Technician Class 2014

8/17/2019 Technician Class 2014

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/technician-class-2014 1/229

FCC Technician Class FCC Technician Classto be used with Element 2 Question Pool to be used with Element 2 Question Pool

2010-20142010-2014

Presented byPresented by Jef Smith W4ZH Jef Smith W4ZH



2

Course PhilosophyCourse Philosophy (tleast do the !ollowin"(tleast do the !ollowin"

#2$%$4 & '#2$%$4 & '

1. Introduce the concepts of electricity1. Introduce the concepts of electricityand radio communicationsand radio communications

2. Do your own memory work2. Do your own memory work

3. 6 - 12 hours of study will be required3. 6 - 12 hours of study will be required

.. !se of "n-#ine practice e$am%.. !se of "n-#ine practice e$am%

&.&. http%''http%''www.qr(.com'p'testin).plwww.qr(.com'p'testin).pl 6.6. *hat is not co+ered%*hat is not co+ered% ,aterial that is not on,aterial that is not on

the e$amthe e$am

http://www.qrz.com/p/testing.pl








3

)aterialsi)hly recommendedam adio #icense,anual / 0 ules/ e)ulations

oth are a+ailablefrom themerican adio elay #ea)ue

4#.or)5

http://www.arrl.org/






4

)aterials )aterials

+ailable from

http%''www.w&yi.or)' 1-77-668-8&89 oram adio "utlet 1-7

-:82:***.#.";

***.<=.com

http://www.w5yi.org/

http://www.hamradio.com/



http://www.hamradio.com/

http://www.w5yi.org/



5

Elmers Elmers n >?lmer@ is ann >?lmer@ is ane$perienced amateure$perienced amateurradio operator whoradio operator whohelps you )et started inhelps you )et started inamateur radio9 study foramateur radio9 study foryour license e$ams oryour license e$ams orup)rades9 or oAers anyup)rades9 or oAers anysimilar encoura)ement.similar encoura)ement.

BhatCs !E cott9 # / BhatCs !E cott9 # / FeA FeA

If you donCt ha+e anIf you donCt ha+e an>?lmer@ to mentor you9>?lmer@ to mentor you9

ask for one.ask for one.



6

*) +adio,,,,, adio is a slan) term meanin)mateur adio

FeA mithCs ;reat ;randfather>coined@ the Berm , adio todescribe >obbyist ,ateur adio@

in 1822

FeACs ;randfather is erbert oo+er*3= GFust kiddin)EH



The 10 ub-ElementsThe 10 ub-Elements

Bhere are 386 questions in the pool. Bhere are 3& Bhere are 386 questions in the pool. Bhere are 3&questions on the test. *e will use &: real testquestions on the test. *e will use &: real test

questions durin) todays course.questions durin) todays course.

(6) Rules(6) Rules (4) Electrical Components(4) Electrical Components

(3) Operating Procedures(3) Operating Procedures (4) Station Equipment(4) Station Equipment

(3) Propagation(3) Propagation (4) Modulation Modes(4) Modulation Modes

(2) Amateur Radio Practice(2) Amateur Radio Practice (2) Antennas !eed lines(2) Antennas !eed lines

(4) Electrical Principles(4) Electrical Principles (3) R! Sa"et#(3) R! Sa"et#



.ntroduction to mateur +adio .ntroduction to mateur +adio

Bhe ?ntry- Bhe ?ntry-

#e+el#e+el Bechnician Bechnician

#icense#icenseG?lement 2 ?$amHG?lement 2 ?$amH



/nly % Classes o! /nly % Classes o! mateur +adiomateur +adio

icenses icensesIn order ofIn order of

pri+ile)espri+ile)es

Bechnician Bechnician;eneral;eneral

?$tra?$tra



Entry e3el icense Entry e3el icense Bechnician Bechnician

*ritten ?$am G?lement 2H*ritten ?$am G?lement 2H

Bhere is no ,orse ode requirement Bhere is no ,orse ode requirement

Pro+ides all operatin) pri+ile)esPro+ides all operatin) pri+ile)es

abo+e &7 ,(9abo+e &7 ,(9 includin) the popularincludin) the popular

2-meter bandJ all modes includin)2-meter bandJ all modes includin)e$otic data and satellite modese$otic data and satellite modes



hat5s this about )orse Code,hat5s this about )orse Code, NONE!NONE!

0eb 239 277:0eb 239 277:

0 has eliminated0 has eliminated

,orse odeE,orse odeE

i)ht% cott Beerlinck ,#I andi)ht% cott Beerlinck ,#I and

F.mith PK teachin) one of the F.mith PK teachin) one of the B , ands "n adio B , ands "n adio

lass in ,#I GLery oldHlass in ,#I GLery oldH



6%5s6%5s (means 7est ishes(means 7est ishes ow the 0ow the 0

DeMnes theDeMnes the

mateur adiomateur adioer+iceer+ice

Why Amateur Radio?Why Amateur Radio?



13

Sec. 97.1 Basis and purposeSec. 97.1 Basis and purpose FCC RULES Part 97 FCC RULES Part 97 More on FCC Part 97 Rules atMore on FCC Part 97 Rules at .!cc."o#.!cc."o#

$%e rules and re"ulations in t%is part are desi"ned to$%e rules and re"ulations in t%is part are desi"ned to

pro#ide an a&ateur radio ser#ice %a#in" a !unda&ental pro#ide an a&ateur radio ser#ice %a#in" a !unda&ental

purpose as e'pressed in t%e !olloin" principles( purpose as e'pressed in t%e !olloin" principles(

)a* Reco"nition and en%ance&ent o! t%e #alue o! t%e)a* Reco"nition and en%ance&ent o! t%e #alue o! t%e

a&ateur ser#ice to t%e pu+lic as aa&ateur ser#ice to t%e pu+lic as a #oluntar, non-co&&ercial#oluntar , non-co&&ercial

co&&unication ser#iceco&&unication ser#ice particularl, it% respect to particularl, it% respect to

pro#idin" pro#idin" e&er"enc, co&&unications.e&er "enc, co&&unications.

)+* Continuation and e'tension o! t%e a&ateur/s pro#en)+* Continuation and e'tension o! t%e a&ateur/s pro#en

a+ilit, to contri+ute to t%ea+ilit, to contri+ute to t%e ad#ance&ent o! t%e radio artad#ance&ent o! t%e radio art..

http://www.fcc.gov/

http://www.fcc.gov/

http://www.fcc.gov/



14

)c* ncoura"e&ent and i&pro#e&ent o! t%e a&ateur ser#ice)c* ncoura"e&ent and i&pro#e&ent o! t%e a&ateur ser#ice

t%rou"% rules %ic% pro#ide !ort%rou"% rules %ic% pro#ide !or ad#ancin" sillsad#ancin" sills in +ot% t%ein +ot% t%e

co&&unication and tec%nical p%ases o! t%e art.co&&unication and tec%nical p%ases o! t%e art.

)d*)d* 'pansion o! t%e e'istin" reser#oir 'pansion o! t%e e'istin" reser#oir it%in t%e a&ateurit%in t%e a&ateurradio ser#ice o! trained operators tec%nicians and electronicsradio ser#ice o! trained operators tec%nicians and electronics

e'perts.e'perts.

)e* Continuation and e'tension o! t%e a&ateur/s uniue)e* Continuation and e'tension o! t%e a&ateur/s uniuea+ilit, to en%ancea+ilit, to en%ance international "oodillinternational "oodill..



15

0or whom is the mateur adio er+ice0or whom is the mateur adio er+iceuntendedNuntendedN. Persons who ha+e messa)es to broadcast to. Persons who ha+e messa)es to broadcast tothe publicthe public

. Persons who need communications for the. Persons who need communications for theacti+ities of their immediate family members9acti+ities of their immediate family members9

relati+es and friendsrelati+es and friends. Persons who need two-way communications. Persons who need two-way communications

for personal reasonsfor personal reasonsD. Persons who are interested in radioD. Persons who are interested in radiotechnique solely with a personal aim and witouttechnique solely with a personal aim and witout

pecuniary interestpecuniary interest



+ules +ules

anCt we allanCt we all Oust )et alon)N Oust )et alon)N



17

Courtesy and Common enseCourtesy and Common ense*ith only a few e$ceptions that may seem*ith only a few e$ceptions that may seem

silly9 the rules are basically common sensesilly9 the rules are basically common sense

Ko music Ge$cept from KHKo music Ge$cept from KHKo payment9 unless you are teachin) in aKo payment9 unless you are teachin) in a

schoolschool

Ko profanity or obscenity9 no e$ceptionsEKo profanity or obscenity9 no e$ceptionsE

In a life or property threatenin)In a life or property threatenin)

emer)ency9 Oust about anythin) )oes.emer)ency9 Oust about anythin) )oes.



1

Control /perator Control /perator ontrol "perator%ontrol "perator% n amateur operatorn amateur operator

desi)nated by the licensee of a stationdesi)nated by the licensee of a station

to beto be responsible for the transmissionsresponsible for the transmissions from that station to assure compliancefrom that station to assure compliancewith the 0 rules.with the 0 rules.

;enerally9 that means "!;enerally9 that means "!

ou can allow another licensed amateur ou can allow another licensed amateurto use your station equipment and callto use your station equipment and callsi)nsi)n



19

Third Party CommunicationsThird Party Communications Bhird Party ommunications% Bhird Party ommunications% messa)e messa)e

from the control operator G1st partyH offrom the control operator G1st partyH of

an amateur station to another amateuran amateur station to another amateurstation control operator G2nd partyH onstation control operator G2nd partyH on

behalf of another person G3rd partyHbehalf of another person G3rd partyH

e sure there is a 3rd party a)reemente sure there is a 3rd party a)reementbetween the ! and the other stationCsbetween the ! and the other stationCs

country before handlin) 3rd partycountry before handlin) 3rd party

traQc.traQc.



20

)a8imum Transmitter Power )a8imum Transmitter Power In 0 Bechnician ands9 277 wattsIn 0 Bechnician ands9 277 watts

Peak ?n+elope Power GP?PHPeak ?n+elope Power GP?PH

In most other bands9 1&77 wattsIn most other bands9 1&77 watts

P?P e$cept for some restrictions onP?P e$cept for some restrictions on

Bechnician class. Bechnician class.

In all cases9In all cases9 use the minimumuse the minimum

power required to make a reliable power required to make a reliable

contactcontact



21

tation .denti!icationtation .denti!ication0 rules require amateur stations to0 rules require amateur stations toidentify e+eryidentify e+ery 17 minutes17 minutes and at theand at the

end of transmissionsend of transmissionsDo not make unidentiMedDo not make unidentiMedtransmissionstransmissions9 Gwith some e$ceptions99 Gwith some e$ceptions9like for adio ontrolled toys.Hlike for adio ontrolled toys.H

Kote% ,ore about station identiMcation will be co+eredKote% ,ore about station identiMcation will be co+eredunder >"peratin) Procedures@under >"peratin) Procedures@



22

bout 9our Call si"n bout 9our Call si"nmateur call si)nsmateur call si)ns in the !in the ! be)in withbe)in withthe lettersthe letters 9 R9 K or *9 R9 K or *

?ach call si)n contains a?ach call si)n contains a one-di)itone-di)itnumbernumber9 (ero throu)h nine9 (ero throu)h nine G7 S 8HG7 S 8H

Bhe arran)ement of letters indicates Bhe arran)ement of letters indicateslicense class9 with shorter calls )oin) tolicense class9 with shorter calls )oin) to

hi)her license classes Ghi)her license classes G*3*3 is le)itEHis le)itEH#icenses are )ood for#icenses are )ood for 17 years17 years

Bhere is a Bhere is a 2 year )race period for renewal2 year )race period for renewal



23

.T: .nternational Telecommunications

:nion Region 2 is North America;;;



24

Technician class - 7and Pri3ile"esTechnician class - 7and Pri3ile"esll amateur bandsll amateur bands &7 ,( and&7 ,( and

abo+eabo+e

ll a+ailable modesll a+ailable modes

Ko power restrictionsKo power restrictions

K" PILI#?;? "K 0?<!?KI?K" PILI#?;? "K 0?<!?KI??#"* &7 ,(E?#"* &7 ,(E



25

++ C <.T+.CT )P



26

Technician with )orse CodeTechnician with )orse CodeK?*IK;B"K9 B9K?*IK;B"K9 B9 0eb 239 277:0eb 239 277: -- new-- newmateur adio er+ice re)ime now is inmateur adio er+ice re)ime now is in

place.place. Bhe requirement to demonstrate Bhe requirement to demonstrate,orse code proMciency to )ain 0,orse code proMciency to )ain 0pri+ile)es oQcially disappeared from thepri+ile)es oQcially disappeared from the0s Part 8: rules0s Part 8: rules today at 12%71 ,today at 12%71 ,?astern Bime. t the same time9 some?astern Bime. t the same time9 some2779777 Bechnician licensees without2779777 Bechnician licensees without,orse code e$am credit acquired 0,orse code e$am credit acquired 0pri+ile)es equi+alent to those a+ailable topri+ile)es equi+alent to those a+ailable toKo+ice licensees.Ko+ice licensees.



27

Former =o3ice-class 7and Pri3ile"es Former =o3ice-class 7and Pri3ile"es

Band Freq. In MHz Mode Power

7 m 3.6:& - 3.:2& cw 277 *7 m :.177 - :.1&7 cw 277 *

1& m 21.177 - 21.277 cw 277 *

17 m 2.177 - 2.3772.377 - 2.&77

cwssb

277 *277 *

1.2& m 222.7 - 22&.7 all modes 2& *

23 cm 12:7 - 128& all modes & *



2

mateur +adio Fre>uency 7ands



29

The +elationship o! Fre>uency andThe +elationship o! Fre>uency and

a3elen"tha3elen"th Bhe distance a radio wa+e tra+els in one cycle is called Bhe distance a radio wa+e tra+els in one cycle is called

wa+elen)th.wa+elen)th.

ne a#elen"t%ne a#elen"t%

ti&eti&e

--

00

ne C,clene C,cle



30

a3elen"th Formulaa3elen"th Formula Bo con+ert from frequency to Bo con+ert from frequency to

wa+elen)th also this tells youwa+elen)th also this tells you whatwhat

andand you are on%you are on%

*a+elen)th and 0requency are*a+elen)th and 0requency areIn+ersely Proportional. s one )oesIn+ersely Proportional. s one )oesup9 the other must )o down.up9 the other must )o down.

377377

freq Gfreq G,(,(HH*a+elen)th'and*a+elen)th'and

TT



31

/n what amateur bands will you/n what amateur bands will you

!ind these !re>uencies, !ind these !re>uencies,

3.8:&3.8:& ,( UUUUUUU meter band,( UUUUUUU meter band 21.2&21.2& ,( UUUUUUU meter band,( UUUUUUU meter band

1&.211&.21 ,( UUUUUUU meter band,( UUUUUUU meter band

:9233:9233 k( UUUUUUU meter bandk( UUUUUUU meter band

2.3&72.3&7 ,( UUUUUUU meter band,( UUUUUUU meter band

$%&'$%&'

22

4%4%%%



32

*hat is an amateur station control pointN*hat is an amateur station control pointN

. Bhe location of the stationCs. Bhe location of the stationCstransmittin) antennatransmittin) antenna

. Bhe location of the station transmittin). Bhe location of the station transmittin)apparatusapparatus

. Bhe location in which the control. Bhe location in which the controloperation function is performedoperation function is performed

D. Bhe mailin) address of the stationD. Bhe mailin) address of the station

licenseelicensee



33

ow soon may you operate a transmitter onow soon may you operate a transmitter on

mateur radio ser+ice frequency after you pmateur radio ser+ice frequency after you pthe e$amination required for you Mrst amatethe e$amination required for you Mrst amate

radio licenseNradio licenseN

. Immediately. Immediately. 37 days after the test date. 37 days after the test date. s soon as your name and call si)n appe. s soon as your name and call si)n appe

in the 0Cs !# databasein the 0Cs !# databaseD. ou must wait until you recei+e your licenD. ou must wait until you recei+e your licen

in the mail from the 0in the mail from the 0



34

*hich of the followin) types of*hich of the followin) types oftransmissionstransmissions

re prohibitedNre prohibitedN

. Bransmissions that contain obscene or. Bransmissions that contain obscene orindecent words or lan)ua)eindecent words or lan)ua)e. Bransmissions to establish one-way. Bransmissions to establish one-way

communicationscommunications

. Bransmission to establish model aircraft. Bransmission to establish model aircraftcontrolcontrolD. Bransmissions for third partyD. Bransmissions for third party

communicationscommunications



35

*hat are the frequency limits of the L0*hat are the frequency limits of the L0spectrumNspectrumN

. 37 - 377 k(. 37 - 377 k(

. 37 - 377 ,(. 37 - 377 ,(

. 377 - 3777 k(. 377 - 3777 k(

D. 377 - 3777 ,(D. 377 - 3777 ,(



36

*hich of the followin) is an acceptable*hich of the followin) is an acceptablelan)ua)e for use for station identiMcationlan)ua)e for use for station identiMcation

when operatin) in a phone sub-bandNwhen operatin) in a phone sub-bandN

. ny lan)ua)e reco)ni(ed by the !nited. ny lan)ua)e reco)ni(ed by the !nited

KationsKations

. ny lan)ua)e reco)ni(ed by the IB!. ny lan)ua)e reco)ni(ed by the IB!

. Bhe ?n)lish lan)ua)e. Bhe ?n)lish lan)ua)eD. ?n)lish9 0rench or panishD. ?n)lish9 0rench or panish



37

*hat amount of transmitter power*hat amount of transmitter powershould be used on the uplink frequencyshould be used on the uplink frequency

of an amateur satellite or space stationNof an amateur satellite or space stationN

. Bhe ma$imum power of your. Bhe ma$imum power of your

transmittertransmitter

. Bhe minimum amount of power. Bhe minimum amount of power

needed to complete the contactneeded to complete the contact. Ko more than half the ratin) of your. Ko more than half the ratin) of your

linear ampliMerlinear ampliMer

D. Ko more than 1 wattD. Ko more than 1 watt



3

*hat is the ma$imum power allowed when*hat is the ma$imum power allowed whentransmittin) telecommand si)nals to radiotransmittin) telecommand si)nals to radiocontrolled modelsNcontrolled modelsN

. &77 milliwatts. &77 milliwatts

. 1 watt. 1 watt

. 2& watts. 2& watts

D. 1&-- wattsD. 1&-- watts



/peratin" Procedures/peratin" Procedures*ork the*ork the

nei)hborhoodnei)hborhoodon theon therepeater.repeater.*ork the*ork the

world on 0world on 0

i)ht is ai)ht is a

ProtoBype >BProtoBype >B

;o Rit by F. mith;o Rit by F. mithPK forPK for

0'L0'!00'L0'!0Loice and 0Loice and 0

?mail / will?mail / willdeli+er 177 wattsdeli+er 177 watts



40

+epeaters +epeatersepeater%epeater% n amateur station thatn amateur station that

simultaneously retransmits thesimultaneously retransmits the

transmission of another amateurtransmission of another amateurstation on a diAerent channel orstation on a diAerent channel or

channelschannels

*hyN powerful repeater transmitter*hyN powerful repeater transmitterlocated at altitude )reatly increases thelocated at altitude )reatly increases the

eAecti+e ran)e of weaker hand heldeAecti+e ran)e of weaker hand held

and mobile radios.and mobile radios.



41

+epeaters +epeatersIn order to use a repeater9 you mIn order to use a repeater9 you m

Mrst know the repeaterCs transmiMrst know the repeaterCs transmi

frequency and oAset. Bhe oAset ifrequency and oAset. Bhe oAset ithe diAerence in the repeaterCsthe diAerence in the repeaterCs

transmit and recei+e frequenciestransmit and recei+e frequencies

,ost modern radios will calculat,ost modern radios will calculat

the oAset for you.the oAset for you.



42

6% miles6% miles

Output !reqOutput !req

4*2 M+,4*2 M+,-nput !req-nput !req

44*6 M+,44*6 M+, O""setO""set

. 6%% /+,. 6%% /+,

+epeater in ction +epeater in ction



43

+epeaters +epeatersquelch%quelch% squelch circuit keeps the squelch circuit keeps the

radio speaker turned oA until suQcientradio speaker turned oA until suQcient

0 ener)y is present at the recei+er. Bhis0 ener)y is present at the recei+er. Bhiskeeps the radio quiet until a si)nal iskeeps the radio quiet until a si)nal is

recei+ed. In a repeater9 the squelch alsorecei+ed. In a repeater9 the squelch also

turns on the transmitter.turns on the transmitter.

In some areas9 there is such a le+el of 0In some areas9 there is such a le+el of 0noise the squelch circuit is constantlynoise the squelch circuit is constantly

openin) the audio. *hat do we doNopenin) the audio. *hat do we doN



44

+epeaters +epeatersP# Bones%P# Bones% De+eloped by ,otorola9 Pri+acyDe+eloped by ,otorola9 Pri+acy#ock#ock GP#H tonesGP#H tones9 or ontinuous Bone oded9 or ontinuous Bone oded

quelch ystem GBH tones are sub-quelch ystem GBH tones are sub-audible tones sent by your radio to theaudible tones sent by your radio to therepeater alon) with your re)ularrepeater alon) with your re)ulartransmission.transmission.

"n a"n a P#P# equipped repeater9 there must beequipped repeater9 there must be

enou)h si)nal stren)th to open the squelch9enou)h si)nal stren)th to open the squelch9the P# tone must be present and on thethe P# tone must be present and on thecorrect frequency9 before the repeater willcorrect frequency9 before the repeater willretransmit a si)nal.retransmit a si)nal.



45

+epeaters +epeaterst the end of each transmissiont the end of each transmissionthrou)h a repeater9 you will hear athrou)h a repeater9 you will hear a

>ro)er beep@ or >courtesy tone@ Ga>ro)er beep@ or >courtesy tone@ Gashort beep9 or series of beepsH.short beep9 or series of beepsH.

Do not be)in your transmission untilDo not be)in your transmission until

after you hear the courtesy beep.after you hear the courtesy beep.Do not confuse the ro)er beep withDo not confuse the ro)er beep withthe P# tone.the P# tone.



46

+epeater /perations +epeater /perationsListenListenE If nobody is there9 then the repeater isE If nobody is there9 then the repeater isnot in use. ;i+e your call si)n once.not in use. ;i+e your call si)n once.

If the repeater is busy9 wait for a break and )i+eIf the repeater is busy9 wait for a break and )i+e

your call si)n "K?.your call si)n "K?.D" K"B >R?-!KR@ B? ?P?B?D" K"B >R?-!KR@ B? ?P?B?

"bser+e rotation9 if there is one."bser+e rotation9 if there is one.

*hen callin) another station9 always )i+e the*hen callin) another station9 always )i+e the

other stationCs call si)n Mrst9 then yours.other stationCs call si)n Mrst9 then yours.ID e+ery 17 minutes and at the end of theID e+ery 17 minutes and at the end of thecon+ersationcon+ersation G<"H9 you need not ID after e+eryG<"H9 you need not ID after e+erye$chan)e.e$chan)e.



47

utopatch utopatch

mateurs can use the repeaterCsmateurs can use the repeaterCs>>autopatch@ to connect to the publicautopatch@ to connect to the public

telephone network +ia radio.telephone network +ia radio.



4

utopatch utopatch ou can make phone calls from your radio ou can make phone calls from your radio

ll repeaters are required to ha+e a 3ll repeaters are required to ha+e a 3

minute transmit time-out feature. Bhisminute transmit time-out feature. Bhisapplies to the autopatch as well.applies to the autopatch as well.

Do not abuse the autopatch.Do not abuse the autopatch.

!se Oud)ment callin) 811.!se Oud)ment callin) 811.

!se of autopatch may be subOect to!se of autopatch may be subOect topayment of dues to the repeater owner orpayment of dues to the repeater owner orclub.club.



49

The orld o! *i"h Fre>uencyThe orld o! *i"h Fre>uency

(*F(*F Bhese are the Bhese are the

traditional world wide bandstraditional world wide bandspeople usually associate withpeople usually associate with

ham radio.ham radio.



50

*F?in"le ideband (7 /perations *F?in"le ideband (7 /perations*hen tryin) to Mnd a clear frequency9*hen tryin) to Mnd a clear frequency9 LISTENLISTENFIRST FIRST 9 then ask9 >Is this frequency in useN9 then ask9 >Is this frequency in useN

Vcall si)nW.@Vcall si)nW.@If the frequency is clear9 then call ><@ 3 $ 3 -If the frequency is clear9 then call ><@ 3 $ 3 -all < three times followed by your call si)nall < three times followed by your call si)nphonetically three times9 listen9 repeat.phonetically three times9 listen9 repeat.

*hen callin) another station9 always )i+e the*hen callin) another station9 always )i+e theother stationCs call si)n Mrst9 then yours.other stationCs call si)n Mrst9 then yours.

ID e+ery 17 minutes and at the end of the <"9ID e+ery 17 minutes and at the end of the <"9you need not ID after e+ery e$chan)e.you need not ID after e+ery e$chan)e.

;i+e stations you contact honest si)nal reports.;i+e stations you contact honest si)nal reports.



51

The +T +eportin" ystemThe +T +eportin" ystem Bhe B system is a quick way amateurs Bhe B system is a quick way amateurs

use to describe a recei+ed si)nal.use to describe a recei+ed si)nal.

eadabilityeadability 1 T Poor1 T Poor && T ;oodT ;ood i)nal tren)thi)nal tren)th 1 T Poor1 T Poor 88 T ;oodT ;ood

B Bone G* onlyHone G* onlyH 1 T Poor 8 T ;ood1 T Poor 8 T ;ood

Kote% Do not use the B system on repeaters.Kote% Do not use the B system on repeaters.



52

Q-si"nalsQ-si"nals<-si)nals are a kind of >short-hand@<-si)nals are a kind of >short-hand@

hams use to communicate quickly9hams use to communicate quickly9

especially +ia ,orse ode.especially +ia ,orse ode.,ost <-si)nals can be used as a,ost <-si)nals can be used as a

question or a statement%question or a statement%

>>an you < to :.2&7N@an you < to :.2&7N@ Gchan)e'mo+eHGchan)e'mo+eH

>>I will < to :.2&7@I will < to :.2&7@ Gchan)e'mo+eHGchan)e'mo+eH



Q-si"nalsQ-si"nals<, Gman made interferenceH

>Do you hear any <,N@

>Bhere is <, on the 0req@

53



54

Q-i"nalsQ-i"nals

Bhe use of <-si)nals be)an in the days Bhe use of <-si)nals be)an in the days

of the tele)raph9 where operatorsof the tele)raph9 where operatorsde+eloped a way to e$chan)ede+eloped a way to e$chan)e

commonly transmitted informationcommonly transmitted information

Glocation9 output power9 etc.H moreGlocation9 output power9 etc.H more

eQciently.eQciently.

ome common <-si)nals are on theome common <-si)nals are on thene$t slideXne$t slideX



55

Q-i"nalsQ-i"nalsQRMQRM - Is my transmission bein) interfered withN'omethin) is- Is my transmission bein) interfered withN'omethin) is

causin) interferencecausin) interference

<K - re you troubled by static'noiseN'I am troubled by<K - re you troubled by static'noiseN'I am troubled bystatic'noise.static'noise.

<" - hall I increase transmitter powerN'I am runnin) hi)h<" - hall I increase transmitter powerN'I am runnin) hi)h

power.power.<P - hall I decrease transmitter powerN'I am runnin) low power.<P - hall I decrease transmitter powerN'I am runnin) low power.

<< - hall I send fasterN'Please send faster.<< - hall I send fasterN'Please send faster.

< - hall I send slowerN'Please send slower< - hall I send slowerN'Please send slower

<B - hall I stop sendin)N'I am )oin) oA the air.<B - hall I stop sendin)N'I am )oin) oA the air.

<= - *ho is callin) meN<= - *ho is callin) meN

< - re my si)nals fadin)N'our si)nal is fadin).< - re my si)nals fadin)N'our si)nal is fadin).<# - an you acknowled)e receiptN'I recei+ed the messa)e.<# - an you acknowled)e receiptN'I recei+ed the messa)e.

<" - an you communicate with UUUU directN'I will communicate<" - an you communicate with UUUU directN'I will communicatewith UUUUUUUU directly.with UUUUUUUU directly.

QSY QSY - hall I chan)e frequencyN'I am chan)in) frequency to- hall I chan)e frequencyN'I am chan)in) frequency to UUUUUUU. UUUUUUU.

<B - *hat is your locationN',y location is UUUUUUU.<B - *hat is your locationN',y location is UUUUUUU.



56

Q CardsQ Cards

A 0S1 card is a ritten con"irmation o" contact

eteen to amateur radio stations*



57

.T: Phonetic lphabet .T: Phonetic lphabet

lpha otel " "scar L Lictor

ra+o I India P Papa * *hiskey

harlie F Fuliet < <uebec Y Y-ray

D Delta R Rilo omeo ankee

? ?cho # #ima ierra = =ulu0 0o$trot , ,ike B Ban)o

; ;olf K Ko+ember ! !niform



5

.T: Phonetic lphabet .T: Phonetic lphabet !sed for accurate copy when band!sed for accurate copy when band

conditions are noisy or crowded.conditions are noisy or crowded.

lways use the proper words9 theylways use the proper words9 theywere carefully selected so no twowere carefully selected so no two

sound alike.sound alike.

+oid bein) cute.+oid bein) cute.;enerally not needed on repeaters.;enerally not needed on repeaters.



59

ome =o-=o5some =o-=o5sDon’t use CB slang or !"#odes$$$$Don’t use CB slang or !"#odes$$$$

DonCt interrupt con+ersations G<"CsH inDonCt interrupt con+ersations G<"CsH inpro)ress.pro)ress.

DonCt tune up on the air9 use a dummy load.DonCt tune up on the air9 use a dummy load.

+oid subOect matter that could be+oid subOect matter that could beoAensi+e.oAensi+e.

DonCt for)et your manners S be polite.DonCt for)et your manners S be polite.

DonCt whine and complain.DonCt whine and complain.

DonCt for)et that the whole world can hearDonCt for)et that the whole world can hearyouEyouE



60

*hat is the term used to describe an*hat is the term used to describe anamateur station that is transmittin) andamateur station that is transmittin) and

recei+in) on the same frequencyNrecei+in) on the same frequencyN

. 0ull duple$ communication. 0ull duple$ communication

. Diple$ communication. Diple$ communication

. imple$ communication. imple$ communication

D. alf duple$ communicationD. alf duple$ communication



61

*hat is the 0 Part 8: deMnition of a*hat is the 0 Part 8: deMnition of aspace stationNspace stationN

. ny multi-sta)e satellite. ny multi-sta)e satellite

. n ?arth satellite that carries one or. n ?arth satellite that carries one ormore amateur operatorsmore amateur operators

. n amateur station located less than. n amateur station located less than2&2&

km abo+e the ?arthCs surfacekm abo+e the ?arthCs surfaceD. n amateur station located more thanD. n amateur station located more than

&7 km abo+e the ?arthCs surface&7 km abo+e the ?arthCs surface



62

*hich of the followin) meets the 0*hich of the followin) meets the 0deMnition of harmful interferenceNdeMnition of harmful interferenceN

. adio transmissions that annoy users of a. adio transmissions that annoy users of a

repeaterrepeater

. !nwanted radio transmissions that cause. !nwanted radio transmissions that cause

costly harm to radio station apparatuscostly harm to radio station apparatus

. Bhat which seriously de)rades9 obstructs or. Bhat which seriously de)rades9 obstructs orrepeatly interrupts a radio communicationrepeatly interrupts a radio communication

ser+ice operatin) in accorddance with adioser+ice operatin) in accorddance with adio

e)ulationse)ulations



63

*hat is the term for an 0-issued*hat is the term for an 0-issued

primary station'operator license )rantNprimary station'operator license )rantN

. 0i+e years. 0i+e years

. #ife. #ife

. Ben years. Ben years

D. Bwenty yearsD. Bwenty years



64

*hat is the most common repeater*hat is the most common repeaterfre)uency oAset in the 2 meter bandNfre)uency oAset in the 2 meter bandN

. plus &77 kh(. plus &77 kh(

. Plus or minus 677 kh(. Plus or minus 677 kh(

. ,inus &77 kh(. ,inus &77 kh(

D. "nly plus 677 kh(D. "nly plus 677 kh(



65

*hat is an appropriate way to call*hat is an appropriate way to callanother station on a repeater if you knowanother station on a repeater if you know

the other stationCs call si)nNthe other stationCs call si)nN

. ay >break9 break@ then say the. ay >break9 break@ then say thestationCs call si)nstationCs call si)n

. ay the stationCs call si)n then identify. ay the stationCs call si)n then identify

your call si)nyour call si)n

. ay ><@ three times then the other. ay ><@ three times then the otherstationCs call si)nstationCs call si)n

D. *ait for the station to call ><@ thenD. *ait for the station to call ><@ thenanswer itanswer it



66

INTERMISSION



Propa"ation Propa"ationow radio wa+es )etow radio wa+es )et

thereXthereX

and back.and back.

i)ht is FeA ram RIL=<i)ht is FeA ram RIL=<testin) the B Ketwork atellitetestin) the B Ketwork atellite



6

*F Propa"ation *F Propa"ationIt is the unpredictable nature of 0It is the unpredictable nature of 0

propa)ation that makes the 0 bandspropa)ation that makes the 0 bands

so much fun.so much fun.#on) distance communication GDYH is#on) distance communication GDYH is

accomplished by the reZection of radioaccomplished by the reZection of radio

wa+es by the ionosphere9 the upperwa+es by the ionosphere9 the upper

layers of the atmosphere ioni(ed bylayers of the atmosphere ioni(ed by

ultra+iolet radiation from the sun.ultra+iolet radiation from the sun.



69

.onospheric Protection .onospheric Protection

Bhe ionosphere and ma)netosphere protect us from Bhe ionosphere and ma)netosphere protect us from

harmful radiation from the sun.harmful radiation from the sun.



71

The .onosphereThe .onosphere

02 #ayer GeZectin)H02 #ayer GeZectin)H01 #ayer GeZectin)H01 #ayer GeZectin)H

? #ayer GeZectin)H? #ayer GeZectin)H

D #ayer Gbsorbin)HD #ayer Gbsorbin)H



72

ayers o! the .onosphere ayers o! the .onosphereD #ayer9 bsorbin)9 Disappears at ni)htD #ayer9 bsorbin)9 Disappears at ni)ht

? #ayer9 eZectin)9 Disappears at ni)ht? #ayer9 eZectin)9 Disappears at ni)ht

01 and 02 #ayers9 eZectin)9 combine01 and 02 #ayers9 eZectin)9 combineinto a sin)le 0 layer at ni)ht.into a sin)le 0 layer at ni)ht.

Bhe reZecti+e layers are responsible for Bhe reZecti+e layers are responsible for

sky wa+e propa)ation.sky wa+e propa)ation.



73

ine o! i"ht Propa"ation ine o! i"ht Propa"ation*orldwide*orldwidecommunicationscommunications

by line of si)ht isby line of si)ht isnot possible duenot possible due

to the cur+atureto the cur+ature

of the ?arthof the ?arth



74

@y wa3e Propa"ation@y wa3e Propa"ation"+er the hori(on"+er the hori(on

communication icommunication is

possible by sky-possible by sky-wa+e propa)atiowa+e propa)atio

bouncin) si)nalsbouncin) si)nals

oA the ionospheroA the ionospher



75

unspotsunspots

unspots peak durin) 11-year cycles.

Bhe hi)her the sunspot count9 the morethe atmosphere is ioni(ed.

Bhus9 hi)her sunspot counts support ahi)her ,a$imum !sable 0requency G,!0H.



76

A*F?:*F Propa"ationA*F?:*F Propa"ation;enerally line of si)ht;enerally line of si)ht

an be blocked by and'or reZected oAan be blocked by and'or reZected oA

mountains and lar)e buildin)s S e+en themountains and lar)e buildin)s S e+en the,oonE,oonE

Bemperature in+ersions in the troposphere Bemperature in+ersions in the tropospherecan cause >ductin)9@ and a path will opencan cause >ductin)9@ and a path will openbrieZy for &77 - 677 miles.brieZy for &77 - 677 miles.

L0'!0 will penetrate the Ionosphere9L0'!0 will penetrate the Ionosphere9makin) these frequencies ideal for satellite9makin) these frequencies ideal for satellite9and ?arth-,oon-?arth G?,?H operations.and ?arth-,oon-?arth G?,?H operations.



77

L0'!0 si)nalsL0'!0 si)nals

tra+el only in strai)httra+el only in strai)htlines. *e call thislines. *e call this

>>line of si)ht@line of si)ht@propa)ationpropa)ation

Direct communications are notDirect communications are notpossible because of the mountainpossible because of the mountain

A*F?:*F Propa"ationA*F?:*F Propa"ation



7

*hat is the cause or irre)ular fadin) of*hat is the cause or irre)ular fadin) ofsi)nals from distant stations durin) timessi)nals from distant stations durin) times

of )enerally )ood receptionNof )enerally )ood receptionN

. bsorption of si)nals by the >D@ layer of the ionosphere. bsorption of si)nals by the >D@ layer of the ionosphere

. bsorption of si)nals by the >?@ layer of the ionosphere. bsorption of si)nals by the >?@ layer of the ionosphere

. andom combinin) of si)nals arri+in) +ia diAerent path. andom combinin) of si)nals arri+in) +ia diAerent path

len)thslen)ths

D. Intermodulation distortion in local recei+erD. Intermodulation distortion in local recei+er



79

*hat part of the atmosphere enables the*hat part of the atmosphere enables thepropa)ation of radio si)nals around thepropa)ation of radio si)nals around theworldNworldN

. Bhe stratosphere. Bhe stratosphere

. Bhe troposphere. Bhe troposphere

. Bhe ionosphere. Bhe ionosphereD. Bhe ma)netosphereD. Bhe ma)netosphere



0

ow does the wa+elen)th of a radio wa+eow does the wa+elen)th of a radio wa+erelate to its frequencyNrelate to its frequencyN

. Bhe wa+elen)th )ets lon)er as its frequency. Bhe wa+elen)th )ets lon)er as its frequency

increasesincreases

. Bhe wa+elen)th )ets shorter as the frequency. Bhe wa+elen)th )ets shorter as the frequency

increasesincreases

. Bhere is no relationship between wa+elen)th. Bhere is no relationship between wa+elen)th

and frequencyand frequency

D. Bhe wa+elen)th depends on the bandwidth ofD. Bhe wa+elen)th depends on the bandwidth of

the si)nalthe si)nal



1

*hat property of radio wa+es is often*hat property of radio wa+es is oftenused to identify the diAerent frequencyused to identify the diAerent frequencybandsNbandsN

. Bhe appro$imate wa+elen)th. Bhe appro$imate wa+elen)th

. Bhe ma)net intensity of wa+es. Bhe ma)net intensity of wa+es

. Bhe times it takes the wa+es to tra+el. Bhe times it takes the wa+es to tra+el

one mileone mile

D. Bhe +olta)e standin) wa+e ratio ofD. Bhe +olta)e standin) wa+e ratio of

wa+eswa+es



2

*hat is the formula for con+ertin)*hat is the formula for con+ertin)frequency to wa+elen)th in metersNfrequency to wa+elen)th in metersN . *a+elen)th in meters equals. *a+elen)th in meters equals

frequency in hert( multiplied by 377frequency in hert( multiplied by 377. *a+elen)th in meters equals. *a+elen)th in meters equalsfrequency in hert( di+ided by 377frequency in hert( di+ided by 377

. *a+elen)th in meters equals. *a+elen)th in meters equals

frequency in me)ahert( di+ided by 377frequency in me)ahert( di+ided by 377D. *a+elen)th in meters equals 377D. *a+elen)th in meters equals 377di+ided by frequency in me)ahert(di+ided by frequency in me)ahert(



mateur +adio Practice mateur +adio PracticeDoin)Doin)thin)sthin)s

ri)ht.ri)ht.

i)ht% R8"Ri)ht% R8"Rcott Beerlinck9cott Beerlinck9

,oline9 I#,oline9 I#



4

a!etya!etymateur adio is a relati+ely safe hobby.mateur adio is a relati+ely safe hobby.

Bhere are only a few ways to )et hurt or Bhere are only a few ways to )et hurt or

killed bein) a ham radio operator%killed bein) a ham radio operator%1. ?lectrocute yourself.1. ?lectrocute yourself.

2. 0all oA a tower9 or the in+erse9 ha+e2. 0all oA a tower9 or the in+erse9 ha+esomeone'somethin) fall on you fromsomeone'somethin) fall on you from

a tower.a tower.

3. lowly cook yourself with 0 ener)y.3. lowly cook yourself with 0 ener)y.



5

.t Bust ills )eDDD .t Bust ills )eDDDPeople ha+e been killed by as little as 37People ha+e been killed by as little as 37Lolts.Lolts.

s little as 1'17s little as 1'17 G177 milliampsHG177 milliampsH of an amp can beof an amp can befatal.fatal.

is more dan)erous than D9 as it is more dan)erous than D9 as itinterferes with heart rhythm.interferes with heart rhythm.

Bhe path electric current takes across the Bhe path electric current takes across thebody is important. Bherefore9 always keepbody is important. Bherefore9 always keepone hand in your pocket when workin)one hand in your pocket when workin)near dan)erous +olta)es.near dan)erous +olta)es.



6

round E3erythin" round E3erythin"



7

*i"h Aolta"e a!ety *i"h Aolta"e a!ety;round all the equipment cases.;round all the equipment cases.

,ake sure your power outlets are,ake sure your power outlets are

)rounded.)rounded.Do not defeat safety interlocks onDo not defeat safety interlocks onequipment that contain lethalequipment that contain lethal+olta)es.+olta)es.

emember9 capacitors can store aemember9 capacitors can store achar)e for a really lon) time. arechar)e for a really lon) time. areshould be taken to dischar)e them.should be taken to dischar)e them.



ntenna a!ety ntenna a!etyDonCt put antennas. where theyDonCt put antennas. where theycould fall across power linescould fall across power lines

DonCt climb towers without aDonCt climb towers without asafety belt.safety belt.

DonCt do tower work without aDonCt do tower work without a

)round crew.)round crew.If youCre workin) under the tower9If youCre workin) under the tower9wear a hard hat.wear a hard hat.



9

i"htnin" i"htnin" ;round antennas when not in use.;round antennas when not in use.

;round the tower structure itself.;round the tower structure itself.

;round rods should be copper or;round rods should be copper orcopper clad steel and ft. lon).copper clad steel and ft. lon).

Disconnect power mains durin)Disconnect power mains durin)storms9 or use line conditioners orstorms9 or use line conditioners or

sur)e suppressors.sur)e suppressors.;?B "00 B? I D!IK; ?L??;?B "00 B? I D!IK; ?L??B",EEB",EE



90

116 Aolt C /utlet 116 Aolt C /utlet

8round8round

ot

:eutral :eutral

0or safety and Mre0or safety and Mre

protection9 eachprotection9 each

outlet in your homoutlet in your homshould be wiredshould be wired

e$actly this way.e$actly this way.,atch the colored,atch the colored

wires to the colorewires to the colorescrews on thescrews on the

outlet.outlet.



91

)ultimeter (nalo" )ultimeter (nalo" Bhese meters will measure Bhese meters will measureLolta)e9 esistance andLolta)e9 esistance and

urrent.urrent.

Bhe handiest piece of test Bhe handiest piece of test

equipment any ham couldequipment any ham couldown.own.



92

<i"ital )ultimeter <i"ital )ultimeter

Bhese modern multimeters are Bhese modern multimeters are

easier to use and harder to breeasier to use and harder to breathan older analo) meters.than older analo) meters.

Bhe hi)her input impedance Bhe hi)her input impedance

makes them more accurate.makes them more accurate.

,any include e$tra features like,any include e$tra features likediode and transistor test functiodiode and transistor test functio



93

- )eter - )eter Bhe - meter )i+es Bhe - meter )i+esa relati+e si)nal stren)a relati+e si)nal stren)t

readin) of a recei+edreadin) of a recei+ed

si)nal.si)nal.

Ko manufacturer claimKo manufacturer claim

their - meters aretheir - meters are

calibrated.calibrated.



94

+ )eter + )eter ,easures transmitter,easures transmitteroutput power andoutput power and

reZected power fromreZected power fromthe antenna systemthe antenna system



95

+e!lectometer +e!lectometer Bhe reZectometer Bhe reZectometeris a fancy *is a fancy *

meter showin)meter showin)forward power9forward power9

reZected powerreZected powerand * all atand * all at

once.once. Bhey require no Bhey require no

setsetup or calibrationup or calibration

toto



96

<ummy oad <ummy oad !se a dummy load to!se a dummy load to

tune your transmitter.tune your transmitter. Bhis is )ood practice Bhis is )ood practice

as it reduces <, andas it reduces <, and)i+es the transmitter)i+es the transmitter

a perfect &7 ohm load.a perfect &7 ohm load.

%ote& Du''( loads%ote& Du''( loads

get )ot.get )ot.



97

ow-Pass Filter ow-Pass Filter low-pass Mlter low-pass Mlter)oes between your)oes between your

transmitter andtransmitter and

antenna. It remo+eantenna. It remo+eharmonic radiationharmonic radiation

from your si)nals.from your si)nals.

our nei)hborsC BL our nei)hborsC BLsets will thank you.sets will thank you.



9

5at is considered to e a proper groundingmet5od "or a toer

A* A single "our."oot ground rod7 dri8en into t5e

ground no more t5an 2 inc5es "rom t5e ase9* A "errite.core R! c5o/e connected eteen

t5e toer and ground

C* Separate eig5t."oot long ground rods "or

eac5 toer leg7 onded to t5e toer and eac5ot5er

:* A connection eteen t5e toer ase and a

cold ater pipe



99

5at reading on an SR meter indicates aper"ect impedance matc5 eteen t5e antenna

and t5e "eedline

A* 2 to 9* to 3

C* to

:* % to



100

5ere must a "ilter e installed to reduce5armonic emissions

A* 9eteen t5e transmitter and t5e antenna

9* 9eteen t5e recei8er and t5e transmitter C* At t5e station poer suppl#

:* At t5e microp5one



101

5at is connected to t5e green ire in a t5ree.ire electrical AC plug

A* ;eutral

9* +otC* Sa"et# ground

:* <5e 5ite ire



102

5ic5 o" t5e "olloing mig5t damage amultimeter

A* Measuring a 8oltage too small "or t5e

c5osen scale9* 1ea8ing t5e meter in t5e milliamps position

o8ernig5t

C* Attempting to measure 8oltage 5en using

t5e resistance setting:* ;ot alloing it to arm up properl#



Electrical Principles Electrical Principles battery9 battery9a bulb anda bulb and

somesomewireXwireX

and a littleand a littlemath.math.

i)ht is *= FeAi)ht is *= FeAmith >;o Rit@mith >;o Rit@Prototype in aPrototype in aar'Bruckar'Bruck



104

:nits o! )easurement :nits o! )easurement ert(ert( 0requency Gcycles per secondH0requency Gcycles per secondH

LoltsLolts ?lectromoti+e 0orce?lectromoti+e 0orce

mpsmps ?lectrical urrent?lectrical urrent"hms"hms esistance Gto current ZowHesistance Gto current ZowH

0arads0arads apacitanceapacitance

enriesenries InductorsInductors

*atts*atts Power Gthe [workC bein) doneHPower Gthe [workC bein) doneH



105

/hms aw/hms aw"hms #aw is applicable to all"hms #aw is applicable to allelectrical circuits.electrical circuits.

"hms #aw is a mathematical"hms #aw is a mathematicale$pression of the relationshipe$pression of the relationshipbetween Lolta)e G?,0H9 urrentbetween Lolta)e G?,0H9 urrentGthe Zow of electrons in a circuitH9Gthe Zow of electrons in a circuitH9

and esistance Gto current ZowH.and esistance Gto current ZowH.?$pressed as ? T I $ ?$pressed as ? T I $



106

Aolta"e and Current,Aolta"e and Current,

--

It is possible to ha+e +olta)e withoutIt is possible to ha+e +olta)e without

current9 as incurrent9 as inthe case of a battery by itself. In order tothe case of a battery by itself. In order toha+e current9 there must be an electricalha+e current9 there must be an electrical

path GcircuitH from the positi+e to thepath GcircuitH from the positi+e to the

ne ati+e terminal of the +olta e source.ne ati+e terminal of the +olta e source.

;;

?? II



107

/hms aw/hms aw

??II

esistanceesistanceto current Zowto current Zow

",",

Bhe Zow of Bhe Zow of electronselectrons

,P??,P??

?lectromoti+e 0orce T L"#B?lectromoti+e 0orce T L"#B



10

/hms aw/hms aw

\\

--

ohmsohms

33

ohmsohms22ohmsohms

12 +olts12 +olts

s we substitute the +alues shown9 whats we substitute the +alues shown9 whathappens to the current Zow in the circuitNhappens to the current Zow in the circuitN

E&R = -E&R = -

2&4 = 32&4 = 3 2&3 = 42&3 = 4 2&2 = 62&2 = 6



109

Power Power

PP

II ?? ?lectromoti+e?lectromoti+e0orce0orceL"#BL"#B

Bhe Zow of Bhe Zow of electronselectrons

,P??,P??

?ner)y ?$pended9 in *BB?ner)y ?$pended9 in *BB



110

Aolts$ mps and attsAolts$ mps and atts

;;

--

ohms ohms12 +olts12 +olts

Bhe current in this circuit T UUUUUUUUU mps Bhe current in this circuit T UUUUUUUUU mps

Bhe power in this circuit T UUUUUUUUU *atts Bhe power in this circuit T UUUUUUUUU *atts

33

3636



111

ystem o! )etric :nitsystem o! )etric :nitsgigagiga >> %%?? 7%%%7%%%7%%%7%%%7%%%7%%%

megamega MM %%66 7%%%7%%%7%%%7%%%

/ilo/ilo @@ %%33 7%%%7%%%

asic unitasic unit %%%%

millimilli mm %%.3.3 %*%%%*%%

micromicro uu %%.6.6 %*%%%%%%%*%%%%%%

picopico pp %%.2.2 %*%%%%%%%%%%%%*%%%%%%%%%%%



112

5ic5 is a commonl# accepted 8alue "or t5eloest 8oltage t5at can cause a dangerous

electric s5oc/

A* 2 8olts9* 3% 8olts

C* 2% 8olts

:* 3%% 8olts



113

-" an ammeter calirated in amperes is used to

measure a 3%%%.milliampere current7 5at

reading ould it s5o

A* %*%%3 amperes9* %*3 amperes

C* 3 amperes

:* 37%%%7%%% amperes



114

5ic5 o" t5e "olloing is a good electrical

conductor

A*>lass

9*oodC*Copper

:*Ruer



115

5ic5 instrument ould #ou use to measure

electric potential or electromoti8e "orce

A* An ammeter

9* A 8oltmeter C* A a8emeter

:* An o5mmeter



116

Electrical poer is measured in 5ic5 o" t5e"olloing units

A*olts

9*attsC*O5ms

:*Amperes



Circuit ComponentsCircuit Components

Bhe stuA radios are Bhe stuA radios aremade of.made of.

i)ht% corpion ntenna )oesi)ht% corpion ntenna )oeswith the >;o Rit@with the >;o Rit@



11

+esistors +esistors

;;

--

4 o%&s4 o%&s1212

#olts#olts

s we ha+e seen9 resistors limit the Zow of currs we ha+e seen9 resistors limit the Zow of curr

3 ;&ps3 ;&ps



119

ddin" +esistors ddin" +esistors

In eries circuits%In eries circuits%

t T 1 \ 2 \ 3Xt T 1 \ 2 \ 3X

In Parallel circuits%In Parallel circuits%

t Tt T 1 $1 $22

1\21\2



120

+esistors +esistors



122

+esistor ummary +esistor ummary

esistors oppose GresistH the Zowesistors oppose GresistH the Zow

of current.of current.

esistors add in series9 >Productesistors add in series9 >Producto+er the um@ in parallel.o+er the um@ in parallel.

esistors +ary in si(e and materialesistors +ary in si(e and material

accordin) to heat dissipation.accordin) to heat dissipation. Bhe !nit of ,easure is the "hm. Bhe !nit of ,easure is the "hm.



123

<C and C <C and C

DirectDirecturrenturrent

lternatin)lternatin)urrenturrent



124

ord about )a"nets ord about )a"nets

emember%emember%

1. #ike char)es repel and1. #ike char)es repel and opposite char)es attraopposite char)es attrac

2. *e can induce a curren2. *e can induce a curren

in a conductor passin)in a conductor passin) throu)h a ma)neticthrou)h a ma)netic Meld.Meld.



125

.nductors .nductors



126

.nductors .nductorsnytime current Zowsnytime current Zowsthrou)h a conductor9throu)h a conductor9

a ma)netic Meld isa ma)netic Meld is

created around thatcreated around thatconductor.conductor.



127

.nductors .nductors

If we form the conductorIf we form the conductor

into a coil shape9 we caninto a coil shape9 we can

)reatly intensify the)reatly intensify thestren)th of the ma)neticstren)th of the ma)netic

Meld.Meld.

*e can store electrical*e can store electricalener)y in this ma)neticener)y in this ma)netic

Meld.Meld.



12

.nductors .nductors

*hen we close the switc*hen we close the switccurrent Zows throu)h thecurrent Zows throu)h the

inductor9 buildin) ainductor9 buildin) ama)netic Meld.ma)netic Meld.

*hen we open the switch*hen we open the switchthe Meld collapses9 inducithe Meld collapses9 induci

a current in the inductor.a current in the inductor.



129

.nductors .nductors

Bhe +alue of an inductor can be +aried by% Bhe +alue of an inductor can be +aried by%

oil pacin)oil pacin)oil Diameteroil Diameter

Kumber of BurnsKumber of Burns

ore ,aterialore ,aterial

Bhe !nit of ,easure is the enry. Bhe !nit of ,easure is the enry.



130

ddin" .nductors ddin" .nductors

In eries circuits%In eries circuits%

#t T #1 \ #2 \ #3X#t T #1 \ #2 \ #3X

In Parallel circuits%In Parallel circuits%

#t T#t T #1 $#1 $#2#2

#1 \#1 \

#2#2



131

.nductor ummary .nductor ummary

Inductors store electrical ener)y inInductors store electrical ener)y intheir ma)netic Melds.their ma)netic Melds.

Inductors are additi+e in series9Inductors are additi+e in series9>product o+er the sum@ in parallel.>product o+er the sum@ in parallel.

Inductors tend to pass D currentsInductors tend to pass D currents

and block currents.and block currents. Bhe unit of measurement for Bhe unit of measurement forinductors is the enry.inductors is the enry.



132

CapacitorsCapacitors



133

CapacitorsCapacitors capacitor is made by capacitor is made byseparatin) two conducti+separatin) two conducti+plates by an insulator orplates by an insulator or

dielectric.dielectric.

apacitors store electricaapacitors store electrica

ener)y in an electrostaticener)y in an electrostatic

Meld.Meld.

apacitors tend to blockapacitors tend to block

D and pass D and pass



134


emember% #ikeemember% #ike

char)eschar)esrepel. urrent will Zowrepel. urrent will Zow

only until one plate isonly until one plate isfull of ne)ati+elyfull of ne)ati+ely

char)edchar)edelectrons the otherelectrons the other

hashasalmost none. Bhisalmost none. Bhis

createscreates

a diAerence ofa diAerence of



135

WARNINGWARNING!

CAPACITORS CAN HOLDCAPACITORS CAN HOLD

A CHARGEA CHARGE

FOR QUITE SOME TIME.FOR QUITE SOME TIME.

<5e#<5e# ould e 8er# 5app# to ite #ou*ould e 8er# 5app# to ite #ou*



136

.ntermission



137


Bhe Lalue of a capacitor can be +aried by% Bhe Lalue of a capacitor can be +aried by%

Increasin)'decreasin) the plate areaIncreasin)'decreasin) the plate areaIncreasin)'decreasin) the plate spacin)Increasin)'decreasin) the plate spacin)

Bype of dielectric material Bype of dielectric material

Bhe !nit of ,easure is the 0arad. Bhe !nit of ,easure is the 0arad.



13

ddin" Capacitors ddin" Capacitorsapacitors add in parallelapacitors add in parallel

t T 1 \ 2 \ 3Xt T 1 \ 2 \ 3X

In eriesIn eries

t Tt T 1 $1 $

221 \1 \

22Kote% this is backwards froKote% this is backwards fro

resistors and inductors.resistors and inductors.



139

Capacitor ummaryCapacitor ummary

apacitors store electrical ener)yapacitors store electrical ener)yin their electrostatic Melds.in their electrostatic Melds.

apacitors are additi+e in parallel9apacitors are additi+e in parallel9>product o+er the sum@ in series.>product o+er the sum@ in series.

apacitors tend to pass apacitors tend to pass

currents and block D currents.currents and block D currents. Bhe unit of measurement for Bhe unit of measurement forapacitors is the 0arad.apacitors is the 0arad.



140

The FuseThe Fuse

FuseFuse



141

The FuseThe Fuse fuse will self destruct when current Zow e$ceeds fuse will self destruct when current Zow e$ceeds

the fuse ratin). Bhis results in an open condition9the fuse ratin). Bhis results in an open condition9and current Zow will then cease9 sa+in)and current Zow will then cease9 sa+in)

equipment from o+erheatin) and possible Mreequipment from o+erheatin) and possible Mredama)e.dama)e.



142

5at electrical component is used to protect

ot5er circuit components "rom current

o8erloads

A* !use9* Capacitor

C* S5ield

:* -nductor



143

5at does an antenna tuner do

A* -t matc5es t5e antenna s#stem impedance

to t5e transcei8erBs output impedance

9* -t 5elps a recei8er automaticall# tune inea/ stations

C* -t allos an antenna to e used on ot5

transmit and recei8e

:* -t automaticall# selects t5e proper antenna"or t5e "requenc# and eing used



144

5at t#pe o" component is o"ten used as

an adustale 8olume control

A* !iDed resistor

9* Poer resistor C* Potentiometer

:* <rans"ormer



145

5at is t5e approDimate amount o" c5ange7

measured in deciels (d9)7 o" a poer

increase "rom atts to % atts

A* 2 d99* 3 d9

C* d9

:* % d9



146

5at electrical component stores energ# in an

electric "ield

A* Resistor

9* Capacitor

C* -nductor :* :iode



Practical Circuits Practical CircuitsPuttin) it allPuttin) it all

to)ether.to)ether.



14

Filters Filters

*e ha+e learned%*e ha+e learned%

apacitors tend to pass and hi)hapacitors tend to pass and hi)hfrequenciesfrequencies

Inductors tend to pass D and low frequenciesInductors tend to pass D and low frequencies

*e can now build circuits thatX*e can now build circuits thatX

lock transmission of harmonic radiationlock transmission of harmonic radiation

lock reception of amateur frequencieslock reception of amateur frequenciesPass only a desired )roup of frequenciesPass only a desired )roup of frequencies

Kote the output of each type of Mlter.Kote the output of each type of Mlter.



149

5at instrument ot5er t5an an SR meter

could #ou use to determine i" a "eedline and

antenna are properl# matc5ed

A* oltmeter 9* O5mmeter

C* -amic pentameter

:* :irectional attmeter



150

5# is coaDial cale used more o"ten t5an

an# ot5er "eedline "or amateur radio antenna

s#stems

A* -t is eas# to use and requires "e specialinstallation considerations

9* -t 5as less loss t5an an# ot5er t#pe o"

"eedline

C* -t can 5andle more poer t5an an# ot5ert#pe o" "eedline

:* -t is less eDpensi8e t5an an# ot5er t#pes o"

"eedline



151

11 22 33

-" "igure < represents a transcei8er in 5ic5

loc/ is t5e transmitter portion and loc/ 3 ist5e recei8er portion7 5at is t5e "unction o"

loc/ 2

A* A alanced modulator

9* A transmit.recei8e sitc5

C* A poer ampli"ier

: A 5ig5 pass "ilter



152

5at t#pe o" "ilter s5ould e connected to a

< recei8er as t5e "irst step in tr#ing to pre8ent

R! o8erload "rom a near# 2 meter transmitter

A* 1o.pass "ilter 9* +ig5.pass "ilter

C* 9and.pass "ilter

:* 9and.reect "ilter



153

5at is t5e "unction o" a product detector

A* :etect p5ase modulated signals

9* :emodulate !M signals

C* :etect C and SS9 signals:* Comine speec5 and R! signals



i"nals and Emissionsi"nals and Emissions

,'0,9 9

*lphabet

oupE

i)ht% *= F. mith inKew "rleans testin) 0

Loice and 0 ?mail



155

FCC Emission Types FCC Emission Types

**

DataData

PhonePhone

Best Best

,*,*

BBBB

Ima)eIma)e

PulsePulse

Gpread Gpread

pectrumHpectrumH



156

C C In * theIn * thetele)raph keytele)raph key

simply turnssimply turnsthe radiothe radio

transmittertransmitteron and oA toon and oA toform theform the

,orse,orsecodecode

characterscharacters

d



157

C and )C C and )C

* Gcontinuous wa+eH is the on-oA* Gcontinuous wa+eH is the on-oA

keyin) of a radio si)nal )enerallykeyin) of a radio si)nal )enerally

used for ,orse codeused for ,orse code,* is the tone modulation of a,* is the tone modulation of a

carrier wa+e made to sound likecarrier wa+e made to sound like

,orse code9 as in the automatic,orse code9 as in the automaticidentiMers used on some repeaters.identiMers used on some repeaters.

hPh



15

Phone Phone

Phone is any +oice transmissionPhone is any +oice transmission

Bhis includes Bhis includes

, Gamplitude modulationH, Gamplitude modulationH

Gsin)le side band9 similar to ,H Gsin)le side band9 similar to ,H

0, Gfrequency modulationH0, Gfrequency modulationH

l d ) d l



159

mplitude )odulation mplitude )odulation

n unmodulated 0n unmodulated 0

carrier wa+ecarrier wa+e

carrier wa+e , carrier wa+e ,

modulated with amodulated with asimple audio tonesimple audio tone

) d 7) d 7



160

) and 7 ) and 7

n unmodulated 0n unmodulated 0

carrier requires narrowcarrier requires narrow

bandwidthbandwidth

,odulation of the,odulation of thecarriercarrier

creates sidebands.creates sidebands. Bhis Bhis

requires morerequires more

bandwidth.bandwidth.

d ) d 7



161

) and 7 ) and 7

Bhe carrier contains no Bhe carrier contains no

audio information.audio information.

Bhe sidebands contain Bhe sidebands contain

duplicate audioduplicate audioinformationinformation

y Mlterin) out the carrier and one sidebany Mlterin) out the carrier and one sidebanwe sa+e spectrum and concentrate our 0we sa+e spectrum and concentrate our 0

ener)y into a narrower bandwidth. isener)y into a narrower bandwidth. istherefore more eQcient.therefore more eQcient.

77



162

77

5at t#pe o" recei8er is s5on in !igure <6

A* :irect con8ersion

9* Super.regenerati8e

C* Single.con8ersion super5eterod#ne

:* :ual.con8ersion super5eterod#ne

Figure T6

MIXER INTERMEDIATE FREQUENCY AMPLIFIER

1 AUDIO AMPLIFIER

OSCILLATOR EAT FREQUENCY OSCILLATOR

)) 77



163

) ) 3sD3sD 77

ounds really niceounds really nice

Ine$pensi+eIne$pensi+e

implerimplerequipmentequipment

,ore eQcient.,ore eQcient.

0urther ran)e based0urther ran)e based

on same outputon same output

power.power.Karrower bandwidth9Karrower bandwidth9more room onmore room on

crowded bands.crowded bands.

ll modern 0 radiosll modern 0 radiossupport Gnot allsupport Gnot all

support ,Hsupport ,H

) d 7) d 7



164

) and 7 ) and 7

*hen is not modulated Gwhen*hen is not modulated Gwhen

you are not talkin)H the transmitteryou are not talkin)H the transmitter

output power drops to almostoutput power drops to almostnothin).nothin).

*hen either , or is o+er-*hen either , or is o+er-

modulated the si)nal may causemodulated the si)nal may cause>splatter9@ and interfere with other>splatter9@ and interfere with other

stations.stations.

F ) d l iF ) d l i



165

Fre>uency )odulation Fre>uency )odulation

!nmodulated carrier9 full pow!nmodulated carrier9 full pow

at all timesat all times

*a+eform of modulatin)*a+eform of modulatin)si)nalsi)nal

,odulated carrier with,odulated carrier with

frequency de+iation andfrequency de+iation andconstant amplitudeconstant amplitude

F ) d l iF ) d l ti



166

Fre>uency )odulation Fre>uency )odulation

0, transmitters operate at full0, transmitters operate at full

power at all times9 e+en when youpower at all times9 e+en when you

are not talkin).are not talkin).*hen an 0, transmitter o+er-*hen an 0, transmitter o+er-

modulates9 the transmitted si)nalmodulates9 the transmitted si)nal

becomes so wide GbandwidthH it maybecomes so wide GbandwidthH it may

interfere with adOacent channels.interfere with adOacent channels.

Bhis is called o+er-de+iation. Bhis is called o+er-de+iation.

..



167

.ma"e .ma"e

Ima)e transmissions include allIma)e transmissions include allmodes that will produce a picture9modes that will produce a picture9

either +ideo or paper copy Glike aeither +ideo or paper copy Glike a0YH at the recei+er.0YH at the recei+er.

Bhese modes include% Bhese modes include%BL Gslow scan tele+isionHBL Gslow scan tele+isionH

BL Gamateur tele+isionHBL Gamateur tele+isionH

0Y GfacsimileH0Y GfacsimileH

..



16

.ma"e .ma"e

sample amateur BL transmission. sample amateur BL transmission.

..



169

.ma"e .ma"e

mateurs like tomateurs like to

recei+e weatherrecei+e weather

ima)es direct fromima)es direct from

the satellites.the satellites.

Bhe equipment is Bhe equipment is

ine$pensi+e and yine$pensi+e and ydonCt e+en need adonCt e+en need a

licenseElicenseE

< t d +TT9< t d +TT9



170

<ata and +TT9 <ata and +TT9

BB Gradio teletypeH was the forerunnerBB Gradio teletypeH was the forerunnerof all modern di)ital mode transmission.of all modern di)ital mode transmission.

Boday9 amateurs use many kinds of Boday9 amateurs use many kinds ofintelli)ent on air networkin) modes.intelli)ent on air networkin) modes.

ollecti+ely9 the 0 refers to theseollecti+ely9 the 0 refers to theseintelli)ent modes as >Data.@intelli)ent modes as >Data.@

oth Data and BB require an interfaceoth Data and BB require an interfacebetween the Data or BB de+ice and thebetween the Data or BB de+ice and thetranscei+er.transcei+er.

< t +TT9< t +TT9



171

<ata 3sD +TT9 <ata 3sD +TT9

?rror correctin)?rror correctin)

tore and forwardtore and forwardnetworkin)networkin)

ddressableddressable

Packet orientedPacket oriented

*ill interface with*ill interface withthe Internetthe Internet

equires BK toequires BK tointerface with radiointerface with radio

Ko error correctionKo error correction

Direct contactDirect contact

Ko addressin)Ko addressin)

ontinuous dataontinuous datastreamstream

Ko wayEEKo wayEE

equires >modem@equires >modem@to interface withto interface withradioradio

P @ t = t @ P @ t = t @



172

Pac@et =etwor@ Pac@et =etwor@

*ith only a few watts9 you can connect*ith only a few watts9 you can connect

to an on-air network. our data packetsto an on-air network. our data packets

will be forwarded to hams all o+er thewill be forwarded to hams all o+er the

country.country.

Packet type protocols include%Packet type protocols include%

Packet and P9Packet and P9

"L?9"L?9PB" I9 II / IIIPB" I9 II / III GBhis is what B uses for 0 ?mailHGBhis is what B uses for 0 ?mailH

;-B";-B"

P @ t = t @ Pac@et =etwor@



173


P @ t = t @ Pac@et =etwor@



174


di)ipeaterdi)ipeater is ais apacket-radio stationpacket-radio station

capable of reco)ni(in)capable of reco)ni(in)

and selecti+ely repeatin)and selecti+ely repeatin)packet frames.packet frames.

y the use of di)ipeaters9y the use of di)ipeaters9

a packet can be reliablya packet can be reliably

sent error free o+er )reatsent error free o+er )reatdistances.distances.

ll the stations on all the stations on a

packet network sharepacket network sharethe same frequency.the same frequency.

T=CT=Cs



175

T=CsT=Cs

Bhe >Berminal Kode ontroller@ GBKH Bhe >Berminal Kode ontroller@ GBKHinterfaces your computer to yourinterfaces your computer to your

transcei+er.transcei+er.

T=CsT=Cs



176

T=CsT=Cs (li@e the old dial up modems we used to "et on the .nternet(li@e the old dial up modems we used to "et on the .nternet

Test and PulseTest and Pulse



177

Test$ and PulseTest$ and Pulse

Best emissions are simply Best emissions are simply

unmodulated carrier.unmodulated carrier.

Gpread pectrumH are Gpread pectrumH aree$perimental frequency hoppin)e$perimental frequency hoppin)

modes.modes.

Pulse emissions are used forPulse emissions are used fortelemetry.telemetry.

5 t t5 d " ll i id ti"i ti i



17

5at met5od o" call sign identi"ication is

required "or a station transmitting p5onesignals

A* Send t5e call sign "olloed # t5e indicator RP<

9* Send t5e call sign using C or p5one emissionC* Send t5e call sign "olloed # t5e indicator R

:* Send t5e call sign using onl# p5one emission

5i 5 " t5 " ll i ld t d



179

5ic5 o" t5e "olloing ould e connected

eteen a transcei8er and computer in a pac/etradio station

A* <ransmatc5

9* MiDer

C* <erminal node controller

:* Antenna

5 t 5 5 t5 d i ti "



10

5at 5appens 5en t5e de8iation o" an

!M transmitter is increased

A* -ts signal occupies more andidt5

9* -ts output poer increases

C* -ts output poer and andidt5 increases

:* As#mmetric modulation occurs

5ic5 t#pe o" modulation is most commonl#



11

5ic5 t#pe o" modulation is most commonl#

used "or +! and +! 8oice repeaters

A* AM

9* SS9

C* PS@:* !M

5at can o do i" o are told o r



12

5at can #ou do i" #ou are told #our

!M 5and5eld or moile transcei8er iso8er de8iating

A* <al/ louder into t5e microp5one

9* 1et t5e transcei8er cool o""

C* C5ange to a 5ig5er poer le8el

:* <al/ "art5er aa# "rom t5e microp5one



ntennas ntennas

ntennas and Feed linesntennas and Feed lines



14

ntennas and Feed lines ntennas and Feed lines

ntenna systems are resonant - that is9 theyntenna systems are resonant - that is9 theyrespond best to a certain frequency.respond best to a certain frequency.

0or best operation9 the transmitter9 feed line0or best operation9 the transmitter9 feed line

and antenna must all be tuned to resonanceand antenna must all be tuned to resonance- or somethin) that looks like resonance.- or somethin) that looks like resonance.

Bhe transmittin) antenna induces a radio Bhe transmittin) antenna induces a radio

wa+e into the air. Bhe radio wa+e tra+els towa+e into the air. Bhe radio wa+e tra+els to

the recei+in) antenna9 and induces athe recei+in) antenna9 and induces acurrent in that antenna.current in that antenna.

The 1?2 a3e <ipoleThe 1?2 a3e <ipole



15


#en)th of dipole in feet#en)th of dipole in feet

TT

66f G,(Hf G,(H




16


The 1?4 a3e AerticalThe 1?4 a3e Aertical



17

The 1?4 a3e Aertical The 1?4 a3e Aertical

#en)th of +ertical in#en)th of +ertical in

feet Tfeet T

2323f G,(Hf G,(H

The 1?4 a3e AerticalThe 1?4 a3e Aertical



1

The 1?4 a3e Aertical The 1?4 a3e Aertical

side +iew of the radiation pattern of a 1' wa side +iew of the radiation pattern of a 1' wa+ertical. 0rom abo+e the pattern is round like a+ertical. 0rom abo+e the pattern is round like a

dou)hnut. perfect )round would be a car roodou)hnut. perfect )round would be a car roo

The 9a"iThe 9a"i (Type o! 7eam ntenna(Type o! 7eam ntenna



19

The 9a"iThe 9a"i (Type o! 7eam ntenna(Type o! 7eam ntenna

Bhe ya)i is the hamCs fa+orite Bhe ya)i is the hamCs fa+orite

directional antenna.directional antenna.

Bhey usually consist of one dri+en Bhey usually consist of one dri+en

element9 and se+eral >parasitic@ Gun-element9 and se+eral >parasitic@ Gun-

dri+enH elements.dri+enH elements.

eZector Glon)er than dri+erHeZector Glon)er than dri+erH

Dri+en ?lement G1'2 wa+e dipoleHDri+en ?lement G1'2 wa+e dipoleH"ne or more Directors Gshorter than the"ne or more Directors Gshorter than the

dri+en elementHdri+en elementH

The 9a"iThe 9a"i



190

The 9a"iThe 9a"i

;ain;ain

oomoom

0 e e d l i n e

0 e e d l i n

e

. e Z e

c t o r

. e Z e

c t o r

D i r

e c t o

D i r

e c t o

r r

D r i + e r

D r i + e r

Bhe reZector Bhe reZectoracts like aacts like a

mirrormirror

Bhe director Bhe directoracts like aacts like a

lenslens

The 9a"iThe 9a"i



191

The 9a"iThe 9a"i

Bhe ya)i antenna focuses 0 Bhe ya)i antenna focuses 0

ener)y in one direction9 )i+in)ener)y in one direction9 )i+in)

the appearance of)ettin) >freethe appearance of)ettin) >freepower.@power.@

Bhis free power is Bhis free power is

called ntenna ;ain.called ntenna ;ain.

The 9a"iThe 9a"i (7eam ntenna(7eam ntenna



192

The 9a"iThe 9a"i (7eam ntenna(7eam ntenna

3 element 0 a)i 3 element 0 a)i L0 L0

a)i a)i

Feed linesFeed lines



193

Feed lines Feed lines

0eed line connects your radio to the0eed line connects your radio to the

antenna.antenna.

0eed lines are either balanced Gneither0eed lines are either balanced Gneither

side )roundedH like ladder-line orside )roundedH like ladder-line or

unbalanced Gone side )roundedH likeunbalanced Gone side )roundedH likecoa$ial cable.coa$ial cable.

?ither type can be used in your station.?ither type can be used in your station.oa$ is more popular and easier to workoa$ is more popular and easier to work

with.with.

Coa8Coa8 3s3s adder ineadder ine



194

Coa8Coa8 3sD3sD adder ine adder ine

an be buried oran be buried or

run near metalrun near metal

obOects.obOects.

#ess 0I since#ess 0I since

outer shield isouter shield isusually )rounded.usually )rounded.

*eatherproof *eatherproof ?asy to handle?asy to handle

and connectand connect

Lery low si)nalLery low si)nal

lossloss

an tolerate hi)han tolerate hi)h

**

an tolerate hi)han tolerate hi)h

currentcurrent

Coa8Coa8



195

Coa8Coa8

ll coa$ial cablell coa$ial cable

will feature awill feature a

center conductorcenter conductor

surrounded by asurrounded by adielectric insulatordielectric insulator

and one or moreand one or more

layers of shieldin)layers of shieldin)and an insulatin)and an insulatin)

co+er.co+er.

The 7alunThe 7alun



196

The 7alunThe 7alun

Bhe Bhe balunbalun con+erts fromcon+erts from##anced feed line toanced feed line to

!K!Kbalanced feed lines.balanced feed lines.

,any antenna systems work,any antenna systems workbetter with a balun betweenbetter with a balun between

the feed point and the coa$the feed point and the coa$

++



197

++

* Gstandin) wa+e ratioH is a* Gstandin) wa+e ratioH is a

mathematical e$pression of the powermathematical e$pression of the power

)oin) to an antenna and the power bein))oin) to an antenna and the power bein)

reZected back.reZected back.

Bhe idea is to )et as close to 1%1 as Bhe idea is to )et as close to 1%1 aspossible.possible.

,ost hams are happy with * of 1.&%1.,ost hams are happy with * of 1.&%1. Bhe best way to )et a )ood * is to cut Bhe best way to )et a )ood * is to cut

the antenna to resonance.the antenna to resonance.

The ntenna TunerThe ntenna Tuner



19

The ntenna Tuner The ntenna Tuner

>>ntenna Buners@ do not really tune antennas.ntenna Buners@ do not really tune antennas. Bhey pro+ide an impedance match between Bhey pro+ide an impedance match between

the transmitter and antenna system.the transmitter and antenna system.



5at is t5e approDimate lengt57 in inc5es7 o"



200

5at is t5e approDimate lengt57 in inc5es7 o"

a quarter.a8elengt5 8ertical antenna "or 46M+,

A* 2

9* %

C* ?

:* 2

+o ould #ou c5ange a dipole antenna to



201

+o ould #ou c5ange a dipole antenna to

ma/e it resonant on a 5ig5er "requenc#

A* 1engt5en it

9* -nsert coils in series it5 radiating ires

C* S5orten it

:* Add capacit# 5ats to t5e ends o" t5e

radiating ires

5ic5 o" t5e "olloing descries a simple



202

5ic5 o" t5e "olloing descries a simple

dipole mounted so t5e conductor is parallel tot5e Eart5Bs sur"ace

A* A ground a8e antenna

9* A 5ori,ontall# polari,ed antenna

C* A r5omic antenna

:* A 8erticall# polari,ed antenna

5at t#pe o" antennas are t5e quad7 Fagi7



203

#p q 7 g 7

and dis5

A* ;on.resonant antennas

9* 1oop antennas

C* :irectional antennas:* -sotropic antennas

5at is a disad8antage o" t5e Gruer duc/G



204

g

antenna supplied it5 most 5and5eld radiotranscei8ers

A* -t does not transmit or recei8e as e""ecti8el#

as a "ull.si,ed antenna

9* -t transmits a circularl# polari,ed signal

C* -" t5e ruer end cap is lost it ill unra8el

8er# quic/l#:* All o" t5ese c5oices are correct

5at7 in general terms7 is standing a8e ratio



205

7 g 7 g

(SR)

A* A measure o" 5o ell a load is matc5ed to

a transmission line

9* <5e ratio o" 5ig5 to lo impedance in a

"eedline

C* <5e transmitter e""icienc# ratio

:* An indication o" t5e qualit# o" #our stationHsground connection



+F a!ety +F a!ety

anCt touch this.anCt touch this.

.ntermission



207

.ntermission

2 Types o! +adiation2 Types o! +adiation



20

yp !yp !

Ioni(in)Ioni(in)

;amma and Y-ray;amma and Y-ray

an cause ioni(ation of atomic structurean cause ioni(ation of atomic structure

Kot )ood for your DKKot )ood for your DK

Kon-ioni(in)Kon-ioni(in)

adio wa+esadio wa+es

an cause heatin) of biolo)ical tissuean cause heatin) of biolo)ical tissueIf suQcient ener)y is present9 can causeIf suQcient ener)y is present9 can cause

burnsburns

+F *eatin" +F *eatin"



209

""

adio wa+es can heat body tissue.adio wa+es can heat body tissue.

*orks e$actly like your microwa+e o+en.*orks e$actly like your microwa+e o+en.

Bhe area most likely to be inOured is the eye Bhe area most likely to be inOured is the eyeas it lacks suQcient blood Zow for coolin).as it lacks suQcient blood Zow for coolin).

Bhe eye can form cataracts from repeated Bhe eye can form cataracts from repeated

e$posure to hi)h le+els of 0 ener)y.e$posure to hi)h le+els of 0 ener)y.

K?L? touch an antenna or other 0K?L? touch an antenna or other 0source. ou could be se+erely burned.source. ou could be se+erely burned.

Controlled and :ncontrolledControlled and :ncontrolled



210

En3ironments En3ironmentsontrolled ?n+ironmentsontrolled ?n+ironments

Bhe amateur operators household and property Bhe amateur operators household and property

Persons here arePersons here are awareaware of 0 risks9 and ha+eof 0 risks9 and ha+econtrolcontrol of the transmittin) equipment.of the transmittin) equipment.

!ncontrolled ?n+ironments!ncontrolled ?n+ironments

our nei)hbors household and property our nei)hbors household and property

Persons here arePersons here are )enerally not aware)enerally not aware of 0 risksof 0 risksand ha+eand ha+e K" controlK" control o+er the transmitter.o+er the transmitter.

E8posure 3era"in" Times E8posure 3era"in" Times



211

p " "p " "

ontrolled ?n+ironmentsontrolled ?n+ironments

Bhe e$posure a+era)in) time is Bhe e$posure a+era)in) time is

6 ,inutes6 ,inutes!ncontrolled ?n+ironments!ncontrolled ?n+ironments

Bhe e$posure a+era)in) time is Bhe e$posure a+era)in) time is

37 ,inutes37 ,inutes

% )ethods o! +F Chec@in" % )ethods o! +F Chec@in"



212

! "! "

,easure the 0 Melds,easure the 0 Melds

requires costly equipment that you donCtrequires costly equipment that you donCt

ha+eha+e

alculate the 0 Meldsalculate the 0 Meldsrequires comple$ software that you donCtrequires comple$ software that you donCt

ha+eha+e

!se the charts published by the 0!se the charts published by the 0 Bhe charts are free Bhe charts are free

0airly simple to use0airly simple to use

+F a!ety !or <ummies +F a!ety !or <ummies



213

! y !! y !

Install your antenna away fromInstall your antenna away from

people9 especially your nei)hbors.people9 especially your nei)hbors.

Bhe hi)her the better. Bhe hi)her the better.

,ake sure your antenna is not near,ake sure your antenna is not near

or could fall on a power line.or could fall on a power line.

Reep your hands and other bodyReep your hands and other bodyparts away from the antenna andparts away from the antenna and

feed lines.feed lines.

ho is E8empt,ho is E8empt,



214

pp

Bhe 0 safety re)ulations Bhe 0 safety re)ulationsdo not apply to%do not apply to%

,obile equipment,obile equipment

and-held radiosand-held radios

ny station thatny station thatproduces less than &7produces less than &7watts P?Pwatts P?P

5at is t5e minimum sa"e distance "rom a poer line



215

to allo 5en installing an antenna

A* +al" t5e idt5 o" #our propert#

9* <5e 5eig5t o" t5e poer line ao8e ground

C* &2 a8elengt5 at t5e operating "requenc#

:* So t5at i" t5e antenna "alls uneDpectedl#7 no part o"it can come closer t5an % "eet to t5e poer ires

5at is t5e maDimum poer le8el t5at an



216

amateur radio station ma# use at +!"requencies e"ore an R! eDposure e8aluation

is required

A* %% atts PEP transmitter output9* att "orard poer

C* % atts PEP at t5e antenna

:* % atts PEP re"lected poer

5at could 5appen i" a person accidentall#



217

touc5ed #our antenna 5ile #ou eretransmitting

A* <ouc5ing t5e antenna could cause

tele8ision inter"erence9* <5e# mig5t recei8e a pain"ul R! urn

C* <5e# mig5t de8elop radiation poisoning

:* All o" t5ese c5oices are correct

5# is dut# c#cle one o" t5e "actors used to



21

# # #

determine sa"e R! radiation eDposure le8els

A*-t a""ects t5e a8erage eDposure o" people

to radiation

9* -t a""ects t5e pea/ eDposure o" people to

radiation

C* -t ta/es into account t5e antenna "eedline loss

:* -t ta/es into account t5e t5ermal e""ects o"t5e "inal ampli"ier

5ic5 o" t5e "olloing actions mig5t amateur



219

operators ta/e to pre8ent eDposure to R!radiation in eDcess o" !CC.supplied limits

A* Relocate antennas

9* Relocate t5e transmitter C* -ncrease t5e dut# c#cle

:* All o" t5ese c5oices are correct

hat to E8pect at the E8am essionhat to E8pect at the E8am ession



220

Bhere will be a fee G]1&H to take as many Bhere will be a fee G]1&H to take as manytests as you like9 as lon) as you aretests as you like9 as lon) as you arepassin) them. Bo retest9 Oust pay anotherpassin) them. Bo retest9 Oust pay another

]1&]1&ll the elements will be oAered.ll the elements will be oAered.

rin) photo identiMcation and your ocialrin) photo identiMcation and your ocialecurity card. hildren will need to show aecurity card. hildren will need to show a

birth certiMcate.birth certiMcate. Bhe tests are not timed. Bhe tests are not timed.

rin) a ^2 pencil.rin) a ^2 pencil.

hat to E8pect at the E8am essionhat to E8pect at the E8am ession



221

ou can brin) a calculator. ou can brin) a calculator.

Do not write in the test booklet.Do not write in the test booklet.

ou can ask for scratch paper to doodle on. ou can ask for scratch paper to doodle on.

ou can retest any time9 but usually K"B ou can retest any time9 but usually K"Bmore than once at the same session.more than once at the same session.

Bhe ?lement 2 - Bechnician lass ?$am Bhe ?lement 2 - Bechnician lass ?$am

consists of 3& multiple choice questions9consists of 3& multiple choice questions9Gyou can miss 8H and you must answerGyou can miss 8H and you must answer

:&_ or better to pass.:&_ or better to pass.



9our new Call i"n9our new Call i"n



223

ou can )et on the air as soon as you know ou can )et on the air as soon as you knowyour new call si)n. ie% in the 0 DatabaseEEyour new call si)n. ie% in the 0 DatabaseEE

Lisit the !ni+ersal #icensin) ystem onLisit the !ni+ersal #icensin) ystem onwww.ftc.)o+www.ftc.)o+ or do a Kame earch onor do a Kame earch onwww.qr(.comwww.qr(.com9 6 - days after you pass your9 6 - days after you pass your

e$am.e$am. our license will arri+e in the mail in a few our license will arri+e in the mail in a fewweeks.weeks.

http://www.ftc.gov/

http://www.ftc.gov/

http://www.qrz.com/

http://www.qrz.com/

http://www.qrz.com/

http://www.ftc.gov/



elcome to the orld o! elcome to the orld o!

mateur +adio mateur +adio

*hat to do with that new call*hat to do with that new call

si)nsi)n

=ow that . am a mateur +adio =ow that . am a mateur +adio



225

/perator$ hat <o . <o,/perator$ hat <o . <o,upport mateur adio locally. e in+ol+edupport mateur adio locally. e in+ol+edin local clubs and associations.in local clubs and associations.

;et in+ol+ed in community ser+ice throu)h;et in+ol+ed in community ser+ice throu)hyour local ? )roup9 or the mericanyour local ? )roup9 or the mericaned ross.ed ross.

Foin the merican adio elay #ea)ue Foin the merican adio elay #ea)ue

G#HG#HMore importantly, get on the air andMore importantly, get on the air andsay something!say something!



hy oin the ++,hy oin the ++,



227

ince 181 the merican adioince 181 the merican adioelay #ea)ue has represented theelay #ea)ue has represented theinterests of adio mateursinterests of adio mateursbefore the 0 and on)ress.before the 0 and on)ress.

*hile there is room for policy*hile there is room for policydebate9 those who do not supportdebate9 those who do not supportthe # ha+e +irtually no +oicethe # ha+e +irtually no +oicein matters concernin) ham radio.in matters concernin) ham radio.lso9 the <B ma)a(ine is anlso9 the <B ma)a(ine is an

e$cellent educational tool9 full ofe$cellent educational tool9 full ofinterestin) articles and funinterestin) articles and funproOects.proOects.

here do . "o !rom here,here do . "o !rom here,



22

tamp ollectin)tamp ollectin)

,eteorolo)y,eteorolo)y

;eo)raphy;eo)raphyomputersomputers

adio stronomyadio stronomy

?mer)ency?mer)encyer+iceser+ices

upport your local mateur adioor)ani(ationE

This Completes the CourseGThis Completes the CourseG



XXand be)ins a worldwide Oourneyand be)ins a worldwide Oourneythat will last you a lifetime.that will last you a lifetime.

?nOoy your new hobbyE?nOoy your new hobbyE

Technician Class 2014

Documents

Transcript of Technician Class 2014