station?Terminal node controller

A Packet Radio System. Some Packet equipment

78


• T4A7 How is the computer’s sound card used when conductingdigital communications using a computer? The sound card providesaudio to the microphone input and converts received audio to digitalform

• T4A8 Which type of conductor is best to use for RF grounding?• Flat strap

• Offers best surface area• Bleed off static and minimize ground currents• Straps usually are 3 inches wide• Folding okay to snake down to a healthy ground rod

Copper Foil Ground Strap ProvidesGood Surface Area Ground

79


• T4A9 Which would you use to reduce RF current flowing on theshield of an audio cable? Ferrite choke

• T4A10 What is the source of a high-pitched whine that varies withengine speed in a mobile transceiver’s receive audio? Thealternator

• T4A11 Where should a mobile transceiver’s power negativeconnection be made? At the battery or engine block ground strap

• Ham radio power leads need to be connected directly at the battery source.

Clam shell irondevices just snap

on over wiring

8080

T4B: Operating controls; tuning, use of filters, squelch, AGC, repeateroffset, memory channels

• T4B1 What may happen if a transmitter is operated with themicrophone gain set too high? The output signal might becomedistorted

• T4B2 Which of the following can be used to enter the operatingfrequency on a modern transceiver?The keypad or VFO knob

• VFO – Variable Frequency Oscillator

VFO knob Mic Keypad

8181

T4B: Operating controls; tuning, use of filters, squelch, AGC, repeater offset,memory channels

• T4B3 What is the purpose of the squelch control on a transceiver?To mute receiver output noise when no signal is being received

• Squelch control silences the background noise

• T4B4 What is a way to enable quick access to a favorite frequency onyour transceiver? Store the frequency in a memory channel

squelch controlsquelch control

With a transceiver (HT)like one of these, you canhold your ham station inthe palm of your hand.

8282


• T4B5 Which of the following would reduce ignition interference to areceiver? Turn on the noise blanker

• Not on common FM handheld or mobile FM radios• On bigger high-frequency, multi-mode tranceiver

NB – Noise Blanker

Even this older Icom 730has the NB function

PreAmp built in

8383


• T4B6 Which of the following controls could be used if the voice pitchof a single-sideband signal seems too high or low?The receiver RIT or clarifier

• T4B7 What does the term "RIT" mean?Receiver Incremental Tuning

Set knob to neutral, press RITbutton to turn on function, andthen adjust slightly for proper

SSB voice reception

RIT adjusts voice pitch,not the frequency of

received station.

8484


• T4B8 What is the advantage of having multiple receive bandwidthchoices on a multimode transceiver? Permits noise or interferencereduction by selecting a bandwidth matching the mode

• T4B9 Which of the following is an appropriate receive filter to selectin order to minimize noise and interference for SSB reception?2400 Hz

SSB Filter

Slots foroptional filters

Receiver section in a communications transceiver

85

T4B: Operating controls; tuning, use of filters, squelch, AGC, repeater offset, memorychannels

• T4B10 Which of the following is an appropriate receive filter toselect in order to minimize noise and interference for CW reception?500 Hz

• Bandwidth filters vary for the mode being received.

• T4B11 Which of the following describes the common meaning of theterm “repeater offset”?The difference between the repeater’s transmit and receive frequencies


Valid dates:

July 1, 2010 – June 30, 2014

87





propagation modes• T4 – Amateur radio practices and station set up T5 – Electrical principles, math for electronics, electronic principles, Ohm’s





88

T5A: Electrical principles; current and voltage, conductors and insulators, alternatingand direct current

• T5A1 Electrical current is measured in which of the following units?Amperes

• T5A2 Electrical power is measured in which of the following units?Watts The power meter outside is called ‘watt meter’

• T5A3 What is the name for the flow of electrons in an electriccircuit? Current Think of the flow of water in a pipe (not the force)

• T5A4 What is the name for a current that flows only in one direction?Direct current

9 Voltbattery

AAAbattery

Motor cyclebattery

Hand heldbattery

89


• T5A5 What is the electrical term for the electromotive force (EMF)that causes electron flow? Voltage

• Think of voltage as water pressure in the pipes (not the flow)

• T5A6 How much voltage does a mobile transceiver usually require?About 12 volts

• T5A7 Which of the following is a good electrical conductor?Copper

• T5A8 Which of the following is a good electrical insulator? Glass

Copper isa goodconductor

Glass is agoodinsulator

90


• T5A9 What is the name for a current that reverses direction on aregular basis? Alternating current

• T5A10 Which term describes the rate at which electrical energy isused? Power

• T5A11 What is the basic unit of electromotive force? The volt

91

T5B: Math for electronics; decibels, electrical units and the metric system

• T5B1 How many milliamperes is 1.5 amperes? 1,500 milliamperes

T5B2 What is another way to specify a radio signal frequency of1,500,000 hertz? 1500 kHz

T5B3 How many volts are equal to one kilovolt? One thousand volts

• T5B4 How many volts are equal to one microvolt?One one-millionth of a volt

• T5B5 Which of the following is equivalent to 500 milliwatts? 0.5 watts

• T5B6 If an ammeter calibrated in amperes is used to measure a 3000-milliampere current, what reading would it show? 3 amperes

9292


1012

109

106

103

102

101

100

10-1

10-2

10-3

10-6

10-9

10-12

10-15

teragigamegakilohectodecaunit

decicentimillimicronanopicofemto

0.10.01

0.0010.000001

0.0000000010.000000000001

0.000000000000001

1,000,000,000,0001,000,000,000

1,000,0001,000

10010

1

Scientific NotationPrefix Multiplication Factor Prefix Multiplication Factor____________________________________________________

Metric Exponent EnglishTera 1012 TrillionGiga 109 BillionMega 106 MillionKilo 103 Thousand

Centi 10-2 HundredthMilli 10-3 ThousandthMicro 10-6 MillionthNano 10-9 BillionthPico 10-12 Trillionth

93

T G M k UNITS m µ n p

tera giga mega kilo - milli micro nano pico1012 109 106 103 100 10-3 10-6 10-9 10-12

METRIC PREFIX SCALE

Units used in electronics:

Volt, Amp, Ohm, Watt, Farad, Henry, Hertz

Larger Units Smaller Units(decimal moves to left) (decimal moves to right)

94


• T5B7 If a frequency readout calibrated in megahertz shows a reading of3.525 MHz, what would it show if it were calibrated in kilohertz?

• 3525 kHz• T5B8 How many microfarads are 1,000,000 picofarads? 1 microfarad• T5B9 What is the approximate amount of change, measured in decibels

(dB), of a power increase from 5 watts to 10 watts? 3 dB3 dB gain is a double of power

• T5B10 What is the approximate amount of change, measured in decibels(dB), of a power decrease from 12 watts to 3 watts? 6 dB

• T5B11 What is the approximate amount of change, measured in decibels(dB), of a power increase from 20 watts to 200 watts? 10 dB

2x4x8x

10x100x

1000x10,000x

3 dB6 dB9 dB

10 dB20 dB30 dB40 dB

Power changePower changePower changePower changePower changePower changePower change

95

T5C: Electronic principles; capacitance, inductance, current flow in circuits,alternating current, definition of RF, power calculations

• T5C1 What is the ability to store energy in an electric field called?Capacitance

• T5C2 What is the basic unit of capacitance? The farad

• T5C3 What is the ability to store energy in a magnetic field called?Inductance

• T5C4 What is the basic unit of inductance? The henry

• T5C5 What is the unit of frequency? Hertz

9696


• T5C6 What is theabbreviation thatrefers to radiofrequency signalsof all types? RF

• Term “RF” refers toradio frequency

9797


• T5C7 What is a usual name for electromagnetic waves that travelthrough space? Radio waves

9898


T5C8 What is the formula used to calculate electrical power in a DCcircuit?

Power (P) equals voltage (E) multiplied by current (I)

P = I x E

Finding Power

I = P / E

Finding Amperes

E = P / I

Finding Voltage

Cover up the unknown and plugthe numbers in the other two

Two knownnumbers are

given, solve forthe unknown

The math is easy

9999


• T5C9 How much power is being used in a circuit when the appliedvoltage is 13.8 volts DC and the current is 10 amperes? 138 watts

• Solving for “P” so cover up the P and plug in the other two numbers

• E is given as 13.8 volts and I is given as 10 amperes

P = 138 watts

P = I x E

P = 10 x 13.8

100100


• T5C10 How much power is being used in a circuit when the appliedvoltage is 12 volts DC and the current is 2.5 amperes? 30 watts

• Solving for “P” so cover up the “P” and plug in the other two numbers

• E is given as 12 volts and I is given as 2.5 amperes

P = I x E

P = 30 watts

P = 2.5 x 12

101101


• T5C11 How many amperes are flowing in a circuit when the appliedvoltage is 12 volts DC and the load is 120 watts? 10 amperes

• Solving for “I” so cover up the “I” and plug in the other two numbers• P is given as 120 watts and E is given as 12 volts and

I = P / E

I = 120 / 12

I = 10 Amperes

102102

T5D Ohm’s Law

• T5D1 What formula is used to calculate current in a circuit?Current (I) equals voltage (E) divided by resistance (R)

• E is for Voltage, I is for current, and R is for resistance

The math is easy




E = I x R

Finding Voltage

I = E / R

Finding Amperes

R= E / I

Finding Resistance

103103

T5D Ohm’s Law

• T5D2 What formula is used to calculate voltage in a circuit?Voltage (E) equals current (I) multiplied by resistance (R)


The math is easy




E = I x R

Finding Voltage

I = E / R

Finding Amperes

R= E / I

Finding Resistance

104104

T5D Ohm’s Law

• T5D3 What formula is used to calculate resistance in a circuit?Resistance (R) equals voltage (E) divided by current (I)


The math is easy




E = I x R

Finding Voltage

I = E / R

Finding Amperes

R= E / I

Finding Resistance

105105

T5D Ohm’s Law

• T5D4 What is the resistance of a circuit in which a current of 3amperes flows through a resistor connected to 90 volts? 30 ohms

• Solving for “R” so cover up the “R” and plug in the other two numbers• E is given as 90 volts and I is given as 3 amperes

R = E / I

R = 90 / 3

R = 30 ohms

106106

T5D Ohm’s Law

• T5D5 What is the resistance in a circuit for which the applied voltage is12 volts and the current flow is 1.5 amperes? 8 ohms

• Solving for “R” so cover up the “R” and plug in the other two numbers• E is given as 12 volts and I is given as 1.5 amperes

R = E / I

R = 12 / 1.5

R = 8 ohms

107107

T5D Ohm’s Law

• T5D6 What is the resistance of a circuit that draws 4 amperes from a12-volt source? 3 ohms

• Solving for “R” so cover up the “R” and plug in the other two numbers• E is given as 12 volts and I is given as 4 amperes

R = E / I

R = 12 / 4

R = 3 ohms

108108

T5D Ohm’s Law

• T5D7 What is the current flow in a circuit with an applied voltage of 120volts and a resistance of 80 ohms? 1.5 amperes

• Solving for “I” so cover up the “I” and plug in the other two numbers• E is given as 120 volts and R is given as 80 ohms

I = E / R

I = 120 / 80

I = 1.5 amperes

109109

T5D Ohm’s Law

• T5D8 What is the current flowing through a 100-ohm resistor connectedacross 200 volts? 2 amperes


I = E / R

I = 200 / 100

I = 2 amperes

110110

T5D Ohm’s Law

• T5D9 What is the current flowing through a 24-ohm resistor connectedacross 240 volts? 10 amperes


I = E / R

I = 240 / 24

I = 10 amperes

111111

T5D Ohm’s Law

• T5D10 What is the voltage across a 2-ohm resistor if a current of 0.5amperes flows through it? 1 volt

• Solving for “E” so cover up the “E” and plug in the other two numbers• I is given as 0.5 amperes and R is given as 2 ohms

E = I x R

E = 0.5 x 2

E= 1 volt

112112

T5D Ohm’s Law

• T5D11 What is the voltage across a 10-ohm resistor if a current of 1ampere flows through it? 10 volts

• Solving for “E” so cover up the “E” and plug in the other two numbers• I is given as 1 ampere and R is given as 10 ohms

E = I x R

E = 1 x 10

E= 10 volts

113113

T5D Ohm’s Law

• T5D12 What is the voltage across a 10-ohm resistor if a current of 2amperes flows through it? 20 volts

• Solving for “E” so cover up the “E” and plug in the other two numbers• I is given as 1 ampere and R is given as 10 ohms

E = I x R

E = 2 x 10

E= 20 volts


Valid dates:

July 1, 2010 – June 30, 2014

115






Law T6 – Electrical components, semiconductors, circuit diagrams, component




116

T6A: Electrical components; fixed and variable resistors,capacitors, and inductors; fuses, switches, batteries

• T6A1 What electrical component is used to oppose the flow ofcurrent in a DC circuit? Resistor

• T6A2 What type of component is often used as an adjustable volumecontrol? Potentiometer

• T6A3 What electrical parameter is controlled by a potentiometer?Resistance

Schematic Symbol

Schematic Symbol

117117


T6A4 What electrical component stores energy in an electric field?Capacitor

Typical construction and schematic symbol for capacitors.

Various fixed capacitors

118118


• T6A05 What type of electrical component consists of two or moreconductive surfaces separated by an insulator? Capacitor

• T6A6 What type of electrical component stores energy in a magneticfield? Inductor

• T6A07 What electrical component is usually composed of a coil ofwire? Inductor

Schematic Symbol

119119


• T6A8 What electrical component is used to connect or disconnectelectrical circuits? Switch

• T6A9 What electrical component is used to protect other circuitcomponents from current overloads? Fuse

Toggle Switch Slide Switch Rocker Switch

Slow Blow Fuse

Automobile Fuse

Schematic Symbol

Schematic Symbol

120120


• T6A10 What is the nominal voltage of a fully charged nickel-cadmium cell? 1.2 volts

• T6A11 Which battery type is not rechargeable? Carbon-zinc

Ni-Cad rechargeable1.25 volt batteries in a

marine hand held.

Small and compactjust like Ham Radiohand helds.

Rubber duck antenna

121

T6B: Semiconductors; basic principles of diodes and transistors

• T6B1 What class of electronic components is capable of using avoltage or current signal to control current flow? Transistors

• T6B2 What electronic component allows current to flow in only onedirection? Diode

• Rectification is process of changing AC to pulsating DC

• Diode stops current flow when it tries to go in the reverse direction

Rows of Transistors

122


• T6B3 Which of these components can be used as an electronic switch oramplifier? Transistor

• T6B4 Which of these components is made of three layers ofsemiconductor material? Bipolar junction transistor

Small Signal Transistors Schematic Symbol

123123

T6B:Semiconductors; basic principles of diodes and transistors

• T6B5 Which of the following electronic components can amplify signals?Transistor

• T6B6 How is a semiconductor diode’s cathode lead usually identified?With a stripe

• T6B7 What does the abbreviation "LED" stand for? Light Emitting Diode

124


• T6B8 What does the abbreviation "FET" stand for? Field EffectTransistor

• T6B9 What are the names of the two electrodes of a diode?Anode and cathode

Semiconductor Diode Zener Diode

125


• T6B10 Which semiconductor component has an emitter electrode?Bipolar transistor

• T6B11 Which semiconductor component has a gate electrode?Field effect transistor

• T6B12 What is the term that describes a transistor's ability toamplify a signal? Gain

EmitterElectrode

GateElectrode

126126

T6C: Circuit diagrams; schematic symbols

• T6C1 What is the name for standardized representations ofcomponents in an electrical wiring diagram? Schematic symbols

127127


T6C2 What is component 1 in figure T1? Resistor

12

3

4

5

12

3

4

5Figure T1

Resistor

128128


• T6C3 What is component 2 in figure T1? Transistor

12

3

4

5

12

3

4

5

Figure T1

Transistor

129129


• T6C4 What is component 3 in figure T1? Lamp

12

3

4

5

12

3

4

5 Figure T1

Lamp

130130


• T6C5 What is component 4 in figure T1? Battery

12

3

4

5

12

3

4

5Figure T1

Battery

131131


• T6C6 What is component 6 in figure T2? Capacitor

1

2 5

4

3

6

7

8

9

101

2 5

4

3

6

7

8

9

10

Figure T2

Capacitor

132132


• T6C7 What is component 8 in figure T2? Light emitting diode

1

2 5

4

3

6

7

8

9

101

2 5

4

3

6

7

8

9

10

Figure T2

Light Emitting Diode

133133


• T6C8 What is component 9 in figure T2? Variable resistor

1

2 5

4

3

6

7

8

9

101

2 5

4

3

6

7

8

9

10

Figure T2

Variable Resistor

134134


T6C9 What is component 4 in figure T2? Transformer

1

2 5

4

3

6

7

8

9

101

2 5

4

3

6

7

8

9

10

Figure T2

Transformer

135135


• T6C10 What is component 3 in figure T3? Variable inductor

1

2

3

4

1

2

3

4

Figure T3

Variable Inductor

136136


• T6C11 What is component 4 in figure T3? Antenna

1

2

3

4

1

2

3

4

Figure T3

Antenna

137


• T6C12 What do the symbols onan electrical circuit schematicdiagram represent?Electrical components

• T6C13 Which of the followingis accurately represented inelectrical circuit schematicdiagrams?The way components areinterconnected

138138

T6D: Component functions

• T6D1 Which of the following devices or circuits changes analternating current into a varying direct current signal? Rectifier

Power supply contains: Transformer, rectifier(diodes), filter choke, capacitors, and regulators.

This circuitry converts the house 120 VAC tovarying DC and that is filtered and smoothed out toproduce DC current that we need for our hamradio equipment.

139139


T6D2 What best describes a relay?A switch controlled by an electromagnet

Electromagnets

Relays

140140


• T6D3 What type of switch is represented by item 3 in figure T2?Single-pole single-throw

1

2 5

4

3

6

7

8

9

101

2 5

4

3

6

7

8

9

10

Figure T2

Single-Pole Single-Throw Switch

141141


• T6D4 Which of the following can be used to display signalstrength on a numeric scale? Meter

Icom 7700

S-Meter

142


• T6D5 What type of circuit controls the amount ofvoltage from a power supply? Regulator

• T6D6 What component is commonly used to change120V AC house current to a lower AC voltage for otheruses? Transformer

• T6D7 Which of the following is commonly used as avisual indicator? LED

An array of LEDs and resistors mounted on a printed circuit board

Voltage Regulators

Voltage Transformer

143143


• T6D8 Which of the following is used together with an inductor tomake a tuned circuit? Capacitor

T6D09 What is the name of a device that combines severalsemiconductors and other components into one package?

Integrated circuit

Tank Circuit or Tuned Circuit

Capacitor (variable)

Inductor

Tank Circuit Schematic

Large-scale integratedcircuit chip

144144


• T6D10 What is the function of component 2 in Figure T1?• Control the flow of current

• T6D11 Which of the following is a common use of coaxial cable?Carry RF signals between a radio and antenna

12

3

4

5

12

3

4

5

Figure T1

Component 2


Valid dates:

July 1, 2010 – June 30, 2014

146







functions T7 – Station equipment, common transmitter and receiver problems, antenna



147147

T7A: Station radios; receivers, transmitters, transceivers.

• T7A1 What is the function of a product detector? Detect CW and SSBsignals

• Block 1 as a product detector will detect CW and SSB

• A Product detector is necessary in a simple Morse code (CW) and single-sideband (SSB) receiver.

148148


T7A2 What type of receiver is shown in Figure T6?Single-conversion superheterodyne

• Single-conversion superhet has only one IF amplifier.

(Block 1 isa detector)

149149


• T7A3 What is the function of a mixer in a superheterodyne receiver?To shift the incoming signal to an intermediate frequency

• Usually referred to as “ I F “

MIXER(In AM Broadcast

Receiver)

IntermediateFrequency

StationSignal

Signal C at455 kHz

Signal B at1255 kHz (orat 1655 kHz)

LocalOscillator

Signal A at800 kHz (or at

1200 kHz)

Block Diagram of an AM Broadcast Receiver Mixer

150150


• T7A4 What circuit is pictured in Figure T7, if block 1 is a frequencydiscriminator? An FM receiver

• Recovers information contained in the incoming signal• Also referred to as a demodulator

Figure T7

RadioFrequencyAmplifier

Mixer WideFilter

IntermediateFrequencyAmplifier

Oscillator

Limiter Block 1Audio

Amplifier

151151


• T7A5 What is the function of block 1 if figure T4 is a simple CWtransmitter? Oscillator

1 DriverPower

Amplifier

TelegraphKey

Antenna

Figure T4

152152


• T7A6 What device takes the output of a low-powered 28 MHz SSB exciterand produces a 222 MHz output signal? Transverter

WB6NOA using a 10GHz transverter that

down converts thereceived signal to

144 MHz into hisweak-signal, multi-

mode radio.

Multi-mode radio

10 GHz Dish

Transverter

153153


• T7A7 If figure T5 represents a transceiver in which block 1is the transmitter portion and block 3 is the receiverportion, what is the function of block 2?A transmit-receive switch

1 2 3

Figure T5

Transmitter ReceiverT/R Switch

154154


• T7A8 Which of the following circuits combines a speech signal and anRF carrier? Modulator

• T7A9 Which of the following devices is most useful for VHF weak-signalcommunication? A multi-mode VHF transceiver

Multi-modeVHF/UHF

transceiver

155


• T7A10 What device increases the low-power output from a handheldtransceiver?An RF power amplifier

• T7A11 Which of the following circuits demodulates FM signals?Discriminator

• Also a detector or demodulator• Recovers information

• T7A12 Which term describes the ability of a receiver to discriminatebetween multiple signals? Selectivity

• T7A13 Where is an RF preamplifier installed?• Between the antenna and receiver

156

T7B: Common transmitter and receiver problems; symptoms of overload andoverdrive, distortion, interference, over and under modulation, RF feedback,off frequency signals; fading and noise; problems with digitalcommunications interfaces

• T7B1 What can you do if you are told your FM handheld or mobiletransceiver is over deviating? Talk farther away from the microphone

• T7B2 What is meant by fundamental overload in reference to areceiver? Interference caused by very strong signals

Good TV reception. Front end overloaded TV reception

157


• T7B3 Which of the following may be a cause of radio frequencyinterference? Fundamental overload, Harmonics, Spuriousemissions.”All of these choices are correct”

• T7B4 What is the most likely cause of interference to a non-cordlesstelephone from a nearby transmitter?The telephone is inadvertently acting as a radio receiver

• Be aware of inexpensive corded telephones• T7B5 What is a logical first step when attempting to cure a radio

frequency interference problem in a nearby telephone?Install an RF filter at the telephone

• Snap filters over telephone power cord• Snap filters over curly cord• Snap filters on the actual incoming telephone line cord

• The more you add, the less likely you’ll have interference

158


• T7B6 What should you do first if someone tells you that yourstation’s transmissions are interfering with their radio or TVreception?Make sure that your station is operating properly and that it does notcause interference to your own television

• Double check that your TV is working okay when transmitting

T7B7 Which of the following may be useful in correcting a radiofrequency interference problem?Snap-on ferrite chokes, Low-pass and high-pass filters, Band-reject andband-pass filters “All of these choices are correct”

159159


• T7B8 What should you do if a "Part 15" device in your neighbor’shome is causing harmful interference to your amateur station?Work with your neighbor to identify the offending device, Politely informyour neighbor about the rules that require him to stop using the device ifit causes interference, Check your station and make sure it meets thestandards of good amateur practice “All of these choices are correct”

A simple snap-on chokefilter like this one canhelp resolve harmful

interference problemson Part 15 devices.

160


• T7B9 What could be happening if another operator reports a variablehigh-pitched whine on the audio from your mobile transmitter?Noise on the vehicle’s electrical system is being transmitted along withyour speech audio

• Automobile alternator without filters on leads

• T7B10 What might be the problem if you receive a report that youraudio signal through the repeater is distorted or unintelligible?Your transmitter may be slightly off frequency, Your batteries may berunning low, You could be in a bad location, “All of these choices arecorrect”

• T7B11 What is a symptom of RF feedback in a transmitter ortransceiver? Reports of garbled, distorted, or unintelligibletransmissions

• Most likely cause is RF feedback between your antenna and mic

• T7B12 What does the acronym "BER" mean when applied to digitalcommunications systems? Bit Error Rate

161161

T7C: Antenna measurements and troubleshooting; measuring SWR,dummy loads, feedline failure modes.

• T7C1 What is the primary purpose of a dummy load? To prevent theradiation of signals when making tests

• Prevents signals from being sent out over the air• Allows observation of signal on Spectrum Analyzer

300 Watt DryDummy Load

Dummy Load-Can1kw with oil

Dry Dummy Load

162


• T7C2 Which of the following instrumentscan be used to determine if an antenna isresonant at the desired operatingfrequency? An antenna analyzer

• T7C3 What, in general terms, is standingwave ratio (SWR)?A measure of how well a load is matched to atransmission line

MFJ-269 SWR Analyzer

163163


• T7C04 What reading on an SWR meter indicates a perfectimpedance match between the antenna and the feedline?1 to 1

SWR Reading Antenna Condition1:1 Perfectly Matched1.5:1 Good Match2:1 Fair Match3:1 Poor Match4:1 Something definitely Wrong

A battery operated SWR analyzer for tower antenna work

Note: impedance measures how easily a circuit conductscurrent when a voltage runs through it. Measured in ohms,impedance is a way of telling you how much of the voltageintroduced at one end will really make it to the other end.

164


• T7C5 What is the approximate SWR value above which theprotection circuits in most solid-state transmitters begin to reducetransmitter power? 2 to 1

• T7C6 What does an SWR reading of 4:1 mean?An impedance mismatch

• T7C7 What happens to power lost in a feedline?It is converted into heat

165165


• T7C8 What instrument other than an SWR meter could you use todetermine if a feedline and antenna are properly matched?Directional wattmeter

Dual/Twin Needle Single Needle

166


• T7C9 Which of the following is the most common cause for failure ofcoaxial cables? Moisture contamination

• Regular BNC, Type N, and PL259 connectors are not water-tight.

• T7C10 Why should the outer jacket of coaxial cable be resistant toultraviolet light? Ultraviolet light can damage the jacket and allowwater to enter the cable

• T7C11 What is a disadvantage of "air core" coaxial cable whencompared to foam or solid dielectric types?It requires special techniques to prevent water absorption

SmallerHeliax

Large coax, withhollow centerconductor, low loss

167

T7D: Basic repair and testing; soldering, use of a voltmeter, ammeterand ohmmeter

• T7D1 Which instrument would you use to measure electric potentialor electromotive force? A voltmeter

• T7D2 What is the correct way to connect a voltmeter to a circuit?In parallel with the circuit

• Car battery is measured in parallel• House wall sockets are measured in parallel

168168168


PowerSupply

Transceiver

Voltmeter Measure at theequipment to factorin any loss in cablesfrom power source.

169


• T7D3 How is an ammeter usually connected to a circuit?In series with the circuit

• T7D4 Which instrument is used to measure electric current?An ammeter

170


• T7D5 What instrument is used to measure resistance? An ohmmeter

A D’Arsonval-type meter uses a mechanicalneedle to indicate the test results.

Digital meter

Both useinternalbatteries.

Caution:NEVERmeasurevoltage orcurrent in theOhm position

171


• T7D6 Which of the following might damage a multimeter?Attempting to measure voltage when using the resistance setting

• T7D7 Which of the following measurements are commonly madeusing a multimeter? Voltage and resistance

Volt Ohm Meter VOMDigital Volt Ohm Meter

Much more accurate

Basic MeasuringParameter Unit Instrument

Voltage (E) Volts VoltmeterCurrent (I) Amperes AmmeterResistance Ohms103 Ohmmeter

Power (P) Watts Wattmeter

172


• T7D8 Which of the following types of solder is best for radio andelectronic use? Rosin-core solder

• T7D9 What is the characteristic appearance of a "cold" solder joint?• A grainy or dull surface• T7D10 What is probably happening when an ohmmeter, connected

across a circuit, initially indicates a low resistance and then showsincreasing resistance with time? The circuit contains a largecapacitor

• T7D11 Which of the following precautions should be taken whenmeasuring circuit resistance with an ohmmeter? Ensure that thecircuit is not powered

Learning how to use amultimeter is anessential skill in

testing and repairingradio gear


Valid dates:

July 1, 2010 – June 30, 2014

174










175175

T8A: Modulation modes; bandwidth of various signals

T8A1 Which of the following is a form of amplitude modulation?Single sideband

Carrier only CW Tones produce bothside bands or AM

Remove one sidebandand suppress carrier

becomes SSB

Voice or Phone Station

176176


• T8A2 What type of modulation is most commonly used for VHFpacket radio transmissions? FM

• T8A3 Which type of voice modulation is most often used for long-distance or weak signal contacts on the VHF and UHF bands? SSB

• T8A4 Which type of modulation is most commonly used for VHF andUHF voice repeaters? FM

• T8A5 Which of the following types of emission has the narrowestbandwidth? CW

• T8A6 Which sideband is normally used for 10 meter HF, VHF andUHF single-sideband communications? Upper sideband

• Upper sideband is always used on VHF & UHF

177177


• T8A7 What is the primary advantage of single sideband over FM forvoice transmissions? SSB signals have narrower bandwidth

• SSB uses less bandwidth than FM signals.

• T8A8 What is the approximate bandwidth of a single sideband voicesignal? 3 kHz

SSB signals are Amplitude Modulated (AM) withthe carrier and one sideband suppressed.

178178


• T8A9 What is the approximate bandwidth of a VHF repeater FMphone signal? Between 5 and 15 kHz

• T8A10 What is the typical bandwidth of analog fast-scan TVtransmissions on the 70 cm band? About 6 MHz

Amateur TV signals can be received on a varietyof equipment – even a small hand-held monitor.

179179


• T8A11 What is the approximate maximum bandwidth required totransmit a CW signal? 150 Hz

CW Signal 500 Hz wideSSB Signal 2 - 3 kHz wideFM Signal 5 - 15 kHz wideUHF Fast-Scan TV ~ 6 MHz

180180

T8B: Amateur satellite operation; Doppler shift, basic orbits, operating protocols.

• T8B1 Who may be the control operator of a station communicatingthrough an amateur satellite or space station? Any amateur whoselicense privileges allow them to transmit on the satellite uplink frequencyT8B2 How much transmitter power should be used on the uplinkfrequency of an amateur satellite or space station?The minimum amount of power needed to complete the contact

• Just a repeat of previous mention about amount of power output

To work satellites with your handheld, buy a small directional antenna for yoursatellite radio. You probably won’t hear much with your rubber duck antenna.

181181


T8B3 Which of the following can be done using an amateur radiosatellite? Talk to amateur radio operators in other countries

T8B4 Which amateur stations may make contact with an amateurstation on the International Space Station using 2 meter and 70 cm bandamateur radio frequencies?Any amateur holding a Technician or higher class license

International Space Station hasa big ham station on board.

Many Astronaults arelicensed radio amateurs.

The InternationalSpace Station

downlink, FM is145.800 MHz. Use

an HT to listenwhen it’s passing

over you.

182182


T8B5 What is a satellite beacon? A transmission from a space stationthat contains information about a satellite

T8B6 What can be used to determine the time period during whichan amateur satellite or space station can be accessed?A satellite tracking program

Computer programsand websites can showyou where and when anamateur satellite or theSpace Station will be inrange of your hamstation.

183183


• T8B7 With regard to satellite communications, what is Doppler shift? Achange in signal frequency caused by motion of the transmitting station

• T8B8 What is meant by the statement that a satellite is operating in"mode U/V"? The satellite uplink is in the 70 cm band and the downlink is inthe 2 meter band

Frequency Bands Frequency Range ModesHigh Frequency 21 - 30 MHz Mode HVHF 144 - 146 MHz Mode VUHF 435 - 438 MHz Mode UL band 1.26 - 1.27 GHz Mode LS band 2.4 - 2.45 GHz Mode SC band 5.8 GHz Mode CX band 10.4 GHz Mode XK band 24 Ghz Mode K

Doppler Effect

184184


• T8B9 What causes "spin fading" when referring to satellite signals?Rotation of the satellite and its antennas

• Rotation in space makes the signals fade in and out.• This rotation keeps solar panels from overheating.

Tracking and communicating throughamateur satellites can be done with a

cross-polarized satellite antenna

185185


• T8B10 What causes "spin fading" when referring to satellite signals?Rotation of the satellite and its antennas

• T8B11 What is a commonly used method of sending signals to andfrom a digital satellite? FM Packet

• FM packet a very popular digital communications system• Packets usually stored and forwarded, via satellite or space station

Orbiting Satellites

186186

T8C: Operating activities; radio directing finding, radio control, contests, specialevent stations, basic linking over Internet

• T8C1 Which of the following methods is used to locate sources ofnoise interference or jamming? Radio direction finding

3-element homebrew YagiDF Antenna

3-element Quad DF Antenna

187187


T8C2 Which of these items would be useful for a hidden transmitterhunt? A directional antenna

Hidden TransmitterHunts are called FoxHunting

All ages participate in a Fox Hunt

188188


• T8C3 What popular operating activity involves contacting as many stationsas possible during a specified period of time? Contesting

Field Day Every June Enjoyed by Hams the World Over

189189


T8C4 Which of the following is good procedure when contacting anotherstation in a radio contest? Send only the minimum information needed forproper identification and the contest exchange

Chit chat is great fornormal QSO’s, butnot for contests.

Contesting needsyour call sign andinfo for contest only.

190190


• T8C5 What is a grid locator? A letter-number designator assigned toa geographic location

191191


• T8C6 For what purpose is a temporary "1 by 1" format (letter-number-letter) call sign assigned? For operations in conjunction withan activity of special significance to the amateur community

W6C = “Whiskey Six Covina” Christmas Parade NetK6U = “Kilo Six Uniform” Boy Scout Jamboree On The Air

• T8C7 What is the maximum power allowed when transmittingtelecommand signals to radio controlled models? 1 watt

• Telecommand signals are unidentified commands permitted by rule.

Hams can use frequencies on the 6-Meter Band to radio control a model aircraft.

192192


T8C8 What is required in place of on-air station identificationwhen sending signals to a radio control model using amateurfrequencies? A label indicating the licensee's call sign andaddress must be affixed to the transmitter

• Strange radio control signals can be heard using RC:• 50.800 to 51.0 MHz and 53.1 to 53.9 MHz.

Licensee’scall sign

50 MHz 54 MHz

52 MHz

6-Meter Wavelength BandPrivileges

51 MHz 53.1 MHz 53.9 MHz

193193


• T8C9 How might you obtain a list of active nodes that use VoIP? Froma repeater directory

• T8C10 How do you select a specific IRLP node when using a portabletransceiver? Use the keypad to transmit the IRLP node ID

• T8C11 What name is given to an amateur radio station that is used toconnect other amateur stations to the Internet? A gateway

• Similar to a Gateway in connection to a computer network

Keypad on this rig’s top cornerand on back of microphone. (Not

necessarily this way on all rigs.)

194194

T8D: Non-voice communications; image data, digital modes CW, packet, PSK31

• T8D1 Which of the following is an example of a digitalcommunications method?Packet, PSK31, MFSK - All of these choices are correct

• T8D2 What does the term APRS mean?Automatic Position Reporting System

• T8D3 Which of the following is normallyused when sending automatic locationreports via amateur radio?

A Global Positioning System receiver

Kenwood dual banderplugged into the AvmapG5 GPS position plotter.

195195


• T8D4 What type of transmission is indicated by the term NTSC?An analog fast scan color TV signal

When you’re ready, you can add the fun of ATV to your ham shack.

196196


• T8D5 Which of the following emission modes may be used by aTechnician Class operator between 219 and 220 MHz? Data

• 219 to 220 MHz for point-to-point digital message forwarding

• T8D6 What does the abbreviation PSK mean? Phase Shift Keying

1.25-Meter Wavelength Band Privileges

222 MHz 225 MHz

223.50 MHz

219 MHz 220 MHz

197197


• T8D7 What is PSK31? A low-rate data transmission modePSK31 allows worldwide “text messaging” communication withhigh frequency (HF) radio with low power (~5 watts) and narrowbandwidth. It combines amateur radio with digital signalprocessing on a laptop computer.

198198


• T8D8 Which of the following may be included in packettransmissions?

• A check sum which permits error detection• A header which contains the call sign of the station to which the

information is being sent• Automatic repeat request in case of error• All of these choices are correct

Laptop,TNC, and

Handheldcomprise

PacketStation.

199199


• T8D9 What code is used when sending CW in the amateur bands?Morse

• T8D10 Which of the following can be used to transmit CW in theamateur bands?

• Straight Key• Electronic Keyer• Computer Keyboard• All of these choices are correct

• T8D11 What is a "parity" bit?An extra code element used to detect errors in received data


Valid dates:

July 1, 2010 – June 30, 2014

201









non-voice communications T9 – Antennas, feedlines• T0 – AC power circuits, antenna installation, RF hazards

202202

T9A: Antennas; vertical and horizontal, concept of gain, common portable andmobile antennas, relationships between antenna length and frequency

• T9A1 What is a beam antenna? An antenna that concentrates signals inone direction

A Beam Antenna – The Yagi Antenna

203203


• T9A2 Which of the following is true regarding vertical antennas?• The electric field is perpendicular to the Earth

Vertical and Horizontal Polarization H & V Polarized Antennas

204204


• T9A3 Which of the following describes a simple dipole mounted sothe conductor is parallel to the Earth's surface?A horizontally polarized antenna

Three element beamSimple Dipole

205


• T9A4 What is a disadvantage of the "rubber duck" antenna suppliedwith most handheld radio transceivers?It does not transmit or receive as effectively as a full-sized antenna

• T9A5 How would you change a dipole antenna to make it resonant ona higher frequency? Shorten it

• T9A6 What type of antennas are the quad, Yagi, and dish?Directional antennas

Directional Radiation Pattern of a Yagi Beam

Highest concentration of power

206


• T9A7 What is a good reason not to use a "rubber duck" antennainside your car? Signals can be significantly weaker than when it isoutside of the vehicle

Modern dual- and tri-bandhandheld tranceivers likethese have amazing built-incapabilities that make hamradio easy, fun, and portable.

207207


• T9A8 What is the approximate length, in inches, of a quarter-wavelength vertical antenna for 146 MHz? 19

Length of vertical in feet = ______234f (MHz)(for quarter-wave dipole)

(2-meters is 144-148 MHz)Feet = 234/146 = 1.6

1.6 x 12 = 19 inches

19”

Radiation Pattern of an Antenna Changes as Height Above Ground is Varied

208208


• T9A9 What is the approximate length, in inches, of a 6 meter 1/2-wavelength wire dipole antenna? 112

T9A10 In which direction is the radiation strongest from a half-wavedipole antenna in free space? Broadside to the antenna

Length of vertical in feet =(for half-wave dipole)

_______468f (MHz)

Feet = 468/50 = 9.36

9.36 x 12 = 112.3 inches

112 inches

Six Meter ½ Wavelength Dipole

209209


T9A11 What is meant by the gain of an antenna? The increase insignal strength in a specified direction when compared to a referenceantenna

Isotropic Radiator Pattern “Gain” of an antenna

210210

T9B: Feedlines; types, losses vs. frequency, SWR concepts, matching weatherprotection, connectors.

• T9B1 Why is it important to have a low SWR in an antenna systemthat uses coaxial cable feedline? To allow the efficient transfer ofpower and reduce losses

• T9B2 What is the impedance of the most commonly used coaxialcable in typical amateur radio installations? 50 ohms

• T9B3 Why is coaxial cable used more often than any other feedlinefor amateur radio antenna systems?It is easy to use and requires few special installation considerations

Copper Wire

Outside Insulation Mesh Insulation

211211


• T9B4 What does an antenna tuner do? It matches the antenna systemimpedance to the transceiver's output impedance

Palstar 1500 Watt Auto-Tuner MFJ-994B 1500 Watt Auto-Tuner

Icom 7000 with LDG7000 Auto-Tuner

MFJ-971 PortableQRP 200 Watt Tuner

Miracle QPak 50 WattManual Tuner

212212


• T9B5 What generally happens as the frequency of a signal passingthrough coaxial cable is increased? The loss increases

• The Higher the frequency the more the loss• T9B6 Which of the following connectors is most suitable for

frequencies above 400 MHz? A Type N connector• T9B7 Which of the following is true of PL-259 type coax connectors?

The are commonly used at HF frequencies

BNC, Type N, and PL 259 Connectors

213213


MaleSMA

MaleBNC

Male VHFPL-259

NFemale

NMale

FemaleSMA

FemaleBNC

FemaleSO-239

Understand the type of connector on your radioYou may need an adapter from your coax connector to your radio

Never buy cheap coax, connectors, or adapters

214214


• T9B8 Why should coax connectors exposed to the weather be sealedagainst water intrusion? To prevent an increase in feedline loss

• T9B9 What might cause erratic changes in SWR readings? A looseconnection in an antenna or a feedline

Make sure all coax connections aretight to help minimize interference

215215


• T9B10 What electrical difference exists between the smaller RG-58and larger RG-8 coaxial cables? RG-8 cable has less loss at a givenfrequency

• T9B11 Which of the following types of feedline has the lowest loss atVHF and UHF? Air-insulated hard line

Coax Type Size @ 100 MHz @ 400 MHzRG-58U Small 4.3 dB 9.4 dBRG-8X Medium 3.7 dB 8.0 dBRG-8U Large 1.9 dB 4.1 dBRG-213 Large 1.9 dB 4.5 dBHardline Large, Rigid 0.5 dB 1.5 dB

Coax Cable Type, Size, and Loss per 100 feet

216216


21

Coax Cable Signal Loss (Attenuation) in dB per 100ft

Loss RG-174 RG-58 RG-8X RG-

213 RG-6 RG-11 9913 LMR-400

1MHz 1.9dB 0.4dB 0.5dB 0.2dB 0.2dB 0.2dB 0.2dB 0.3dB








1GHz 32.0dB 21.5dB 13.5dB 8.3dB 6.1dB 5.6dB 4.5dB 4.1dB

Imped 50ohm 50ohm 50ohm 50ohm 75ohm 75ohm 50ohm 50ohm


Valid dates:

July 1, 2010 – June 30, 2014

218









non-voice communications• T9 – Antennas, feedlines T0 – AC power circuits, antenna installation, RF hazards

219

T0A: AC power circuits; hazardous voltages, fuses and circuit breakers, grounding,lightning protection, battery safety, electrical code compliance.

• T0A1 Which is a commonly accepted value for the lowest voltagethat can cause a dangerous electric shock? 30 volts

• T0A2 How does current flowing through the body cause a healthhazard?

By heating tissueIt disrupts the electrical functions of cellsIt causes involuntary muscle contractions

• T0A3 What is connected to the green wire in a three-wire electricalAC plug? Safety ground

Hot (Live)

Neutral

Ground

AC Line Connections

220220

T0A: AC power circuits; hazardous voltages, fuses and circuit breakers,grounding, lightning protection, battery safety, electrical code compliance.

• T0A4 What is the purpose of a fuse in an electrical circuit? To interruptpower in case of overload

Place the fuses as close to the battery as possible

Fuses

Slow-Blow fuseAutomobile fuse

221


• T0A5 Why is it unwise to install a 20-ampere fuse in the place of a 5-ampere fuse? Excessive current could cause a fire

• T0A6 What is a good way to guard against electrical shock at yourstation? Use three-wire cords and plugs for all AC powered equipment,Connect all AC powered station equipment to a common safety ground,Use a circuit protected by a ground-fault interrupter

222


• T0A7 Which of these precautions should be taken when installingdevices for lightning protection in a coaxial cable feedline?Ground all of the protectors to a common plate which is in turnconnected to an external ground

• Good for nearby lightning strikes• Direct hits, forget it, kiss everything goodbye for good

• T0A8 What is one way to recharge a 12-volt lead-acid station batteryif the commercial power is out? Connect the battery to a car's batteryand run the engine

• T0A9 What kind of hazard is presented by a conventional 12-voltstorage battery? Explosive gas can collect if not properly ventedDangerous acid could spill - Enough power to cause a fire

223


• T0A10 What can happen if a lead-acid storage battery is charged ordischarged too quickly?The battery could overheat and give off flammable gas or explode

T0A11 Which of the following is good practice when installingground wires on a tower for lightning protection? Ensure thatconnections are short and direct

T0A12 What kind of hazard might exist in a power supply when it isturned off and disconnected? You might receive an electric shock fromstored charge in large capacitors

T0A13 What safety equipment should always be included in home-built equipment that is powered from 120V AC power circuits? A fuseor circuit breaker in series with the AC "hot" conductor

224224

T0B: Antenna installation; tower safety, overhead power lines.

• T0B1 When should members of a tower work team wear a hard hatand safety glasses? At all times when any work is being done on thetower

• On ground or up the tower• Wear hard hat and safety glasses

• T0B2 What is a good precaution to observe before climbing anantenna tower? Put on a climbing harness and safety glasses

ClimbingHarness

SafetyGlasses

And

Hard Hat

225


• T0B3 Under what circumstances is it safe to climb a tower without ahelper or observer? Never

• Never work on a tower without a helper

• T0B4 Which of the following is an important safety precaution toobserve when putting up an antenna tower? Look for and stay clear ofany overhead electrical wires

• Overhead electrical wires carry more than 120 VAC• Use common sense and think safety first

• T0B5 What is the purpose of a gin pole? To lift tower sections orantennas

226


• T0B6 What is the minimum safe distance from a power line to allowwhen installing an antenna? So that if the antenna falls unexpectedly,no part of it can come closer than 10 feet to the power wires

• This is a ‘minimum’ distance• T0B7 Which of the following is an important safety rule to

remember when using a crank-up tower?This type of tower must never be climbed unless it is in the fully retractedposition

• Think weight overload and never climb a cranked up tower

• T0B8 What is considered to be a proper grounding method for atower?Separate eight-foot long ground rods for each tower leg, bonded to thetower and each other

227


• T0B9 Why should you avoid attaching an antenna to a utility pole?The antenna could contact high-voltage power wires

• And it may be illegal to do

• T0B10 Which of the following is true concerning groundingconductors used for lightning protection?Sharp bends must be avoided

• T0B11 Which of the following establishes grounding requirementsfor an amateur radio tower or antenna? Local electrical codes

• Always wear hard hat and safety glasses• Check local codes before putting up an antenna

228

T0C: RF hazards; radiation exposure, proximity to antennas, recognized safepower levels, exposure to others.

• T0C1 What type of radiation are VHF and UHF radio signals?Non-ionizing radiation

• Quite different from X-ray, gamma ray, and ultra violet radiation• T0C2 Which of the following frequencies has the lowest Maximum

Permissible Exposure limit? 50 MHz

• T0C3 What is the maximum power level that an amateur radiostation may use at VHF frequencies before an RF exposureevaluation is required? 50 watts PEP at the antenna

Never stand in front of a microwavefeedhorn antenna.

On transmit, it radiates aconcentrated beam of RF energy.

229229


• T0C4 What factors affect the RF exposure of people near an amateurstation antenna?

• Frequency and power level of the RF field• Distance from the antenna to a person• Radiation pattern of the antenna• All of these choices are correct

Controlled Uncontrolled

230


• T0C5 Why do exposure limits vary with frequency?The human body absorbs more RF energy at some frequencies than atothers

T0C6 Which of the following is an acceptable method to determinethat your station complies with FCC RF exposure regulations?

By calculation based on FCC OET Bulletin 65By calculation based on computer modelingBy measurement of field strength using calibrated equipmentAll of these choices are correct

231231


• T0C7 What could happen if a person accidentally touched yourantenna while you were transmitting?They might receive a painful RF burn

• Accidentally or on purpose, depending on the power too.

Be sure to place your antennaswhere no one can touch them. Allantennas, not just the mobile ones.

232


• T0C8 Which of the following actions might amateur operators take toprevent exposure to RF radiation in excess of FCC-supplied limits?Relocate antennas

• T0C9 How can you make sure your station stays in compliance withRF safety regulations? By re-evaluating the station whenever an item ofequipment is changed

The safest place to mount themobile antenna for minimumRF exposure is on the metalroof as shown.

233233


• T0C10 Why is duty cycle one of the factors used to determine safe RFradiation exposure levels?It affects the average exposure of people to radiation

• T0C11 What is meant by "duty cycle" when referring to RFexposure? The ratio of on-air time to total operating time of atransmitted signal

That’s All Folks!

234

THANK YOU FOR PARTICIPATING INTHIS TECHNICIAN CLASS!

SEE YOU HERE ON THURSDAY, MAY29, 2014.

Reminder: Please bring your SS# anda calculator.

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