TechnicalProgram_NewYork.pdf

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ASHRAE 2014 Winter Conference January 18-22, 2014

New York City

Technical Program

Sunday, January 19

Sunday, January 19, 8:00 AM-9:00 AM

WORKSHOP 1 (INTERMEDIATE)

Chemical Laboratories Classification to Improve Safety and Energy Efficiency

Track: Indoor Environmental Health/Indoor Environmental Quality

Room: Regent

Sponsor: 09.10 Laboratory Systems

Chair: Roland Charneux, Fellow ASHRAE, Pageau Morel et Associés Inc., Montreal, QC, Canada

ASHRAE's technical committee TC-9.10 on laboratory systems has long desired to simplify lab design by establishing a

classification that tells designers what features and performance levels are required. They point to the very successful

classification of biology labs and want something just as useful for chemistry labs. These people are engineers and recognize

that they cannot do this alone. The involvement of EH&S experts in a joint effort with ASHRAE will permit to develop a lab

classification. This classification will increase the safety of the lab and will permit to save energy at the same time.

Learning Objectives:

1. Understand the level of risk hazards associated with chemicals.

2. Describe the processes to limit/control the spread of chemicals in a lab environment. 3. Understand the relation between air change rates and safety in labs. 4. Understand the impact of air change rates and energy efficiency. 5. Realize the potential of laboratory classification on lab safety and lab energy efficiency.

6. Get a better understanding on the close relationship between the types of chemical and the required environment.

1. Lab Classification and Potential Impacts on Lab Design

Adam R. Bare, P.E., Member, Newcomb & Boyd, Atlanta, GA

Having a lab classification based on types and quantity of chemicals, developed with EH&S cognisant resources, would help designers to right size the

ventilation systems. This would have a significant impact on increasing the safety of the workers and also on construction and operating costs.

2. The Feasibility of Lab Classification Based on Chemicals Types and Risks

Ralph Stuart, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY

This presentation discusses the challenge of defining laboratory safety practices in the rapidly evolving, multidisciplinary environment of today's research

laboratory. Cornell Ithaca's process for control banding laboratory ventilation needs are discussed as a key component of our laboratory safety management

program.


WORKSHOP 2 (ADVANCED)

Engineering Ethics: A Case Study Analysis

Track: Fundamentals and Applications

Room: Sutton South

Sponsor: 01.07 Business, Management & General Legal Education

Chair: Jennifer E. Leach, P.E., Member, Cummins-Wagner Co, Inc., Annapolis Junction, MD

As members of an important and learned profession, engineers are expected to exhibit the highest standards of honesty and

competence. Although some instances are very black and white – for example, practicing without a license – most cases of

ethical dilemmas are much more subtle. The session explores several case studies that involve ethical dilemmas and uses a

discussion approach to reach conclusions about the appropriate ethical resolution while comparing those choices with the legal

responsibilities.

No submitted Learning Objectives

1. Engineering Ethics: A Case Study Approach

Michael Bilderbeck, P.E., Member, Pickering, Inc., Memphis, TN

This session chooses three examples from a combination of real cases and hypothetical problems that explore such areas as public safety, employer/employee

relationships, and responsible charge.



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Implementing Benchmarking and Energy Use Disclosure Policy

Track: Building Information Systems; Integrating Technology for Control, Management, Optimization and Efficiency

Room: Beekman

Sponsor: Grassroots Government Activities Committee

Chair: Ashish Rakheja, P.E., Member, Regional Managing Director, AECOM India Pvt Ltd, New Delhi, India

Energy use disclosure is the “hottest” public policy issue relative to energy efficiency. Many communities have adopted

disclosure statutes and ordinances for buildings that abide by benchmarking and disclosure guidelines. ASHRAE currently does

not have a position on energy use disclosure. With the launch of bEQ as a rating and disclosure tool, is it in ASHRAE’s interest

to engage with policymakers to ensure that full consideration is given to the implementation of bEQ as a method of compliance

with benchmarking and disclosure policies? This session includes a panel discussion to debate the options for benchmarking

and disclosure guidelines.


1. Describe how adoption of commercial building energy use disclosure policies can be a key component to energy waste

reduction.

2. Describe how energy use disclosure policies are being implemented.

3. Define energy use disclosure tools that are currently available.

4. Discuss the role of ASHRAE in the adaptation of energy use disclosure policy.

5. Discuss whether ASHRAE should have a formal position or “issue brief” on building energy use disclosure.

6. Describe how energy use disclosure policies are being implemented on an international level.

1. ASHRAE's Role in Adopting Energy Use Disclosure Policy

Jeff Gatlin, Thompson Engineers, Memphis, TN

This presentation highlights ASHRAE's role in advocating energy use disclosure policy.

2. The State's Role in Implementing Energy Use Disclosure Policy

David Terry, National Association of State Energy Officials, Arlington, VA

This presentation highlights the role of state energy officials in implementing energy use disclosure policy.

3. Implementing Benchmarking and Disclosure Use Policy

Mark Wills, ASHRAE, Washington, DC

This session presents a case study on the successful implementation of benchmarking policy.



Increasing Role of Advanced Equipment of Control and Monitoring in the Water Treatment

Industry


Room: Rendezvous Trianon

Sponsor: 03.06 Water Treatment, 08.06 Cooling Towers and Evaporative Condensers

Chair: William E. Pearson II, Member, Southeastern Labs, Raleigh, NC

Amazing progress has been made in remote monitoring, control, and use of technology in the water treatment industry. In

this session, attendees learn how to use these tools to advance and optimize water treatment programs monitoring from your

computer, tablet, or phone including iCloud applications. It's really COOL stuff.


1. Define the technologies used in the remote monitoring and control of water treatment programs

2. Describe how cooling water treatment can be optimized from a remote location

3. Explain how iCloud is used in water treatment programs

4. Provide the basic equipment needed to remotely monitor and control water treatment systems

5. Describe the fundamental ways that technology is used in water treatment programs as well as the benefits to the user for

applying such technology

6. Explain the different types of programs and equipment available as well as which systems are most applicable for cooling vs.

boiler water treatment and what the cost savings to be realized are.

1. The Emerging Role of Technology in Cooling Water Treatment

Todd Cornwell, Member, Garrett Calahan Company, Raliegh, NC

A key to high performing cooling water programs with high efficiency and low water usage is the use of technology. The chemistry formulations for treating

mineral scale, microbiological growth, and corrosion have improved, but so also have the instrumentation/monitoring equipment. Today, the water treatment

expert can be remotely monitoring systems in between service visits. This, and other key improvements in cooling water technology, is discussed.

2. Communicating with Other Bacnet or Other Building Management System and Cloud Storage

Henry A. Becker, Member, H-O-H Water Technology, Inc, Palatine, IL

TB D

3. Remote Monitoring of Water Treatment Equipment in Today’s Steam Plant

Dan Wiemar, Member, Chem-Aqua, Tallahassee, FL

Budget cuts in today’s engineering/maintenance departments force the trend for less people to be responsible for more duties. Remote monitoring capability

enhance today’s steam plant and play an important role in tracking water usage, chemical usage and blowdown conditions. Alarms from specific control

parameters can alert an operator to changes in chemistry and/or mechanical conditions in the steam plant.


WORKSHOP 5 (ADVANCED)

Is ASHRAE Tall Enough for Tall Buildings?

Track: Tall Buildings: Performance Meets Policy

Room: Trianon

Sponsor: 09.12 Tall Buildings

Chair: Peter Simmonds, Ph.D., Stantec, Sherman Oaks, CA

This presentation evokes discussion on ASHRAE's role in the design and development of tall, mega tall and super tall

buildings. The present ASHRAE definition of a Tall Building is a building that is taller than 300ft (100m). The scope of

ASHRAE’s subcommittee for Tall Buildings is being revised to include Mega Tall, 300m and Super Tall 600m buildings. With

the increase of a buildings height come engineering challenges which must be resolved. Some of the world’s leading expert and

designers of Tall Buildings around the world discuss present day trends with the audience.



Linking Tall Buildings' Energy Use to Tenant Contribution to Economy


Room: Sutton Center

Chair: Steve Baumgartner, P.E., Associate Member, Buro Happold, New York, NY

The session introduces two new metrics in commercial buildings and presents the results of a study that correlates the

world’s largest energy benchmarking database with the world’s largest commercial tenant database. The presentation reveals

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trends between buildings’ energy use and the economic contribution that the buildings’ tenants have on the local New York City

economy. Discussion follows on the implications of these metrics in urban planning, energy policy, and economic stability.

1. Linking Tall Buildings' Energy Use to Tenant Contribution to Economy

Steve Baumgartner, P.E., Associate Member1, Jim Coleman, Ph.D.2 and Amelia Aboff3, (1)Buro Happold, New York, NY,

(2)Happold Consulting, London, NY, England, (3)Happold Consulting, New York, NY

The author will present the results of an independent (non-funded) study that correlates the world’s largest energy benchmarking database with the world’s

largest commercial tenant database to reveal trends between buildings’ energy use and the economic value that the buildings’ tenants have on the local

economy. Developers and operators are increasingly concerned with above-average energy consumption, and seeking justification for increased consumption

based on the similarly above-average, high-intensity operations. The ‘efficient’ buildings among this set are being identified as “high-performance, high-

intensity”, defending their ‘green’ credentials with the promise of greater economic productivity.


WORKSHOP 7 (BASIC)

Panel Discussion: Why Aren't You Using Thermal Energy Storage? Dispelling the Myths and

Discussing the Realities of TES Integration and Cost Savings

Track: Hydronic System Design for Efficiency and Large Buildings

Room: Sutton North

Sponsor: 06.09 Thermal Storage

Chair: Lucas B. Hyman, P.E., Member, Goss Engineering, Inc., Corona, CA

Even though thermal storage has literally been in use for thousands of years, many owners and engineers are unfamiliar with

the many benefits of thermal storage. This seminar starts with a brief 15 minute presentation on the basics and benefits of

thermal storage followed by a 45-minute questions-and-answers session with a 4-person panel comprised of an owner's

representative, utility company representative, a thermal storage vendor, and a thermal storage engineer.


1. Define thermal storage

2. Discuss some of the many benefits of thermal storage

3. Have a basic understanding of thermal storage options and methods 4. Distinguish the various roles of the different stakeholders

5. Understand some of the basic 'pitfalls' and past mistakes regarding thermal storage

6. Apply thermal storage with greater confidence in the use of this proven, sustainable technology

1. Thermal Storage Basics

Lucas B. Hyman, P.E., Member, Goss Engineering, Inc., Corona, CA

This 15-minute presentation provides a primer for the audience on thermal storage (TES) basics to help facilitate audience participation and discussion. This

presentation defines TES and discusses fundamentals including: the difference between sensible and latent TES, the many benefits of using TES including

benefits to utility companies, the different types and attributes of TES materials, and the different types of TES system types. This presentation also reviews

basic operating strategies, discusses when TES is most often economically attractive, and closes with a review of project stakeholders and key factors for

success when implementing TES.

2. Panel

John Nix1, John S. Andrepont, Life Member2, Mark MacCracken, P.E., Member3 and Edward (Ted) Borer4, (1)FPL,

Miami, FL, (2)The Cool Solutions Company, Lisle, IL, (3)CALMAC Manufacturing Corp, Fair Lawn, NJ, (4)Princeton

University, Princeton, NJ

This panel discussion is proposed to be moderated by the chair with the following representatives: thermal storage engineer, thermal storage

vendor/manufacturer, utility company thermal storage program representative, and thermal storage owner. The panelists facilitate a discussion on why various

stakeholders are not using a proven technology and dispel any myths. They also discuss any concerns and/or misconceptions.



Performance-based Codes and Standards: Catalyst for Energy Efficiency Retrofits in the 21st

Century?

Track: Improving Building Performance through Commissioning, Operation and Maintenance

Room: Mercury

Sponsor: MTG.ET Energy Targets

Chair: Don Brandt, Member, Trane Co., Phoenix, AZ

Historically, performance-based pathways for complying with building code have been under-utilized, referring in particular

to the Energy Cost Budget (ECB) method in ASHRAE 90.1. Market uptake has variously been affected by reluctance of

building designers and code officials, the skill/time/expense required to develop an energy simulation model, and even the

availability of too many performance approaches (Rosenberg et al, 2013). In this latter case, the popular green building

program LEED draws upon the 90.1 Appendix G Performance Rating Method (PRM), several jurisdictional codes and/or

ordinances reference LEED or various versions of the PRM, whereas still others use modified versions of the ECB. To add to

the mix, an exciting new code intended energy standard for existing commercial buildings – Standard 100 - is on the horizon.

Without greater alignment, it is possible that availability of choice will inadvertently be a market barrier to greater use of

performance-based pathways.


1. Understand the EEB Hub Project

2. Understand how some ASHRAE standards apply to this project

3. Discuss whether ASHRAE standards apply to the real world project

4. Learn how the design team dealt with the standards challenges

5. Find out how the standards affect real world operation

6. Listen to a panel discussion Q&A

1. Are Performance-Based Standards a Faster Path to Greater Energy Efficiency?

William P. Bahnfleth, Ph.D., P.E., Fellow ASHRAE, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA

Energy standards and codes today are predominantly prescriptive, i.e., they specify characteristics of components of a system for the purpose of achieving a

desired overall performance. Performance-based standards and codes set targets for performance and allow greater flexibility in the menas for meeting them. It

has been suggested that the prescriptive approach has become a barrier to further improvement in the stringency of standards and codes and that transition to a

performance-based approach would result in greater progress sooner. This presentation compares the two approaches and examines issues impacting the

effectiveness of each.

2. ASHRAE Standard 100: Performance-Based Energy Standard for Existing Buildings

Richard D. Hermans, P.E., Member, McQuay International, Minneapolis, MN

Prescriptive-based energy standards have been around for 38 years. Yet even back in 1975, there was an understanding that, to be truely successful, energy

standards needed to be performance-based. The ASHRAE/IES Standard 100 Energy Efficiency in Existing Buildings is being rewritten to

fulfill this need. This presentation describes the process to comply with a performance-based energy standard and the rationale used to establish the standard

performance targets. Come and get a sneak peak at the energy target proposed for your building type.


TECHNICAL PAPER SESSION 1 (INTERMEDIATE)

Hydraulic Modeling as a Tool to Enable Design Resiliency and Quantify Pump Energy Savings for

Data Center Chilled Water Systems


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Sponsor: 09.09 Mission Critical Facilities, Technology Spaces and Electronic Equipment

Chair: Nick Gangemi, Member, Facility Gateway Construction, Madison, WI

This session looks at hydraulic modeling as a tool to examine failure modes of a central plant chilled water system, and also

to predict energy savings from part-load pumping strategies taking advantage of redundant pumps and other equipment. The

program is capable of solving for balanced flows and pressures throughout the system. It allows individual pipelines to be easily

shut off, simulating failure modes, and also allows pump speeds to be reduced, allowing for simulation of VFD operation. The

procedures and results are demonstrated for a theoretical data center with a 5 MW IT Load.


1. Hydraulic Modeling as a Tool to Enable Design Resiliency for Data Center Chilled Water Systems (NY-14-001)

Michelle Contri, P.E., Member1 and Thomas A. Davidson, P.E., Member1, (1)DLB Associates, Eatontown, NJ

This paper looks at hydraulic modeling as a tool to analyze the impact of failure modes of a central plant chilled water system with dual feeds to the data

center floor. The model examines the impact of redundant pumps, pumps speeds, and the ability to utilize redundant feeds with only a small section of the

overall system out of service. The commercially available software is capable of solving for balanced flows and pressures throughout the system, and includes

detailed hydraulic models of all pumps, heat exchangers, chillers, valves, pipes and fittings. It allows individual pipelines to be easily shut off, simulating

failure modes. The procedures and results are demonstrated for a theoretical data center with a 5 MW ITE Load and a flow rate of 3440 gpm (124.1 L/s). The

impact of various failure modes is shown graphically as a color plot of the data hall pressure drops of an array of 300 local control valves, allowing the user to

quickly assess the impact of different failure scenarios.

2. Hydraulic Modeling as a Tool to Quantify Pump Energy Savings in Data Center Chilled Water Systems (NY-14-002)

Thomas A. Davidson, P.E., Member1 and Michelle Contri, P.E., Member1, (1)DLB Associates, Eatontown, NJ

This paper looks at hydraulic modeling as a tool to optimize energy savings from part-load pumping strategies taking advantage of redundant pumps and other

equipment. The commercially available hydraulic analysis package used for analysis is capable of solving for balanced flows and pressures throughout the

system, and includes detailed models of all pumps, heat exchangers, valves, pipes and fittings. It allows individual pipelines to be easily shut off, simulating

failure modes, and also allows pump speeds to be reduced, allowing for simulation of VFD operation. The procedures and results are demonstrated for a

theoretical data center with a 5 MW IT Load and 12°F (6.6°C) water-side delta t. Pumping energy savings of over 30% were obtained by making optimal use

of redundant equipment. On the other hand, pumping penalties of up to 20% were also noted through careless selection and use of redundant pumps.



Two-phase Flow Analysis on Refrigeration Systems

Track: Systems and Equipment

Room: Trianon

Chair: Chao-Hsin Lin, Ph.D., Member, The Boeing Company, Seattle, WA

It is essential to understand the multiphase phenomena associated with refrigeration systems. In this session, the related

topics include the effect of lubricant on the distribution of the gas-liquid two-phase system was investigated to study the

detrimental effect of moisture contamination on the performance of the system, in-depth analysis of pressure difference on the

performance of a two-phase flow in refrigeration systems, and a CFD simulation of the refrigerant flow in a capillary tube

validated by measured data as well as a separate numerical investigation.


1. Understand what properties effect the moisture distribution ratio or “K” Values of refrigerants, then apply this information to

make better engineering decisions regarding the selection of a lubricant for their intended application.

2. Explain why the addition of a lubricant does not significantly effect the moisture distribution equilibrium value of

refrigerants.

1. Effect of Lubricant on the Distribution of Water between Vapor and Liquid Phases of Refrigerants (RP-1495) (NY-

14-003)

John Senediak, Member, Intertek, Columbus, OH

Moisture is one of the most detrimental contaminants to a refrigeration system. Understanding its behavior is paramount to maintaining control. The purpose

of this paper is to discuss the conclusions resulting from a study regarding of the effect of lubricant on the distribution ratio of moisture between the vapor and

liquid phases of a refrigerant or “K value”. This investigation, included combinations of refrigerants and lubricants that are both significant to the current

industry as well as challenged the extremes of the properties expected to influence this ratio.

2. Investigation of Two-Phase Flow in Refrigeration Systems (NY-14-004)

Syed Zahid Hussain Rizvi, Johnson Controls Inc - IR Industrial Refrigeration, Dubai, United Arab Emirates

This paper investigates the performance of evaporator and condenser heat exchangers with respect to pressure drops. This project includes the design of two

refrigeration circuits, D.X. and flooded, with a common condenser, and analyzes the pressure drop for the heat exchangers and their impact on the overall

circuit performance. Several pressure drop correlations and calculation methods are considered and compared with the actual results. The performance of the

two circuits is compared for four operating temperatures: -20°C (-4°F), -10°C (14°F), 0°C (32°F) and 5°C (4°F)and analyzed to ascertain suitable pressure

drop methodology assessment and circuit operation. D.X. evaporators are often utilized operating at -10°C (14°F) and below for relatively small duty systems,

below 25kW (7.1 TR). However, flooded evaporators’ are rarely seen for systems in this range. The performance of the D.X. and flooded evaporators’ is also

analyzed for small duties at the four operating conditions.

3. Two-Phase VOF Model for the Refrigerant Flow through Adiabatic Capillary Tube (NY-14-005)

Mohd. Kaleem Khan, Member, Indian Institute of Technology Patna, Patliputra Colony, India

An attempt has been made to model the adiabatic two-phase flow through a capillary tube in ANSYS FLUENT 12.0 using volume of fluid (VOF) method.

The proposed model has been validated with the experimental data of Li et al. (1990) and numerical model of Khan et al. (2007). The predictions of the

proposed model are in very good agreement with the abovementioned experimental and numerical results. It has been observed from the present analysis that

the vaporization begins on the wall at the flashpoint location in actual copper capillary tubes. Further, the present model also confirms the presence of

metastability inside the capillary tube.


CONFERENCE PAPER SESSION 1 (INTERMEDIATE)

Boilers and Cooling Towers: Energy and Water Conservation Through Better System Design and

Innovative Retrofits


Room: Beekman

Chair: Leon Shapiro, J.D., Member, Green Building Group, Oak Park, CA

Boilers and cooling towers are two of the most water-consuming systems in many large buildings. This session explores how

significant energy and water savings can be achieved through improved condensing boiler system design, retrofit with advance

load monitoring boiler controllers, and reuse of cooling tower blow-down for landscape irrigation. Each paper discusses design

principals and/or results of laboratory/field testing to provide guidance on how engineers and building operators can more

effectively design and operate their boilers and cooling towers.


1. Define the difference between outdoor temperature reset (OTR) and the subject advanced load monitoring (ALM) boiler

controllers.

2. Understand how ALM controllers achieve energy savings through reduction in hot water boiler cycling and describe how

laboratory results indicate increasing boiler differentials achieve similar results.

3. Explain the design principles for an energy-efficient condensing boiler system.

4. Conceptually design an energy-efficient condensing boiler system.

1. Field and Laboratory Evaluation of Advanced Load Monitoring Boiler Controllers (NY-14-C001)

Paul Glanville, P.E., Associate Member1, Patricia F. Rowley1 and David J. Schroeder, Member2, (1)Gas Technology

Institute, Des Plaines, IL, (2)Northern Illinois University, Dekalb, IL

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As boilers in space heating applications typically have long service lifetimes, the incentive for retrofit system efficiency upgrades is greater than equipment

replacement for the efficiency-minded owner. System improvements representing the “low hanging fruit” are familiar, as simple as improved pipe insulation

to aftermarket controls such as Outdoor Temperature Reset or lead/lag controllers for sites with multiple boilers. Beyond these initial system efficiency

upgrades are an emerging class of advanced aftermarket controllers that dynamically respond to the boiler load, with claims of 10% to 30% of fuel savings

over a heating season. For hydronic boilers specifically, these devices perform load monitoring, with continuous measurement of return and in some cases

supply water temperatures. The results of both laboratory testing and field testing are summarized.

2. Landscape Irrigation Using Cooling Water Blowdown: An Innovative and Sustainable Approach (NY-14-C002)

Leon Shapiro, J.D., Member1 and Philip Vella, Ph.D., Associate Member2, (1)Green Building Group, Oak Park, CA,

(2)VRTX Technologies, Schertz, TX

Fresh, potable water is commonly used for landscape irrigation. Increasingly the green and high performance building codes that have been published and/or

adopted impose significant restrictions on the use of potable water for landscape irrigation, and require the use of reclaimed water or other alternate sources of

non-potable water to provide a majority of the water for landscape irrigation. Cooling towers, evaporative condensers, and fluid coolers provide a large supply

of non-potable water through the blow-down generated by their operation. This paper reviews a study conducted in Southern California which had two

objectives: to evaluate the direct application of non-chemically treated cooling tower blow-down water (using blends of blow-down water and potable water)

on native California plants; and to evaluate the potential savings in both water and energy by using cooling tower blow-down water for irrigation purposes.

3. Principals of Condensing Boiler System Design (NY-14-C003)

Dennis Jones, P.E., Member, Group14 Engineering, Inc., Denver, CO

Condensing boilers can provide significant energy savings due to operating efficiencies as high as 98% as compared to a peak efficiency of 80% for a

conventional boiler. However, specifying a condensing boiler does not guarantee achieving anticipated savings; careful attention must be paid to the heating

water system as a whole. A condensing boiler is not a compact fluorescent lamp (CFL); you can’t simply plug it into a typical system and expect it to save

energy. Selecting a condensing boiler is the easiest and least consequential part of designing a condensing boiler system. This paper provides basic principles

for designing the system, as well as design principles for heat delivery to the space, coil selection, boiler selection, low mass versus high mass boilers, piping

system design, pump and control valve selection, use of buffer tanks, and boiler controls.



Filter Media Performance


Room: Sutton North

Sponsor: 02.03 Gaseous Air Contaminants and Gas Contaminant Removal Equipment

Chair: Henry A. Becker, Member, H-O-H Water Technology, Inc, Palatine, IL

This session examines the performance of ozonation air filters, ASHRAE Standard 145.’s application to gas-phase air

cleaners and two promising air purification technologies for indoor volatile organic compound removal.


1. Design an ozonation duct system to examine ozonation effect on removal of VOCs in indoor environment

2. Describe by-products generation to have a understanding of the kinetics and mechanisms of ozonation

3. Describe ASHRAE 145.2 Gas-Phase Air Cleaner test method and explain why the data set obtained from the method is

useful.

4. Explain ways that gas-phase air cleaners perform and how they can vary from each other in pressure drop and efficiency for

different gases.

5. Understand the principle of air filter performance test

6. Explain the problem about the correlation of filtration media performance under high and low concentration

1. Ozonation Air Purification Technology in HVAC Applications (NY-14-C004)

Lexuan Zhong, Ph.D., Student Member1 and Fariborz Haghighat, Ph.D., P.E., Fellow ASHRAE1, (1)Concordia University,

Montreal, QC, Canada

The conventional approach to improve indoor air quality is to ventilate a building with outdoor air. This is a costly and energy inefficient approach. Ozonation

air cleaners have been suggested as an alternative and energy efficient method in HVAC applications. This paper presents details of an innovative ozonation

system which employs ozone producing lamps as an ozone source to exam the ozonation performance. The objectives of this paper are intended to explore the

role of ozone for removal of VOCs and to systematically evaluate ozonation air purification technology for improving indoor air quality (IAQ) in HVAC

systems.

2. ASHRAE 145.2 Efficiency and Capacity Test Results for Five Gas-Phase Air Cleaners (NY-14-C005)

M. Kathleen Owen, Member1, Roger Pope1 and James T. Hanley, Member1, (1)Research Triangle Institute, Research

Triangle Park, NC

Gas-phase air cleaners are used to remove a wide variety of contaminants from the air. However, it is often difficult to judge which air cleaner works for

which contaminants and, further, to determine which air cleaner is better for a given application. Most gas-phase air cleaners use sorbents to remove the

contaminants from the air. Since sorbents vary in which contaminants they can remove and air cleaners contain different sorbents in various configurations, it

is critical to have test data to document the performance of air cleaners. To meet this need, ASHRAE has published a new laboratory test standard giving the

HVAC market its first gas-phase test standard for air cleaning devices. This method is ASHRAE 145.2-2011 “Laboratory Test Method for Assessing the

Performance of Gas-Phase Air Cleaning Systems: Air Cleaning Devices.” Four contaminants were chosen to include compounds that are undesirable in air

but are commonly found in indoor air or outdoor air that is entering buildings. These compounds also serve to highlight the capabilities of the test method

and the differences across types of air cleaners.

3. Testing and Evaluation of Filter Media Performance: Correlation Between High and Low Challenge Concentration

Tests for Toluene and Formaldehyde (ASHRAE 1557) (NY-14-C006)

Chuan He1, Bing Guo1, Jinjing Pei2, Wenhao Chen, Associate Member3, KwangHoon Han, Ph.D., Member1 and Jianshun

Zhang, Ph.D., Fellow ASHRAE1, (1)Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY, (2)School of Environment Science and Engineering,

Tianjin University, Tianjin, China, (3)Environmental Health Laboratory Branch, California Department of Public Health,

Richmond, CA

Adsorption and catalytic filtration are two promising air purification technology for indoor volatile organic compounds (VOCs) removal. To guide the

selection of gas phase filtration media for designing air cleaning devices, evaluation of the media performance under usage concentration is necessary. Filters

for improving indoor air quality in buildings typically subject low VOCs concentration levels (e.g., ~50 ppb) while current standard tests per ASHRAE 145.1

are performed at relatively high challenge concentrations (~1-100 ppm level). The objective of this study was to determine if correlations exist between the

high and low concentration tests, and develop methods for extrapolating the results from the high test concentration to the low application concentration.



Maintaining Occupant Comfort Levels while Minimizing Energy Impact

Track: International Design

Room: Sutton South

Chair: Gary C. Debes, Member, Coward Environmental Systems, Coatesville, PA

Learn how to conserve energy in various buildings by controlling ventilations rates, monitoring energy usage and imbedding

heating and cooling within the building structure. The case studies include an Animal Facility utilizing demand control

ventilation while maintaining pressure relationships, A large scale, 930,000 square meters (10,000,000 square feet) University

Campus utilizing demand metering for energy conservation, and a Thermally Activated Building System (TABS) embedded

water based heating and cooling system in the building structure.


1. Explain the energy consumption characteristics of university facilities.

2. Present an overview of energy saving strategy of a university that consists of various types of buildings.

3. Understand how the occupants respond to thermal environment at the ECC during the field measurements.

4. Suggest how the TABS could be controlled for better thermally comfortable environment.

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5. Design VAV systems which satisfy both flexible ventilation and accurate pressurization.

6. Apply rational commissioning approach as to demand control ventilation.

1. Energy Saving Strategy of Large-Scale University Facilities (NY-14-C007)

Takumi Ohashi1 and Yoshiyuki Shimoda, Dr.Ing.1, (1)Osaka University, Suita, Japan

In Japan, electricity demand control of the peak hour has been an important issue after the East Japan Great Earthquake. In addition, reduction of annual

energy consumption is also important from the viewpoint of global warming prevention. Since university campus, which is one of the large energy consumers,

consists of various types of institutions, it is important to implement energy-saving measures that reflect the characteristic of each building.Osaka University

is a large-scale university which has about 930,000 square meters (architectural area), 85% of the primary energy consumption is electricity consumption.

From June 2011, electricity consumption of each building (total 246 points) was measured in every 30 minutes, and the system which displays this

information in real time on the internet portal has been installed.By classifying university facilities into three categories (Category I; Liberal arts facilities,

Category II; Science facilities, Category III; Large-scale facilities ), energy consumption characteristic of each category becomes clear. This paper examines

the energy saving method for each category.

2. Evaluation on the Occupants’ Thermal Comfort with Thermally Activated Building System in Campus Building of

South Korea through Questionnaires and Field Measurements (NY-14-C008)

Jin-Hee Song1, Jae-han Lim, Ph.D.1 and Seung-Yeong Song, Ph.D.1, (1)Ewha Womans University, Seoul, South Korea

Thermally Activated Building System (TABS), which is an embedded water based heating and cooling system, has been applied to many energy-efficient

building such as airports, convention centers, and large office buildings. TABS can reduce a peak load due to the time-lag effect caused by a high thermal

inertia of the concrete construction, where a heating or cooling pipe is embedded. It can also improve energy efficiency of buildings because it can be

integrated with low temperature heating and high temperature cooling heat sources such as geothermal energy. This study focuses on the evaluation of TABS

in the view of occupants’ thermal comfort by analyzing of the comfort criteria with TABS in campus building of South Korea.

3. The First Step of Demand Control Ventilation in an Animal Facility in Japan: Design and Commissioning for Flexible

Ventilation (NY-14-C009)

Masaya Ishihara, Azbil Corporation Building Systems Company, Tokyo, Japan

Energy saving is one of the most important issues of animal facilities because a lot of energy is used to provide good indoor air quality (IAQ). Demand control

ventilation (DCV) is expected to save energy by reducing ventilation rates in accordance with animal occupancy and other IAQ variables. As “Guide for the

Care and Use of Laboratory Animals 8th edition (2011)” says, valuable air volume (VAV) systems may offer advantages with respect to flexibility and energy

conservation. However, there is much room to discuss regarding practical ways of DCV, such as from what measurement values (e.g., CO2, particles, TVOC)

do we estimate IAQ, what IAQ level is sufficient for each animal, what ventilation rates is sufficient to dilute gaseous and particle contaminants, and how to

decide optimal ventilation rates for each animal room. Although both researchers and facility managers of an animal facility were interested in energy saving

by DCV, they hesitated to implement automated DCV because above questions had not been solved. And so, as the first step of DCV, a VAV system which

enable facility users to set ventilation rates of each room easily from terminal PCs of building automation systems (BAS) was installed. In order to provide

flexible ventilation, accurate pressurization and long-period operation, advanced control logics in our VAV system were developed. These control methods

and commissioning date are presented.


SEMINAR 1 (INTERMEDIATE)

Integration for Successful Operations: Avoid a Recipe for Disaster – Get the Right Cooks in the

Kitchen!


Room: Mercury

Sponsor: 01.04 Control Theory and Application

Chair: Joseph Kilcoyne, P.E., Member, SC Engineers, Inc., San Diego, CA

As a building owner, how do I ensure that the smart systems in my new facility are fully integrated when the building is

turned over? Which engineers and contractors should I involve in the integration process and at what stage? Learn the best ways

to express operational expectations for Facility Management and Control Systems and incorporate them into construction

documents. Lessons learned from successful integration projects are presented from owners, engineers, and contractors.


1. Distinguish between the different parties involved in the integration of building automation systems.

2. Identify the critical issues requiring attention at each phase in the project.

3. Describe the various contractual relationships used in successful integration projects.

4. Identify the levels of BAS integration and the requirements to perform each.

5. Explain common reasons for scope gap and redundancies in integrated system design.

6. Leverage open protocols to realize the full potential of your control systems.

1. Utilizing Smart Systems for Portfolio Performance Management: Lessons Learned

Travis R. English, P.E., Member, Kaiser Permanente, Oakland, CA

What is required in the integration of 648 facilities located over nine states utiliziing control systems? See how it was done by Kaiser Permanente.

2. Herding Cats: Managing Scope and Responsibility in a Successful Integration Project

Robert Betz, McCarthy Building Companies, San Diego, CA

This presentation discusses lessons learned in the smart system integration of the world's first net zero energy laboratory. Roles and responsibilities are

addressed from the general contractor's point of view.


SEMINAR 2 (ADVANCED)

Thermodynamic Analysis for Low-GWP Refrigerants

Track: Refrigeration

Room: Regent

Sponsor: MTG.LowGWP Alternative Lower Global Warming Potential Refrigerants, 03.01; 08.11; USNT/IIR, Refrigeration Committee

Chair: Yunho Hwang, Ph.D., Member, University of Maryland, College Park, MD

The HVAC&R community is searching for low-GWP refrigerants in order to reduce environmental effects from refrigerants.

This seminar addresses such efforts in several approaches. The evaluation results of effects of a refrigerant’s fundamental

thermodynamic parameters on its performance in the vapor compression cycle are presented. Then, results of complete and

systematic screening of candidate refrigerants from extensive chemical compounds database are presented.


1. Describe how to trade off the COP and volumetric capacity of the vapor compression cycle

2. Describe the refrigerant thermodynamic parameter with the dominant influence on the COP and volumetric capacity

3. Describe under what operating conditions the vapor compression cycle theoretically approach the Carnot cycle COP

4. Describe desirable characteristics of refrigerants

5. Provide screening process of candidate fluids to serve as a refrigerant

6. Explain search results for an ideal refrigerant

1. Thermodynamic Performance Limits of the Vapor Compression Cycle

Piotr Domanski, Ph.D., Fellow ASHRAE, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD, USA,

Gaithersburg, MD

The presentation explores the performance of thousands of hypothetical refrigerants to identify the upper limits of the coefficient of performance (COP) and

volumetric capacity and the optimal values of refrigerant thermodynamic parameters required to reach these performance limits. Thermodynamic

performance limits depend on the operating conditions and the cycle design. These limits are represented by Pareto fronts developed for the objective

functions COP and volumetric capacity. As expected, the performance of current refrigerants falls below the Pareto front limits. The obtained information can

be helpful in preliminary screening of refrigerant candidates.

2. Possibilities and Tradeoffs for Low-GWP Refrigerants

Mark McLinden, Ph.D., Member, NIST, Boulder, CO

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This presentation explores the possibilities for refrigerants having low GWP. A set of 1200 candidate fluids is identified from more than 56,000 small

molecules by applying screening criteria to GWP, flammability, stability, toxicity and critical temperature. The fluids with critical temperatures between 300

and 400 K (i.e., those could be used in current equipment with minor modifications) number 62, and include halogenated olefins and compounds containing

oxygen, nitrogen, or sulfur. It discusses the tradeoffs presented by these 62 candidates, considering their thermodynamic properties, stability, and toxicity. No

fluid is ideal in all regards—all have one or more negative attributes.

Sunday, January 19, 11:00 AM-12:30 PM


Modeling Considerations for PCM, DCV, Photovoltaics and Solar House Design


Room: Sutton Center

Chair: Xuanhang (Simon) Zhang, Member, APC by Schneider Electric, Billerica, MA

This session presents papers on a variety of modeling applications. These include implementing phase change materials into

building practice, designing CO2-based demand-controlled ventilation to meet Standard 62.1-2010, study of the influence

parameters during forced and free convection of air between a photovoltaic panel and glass glazing of curtain wall integrated

photovoltaic/thermal (BIPV/T) system, and a modeling approach for passive solar houses.


1. Understand the influence of design parameters such as air flow velocity, spacing between the photovoltaic panel and the glass

glazing and air mass flow rate on the thermal and PV efficiency 2. Explain how outlet, PV temperatures, electrical and thermal efficiencies can vary depending on the type of convection

involved (free vs. forced convection)

3. Understand the thermal dynamic processes of passive solar houses

4. Understand how to apply solar design days to the design of a passive solar houses

1. Applicability of Multilayered Phase-Change-Material Modeling in Building Simulation (NY-14-006)

Fabio Almeida, Ph.D., Ryerson University, Toronto, ON, Canada

Phase change materials (PCMs) can be implemented into building practice to enhance thermal storage performance, reduce indoor temperature fluctuations

and improve the thermal comfort of occupants. As building energy simulation is taking an ever larger role in the design and analysis of energy efficient

buildings, it is important to understand the capabilities and performance of these tools. A popular and powerful building simulation program is ESP-r which is

capable of incorporating the use of PCM into the thermal simulation. An effect of using multiple layers of PCM versus using a single layer was investigated

using the BESTEST standard (ASHRAE 2004). It was found that in general the application of PCM can significantly affect the thermal performance of the

building.

2. Evaluation on the validity of the assumptions underlying CO2-based demand-controlled ventilation (RP-1547) (NY-

14-007)

Josephine Lau, Ph.D., Associate Member, University of Nebraska - Lincoln, Omaha, NE

A mechanical ventilation system should be designed to provide a minimum amount of outdoor air to each space, based on occupant number and building area,

according to ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 62.1-2010. Demand-Controlled Ventilation (DCV) can be used to reduce unnecessary ventilation and save energy

when a space is occupied at less than its design level. Carbon dioxide sensing could be used to estimate the number of people in a space or the strength of

occupant-related contaminant sources. This control approaches is called CO2-based DCV. CO2-based DCV is based on several assumptions, which should be

validated for the application of CO2-based DCV. This paper describes the results of a literature search performed to review these assumptions. The study

concludes that the assumptions are valid and that CO2-based DCV can meet the objectives of Standard 62.1-2010.

4. Building Integrated Photovoltaic/Thermal Façade with Forced Ventilation and Natural Convection (NY-14-008)

Getu Hailu, Ph.D.1 and Alan Fung1, (1)Ryerson University, Toronto, ON, Canada

The paper presents a theoretical study of the influence parameters during forced and free convection of air between a photovoltaic panel and glass glazing of a

curtain wall integrated photovoltaic/thermal (BIPV/T) system. Design parameters such as air flow velocity, spacing between the photovoltaic panel and the

glass glazing and air mass flow rate were investigated. The outlet and PV temperatures, the thermal and electrical energy produced, as well as thermal and

electrical efficiencies for different velocities and spacing between the PV panel and the glass glazing were determined. For forced convection, for a given air

velocity, increasing the spacing between the PV panel and the glass wall has the effect of decreasing the outlet temperature. Both the thermal and electrical

energy were found to be higher in fall and winter seasons, for both types of convections (forced and natural). For forced convection, from May to November,

higher air velocities led to negative thermal energy recovered. Generally, in fall and winter seasons, increasing the air flow velocity increased the thermal and

electrical efficiencies. Forced convection of air with equal mass flow rate to that of free convection led to lower outlet and PV temperatures. Free convection

led to lower electrical and thermal efficiencies in summer. However, for the case of free convection, the thermal energy recovered never became negative for

investigated air mass flow rates in contrast to the results obtained for forced convection. The results indicate that for given design parameters development and

deployment of fan control strategies may be necessary to optimize the total energy production; both thermal and electrical for all seasons of the year.

5. Solar Design Days: A Tool for Passive Solar House Design (NY-14-009)

William O'Brien, Ph.D., Member1, Ted Kesik, Ph.D., P.E., Member2 and Andreas Athienitis, Ph.D., P.E., Member3,

(1)Carleton University, Ottawa, ON, Canada, (2)University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada, (3)Concordia University,

Montreal, QC, Canada

Passive solar heating of homes is a dynamic process for which solar energy is transmitted through glazing and then absorbed by the interior building

components and released to the indoor air over time. Rather than relying on rules of thumb or assessing whole-year performance from building energy

simulations to optimize passive solar measures, solar design days can be used to compare different design options by diagnosing potential problems such as

excessive heat loss, peak loads, and overheating. Solar design days consist of representative cold sunny, cold cloudy, warm sunny, and mild sunny days. This

paper presents solar design days as a useful method for understanding passive solar buildings’ dynamic behaviour for the purpose of increasing energy

performance and thermal comfort through interactive design at the conceptual design stage. This paper provides a background on recent advances in passive

solar design, a methodology for selecting and applying solar design days, a modeling approach for passive solar houses in EnergyPlus, and finally, an

example.



Evaluation of Compressor Performance and Predictive Modeling for Low Global Warning

Potential Refrigerants


Room: Regent

Chair: Dan Wiemar, Member, Chem-Aqua, Tallahassee, FL

One of the challenges facing the HVAC industry is the research and development of alternative refrigerants with compatible

lubricants/additives with low GWP. (Low Global Warming Potential) Understanding the performance or lack thereof with low

GWP refrigerants and compatible lubricants will be fundamental to accurate modeling. It will also be important to understand

and know the effects of a particular alternative refrigerant and the lubrication/additive such as deposits, corrosion, metal loss

and increased heat and condensing pressure.


1. See the effects of oil on refrigerant distribution

2. Learn the oil impact on microchannel heat exchanger performance

3. Determine the effects of temperatures and initial concentrations of twenty process chemicals on the Total Acid Number

(TAN), Total Organic Acid (TOA) anion concentrations, metal concentrations, which are all indicative of reactions and/or

decompositions in the POE/R-134a system.

4. Compare the data from the tests with process chemical and that from the control samples in order to identify which chemical

species are likely to cause contamination, reaction, decomposition in the POE/R-134a system.

5. Learn about CO2 refrigeration systems.

6. Learn about the most efficient refrigeration system in the United States.

7. Understand the relative performance of alternative refrigerants compared to the baseline refrigerants

8. Evaluate the tradeoff in performance of alternative refrigerants

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9. Understand the concept of approximate assisted modeling using Kriging techniques

10. Examine the accuracy of compressor metamodels and know the best metamodels format

1. R134a and PAG Oil Maldistribution and Its Impact On Microchannel Heat Exchanger Performance (NY-14-C010)

Yang Zou1, Huize Li1 and Pega Hrnjak1, (1)University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL

R134a and PAG oil upward flow in a vertical header of microchannel heat exchanger was investigated experimentally. The mixture was provided into the

header by the five microchannel tubes in the bottom pass and exits through the five tubes in the top pass representing the flow in the heat pump mode of

reversible systems. The inlet quality was varied from 0.2 to 0.8, and mass flow rate from 1.5 to 4.5 kg h-1 per tube. The distribution was worse with a small

amount of oil (OCR=0.5%). Increasing the OCR to 2.5% and 4.7%, the distribution was improved. A microchannel evaporator model incorporating the

quality distribution based on the experimental results was developed to evaluate the evaporator performance. Initial numerical results show that although the

distribution was better with more oil, the cooling capacity kept reducing. The capacity degradation was up to 50% compared to the case of the uniform

distribution.

2. Effects of System Materials towards the Breakdown of POE Lubricants and HFC Refrigerants (NY-14-C011)

Ngoc Dung (Rosine) Rohatgi, Ph.D., Member, Spauschus Associates Inc., Sylva, NC

The effects of twenty different chemicals used in manufacturing process fluids on the stability of R-134a/POE systems were studied. These chemicals

included: Boric Acid, Sodium Carbonate, Potassium Fluoride, Sulfamic Acid, Hydroxyethyl Cellulose, Potassium Hydrogen Fluoride, Sodium Gluconate,

Trisodium Phosphate Dodecahydrate, Ethanolamine, Sodium Nitrite, Chloroparaffin, Ferric Chloride, Neo-Decanoic Acid, Polyoxyethylene Nonylphenyl

Ether, N-Nitroso-Diphenylamine, Potassium Hexafluoroaluminate, Calcium Alkyl Aryl Sulfonate, Triethanolamine Dodecylbenzene Sulfonate, Sodium

Palmitate, Triethanolamine Borate. The tests were conducted in sealed tubes. For each chemical, two concentrations were investigated: 0.1 and 1.0 weight-%.

Exposure time was 14 days and exposure temperatures were 150oC and 175oC (302oF and 347oF). Many of the chemicals studied reacted with R-134a/POE,

with changes in a number of properties, such as darker lubricant color, cloudiness, deposit, film formation, darker metal color, dullness, corrosion, increased

TAN, presence of dissolved metals, presence of reactive products, and/or depletion of the reagent chemicals. The extent of reaction depends on the chemicals,

its initial concentration and the aging temperature. However, the decision whether or not a chemical is safe to use in a refrigeration system is highly subjective

and depends on the user, the application and the equipment.

3. Thermodynamic Analysis of CO2 Transcritical Supermarket Refrigeration Systems (NY-14-C012)

Vishaldeep Sharma1, Brian Fricke, Ph.D., Member1 and Pradeep Bansal, Ph.D., Fellow ASHRAE1, (1)Oak Ridge National

Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN

Refrigeration systems using carbon dioxide (CO2) as a refrigerant, either in subcritical or transcritical cycles, or in secondary coolant systems, have recently

received considerable attention due to carbon dioxide’s low Global Warming Potential (GWP). This paper presents a comparative analysis of various

CO2 transcritical and cascade/secondary loop refrigeration systems to optimize the operating parameters of these systems. In addition, the performance of

selected CO2-based refrigeration systems is compared to the baseline R404A multiplex direct expansion system using bin analyses in sixteen cities from eight

climate zones of the United States. The operating parameters considered in this study include ambient temperature, suction line heat exchanger (SLHX)

effectiveness, evaporator superheat, and secondary pump circulation ratio.

4. Comprehensive Compressor Calorimeter Testing of Lower-GWP Alternative Refrigerants for Heat Pump and

Medium Temperature Refrigeration Applications (NY-14-C013)

Som S. Shrestha, Member1, Vishaldeep Sharma1 and Omar Abdelaziz, Ph.D., Associate Member1, (1)Oak Ridge National

Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN

In response to environmental concerns raised by the use of refrigerants with high Global Warming Potential (GWP), the Air-Conditioning, Heating, and

Refrigeration Institute (AHRI) is launching an industry-wide cooperative research program, referred to as the Low-GWP Alternative Refrigerants Evaluation

Program (AREP), to identify and evaluate promising alternative refrigerants for major product categories. This study represents one of the Oak Ridge National

Laboratory contributions to AREP. It compares performance of alternative refrigerants to that of R-410A and R-404A for heat pump and medium temperature

applications, respectively. The tests showed that energy efficiency ratio (EER) and cooling capacity of R-410A alternative refrigerants were comparable to

that of baseline refrigerant with slight increase in discharge temperature for some cases. On the other hand, R-404A alternative refrigerants showed

performance dependence on saturation suction and saturation discharge temperatures. This paper summarizes the relative performance of all alternative

refrigerants compared to their respective baseline.

5. Development of Versatile Compressor Modeling Using Approximation Techniques for Alternative Refrigerants

Evaluation (NY-14-C014)

Omar Abdelaziz, Ph.D., Associate Member1 and Som S. Shrestha, Member1, (1)Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge,

TN

Refrigerants are the life-blood of vapor compression systems that are widely used in Heating, Ventilation, Air-Conditioning, and Refrigeration (HVAC&R)

applications. The HVAC&R community is currently transitioning from main-stream refrigerants that have high Global Warming Potential (GWP) to

alternative lower-GWP refrigerants. During this transition, it is important to account for the life cycle climate performance of alternative refrigerants since

their performance will be different than that of higher-GWP refrigerants. This requires the evaluation of the system performance with the new refrigerants.

Unfortunately, it is extremely difficult to predict the realistic performance of new alternative refrigerants without experimental validation. One of the main

challenges in this regard is modeling the compressor performance with high fidelity due to the complex interaction of operating parameters, geometry,

boundary conditions, and fluid properties. High fidelity compressor models are computationally expensive and require significant pre-processing to evaluate

the performance of alternative refrigerants. This paper presents a new approach to modeling compressor performance when alternative refrigerants are used.



Can Low Energy Buildings be Healthy for Occupants?


Room: Sutton North

Sponsor: Environmental Health Committee

Chair: Lawrence Schoen, P.E., Fellow ASHRAE, Schoen Engineering Inc., Columbia, MD

This seminar presents highlights of ASHRAE's IAQ 2013 Conference, Environmental Health in Low Energy Buildings,

which was held October 15 - 18, 2013 in Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada. Four high quality papers selected from among

the hundreds submitted for this conference address topics of high interest in the design and operation of buildings that strive to

be both highly sustainable while also achieving high Indoor Environmental Quality.


1. Describe methods for assessing and quantifying specific measures of indoor environmental quality.

2. Explain how certain aspects of the indoor environment can be degraded or improved by energy conserving design and

retrofits. 3. Distinguish between building operation measures that can degrade indoor environmental quality from those that can enhance

it.

4. Explain how the indoor environment can be protected from pollutants in the outdoor environment.

5. Distinguish between green building ratings and actual building performance; provide examples of performance parameters.

6. Apply design strategies that make for robust buildings - those that achieve high indoor environmental quality and low energy

use.

1. Robust Climate Design Combines Energy Efficiency with Occupant Health and Comfort

Stanley R. Kurvers, P.Eng., Delft University of Technology, Delft, Netherlands

Studies in the US and the Netherlands show a large discrepancy between predicted and actual energy consumption of buildings. A preliminary study was

carried out using a Dutch database consisting of predicted and actual energy use, and the European Hope database consisting of health and comfort

symptoms. Both include building characteristics. The results show that the buildings with a combination of characteristics denoted as “climate oriented” had

the lowest energy use as well as the lowest Building Symptom Index, whereas the building type “climate ignoring” showed higher risks of high energy use as

well as a higher Building Symptom Index.

2. Building Design and Operational Choices that Impact Indoor Exposures to Outdoor Particulate Matter Inside

Residences

Brent Stephens, Ph.D., Associate Member, Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago, IL

We measured envelope penetration of submicron particles in 19 single-family homes that mostly relied on natural infiltration. One experiment was also

performed in the tightest home with the lowest penetration rate while it was operating with an energy recovery ventilator (ERV) and dedicated outdoor air

supply. With the ERV operating, this home actually had the highest amount of outdoor particle infiltration, suggesting improperly installed ERVs can

drastically increase an occupant’s exposure to outdoor particulate matter. Overall, the combination of building envelope design, filter choice, and HVAC

system design and operation can greatly impact indoor exposures to outdoor pollutants.

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3. Indoor Environmental Quality, Occupants' Perception, Prevalence of SBS Symptoms and Sick Leave in a Green

Mark Platinum versus a Non-Green Mark Rated Building

Pawel Wargocki, Ph.D., Member, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark, DK-2800 Kgs, Denmark

The Building and Construction Authority (BCA) Green Mark Scheme (GMS) in Singapore encourages better Indoor Environmental Quality (IEQ). However,

studies have shown that green buildings do not necessary ensure better IEQ. This study compares prevalence of Sick Building Syndrome (SBS) symptoms and

sick leave in a Green Mark Platinum and a Non-Green Mark certified building. There was found to be no statistically significant association between the SBS

symptoms and the offices (P>0.05). Furthermore, analysis of the sick leave records have failed to show that occupants in Green Mark Platinum certified

building took fewer sick leave days.

4. Natural Ventilation in California Offices: Estimated Health Effects and Economic Consequences

Spencer Dutton, Ph.D., Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA

This study examines the human health implications of retrofitting 10 percent of California office buildings for natural ventilation. We develop exposure

models using new data on ozone and particle exposures in naturally ventilated offices, existing data on exposures in mechanically ventilated offices, and

models of predicted window use. Using published concentration-response equations and health outcome costs, we developed first-order estimates of the

health-related costs and benefits. Findings included a reduction in annual sick building syndrome symptoms valued between $4.3 million and $11.5 million

and annual health-related costs between $130 million and $207 million from increased exposure to ozone and particles.



CFD for Data Center Applications Part 1 – Modeling Advancements


Room: Mercury

Sponsor: 09.09 Mission Critical Facilities, Technology Spaces and Electronic Equipment, 4.10, 04.10 Indoor Environmental Modeling


As evidenced by the number software tools available commercially today, Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) is widely

employed in the design and management of data centers and has become a vitally important technology in the quest to make

these complex and energy-intensive facilities more reliable and energy efficient. In the second part of this two-part seminar, we

look at recent advancements in CFD modeling technology for data center applications.


1. Describe strong flow stream formation in data centers.

2. Explain the airflow leakage issue through the gaps between the rack containments and ceiling.

3. Provide an overview on setting up the boundary condition to perform CFD analysis in data center.

4. Provide the solution to overcome the strong flow stream by balancing the airflow at CRAHs.

5. Describe the solution for the airflow leakage without actually using any materials to seal the gaps.

6. Describe how temperature and pressure contours in different cross section help to provide practical solution in case of

CRAHs failure.

1. Experimental Validation Of Data Center Rack Models

John Zhai, Ph.D., Member1, Knud Hermansen1 and Saleh Al-Saadi1, (1)University of Colorado, Boulder, CO

Modeling a computer rack as a black box has been done in numerous data center studies, but rarely has it been validated against experimental temperature and

velocity data. The paper investigates two simplified rack models for computational fluid dynamics (CFD) and compares them against physical experiments

conducted in a mock-up lab with a rack simulator. The study finds that both the black box and open box models are simple and effective at representing the

temperature distribution created by a single rack. Average agreements between simulations and experiments were found to be within 3°C and 0.2 m/s over all

experiments.

2. An Enhanced Potential Flow Model For Data Center Applications

James VanGilder, P.E., Member1, Xuanhang (Simon) Zhang, Member1 and Christopher M. Healey, Ph.D.1, (1)Schneider

Electric, Billerica, MA

Potential flow modeling (PFM) is a simplified form of CFD that trades the ability to model certain physical effects for great improvements in speed and

robustness. PFM technology has the potential to drive the practical use of CFD tools for data center design and management and could be utilized even more

broadly if there were a way to account for some of the “missing physical effects” inherent to the approach with buoyancy being, by far, the most important.

This presentation describes a new semi-empirical model for including, the effects of buoyancy in PFM for data center applications.

3. A Hybrid CFD/Lumped-Capacitance Model For Simulating Data Center Transients

H. Ezzat Khalifa, Ph.D., Fellow ASHRAE1 and Hamza Erden1, (1)Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY

Transient thermal events in air-cooled data centers may lead to undesirable operating conditions such as the formation of hot spots. These transients may be

caused by cooling equipment failures, server load changes, or other time-dependent changes in data center operations. This presentation introduces a validated

fast-executing hybrid CFD/Lumped-Capacitance model for predicting the transient server inlet temperature resulting from a sudden, step changes in server

heat generation rate in air-cooled data centers. The model uses initial steady-state CFD or experimental data in combination with several lumped capacitance

models of the various thermal masses in the data center.

Sunday, January 19, 11:00 AM-12:30 PMwhat a


Design to Ensure Building Performance with a Comprehensive M&V Process: A LEED Platinum

Case Study



Sponsor: 07.01 Integrated Building Design

Chair: Elyse Malherek, Associate Member, The Weidt Group, Minnetonka, MN

Can we guarantee the energy performance of a building into occupancy? Using a comprehensive measurement and

verification process including commissioning and a continued design team and owner relationship can ensure long-term energy

performance and thermal comfort. With two years of operational data available, this case study explores how the M&V process

helps the team to evaluate the performance of the building by comparing to the design intent, verifying how design elements

perform in real life, investigating new energy saving opportunities, and educating occupants on energy efficiency. This full-

circle process ensures the performance of a LEED Platinum building.


1. Understand the value of a measurement and verification process as part of an integrated design. 2. Identify milestones throughout the building life cycle that create a successful measurement and verification process.

3. Apply the information from design energy models and M&V systems to achieve and maintain building energy performance

goals. 4. Integrate considerations for building occupants’ impacts on energy efficiency during the design phase.

5. Learn how building evolution can affect energy performance and occupant comfort.

6. Understand the value of metering and measuring data to more easily identify efficiency lapses and opportunities for savings.

1. Understanding Ongoing Building Efficiency from the Owner's Perspective

Matthew Brown, Wellmark, Des Moines, IA

The Wellmark building project achieved LEED Platinum, a high achievement in most owner’s minds. But it's a goal that the owner must internalize for

continued success beyond simply achieving the design goal and fully commit to throughout the building lifecycle. This presentation reflects the view of the

owner and provides detail on the project, design and occupancy goals, as well as the ongoing usage of the building. The owner discusses the methods of

ensuring energy efficiency and occupant comfort through an ongoing integrated process that includes occupants, members of the design team, facility

operators, and M&V data and personnel.

2. Engineering a Building for Lifetime Efficiency

Dale Dent, P.E., The Baker Group, Des Moines, IA

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The engineering of the building during and beyond the design phase plays a key role in the ongoing performance of the building throughout the occupancy

and life of the building. This presentation focuses on the engineering of the building, discusses the design intent, explains the design of the M&V process to

ensure performance, and examines the performance and improvements of the systems over the two years of occupancy.

3. Creating a Comprehensive M&V Process Incorporating Calibrated Energy Models

Jason Steinbock, Associate Member, The Weidt Group, Minnetonka, MN

The creation of a comprehensive M&V process can inform and ensure system performance. A comprehensive process includes many different elements

including data gathering, oversight, occupant surveys, continuing meetings to reevaluate the ongoing building performance, and evaluating the performance

and impact of building energy use through the use energy modeling from conceptual models during design through calibrated energy models during

occupancy. This presentation wraps up with general conclusions about the benefits of a comprehensive M&V process, as well as lessons learned about

general and customized M&V processes.



Efficient Technologies That Are Also Economically Sustainable, Part 1 of 3: District Energy (DE)

and Complementary Options


Room: Beekman

Sponsor: 06.02 District Energy, TC1.10 and TC6.9, 01.10 Cogeneration Systems

Chair: Blake E. Ellis, P.E., Member, Burns & McDonnell, Kansas City, MO

This is the first of a three part series highlighting the ability to implement many different technologies utilizing a district

energy system that might not be available for individual buildings. This session begins with information on some of the

technologies such as thermal energy storage and combined heat and power can be implemented and the benefits of combing the

technologies. The session concludes with two case studies that have implemented these technologies and will focus on other

benefits (such as being a power island) and implementation of other technologies such as solar thermal and biomass.


1. Describe district energy systems and what efficiencies they provide.

2. Provide an overview of district energy sized thermal energy storage and combined heat and power systems.

3. Describe the economics of a district energy systems.

4. Describe the economics of combining TES and CHP technologies at a district energy system.

5. Explain the non-economic benefits of CHP for a college campus.

6. Explain the ability to implement solutions that would be difficult at the building level with a district energy system.

1. The Big 3 (District Energy, CHP and TES): Where 1+1+1 Can Equal 10

John S. Andrepont, Life Member, The Cool Solutions Company, Lisle, IL

The presentation provides an introduction to a series of ten related presentations in three related seminars. Three technologies are described: District Energy

(DE), Combined Heat & Power (CHP), and Thermal Energy Storage (TES). Each technology is demonstrated to offer energy efficiency as well as economic

sustainability, thus contrasting with many other efficient technologies which are often uneconomical (and thus, arguably, unsustainable). The three

technologies (DE, CHP and TES) can be, and often are, applied in combination, which often enhances the efficiency and economic benefits. Actual examples

of such combinations are briefly reviewed.

2. District Energy Overview and Benefits

David W. Wade, P.E., Member, RDA Engineering, Marietta, GA

District energy systems supply several buildings with chilled water, steam or hot water generated at a central plant. A variety of energy sources can be used

including liquid and solid fuels, natural gas, and renewable energy sources, such as solar, wind or geothermal. Efficiencies are gained by matching load

demand to heating and cooling process equipment, thermal storage, waste heat recovery, and the use of heat pumps. Modern systems have optimized system

temperatures and are models of energy efficiency, playing a significant role in providing reliable, efficient and environmentally responsible energy in many of

the world’s urban centers.

3. Case Study from Saint Paul, Minnesota: District Energy with CHP, TES and Renewable Fuel

Anders J. Rydaker, Ever-Green Energy, St. Paul, MN

This presentation highlights an experience developing District Energy St. Paul, North America’s largest hot water district energy system, as well as

the incorporation of biomass fuel, combined heat and power, district cooling, thermal storage, and large-scale solar thermal. This is a unique experience with

integrating these technologies to advance localized energy systems, achieving environmental and economic success for the utilities and customers. These

efforts are particularly important as communities seek energy solutions that are more resilient, reliable, and stable. The speaker shares expertise gained

through local and international projects, showcasing unique energy solutions to optimize energy production and delivery.

4. Reliability, Energy Efficiency and Environmental Stewardship, with Market Sensitivity: Princeton University as a

Case Study of District Energy with CHP, TES and Economic Dispatch

E. Ted Boer, P.E., Member, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ

This presentation includes a discussion of the energy systems that Princeton University employs to deliver safe, reliable energy to a wide range of customers

while minimizing operating costs and CO2 footprint and maximizing reliability and resiliency following extreme environmental events. Princeton’s predictive

economic dispatch system is discussed along with recent energy efficiency projects and ones that are being considered for future implementation.



The Façade Odyssey: Solutions for Design of High Performance Buildings


Room: Trianon

Sponsor: 02.08 Building Environmental Impacts and Sustainability, ASHRAE Associate Society Alliance

Chair: Kent Peterson, P.E., Presidential Fellow Life Member, P2S Engineering, Inc., Long Beach, CA

This seminar focuses on façade design as an important aspect of building, largely controlled by architects as per wishes of

building owners. However, based on experience of design of several Green Buildings, it has been found that façade

optimization can help reduce as much as 40% of building energy. This becomes an important aspect in developing economies

wherein decisions are generally based on first cost with little importance to life cycle cost. Emerging markets like BRIC nations

will add over 100 billion square feet in next two decades and better understanding of facade design will go a long way in

preserving ecological balance in the world. Speakers from different parts of world present experience on the effect of various

basic elements in design of envelope and its consequent effect on building operating energy, carbon emissions and air-

conditioning load. The final part of presentation focuses on future façade solutions.


1. Define Role of Facades in Energy Conservation 2. Describe how facades optimization can contribute towards energy savings

3. Provide an overview of advanced Façade Technologies

4. Explain the approach to minimizing the façade gains

5. Describe analysis performed to optimize building facades 6. Present case study on Façade Optimization

1. Facade Design for Natural Ventilation

Frank A. Mills, P.E., Member, Low Carbon Design Consultants, Leyland, United Kingdom

As facades become more airtight and the amount of glass area increases, the ability of the building to breathe naturally - using natural ventilation - must be

considered or else the design must resort to full air conditioning. This paper considers the issues which result in buildings being able to breathe in a controlled

manner achieving good IAQ and low energy whilst dealing with solar gains and internal loads. Hybrid solutions are considered as well as fully naturally

ventilated.

2. Double Façade, Phase Change Materials, and Green Walls

Ashish Rakheja, P.E., Member, Chief Operating Officer of Spectral, New Delhi, India

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High performance buildings are synonymous with efficient air-conditioning systems, innovative lighting solutions and target minimized operation cost (EUI)

but often engineers and architects individually. One of the areas that presents an opportunity is “Integrated Design,” where the project team members work in

tandem to collectively evaluate the effect of various external parameters rather than approaching it in silos. This requires better understanding of the affect that

a simple decision on façade design can play on building energy efficiency & equipment selection.

3. Latest Developments in High Performance Facades in North America

John Swift Jr., P.E., Member, Cannon Design, Boston, MA

Developments in fabric design, glass technology, innovative shading, daylight transmission and glare control and the use of integrated Photo Voltaics has lead

to new ways of designing high performance facades for low and zero energy buildings which surpass ASHRAE Standards 90.1 and 189.1 and which provide

higher IEQ for occupants at low operating costs.


SEMINAR 8 (BASIC)

The Latest Trends and Abilities of Mobile Applications for Load Calculations and Building Energy

Evaluations


Room: Sutton South

Sponsor: 04.01 Load Calculation Data and Procedures, 01.05 Computer Applications

Chair: Glenn Friedman, P.E., Fellow ASHRAE, Taylor Engineering, Alameda, CA

Are your HVAC load calculation and energy tools current? The latest trends and abilities of mobile applications for load

calculations and building energy evaluations are explored.


1. Better understand the difference between performing HVAC load calculations on a desktop computer versus a mobile device.

2. Understand the advantages/disadvantages of performing HVAC load calculations using a mobile device versus desktop

computer.

3. Understand some new features in HVAC load calculation technology that is available due to the unique functionality of

mobile devices such as GPS, always-on Internet, cameras, etc.

4. Explain the steps required to automatically select equipment given the results of a load calculations.

5. Understand why mobile applications are important for the overall goal of improving US energy efficiency.

6. Understand how mobile applications can speed up screening of buildings for specific energy efficient retrofit measures.

1. Recent Advances in Mobile Load Calculations

Stephen Roth, P.E., Member, Carmel Software Corp., San Rafael, CA

This presentation discusses a brief history and the current state of HVAC software on mobile devices such as smart phones and tablets. It discusses the

different types of HVAC mobile software including reference tools, calculators, Bluetooth-enabled measuring devices, and more. As the mobile space has

evolved over the past five years, app discovery and the apps, themselves, have also evolved. This seminar discusses this evolution. It also discusses some

specifics of mobile HVAC load calculators, and the unique functionality offered by mobile devices that complement the nature of load calc analysis including

GPS, always-on Internet, cameras, and more.

2. Residential Load Calculations and Equipment Selection in a Mobile Environment

Charles S. Barnaby, Member, Wrightsoft Corp., Lexington, MA

Improving the overall energy efficiency of the residential sector requires high productivity “scalable” analysis tools that can be used in the retrofit market.

Mobile applications, supported by cloud-based servers, can perform on-site heating and cooling load calculations leading to immediate proposals of specific

HVAC equipment upgrades. This presentation illustrates how tools of this type operate and offers some observation on design features that make them most

useful. For example, additional capabilities, such as energy analysis, can be added. Also discussed are issues associated with automated equipment selection.

3. Development of Mobile Applications for Rapid Building Retrofit Assessment at the EEB Hub

Russell Taylor, United Technologies Research Center, East Hartford, CT

This presentation discusses the development of a mobile application for rapid building audits and evaluations at the DOE Energy Efficient Buildings Hub

(EEB Hub). The application combines a guided process to standardize and mistake-proof data collection with cloud computing that will perform a rapid initial

energy performance assessment and screening of energy conservation retrofit measures. The tool is intended to reduce the high variability that results from

more conventional audits.

Sunday, January 19, 1:30 PM-3:00 PM


Emerging Technologies in the Built Environment: Geographic Information Science (GIS), 3D

Printing, and Additive Manufacturing


Room: Mercury

Sponsor: 01.05 Computer Applications

Chair: Stephen Roth, P.E., Member, Carmel Software Corporation, San Rafael, CA

This session highlights current capabilities and recent advances in both geographic information systems, 3D printing, and

additive manufacturing. The GIS portion will focus on advanced research, development, and applications of geographic

information and analysis systems to support the nation’s energy, environment, and security programs, from local to global

scales. Likewise, the next generation of manufacturing portion showcases 3D printing and additive manufacturing results and

simulation methods for revolutionizing the way buildings and products are designed and built to enable energy efficient mass

production.


1. Explain the current state of geographical information systems

2. Describe recent advances in geographical science and technology

3. Showcase modern applications of geographical applications for energy information at local and global scales

4. Explain the current state of 3D printing

5. Describe recent advances in additive manufacturing techniques and capabilities

6. Showcase modern applications of next generation manufacturing for efficient energy and material use to allow cost-effective

production.

1. Geographic Information Science (GIS) and the Built Environment

Budhendra Bhaduri, Ph.D., Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN

Geographic information systems emerged as a computer application in the late 1960s, led in part by projects at ORNL. The concept of a GIS has shifted

through time in response to new applications and new technologies, and is now part of a much larger world of geospatial technology. This presentation

discusses the relationship of GIS and estimating hourly and seasonal energy consumption profiles in the building sector at spatial scales down to the

individual parcel. The method combines annual building energy simulations for city-specific prototypical buildings and commonly available geospatial data in

a GIS framework.

2. 3D Printing for Commercial Building Design

Mark Buckner, Ph.D., Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN

This presentation focuses on 3D printing technologies and how they have rapidly evolved over the past couple of years. At a basic level, 3D printing produces

physical models quickly and easily from 3D CAD, BIM (Building Information Models), and other digital data. Many AEC firms have adopted 3D printing as

part of commercial building design development and project delivery. This presentation includes an overview of 3D printing, discusses its current use in

building design, and talks about its future in relation to the HVAC industry.

3. New Frontiers in Additive Manufacturing

Lonnie Love, Ph.D., Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN

This presentation discusses additive manufacturing and how it is revolutionizing the design of commercial and residential facilities. Additive manufacturing

utilizes a broad range of direct manufacturing technologies, including electron beam melting, ultrasonic, extrusion, and laser metal deposition for rapid

prototyping. While there is some overlap with the 3D printing talk, this presentation focuses on the materials aspect of additive manufacturing and also some

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of the more advanced technologies involved with rapid prototyping. These technologies include design of carbon fiber composites, lightweight metals

processing, transient field processing, and more.


SEMINAR 10 (BASIC)

Engineering our Cities to Meet and Beat the Challenges of Climate Change


Room: Sutton South

Sponsor: CIBSE ASHRAE Liaison, 02.08 Building Environmental Impacts and Sustainability

Chair: Tim Dwyer, Fellow ASHRAE, Bartlett School of Graduate Studies, University College London, London, United

Kingdom

The engineering, landscaping, and building communities are in an ideal position to reduce the impact of cities on climate as

well as creating and operating safe and effective cities in future climates that are likely to be 2 degrees C warmer than today.

This session considers how climate change will impact the HVAC&R professional, how systems are already failing to meet

demands of a warming climate, and the impact that increasingly challenging environment has on air conditioning systems. It

concludes by considering the status of cities and why the 5th international law is needed to halt core causes of climate change.


1. Describe the overall impact of climate change on HVAC&R design and operation

2. Provide an overview of the effect of warming climates on building energy use and how it can be reduced

3. Explain how the challenge of warmer climates have adversely affected installed air conditioning systems

4. Explain why legislative measures may be required to enforce change in engineering future cities to address the needs of

climate change

5. List some of the key factors that would positively benefit from the holistic citywide approach to engineering design

6. Discuss how engineering and landscaping can work together to improve existing cities in reducing energy and heat island

effects

1. Preparing Our Cities for a Changing Climate

Hywel Davies, Ph.D., Member, Chartered Institution of Building Services Engineers, London, England

It is now widely accepted that global climatic conditions are changing, although there is still some debate about the causes of this change. July 2013, for

example, was the third hottest and driest July on record in London. These conditions pose a challenge for HVAC engineers to mitigate the conditions and

provide comfortable environments for buildiing occupiers. This presentation briefly reviews the latest view on global changes in climate, and then considers

the engineering challenges of providing healthy and comfortable internal environments in a changing climate.

2. Air Conditioning Failures: Now and Future

David Arnold, Ph.D., Fellow Life Member, London South Bank University, London, United Kingdom

In the current climate, air conditioning systems fail from time to time, or fail to provide the comfort conditions the users expect. The consequences can mean

significant financial cost or losses for some of the parties involved in delivering the system and the parties involved usually want to find out what went wrong,

what caused the problem and perhaps more importantly who was responsible, and may have to pay for remedial works or compensate for losses. This

presentation reviews some recent real life air conditioning failures and considers what is likely to happen in a warming, more challenging, urban environment.

3. The Missing 5th International Law: Time to Protect the Earth and Our Cities

George Adams, CIBSE, London, United Kingdom

We have international law protecting people - why not a law protecting the Earth? At least 70% of current coal, oil and gas reserves must stay put to limit

climate change. Yet coal rose by over 50% during 2000 to 2010. As the world's cities head towards housing 70% of the population the increasing impacts of

'heat islands' are creating their own climates. This presentation considers the status of cities and why the 5th international law is needed in addressing climate

change impacts. Re-engineering energy supply and adaptation of the built environment is the key to success.



Heat Exchanger Designs for Lower GWP Refrigerants


Room: Regent

Sponsor: 08.04 Air-to-Refrigerant Heat Transfer Equipment

Chair: Edward A. Vineyard, P.E., Member, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN

The use of refrigerants with low global warming potential (GWP) may require changes in heat exchanger designs which

include internal enhancements or reduced internal volume. This seminar presents information on modeling and test results with

low GWP refrigerants that will enable equipment designers to plan for any impending changes that will be required to

accommodate low GWP refrigerants.


1. Understand the design and operation of a heat exchanger test fixture which consists of a pumped refrigerant loop and a wind

tunnel.

2. Describe the relative performance of lower GWP refrigerants in air-cooled condensers.

3. Understand what special considerations are necessary in the design of heat exchangers using low GWP refrigerants.

4. Apply simple design techniques that will result in effective and compact heat exchanger designs.

5. Understand how to improve R-1234yf system performance by modifying heat exchanger designs.

6. Understand how low GWP refrigerant (R-1234yf) can be used as an alternative refrigerant for R-134a refrigerating system

and any system modifications required.

1. Performance of Alternative Refrigerants in Air-to-Refrigerant Heat Exchangers

Brian Fricke, Ph.D., Member, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN

Alternative refrigerants with lower Global Warming Potential (GWP) are needed to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. However, performance data for current

alternative refrigerants is of limited availability. Thus, in this presentation, the performance of various alternative refrigerants is evaluated in a condensing

coil, typical of that found in commercial refrigeration applications. A heat exchanger test fixture, consisting of a refrigerant conditioning loop and a wind

tunnel, is used to determine the performance of the refrigerants in the condenser under various operating conditions. The experimental data is supplemented

with the results from a coil simulation tool.

2. Heat Exchanger Design Considerations for Low GWP Refrigerants

Chad Bowers, Ph.D., Associate Member, Creative Thermal Solutions, Urbana, IL

The properties and characteristics of many low GWP alternative refrigerants can pose interesting design challenges to successful implementation in heat

exchangers. Some of these challenges include high refrigerant temperature glide, charge minimization, absolute pressure concerns, and sensitivity to pressure

drop. This presentation provides some design examples that address these challenges.

3. System Performance with Heat Exchanger Designs using Refrigerants R-152a and R-1234yf

Man-Hoe Kim, Ph.D., Member, Kyungpook National University, Buk-gu, Daegu, South Korea

Test results for refrigeration units in a constant temperature and constant humidity chamber using R-134a, R-152a and R-1234yf are presented. Heat

exchangers for low GWP refrigerant (R-152a & R-1234yf) systems were modified to meet requirements of system performance for a R-134a baseline system.

The paper presents system performance with heat exchanger designs using low GWP refrigerants (R-152a & R-1234yf).



Hydronic System Acoustics


Room: Beekman

Sponsor: 02.06 Sound and Vibration Control

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Chair: Erik Miller-Klein, P.E., Associate Member, SSA Acoustics, LLP, Seattle, WA

Understanding the acoustics characteristics of HVAC equipment and designing in the proper sound levels is important to

building occupants’ comfort. This session covers the sound characteristics of various chillers, including fixed and more efficient

variable speed designs. An in-depth discussion is presented for a new AHRI standard 1280P, which provides the sound power

rating method for water-cooled chillers. The general operation principles for active chilled beams and the primary sound

generation mechanism are introduced. An overview of how the acoustic performance is measured and cataloged is provided.

Selection and performance guidelines are also presented.


1. Explain major factors affecting chiller sound levels

2. Describe major sound sources and characteristics of chillers

3. Distinguish AHRI standard 575 and 1280P

4. Describe methods of measurements for AHRI1280P

5. Discuss relationship between acoustic performance and transfer efficiency of chilled beams

6. Explain how chilled beams are tested for acoustic performance

1. Acoustics Characteristics of Chillers

Jack Wang, Member, Ingersol Rand, La Cross, WI

This seminar covers the discussion of acoustics characteristics of various types of chillers, i.e. centrifugal, screw, and scroll. The major factors which impact

the sound levels are discussed, especially the effect of operating map and directivity. Understanding the characteristics and major factors helps acoustics

practitioners establish proper comparisons between different manufacturers’ products and demonstrate improvements before and after trouble shooting or

sound treatments.

2. New AHRI 1280 Sound Power Rating Standard of Water-Cooled Chillers

Patrick C. Marks, P.E., Member, Johnson Controls, York, PA

AHRI Standard 575 is one of the oldest AHRI sound standards, dating back to the early 1970’s. Recently, the AHRI Technical Committee on Sound has been

tasked with developing a rating standard to compliment AHRI Standard 575. This new standard, AHRI Standard 1280P, will include three methods of

measurements: sound intensity, reverberation room and free-field over a reflecting plane. It will also provide a rating method for water-cooled chiller sound

power levels.

3. Chilled Beams: Inducing Acoustic Performance

Patrick Oliver, P.Eng., Member, E.H. Price, Ltd., Winnipeg, MB, Canada

In the drive for efficiency, chilled beams have received a lot of attention in recent years. One of the important but often overlooked aspects of performance for

these devices is the sound created by these devices. The general principles of operation for active chilled beams and the primary mechanism of sound

generation is introduced. An overview of how the acoustic performance is measured and typically cataloged is provided. Selection and performance guidelines

are presented in context of some case studies examining sound sensitive installations.



IAQ in Low-Energy Homes: Avoiding Collateral Damage


Room: Sutton North

Sponsor: Environmental Health Committee

Chair: Andrew K. Persily, Ph.D., Member, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD

Great progress has been made in reducing residential energy consumption, with the latest buzzword being net-zero. Whether

a home is net-zero or very low energy, it is critically important that energy efficiency measures do not compromise the indoor

environment. Homes, and buildings in general, exist for the occupants, not to win energy efficiency competitions, and there is a

perceived, and in some cases real, tension between the goals of energy efficiency and indoor air quality. As we move towards

low-energy homes, we need to consider IAQ by providing low-energy homes that support and ideally improve the health and

comfort of the occupants.


1. Understand the importance of addressing indoor air quality while pursuing low-energy building design and operation. 2. Understand the approaches being used to address ventilation and indoor air quality in low-energy, high performance

residential buildings.

3. Understand the key indoor contaminants of interest in residential buildings and the levels being measured in low-energy, high

performance buildings.

4. Understand how the mantra of “build tight, ventilation right” is being implemented in practice.

5. Appreciate the fact that low-energy buildings are subject to the same issues of commissioning, operation and maintenance,

and occupancy effects as any other building.

6. Describe the wide range of resources and programs available to designers and other practitioners to provide good indoor air

quality and reduce energy use.

1. Field Study of Airtightness, Ventilation and IAQ in 24 High Performance Green California Homes

Brennan Less, Residential Building Systems Group, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA

Today’s high performance homes are reaching unheard of airtightness levels and using new materials, technologies and strategies, whose impacts on IAQ

aren’t known. This research assessed 24 occupied new or deeply retrofitted homes designed to be high performance green buildings in California using

pollutant measurements, home inspections, diagnostic testing and occupant surveys. Airtightness and ventilation system performance varied. Pollutant

measurements were compared with health-relevant standards, as well as levels measured in conventional new and existing homes in other studies. The factors

affecting indoor pollutant levels in these homes are discussed, including source control, occupant behavior, kitchen ventilation and filtration.

2. VOC and HCHO Measurements in New Homes

Brett Singer, Ph.D., Member, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA

LBNL recently conducted two measurement campaigns to assess the effectiveness of ventilation and the benefits of using low emitting materials with goal of

reducing formaldehyde and other VOC exposures in new homes. The ventilation study measured concentrations and calculated emission rates at three air

exchange rates in each of nine residential units. The source control study collected samples in in new LEED / Indoor airPLUS homes in New Mexico.

Summary results are presented.

3. The Realities of Operation and Occupancy in Net-Zero Energy Homes: Two Case Studies

Kurt Roth, Ph.D., Member, Fraunhofer Center for Sustainable Energy Systems, Cambridge, MA

Low-energy homes are often claimed to improve comfort and indoor air quality. This study monitored the indoor environment of two homes designed to be

net-zero energy with tight enclosures and mechanical ventilation. Although residents did not report discomfort or air quality issues, the mechanical

ventilation systems suffered from operational and application issues, resulting in high CO2 and relative humidity levels. These findings confirm that IAQ is

not well understood by occupants, particularly if there are no odorous pollutants. Moreover, they highlight the importance of effective commissioning of

ventilation systems and IAQ testing to ensure these systems provide sufficient ventilation air.

4. IAQ Specs in a Net-Zero Energy Research Home: How Well Did They Work?

Andrew K. Persily, Ph.D., Member, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD

The National Institute of Standards and Technology recently constructed a test facility to demonstrate technologies in support of netzero or near zero

residential buildings. Ventilation and IAQ issues were addressed through a balanced mechanical ventilation system with heat recovery and specifications for

low-emitting building materials. Measurements are being performed to verify that the IAQ and ventilation goals are being achieved, including system airflow

rates, VOC and aldehyde concentrations, and thermal comfort. This presentation describes the building design and presents preliminary measurement results

that show the importance of airtightness, ventilation and IAQ in achieving high-performance, near zero energy buildings.



Cutting Edge Japanese Technologies (Systems and Equipment): SHASE Annual Award for New

Buildings in 2013


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Room: Sutton Center

Chair: Shinsuke Kato, Ph.D., Fellow ASHRAE, University of Tokyo Institute of Industrial Science, Tokyo, Japan

Three new buildings which were awarded by SHASE in 2013 are introduced, two of which are R and D centers of major

construction companies and another is a building housing one of the fastest computers in the world.


1. Learn about an air-conditioning system combining a centralized ductless air-conditioning system and separate heat pump

package systems, which is installed in a low-carbon office building in Tokyo, and understand its advantages and the

characteristics of measured COPs.

2. Understand the measurement results of electricity consumption for the whole building as well as each item, such as air-

conditioning, lighting and electrical outlets in the low-carbon office building and analyze the key information to realize energy

conservation in a real building.

3. Describe the daytime lighting, displacement of natural ventilation and perimeter buffer system as passive technologies

integrating architectural and environmental planning.

4. Describe ground-coupled heat pump system using a high thermal conductivity filler, a personal air-conditioning system using

the medium chilled water latent heat-storage material and air-conditioning and a control system to switch illumination on/off

using IC-tags as an active technology;' integrating high-efficiency and IT systems in one.

5. Describe the cooling for a high heat load density of 8 kW/m2 by hybrid (air and water) HVAC systems.

6. Describe the highly efficient multi-heat source (gas and electricity) system of PUE=1.3.

1. Energy-Saving Technologies Incorporated in Low-Carbon Office Building: Air-Conditioning System that Combines

a Centralized Ductless Air-Conditioning System and Heat Pump Package Systems and Efficient Utilization of Indirect

Lighting

Yuichi Takemasa, Ph.D., P.E., Member, Building Environment Group, Kajima Technical Research Institute, Tokyo, Japan

This presentation describes energy-saving technologies incorporated in a low-carbon office building located in Tokyo. The air-conditioning system combining

a centralized system and heat pump package systems reduces energy consumption. The ductless air-conditioning system also reduces material usage and helps

minimize floor height while securing maximum ceiling height by combining with full flat slabs. The measurement results demonstrate high and show how the

ductless air-conditioning system can prevent drafts. The building also employs energy-saving lighting systems utilizing indirect lighting. The

measured CO2 emissions were 37.5 kg-CO2/(m2•year), a 62.5% reduction compared to a standard office building in Tokyo.

2. Advanced Office with Low Carbon and High Workplace Productivity Targeting ZEB

Tsuyoshi Itoh, P.E., Obayashi Corporation, Nagoya, Japan

In September 2011, the “O-Techno-Station” was built as a new center creating innovative technologies, demonstrating our advanced technologies and

presenting them to society. As a low-carbon building with high workplace productivity and an advanced office environment, we set ourselves an aggressive

target of a 55% reduction in CO2 emissions in comparison with a general office building. A 64.7% reduction was achieved in the 2012 fiscal year by passive

methods; harmonized with the natural environment, active methods; combined with advanced technologies and management methods and visualization. The

emission ZEB was realized using carbon offset.

3. A Highly Efficient and Reliable MEP System to Support the Stable Operation of Supercomputer “K”

Yuhei Seki, Nikken Sekkei, Tokyo, Japan

This presentation describes the highly efficient and reliable MEP system to support the stable operation of supercomputer “K”. “K” comprises864

computer units and generates a heat load peaking at 8kW/m2. In this facility, we integrated designs unique to supercomputer centers such as a combination

of efficient air- and water-cooled HVAC systems and an efficient and reliable heat source system using CGS waste heat. Another feature was the skillful

deployment of these existing technologies. This facility recorded PUE=1.3~1.4, making it the most efficient of the supercomputer facilities in Japan.



Fault Detection, Diagnostics and Control for Packaged Commercial Rooftop and Split Residential

Units: What's New?



Sponsor: 07.05 Smart Building Systems, SPC 207P, 07.03 Operation and Maintenance Management

Chair: Michael R. Brambley, Ph.D., Fellow ASHRAE, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA

Packaged rooftop units (RTUs) condition 69% of cooled commercial floor space in the U.S., and 60% of U.S. homes use

central air-conditioning equipment, yet many of these systems are poorly operated and maintained. Fault detection and

diagnostics (FDD) and new control approaches provide means to improve operations and transform how maintenance is

performed. Recent activities are linking control of air conditioners and other equipment, integrating requirements for FDD into

energy codes, developing standard laboratory test methods to support such requirements, and developing and field testing FDD

methods for residential and commercial units. This seminar provides the latest on these developments.


1. Understand how linking the control of rooftop air conditioners on a commercial building can be used to minimize peak

electric loads for the building to control demand charges or enable load shedding for participation in demand response

programs.

2. Describe the basic performance of the fault detection and diagnostics (FDD) in-field tool for residential air conditioners

described in the seminar.

3. Describe how FDD can be used to improve the maintenance of commercial and residential air conditioners. 4. Understand how standards can accelerate the adoption of emerging technologies like FDD in commercial packaged air-

conditioning systems.

5. Understand the different, but complementary, roles of the California Title 24 building code requirement for FDD and

ASHRAE SPC 207P. 6. Understand a way in which steady-state power consumption can be used as an indicator of commercial packaged unit

performance degradation.

1. Transactional Network for Commercial Buildings

George R. Hernandez, P.E., U.S. Department of Energy, Washington, DC

The U.S. Department of Energy has funded development and deployment of a Transactional Network for commercial buildings, initially targeting connecting

RTUs to information from the electric power grid, to other RTUs, and to applications in the Cloud to support transactions that optimize efficiency and

provide services to the grid. The project developed grid responsive control strategies and demonstrates advanced, self-correcting and grid-responsive

monitoring, controls, and smart diagnostics for RTUs. The Transactional Network provides technology that greatly increases actual RTU operating efficiency,

improves the condition of RTUs, and provides for seamless transactions among RTUs and with the electric power grid.

2. Is This My Fault? A Lab Assessment of an In-Field Fault Detection and Diagnostics Tool on a Residential Split

System Air Conditioner

Sean Gouw, Associate Member, Southern California Edison (SCE), Irwindale, CA

Fault detection and diagnostics (FDD) technologies have enormous potential to enhance the future of energy efficiency. Traditional air conditioner

maintenance practices are open to varying interpretations and are reactive in nature. FDD can provide the intelligence to accurately and reliably understand

equipment performance. This paper presents the findings of a research project conducted in the laboratories of Southern California Edison’s Technology Test Centers.

The project focused on the evaluation of an in-field FDD tool on a residential split-system air conditioner and the assessment of the impacts of common faults

on a residential split-system air conditioner.

3. Standards for Fault Detection and Diagnostics in Packaged Commercial Air Conditioning Systems

Kristin Heinemeier, Ph.D., P.E., Member, Western Cooling Efficiency Center, Davis, CA

Fault Detection and Diagnostics (FDD) for packaged AC systems has been under development for many years, although its present impact on the market is

minimal. Promising tools are beginning to emerge commercially, but market transformation requires more than developing products; it requires things such

as codes and standards, procurement guidelines, utility incentive programs, requirements in rating systems, modeling methods, design tools, standard nomenclature, and market research—all of which require standards for describing

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the FDD systems and the faults that they address. This presentation describes an effort to create an ASHRAE Standard and one building code that will shortly

require FDD.

4. Very-Low Cost Smart Monitoring and Diagnostic System for Packaged Air Conditioners and Heat Pumps

Yunzhi (Lucy) Huang, Member, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA

Packaged air-conditioners and heat pumps serve over 60% of the total commercial building floor space in the U.S., contributing about 230 trillion Btus of

energy consumption annually. However, their general small capacity, low cost, compact volume and rooftop installations often lead to inadequate maintenance

during their lives. This presentation describes a smart monitoring and diagnostic technology that automatically and continuously tracks package unit

performance, detects performance degradation (or improvement), detects other system faults, and estimates the energy impacts of changes in system

performance. To make it economically practical, the system only uses sensors for outdoor-air temperature and total system power.



Efficient Technologies That Are Also Economically Sustainable, Part 2 of 3: Combined Heat &

Power (CHP) and Complementary Options


Room: Trianon

Sponsor: 01.10 Cogeneration Systems, TC 6.2 and TC 6.9, 06.02 District Energy

Chair: Richard Sweetser, Member, Exergy Partners Corp., Herndon, VA

Combined Heat and Power (CHP) systems are highly efficient hydronic systems that are increasingly being used particularly

in urban centers and as electric grid resiliency solutions. CHP systems provide individual buildings, campus sites and district

energy systems with energy and economic solutions when properly designed. Background, theoretical and actual CHP, Thermal

Energy Storage (TES) and District Energy systems are presented and analyzed during this seminar.


1. Present an overview of CHP system design and application

2. Provide an overview of CHP system benefits

3. Explain the principal load characteristics that are required for CHP plant design

4. Explain the synergies of district energy, thermal energy storage and CHP systems 5. Describe thermal energy storage design and operation implications for effective CHP systems 6. Present the sustainable economic arguments for CHP systems, CHP/district energy systems and CHP systems with TES.

1. CHP Overview and Benefits

Lucas B. Hyman, P.E., Member, Goss Engineering, Inc., Corona, CA

The presentation highlights the many benefits of CHP focusing on the synergies of CHP integration with district energy and thermal storage, which are all

time-tested, proven technologies that can and do save both energy and costs, and bring value to stakeholders. The CHP benefits discussed include: Providing a

return-on-investment; increased fuel utilization efficiency and subsequent reduced source energy use; lower facility energy cost; improved facility reliability;

reduced electric demand on constrained urban utility grids and near-fully-loaded associated electric power generation equipment; reduced CO2 emission;

andability to use biofuels, which can be sustainable and essentially carbon neutral.

2. Integration Design Issues

Gearoid Foley, Member, Integrated CHP Systems Corp., Princeton, NJ

This presentation reviews some of the design requirements when integrating CHP, hydronic based district energy systems and thermal energy storage. The

requirements for these discrete design approaches can seriously undermine the potential benefits of each system component if they are not properly

coordinated. A holistic thermal first design approach with proper attention to thermal load characteristics can result in reduced cost and energy demand as

well as optimized performance. The presentation discusses: Load thermal characteristics and thermal/electric ratio; district energy impact; thermal energy

storage impact; hydronic based cooling systems; integrating the elements; and impact on CHP design.

3. Case Study from Houston, Texas: District Energy with CHP and TES

Blake E. Ellis, P.E., Member, Burns & McDonnell, Kansas City, MO

This case study highlights the benefits that CHP can bring to a critical environment like the Texas Medical Center. This large (45MW) CHP system provides

power and thermal reliability to the largest medical center in North America. This case study also shows how CHP can provide extreme cost savings in a

deregulated utility market where the price of power changes every 15 minutes. Turbine inlet cooling and thermal energy storage technologies that are utilized

in this project that earned a First Place ASHRAE Technology Award in 2012 and a Second Place ASHRAE Technology Award in 2013.



Efficient Technologies That Are Also Economically Sustainable, Part 3 of 3: Thermal Energy

Storage (TES) and Complementary Options


Room: Trianon

Sponsor: 06.09 Thermal Storage, 01.10 Cogeneration, 06.02 District Energy

Chair: Geoffrey C. Bares, Associate Member, CB&I, Plainfield, IL

This is the final seminar in a three part series exploring the inherent synergies between District Energy systems, Combined

Heat & Power generation, and Thermal Energy Storage (TES), focusing more closely on the benefits of TES. After a brief

introduction to TES, its applications, and its advantages, this session explores TES in practice through specific case studies and

demonstrates the truly sustainable value of TES now and in the foreseeable future.


1. Describe how chilled water TES tanks can be utilized to save energy and shift large electric loads from the peak periods of

time, and reduce energy consumption.

2. Appreciate the potential financial benefits that a TES system can provide to the owners and operators of chilled water district

cooling systems.

3. Describe how the application of thermal storage tremendously benefited operating costs and the business case for an actual

district cooling solution. 4. Integrate thermal storage into a traditional chilled water cooling plant design. 5. Explain why energy storage is a vital component of the Smart Grid and a lower carbon future. 6. Understand why thermal storage is the most energy efficient and least expensive storage option.

1. Thermal Energy Storage Overview and Benefits

Guy S. Frankenfield, P.E., Member, DN Tanks, Grand Prairie, TX

Thermal Energy Storage (TES) systems have served the district cooling market for over 30 years as an economical and reliable technology to reduce the

electric demand during peak electric periods, along with reducing the electric consumption to produce the necessary cooling. This combination of reduced

electric load and reduced consumption, improves the overall efficiency of a chilled water system. These TES systems act as large batteries, storing electrical

power in the form of chilled water. The daily charging and discharging TES systems provide owners with the flexibility to permanently lower their peak

electric demand, while reducing their energy consumption.

2. Case Studies: Ice TES for District Cooling in Miami-Dade County

Andre LeBlanc, ConEdison Solutions, Miami, FL

In 2006, Miami-Dade County acquired an adjacent utility-owned district cooling plant to anchor a much larger district cooling network that could continue to

serve current customers and meet the County’s current and future internal cooling loads. The ability to shift significant demand using thermal storage

provided the potential of up to $4.1 million in utility rebates that would tremendously benefit the financial efficacy of purchasing and expanding the plant.

This presentation discusses the build-out of the district cooling plant, the drivers for expansion, and how thermal storage helped reduce Miami-Dade County’s

utility cost by $1.25 million per year.

3. The Ever-Growing Value Proposition of TES

Mark MacCracken, P.E., Member, CALMAC Manufacturing Corp, Fair Lawn, NJ

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Energy Storage is now regularly referred to as the "Holy Grail" of renewable energy resources since storage brings dispatchablity to renewables. Whereas it is

difficult to collect renewables (wind and solar) in dense urban environments, storage of renewables within urban buildings is easily accomplished and the

most desirable place to locate it for a number of reasons. When you analyze the different forms of energy storage, Thermal is a hands down winner whether

the drivers are capital cost, reducing energy cost, energy usage or even LEED points. These statements are explored and demonstrated with local NYC

examples.

Monday, January 20 2:15 AM-5:00 PM

Monday, January 20, 8:00 AM-9:30 AM

TECHNICAL PAPER SESSION 4 ()

Energy Master Planning for Low Energy Communities, Part 1



Chair: Katherine Hammack, Member, US Army, Washington , DC

The influence of increasing oil prices, the effects of climate change, and the desire to become independent of fossil fuel

imports have stimulated many countries and their communities to set ambitious goals to reduce energy use and to increase the

relative amount of energy derived from renewable energy sources in their total energy consumption. The most ambitious goal is

to become


1. Energy Master Planning towards Net-Zero Energy Communities/Campuses (NY-14-010)

Alexander Zhivov1, Richard J. Liesen1 and Michael Case, Ph.D., Associate Member1, (1)Engineer Research & Development

Center, Champaign, IL

The influence of increasing oil prices, the effects of climate change, and the desire to become independent of fossil fuel imports have stimulated many

countries and their communities to set ambitious goals to reduce energy use and to increase the relative amount of energy derived from renewable energy

sources in their total energy consumption. The most ambitious goal is to become “net-zero” relative to fossil fuels, or to employ the concept of the “energy

neutral” community/campus. Essentially, both terms denote an energy configuration in which the amount of fossil fuel-based energy used over the course of a

year is equal to the amount of energy derived from renewable energy sources that is exported from the community/campus to a power or thermal grid for

external consumption. Under ideal circumstances, the community consumes no fossil fuel-based energy, only energy generated from renewable sources; this

would require the availability of long-term thermal and power storage systems. The achievement of such energy goals in economical and physically realistic

ways requires new unconventional approaches with respect to organization, implementation, funding, and technical decisions. The technical approach

involves an emphasis on energy conservation, implementation of energy efficiency measures, use of waste energy streams, reduction of fossil fuel-based

energy (if needed), and replacement of fossil fuel-based energy with energy derived from renewable sources. This paper explores approaches used by some of

the most innovative International Energy Agency (IEA) countries to develop an ideal roadmap and transition process to reach net-zero or near net-zero energy

targets; analyzes best practices in different countries to provide the best examples of net-zero applications across the globe; and, based on an analysis of

solutions using front-running methods and technologies, makes recommendations for energy master planning towards net-zero communities and campuses.

The paper is prepared as the introduction to an ASHRAE two-part session and describes technical and non-technical aspects of successful energy master

planning. Follow-on papers included in this session (Case 2013, Swanson 2013, Garforth 2013, Kerschberger 2013, and Zhivov 2013) address comprehensive

tools that can be used by energy master planners and examples of successful projects where this concept and tools have been implemented.

2. A Computational Framework for Low Energy Community Analysis and Optimization (NY-14-011)

Michael Case, Ph.D., Associate Member1, Richard J. Liesen, Ph.D., Member1, Alexander Zhivov, Ph.D., Member1, Matthew

Swanson, Ph.D.1, Benjamin Barnes1 and James Stinson2, (1)Engineer Research & Development Center, Champaign, IL,

(2)U.S. Army Engineer Research and Development Center, Vicksburg, MS

The increasing world-wide emphasis on “Net Zero” (NZ) or “Low Energy Communities” (LECs) has brought with it a concomitant requirement for high

quality technical analysis and optimization to support planners. The authors’ experience in energy planning for military installations has identified best-

practice processes as well as common analysis tasks performed by LEC planners. Requirements for data collection, modeling, optimization, and organization

of inputs and results are significant, leading to higher cost, long study times, and limits on the number of alternative scenarios that can feasibly be considered.

In addition, changes in data or assumptions can lead to considerable rework, leading to further delay and potential for the introduction of errors. This paper

describes a computational framework and reference implementation for low energy community analysis and optimization designed to automate many of the

repetitive and time-consuming organizational, modeling, and optimization tasks involved in LEC planning. The framework incorporates whole building

simulation, community-wide optimization of distribution and supply, geospatial data, and an overall approach to data organization that permits implementers

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to use their choice of modeling software. A reference implementation of the framework, the “Net Zero Installation” tool, was developed and tested at four

Department of Defense installations. Results show decreased time to set up studies and to conduct simulations and optimization. This paper provides

examples and discusses trade-offs between process steps that should be automated and those that are more appropriate for human judgment and experience.

3. Community-Scale Energy Supply and Distribution Optimization Using Mixed Integer Linear Programming (NY-14-

012)

Alexander Zhivov, Engineer Research & Development Center, Champaign, IL

Community-scale energy planning represents a multidiscipline problem involving the competition of many economic, environmental, energy security, and

logistical requirements. This complex problem is routinely faced by the US military installations, both domestic and abroad, and can result in unnecessary

financial and personnel costs if a sub-optimal solution is chosen. In response to this problem, the US Army Corps of Engineers (USACE) has developed a

community-scale, mixed integer linear programming (MILP) based model to assist in the selection of energy supply and distribution equipment and to

determine optimal schedules of operation. The model was developed to minimize the total annual equivalent cost of providing thermal and electric power to

clusters of buildings by selecting from existing or potential equipment using a fully centralized, fully decentralized, or hybrid approach, while meeting all

other required constraints. This paper describes the model (with an emphasis on its unique elements in relationship to similar existing models), its limitations,

and considerations for future work.



Building Performance Enhancement through Modeling and Control


Room: Mercury

Chair: Yunho Hwang, Ph.D., Member, University of Maryland, College Park, MD

Modeling of buildings is the starting point of building performance enhancement, and enables researchers to investigate

several control strategies before implementation for optimum building operation energy savings. This session explores a

calibrated building model, a linear dispersion ductwork systems analysis, and various building control technologies and their

energy saving potential.


1. After attending this session, the attendees will be able to distinguish the levels of internal gains and occupancy accuracy that

are possible with their data, and required for their building energy modeling purposes.

2. After attending this session, the attendees will be able to apply stochastic studies of uncertain parameters to building energy

models.

3. Describe common deficiencies of legacy control systems

4. Apply tablets to a Building Automation System to gain operational efficiencies

5. Describe prognostic equipment monitoring for HVAC

6. Explain the recognize-and-collaborate paradigm for equipment monitoring

7. Describe Low-Tech/No-Cost strategies for K-12 Schools.

8. Provide estimated savings for schools or businesses that the attendees work with by applying these strategies.

9. The effect of R-value on the HVAC system using linear dispersion ductwork systems.

10. Challenges and solution strategies for managing large Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) simulation data sets.

1. Modeling a Multi-Purpose Public Building with Stochastic Gains and Occupancy Schedules (NY-14-C015)

Justin C. DeBlois, Student Member1, William O. Collinge1, Melissa M. Bilec, Ph.D.1, Alex K. Jones1 and Laura A. Schaefer,

Ph.D.1, (1)University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA

The representation of internal gains is a major source of uncertainty and error in building models. Even for existing buildings when data are available, the

high amount of variability may make day type diversity scheduling inadequate for calibrating a model and predicting the performance of energy conservation

measures. This study used gains data to calibrate the model of a LEED Gold, multi-use university building with wet-lab, dry-lab, open and partitioned office

spaces. Six occupancy schedules, two lighting schedules, and four equipment schedules were developed from building management system data. The day

type diversity schedule method was compared to simulation with the actual hourly gains data. Next, Monte-Carlo simulation explored the uncertainty in the

model results from the uncertainty in the mean gains levels used to create the diversity schedules. The unpredictable variations in daily levels have a

significant impact on the annual and monthly consumption patterns and successful calibration. Finally, to better represent typical daily variations in

occupancy and gains, two methods were developed for creating stochastic schedules from the statistical properties of the measured data. The paper explores

the effect of the representation of internal gains variability on performance prediction and model calibration. It assesses the level to which this variation

should be accounted for in a robust predictive model, and the error inherent in representing naturally varying occupant behavior as a daily constant.

2. Building Control Technologies: Campus BAS Upgrade (NY-14-C016)

Brian K. Bozell, Member1 and Ken Law2, (1)Environmental Systems Design, Inc. (ESD), Chicago, IL, (2)CBRE, Chicago, IL

This phased project includes Building Automation System (BAS) upgrades on eight buildings. Seven buildings are located on the main campus and were

built in the 1960s and 1970s. The Cantera building, built in 1999, is located less than a mile from the main campus. The use of the buildings includes pilot

plants, labs, office spaces, warehouses, and campus utilities with a combined total square footage of 1,200,000 sf. The purpose of the building spaces has

changed over time and equipment operation has been updated to match. Legacy controllers and standalone pneumatic controls will be replaced with new

direct digital controls (DDC). The new DDC allows for advanced sequence of operations with reset schedules and automatic setpoint adjustments. Design will

continue through 2014 with construction ongoing concurrently.

3. Cloud Integrated Monitoring and Remedial Control for Facilities through the Recognize-and-Collaborate Paradigm

(NY-14-C017)

Thomas G. Freund, Dig.y.SoL, West Hartford, CT

A distributed collaboration paradigm enables continuous active networked oversight of facility equipment operating within a cloud-based distributed network.

This paradigm enables, wherever possible, remedial control actions that mitigate the effects of degraded equipment. It also enables integration with available

digital facility information sources, such as a Building Information Models (BIM).

4. "Low-Tech/No Cost" Control Strategies to Save Energy in K-12 Schools (NY-14-C018)

Raymond C. Tesiero III, Student Member1, Nabil Nassif, Ph.D., P.E., Member1, Carol Graydon, Student Member2 and

Harmohindar Singh, Ph.D., Member1, (1)North Carolina A&T State University - Center for Energy Research and Technology,

Greensboro, NC, (2)Guilford County Schools, Greensboro, NC

Advanced energy management control systems (EMCS) offer an excellent means of reducing energy consumption in heating, ventilating, and air conditioning

(HVAC) systems while maintaining and improving indoor environmental conditions. This can be achieved through the use of computational intelligence and

optimization with a building automation system and multiple sensors which can be quite expensive. However, energy awareness and proper scheduling

achieve the best opportunities to save energy with little to no cost for existing facilities. These “low tech – no cost” ideas are easily implemented and quickly

reduce utility costs. This paper includes actual utility data and information gathered while performing energy audits at several K-12 Schools in North

Carolina. These control strategies are well known and documented but are rarely implemented in most school districts and universities. This paper discusses

these control strategies and extrapolate savings for an entire school district based on real data. These processes can also be integrated into an EMCS to

perform several intelligent functions achieving optimal system performance.

5. High-Resolution Performance Analysis of a Large Building with Linear Dispersion Ductwork Systems (NY-14-C019)

Anthony Fontanini1, Michael G. Olsen, Ph.D.1, Umesh Vaidya, Ph.D.1 and Baskar Ganapathysubramanian, Ph.D.1, (1)Iowa

State University, Ames, IA

Buildings consume 40% of the U.S. annual energy usage. The energy usage of building can drastically be reduced by proper management of the thermal load

in large interior spaces. A well designed space should include systems that balance both occupant comfort and efficiency. Recently linear dispersion

ductwork systems have been shown to be a promising solution for creating both comfortable and efficient spaces. In this work, we extend the high-resolution

analysis of linear, fabric-based, air distribution system to large scale spaces and integrate it with a novel sensor placement analysis strategy based on our

recent work on the Perron - Frobenious operator.



Indoor Air Quality: Impact of Variables


Room: Sutton North

35

Chair: John Dunlap, Dunlap and Partners, Richmond, VA

This session explores the impact of various air delivery methods, air filtration methods and air treatment technologies on

indoor air quality. In addition, the role air systems and room variables play in the spread of air-borne contaminants is examined.


1. Explain how a person’s activity level will influence this person’s breathing.

2. Explain the increased cross-infection risk which will exist in the microenvironment around two persons.

3. Will understand the effect of ozone surface reactions with human skin secretions on inhalation exposure to harmful

chemicals. 4. Appreciate the pros and cons of using personalized ventilation systems in the presence of ozone reactions with human skin

chemicals such as squalene.

5. Get a direct impression on the microenvironment among three persons

6. Understand symmetrically located individuals have different exposures

7. Describe the methods used to compare botanical and mechanical air filtration systems.

8. Define the components and function of the Biowall.

1. Breathing and Cross-Infection Risk in the Micro-Environment Around People (NY-14-C020)

Peter V. Nielsen, Ph.D.1, Jan Zajas2, Michal Litewnicki2 and Rasmus L. Jensen, Ph.D.1, (1)Aalborg University, Aalborg,

Denmark, (2)Civil Engineering department, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark

The paper focuses on the characterizing of cross-infection risk in a room with an air distribution which creates fully-mixed conditions. Several experiments

are made to develop models for the flow in the micro-environment and models for the cross infection risk. The first part of the measurements covers

experiments with one thermal manikin simulating a person. The exhalation flow in the micro-environment is examined in order to provide a description of its

behavior, and to create a mathematical model of velocity and concentration distribution as well as a model for the trajectory of the exhalation flow. Second

part covers measurements with use of two manikins. It is examined how one exhaling manikin can influence another one with respect to cross infection risks

and a model for this process is indicated. This study includes detailed analyses of the flow in the micro-environment of the two manikins and a study of the

importance of the individual distance between the manikins.

2. Effect of Chemical Reactions in the Personal Micro-Environment on Inhaled Air Quality (NY-14-C021)

Jackie S. Russo, Ph.D.1 and H. Ezzat Khalifa, Ph.D., Fellow ASHRAE2, (1)Carrier Corporation, Syracuse, NY, (2)Syracuse

University, Syracuse, NY

An experimentally-validated computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model was enhanced to predict the concentrations of ozone, and the products of its

reactions with skin oils in the breathing zone of a person seated in an office cubicle with and without personalized ventilation. A series of increasingly realistic

hypothetical reactions were studied. The results show that the concentration distribution is not well mixed with noteworthy variations in the species

distributions at different locations in the room, the personal micro-environment and the breathing zone. The assumption of well mixed conditions can lead to

significant over- or under-prediction of inhalation exposure. The results also show that personalized ventilation can remove oxidation products from the

breathing zone effectively. However, personalized ventilation can potentially increase ozone concentration in the breathing zone if used without an

ozone filter.

3. Interpersonal Transport of Droplet Nuclei Among Three Manikins in a Full-Scale Test Room (NY-14-C022)

Li Liu, Ph.D., Member1, Peter V. Nielsen, Ph.D.2, Rasmus L. Jensen, Ph.D.2 and Yuguo Li, Ph.D., Fellow ASHRAE3,

(1)Department of Civil Engineering, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark, (2)Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark,

(3)Hong Kong University, Hong Kong, China

This study focuses on occupants’ exposure of droplet nuclei released by one or more other occupants in a full-scale test room. Three breathing thermal

manikins are standing or sitting in the middle of the room, and both the process in the microenvironment and in the macroenvironment are considered. Their

locations and orientations vary by cases, while they all breathe, exhale from mouth and share the same metabolic rate, i.e. the same breathing frequency,

breathing cycle and heat release rate. A diffusive ceiling has been installed to induce fresh air without generating sensible drafts in an occupied zone with fully

mixing flow. This study can supply data for the application of diffusive ceilings in many circumstances, including hospitals, residential and commercial

buildings.

4. Ultraviolet Germicidal Irradiation (UVGI) in Hospital HVAC Decreases Ventilator Associated Pneumonia (NY-14-

C023)

Robert Scheir, Ph.D., Member1 and Timothy Leach1, (1)Steril-Aire, Burbank, CA

Hospital acquired infections (HAIs) are one of the leading causes of death in the United States—killing more Americans than AIDS, breast cancer, or

automobile accidents. In 2010 alone, HAIs contributed to more than 99,000 deaths—one death every 6 minutes—and cost of up to $57,000 per patient with

an increase in length of stay of about 10 to 15 days. (Cocanour, et al PubMed.gov) Numerous studies have demonstrated that the HVAC system is a viable

reservoir of pathogenic and opportunistic bacteria and mold. These pathogens are grown, amplified and transported by the building mechanical system.

Hospital HVAC systems have HEPA filters designed to trap airborne pathogens. However, a breach of the seal between the media pack and the filter frame

and leaks lead to HVAC contamination. A prospective, two and a half year blind interventional study in a regional Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (NICU) was

conducted to determine if UVC in NICU air handlers decreases Ventilator Assisted Pneumonia (VAP) and hospital costs. UVC was installed in remote

HVAC supporting the NICU. Cultures were performed at the pre- and post-UVC installation at the HVAC coils, drain pans and NICU environment. In

addition, patient airways were cultured. VAP episodes, antibiotic use, and associated morbidities were compared in high risk infants admitted for 6 months

prior to UVC (Control), with those who were admitted for 18 months during UVC. Antibiotic resistance was monitored; hospital savings calculated. The

study found Pseudomonas, Klebsiella, Serratia, Acinetobacter and Staph aureus from all sites. With UVC installed in the HVAC system, a 5 Log microbial

load reduction per cm² on the HVAC coil was achieved in 6 days. A 5 Log reduction was achieved in environmental pathogen and tracheal contamination.

Fewer patients developed tracheal colonization and VAP decreased by 50%. Antibiotic use was down 62%, and Pseudomonas antibiotic resistance decreased

from 80% to 0%. Flexible staffing needs in respiratory care, nursing, and pharmacy decreased and net hospital costs were reduced by $850,000 annually.

Details on designing a UVC system to reduce hospital acquired infections will be presented. Proper requirements for biological

sampling and NEBB (air and balance testing) that supports evidence-based design will be explained.

5. Biowall: A Sustainable Approach to Indoor Air Quality (NY-14-C024)

Brenton S. Dunham, Student Member1, William Hutzel, P.E., Fellow ASHRAE1 and Ian Hahus1, (1)Purdue University, West

Lafayette, IN

The Biowall is botanical air filter that is used to improve indoor air quality and potentially save energy in highly efficient residential buildings when compared

to traditional mechanical ventilation systems. The central idea is to use the passive ability of plants to remove harmful contaminants from the air as it is

recirculated back to the central HVAC system. A prototype Biowall was installed in Purdue's energy efficient home that was used in the 2011 Solar

Decathlon Competition. This research evaluated a new and improved version of the Biowall in the Solar Decathlon house that has been permanently placed in

the Chatham Square neighborhood of Lafayette, IN.



Challenges in Identifying Low-GWP Refrigerant for High Ambient Temperature Climates


Room: Regent

Chair: Walid Chakroun, Ph.D., Fellow ASHRAE, Kuwait University, Kuwait, Kuwait

Hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs) are ozone-depleting substances and, under the terms of the Montreal Protocol, the

production and consumption of HCFCs will be phased out in worldwide over the current and decades. HCFC consumption in

developing countries will be frozen, based on average consumption of 2009-2010, in the year 2013 followed by cuts of 10%,

35%, 67.5% & 97.5% for the years 2015, 2020, 2025 & 2030 respectively allowing 2.5% to continue during the period 2030-

2040 as service tail which will be further assessed and modified in 2025 by Parties to the Montreal Protocol. The air-

conditioning industry, in high ambient countries, expressed concerns in meeting the freeze and reduction targets where

alternatives to HCFC-22 in small/medium size air-conditioning applications are not yet matured and accepted by the respective

markets. In addition to that and due to the high contribution of air-conditioning to the power-demand, most of concerned

governments started to apply MEPS (Minimum Energy Efficiency Standards) for equipment applied at high-ambient design

conditions. With limited research work being offered to address this specific challenge, the situation leads the air-conditioning

industry, in high-ambient countries, to uncertainty and vagueness. The challenges are part of a global set of challenges in front

of the refrigeration and air-conditioning industry, but are more pronounced for high ambient temperature countries. These

challenges include unclear global trend about definite refrigerant for each category of application, particularly those suitable to

operate in high-ambient conditions; unavailability of components, mainly compressors, that work with newly developed or in-

development low-GWP refrigerants; the behavior of HVAC systems and their efficiencies, which are still not clearly

determined when operating in high ambient temperature; the absence of relevant codes/standards that can facilitate the

introduction of low-GWP alternatives and deal with its flammability in most concerned developing countries; limitating

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introduction of applications with flammable characteristics in high-rising buildings, which has become a notable segment of

development in many countries; and low-GWP refrigerants' cost implication on the final products, particularly for price

sensitive products.


1. Identify issues and challenges with the application of refrigerants in high ambient temperature climates. 2. Understand the challenges in applying energy standards in high ambient temperature 3. Understand better the technical issues associated with selection of refrigerants and design of refrigeration and air-

conditioning systems for high-ambient climates 4. 4. Gain in depth knowledge about opportunities to use the low-GWP refrigerants in high-ambient climates and in particular in

developing markets. 5. Explain the international initiatives to address the selection of sustainable refrigerants for high ambient climates 6. Highlight issues for research to be conducted by institutes/centers and individuals to consider work on finding long-term

solutions for high ambient climates.

1. Challenges when it Comes to High Ambient Temperatures

Walid Chakroun, Ph.D., Fellow ASHRAE, Kuwait University, Kuwait, Kuwait

2. UNIDO Perspectives, High Ambient Temperature

Nielsen Ole Reinholdt, P.Eng., UNIDO, New York, NY

3. UNEP Perspectives, High Ambient Temperature

Ayman Eltalouny, P.Eng., Member, UNEP, Bahrain, Bahrain

4. Low-GWP Refrigerants in High Ambient Countries: Challenge or Opportunity?

Bassam Elassaad, P.Eng., Member, UNEP Consultant, Brussels, Belgium



Energy Efficient Single Pipe Hydronic System Design for Large and Tall Buildings


Room: Trianon

Sponsor: 07.01 Integrated Building Design, 01.05 Computer Applications

Chair: Joe Simmons, P.E., Member, HVAC Solution, Salt Lake City, UT

Imagine an optimal hydronic HVAC system for commercial buildings. What benefits would it deliver? First it would provide

comfort to all zones. Second, it would be easy to install, operate and maintain. Third, it would be competitive on a first-and

operating-cost basis. Lastly, it would conserve the use of materials and be energy-efficient, a must in the “green”-environment.

Since the 1950’s a system providing these benefits has been available, the single-pipe hydronic system. These systems,

however, traditionally have been limited to residential applications. But with an innovative application of proven hydronic

technology, single-pipe systems now can be applied readily to all types of commercial buildings.


1. Describe the configuration and operation of single pipe hydronic systems.

2. Define the increased comfort performance of single pipe hydronic systems.

3. Define the first cost advantages of single pipe hydronic systems.

4. Describe the energy savings of single pipe hydronic systems.

5. Describe the maintenance cost savings of single pipe hydronic systems.

6. Describe and show examples of the design of single pipe hydronic systems for tall and large buildings.

1. Energy Efficient Single Pipe Hydronic System Design for Large and Tall Buildings

Greg Cunniff, P.E., Member1 and Kirk T. Mescher, P.E., Member2, (1)TACO, Cranston, RI, (2)CM Engineering, Inc.,

Columbia, MO

Imagine an optimal hydronic HVAC system for commercial buildings. What benefits would it deliver? First it would provide comfort to all zones. Second, it

would be easy to install, operate and maintain. Third, it would be competitive on a first-and operating-cost basis. Lastly, it would conserve the use of materials

and be energy-efficient, a must in the “green”-environment. Since the 1950’s a system providing these benefits has been available, the single-pipe hydronic

system. These systems, however, traditionally have been limited to residential applications. But with an innovative application of proven hydronic

technology, single-pipe systems now can be applied readily to commercial buildings.


SEMINAR 20 (BASIC)

Make the Most of Your ASHRAE Experience


Room: Sutton Center

Sponsor: Conferences and Expositions Committee

Chair: Dunstan Macauley, P.E., Member, TAI Engineers, Owings Mills, MD

What’s the purpose of ASHRAE? How is it structured? What’s a TC, SPC and all the other acronyms I hear? Where is the

AHR Expo? And, how does this all fit together? This seminar is perfect for first-time attendees or anyone else who would like

to get more out of their ASHRAE Winter Conference experience.



Cutting Edge Japanese Technologies (Systems and Equipment): SHASE Annual Award for

Retrofitted Buildings in 2013


Room: Sutton South

Chair: Shin-ichi Tanabe, Ph.D., Fellow ASHRAE, Department of Architecture, Waseda University, Tokyo, Japan

Three retrofitted buildings awarded by SHASE in 2013 are introduced. One is the R & D center of a construction company

and the others are office buildings.


1. Describe the renovation method using a unitized thin double-skin system that enables the creation of an expanded open

communication space by execution within a short time.

2. Describe the renovation method using personal air-conditioning systems, which involve construction using equipment with an

integrated air-duct and separate latent heat and sensible heat air-conditioning systems utilizing iced water-conveying

technology.

3. Describe the web application software that reflects office workers’ demands in real time and motivates users to save energy

by showing the energy consumption.

4. Describe cloud-based BEMS using the ASHRAE standard protocol “BACnet/WS.”

5. Describe highly efficient operation of the Multi-split Type Air-conditioning System for buildings by controlling the

refrigerant evaporated temperature.

6. Describe the performance characteristics and indoor thermal environment when punched metal plate as ceiling material is

used as an air diffuser.

1. New Renovation Technologies using a Unitized Thin Double-Skin System and Personal Air-Conditioning System for

an R&D Center in Yokohama

Kazuyoshi Harimoto, Ph.D., Taisei Corporation, Tokyo, Japan

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This project involved renovating the R&D Center 29 years after it was constructed. To reduce the environmental impact, we decided to renovate the center

instead of constructing a new building. This project targeted a high-quality research space that would be open, attractive and more energy-efficient than a

newly constructed space thanks to new renovation technologies. Several new technologies such as thin double-skin units, suspended-ceiling personal air-

conditioning systems, and air-conditioning systems separating latent and sensible heat using iced water were developed and implemented to provide added

value in terms of functionality, comfort, and communication.

2. Cutting-Edge HVAC Systems and BEMS: Technology that Satisfies Both Energy Reduction and Workplace

Amenities

Shintaro Sakamoto, Ph.D., Hinryo Corporation, Tokyo, Japan

This paper describes cutting-edge HVAC systems and BEMS applied to renovate a forty-year-old building. An air-conditioning system allows

dehumidification to be separated from the cooling load by using iced water storage system. Web application software enables personal requests for the thermal

environment in real time as well as promoting worker awareness of energy reduction by showing energy consumption. A cloud-based BEMS using a

communication protocol, BACnet/WS, unifies the energy management of the building and its related facilities, which enables remote monitoring and

operation via smart phone.

3. Multi-Split Type Air-Conditioning System with Improved Energy Efficiency and Comfort

Hiroaki Nakagawa, Takenaka Corporation, Osaka, Japan

The Multi-split Type Air-conditioning System for Buildings comprising multiple indoor units and a heat source unit connected by refrigerant pipes enabled us

to control operations in each indoor unit. Recently it has been widely installed in large-sized buildings. To improve energy efficiency and comfort, a system

was developed to control the refrigerant evaporated temperature that fit the thermal load, an air diffuser that reduces air draft and a control system that

integrates them. A field measurement of this system installed in an office building was conducted to evaluate this control system.


WORKSHOP 9 (BASIC)

CoF Debate: Manufacturers are the Real Designers


Room: Beekman

Sponsor: College of Fellows

Chair: Victor Goldschmidt, Fellow ASHRAE, Consultant, Northport, MI

There is a mutual reliance between manufacturer and designer. Does this reliance carry through in practice? This is in the

series of Fellows Debates which address very important issues in the HVAC industry. The format shows how opposite

arguments must be considered as the industry moves forward. Each speaker presents a team by team opening argument. The

audience joins in the debate before closing argument. Lots are drawn on Sunday evening for which side each team will argue.

No vote is taken.


1. Understand the elements of the building process from concept to demolition 2. Understand the different definitions of design, to build, to operate to use efficiently: how and will IPD (Integrated Product

Development) and BIM (Building Information Modelling) change procurement strategy

3. Understand how developments in design of equipment and components have changed the way systems are specified 4. Understand how failures in operation of buildings can result from misuse and miss-specification of machinery.

5. Consider whether and how the design of buildings is driven by equipment, systems, construction method, operation

requirements, financial imperatives and the understanding or lack of understanding of other disciplines.

6. Recognize the need to argue both sides of an argument to achieve the best results.

1. Team 1

Larry Spielvogel, P.E., Fellow Life Member1, George Adams2 and Tom E. Watson, P.E., Presidential Fellow Life Member3,

(1)Consulting Engineer, Bala Cynwyd, PA, (2)SPIE Matthew Hall, London, England, (3)McQuay International, Staunton, VA

See description of debate

2. Team 2

Richard Rooley, Presidential Fellow Life Member1, Don Beaty, P.E., Member2 and Bill Coad, P.E., Presidential Fellow Life

Member3, (1)Rooley Consultants, Bucks, United Kingdom, (2)DLB Associates, Eatontown, NJ, (3)Coad Engineering

Enterprises, St Louis, MO

See description of debate



Advanced Residential HVAC System Studies: Humidity Control Options, Solar PV Integration,

and Multi-function Integration


Room: Regent

Sponsor: 08.11 Unitary and Room Air Conditioners and Heat Pumps

Chair: Van D. Baxter, P.E., Fellow ASHRAE, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN

This session summarizes investigation of selected HVAC system issues in high-efficiency or low-energy buildings. The first

paper discusses results of ASHRAE RP 1449, an evaluation of predicted energy use and space humidity levels for a wide

variety of space conditioning systems in several buildings. Paper 2 discusses benefits of integrating a solar photovoltaic thermal

collector (PV/T) with a multi-capacity air source heat pump in a low-energy residence in a northern climate. The last paper

discusses a laboratory evaluation of a combined space conditioning and water heating heat pump designed to simulate 24-hour

residential heating demands in a range of locations.


1. Estimate the potential benefits of integrating PV/T systems with air source heat pump

2. Predict the effect of PV/T system arrangement configuration and parametric design on thermal energy production, electrical

energy production, heat pump coefficient of performance (COP), electricity consumed by the heat pump and overall PV/T

system efficiency.

3. Learn about experiments conducted to evaluate a multi-purpose heat pump, Daikin AlthermalTM split system, for its

operation to provide space heating and domestic hot water draw (DHW). 4. Describe the operating conditions and the appropriate application of the Daikin AlthermalTM split system

1. Energy Efficiency and Cost Assessment of Humidity Control Options for Residential Buildings (RP-1449) (NY-14-

013)

Hugh Henderson, P.E., CDH Energy Corp., Cazenovia, NY

Conventional air conditioners have traditionally been deemed adequate for controlling space humidity levels in residential applications. However, as homes in

humid climates have become more energy efficient, there is evidence that relative humidity levels in homes have been increasing (Rudd and Henderson 2007).

This implies that sensible heat gains to the building have been reduced more than moisture loads, leaving a mix of latent and sensible loads that is poorly

matched to the sensible heat ratio of conventional air conditioning systems. Furthermore, requirements to provide mechanical ventilation per ASHRAE

Standard 62.2 have affected space humidity levels in a typical home.

A detailed simulation model was developed in TRNSYS to accurately predict energy use and space humidity levels for the wide variety of space conditioning

systems. The analysis considered various building efficiency levels, mechanical ventilation options, equipment performance and configuration options, and

climates. The hours when humidity is a concern (e.g. over 60% RH) generally occur in the winter and swing seasons. When mechanical ventilation is added to

an older standard efficiency house the number of high humidity hours tends to increase slighting. As the home efficiency level continues to increase to current

practice and to slightly better than current codes, the number of high humidity hours generally decreases However, for very high efficiency houses, where the

space conditioning air distribution ducts are moved from the attic to inside the conditioned space, the high humidity hours tend to increase again. Air

conditioner enhancements that lower the airflow and allow overcool at high humidity times generally cut the number of annual hours over 60% RH by half.

However, precise humidity control (to a maintain set point) requires a separate dehumidifier or an air conditioner system with full reheat to provide

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dehumidification without sensible cooling. The cost premium for full humidity control is typically 10-30% greater than a conventional cooling system without

explicit humidity control.

2. Theoretical Estimation of the Performance of a Photovoltaic-Thermal Collector (PV/T) System Coupled with a Heat

Pump in a Sustainable House in Toronto (NY-14-014)

Raghad Kamel, Ryerson University , Toronto, ON, Canada

In this study, analyses have been conducted to estimate the potential benefits of integrating photovoltaic thermal collector (PV/T) with two-stage variable

capacity air source heat pump (TS VC ASHP) in TRCA Archetype sustainable House (ASH) in Toronto. A comprehensive analysis has been conducted to

predict the effect of PV/T system arrangement configuration NSxNR (number of PV/T systems in rows NR and series NS), air mass flow rate and duct depth

on thermal energy production, electrical energy production, heat pump coefficient of performance (COP), electricity consumed by the heat pump and overall

PV/T system efficiency. It was found that COP could be increased from 2.74 to a maximum value of 3.45. The results show that the heat pump electricity

consumption for heating purpose was reduced by 20.2% with combining PV/T systems with air source heat pump. The maximum achieved system

efficiencies for the arrangements 5x3, 5x4 and 5x5 with total mass flow rate of 1.2 kg/s (2.64 lb/s) were 54%, 50% and 47%. For the same total number of

PV/T panels used in one array and same total mass flow rate, it is better to have NS greater than NR in order to produce more thermal energy. This

consideration has slight effect on the total electricity production. For a typical day, it was expected that the amount of electrical energy produced from each

PV panel depends on the panel position in a row. The first PV panel has the highest efficiency (14.25%) and produces 763 Wh (2603 Btu/hr) of electricity,

while the fifth PV panel has the lowest value of efficiency (14%) and generates 756 Wh (2580 Btu/hr) of electrical energy.

3. Experimental Evaluation of a Multi- Purpose Heat Pump for Space Heating and Domestic Hot Water Draw (NY-14-

015)

Yongfang Zhong, Ph.D., Gas Technology Institute, Des Plaines, IL

Experiments were conducted to evaluate a multi-purpose heat pump, Daikin AlthermalTM split system, for its operation to provide space heating and

domestic hot water draw (DHW). The system was installed in the laboratory under controlled test conditions with all default settings specified in the

manufacturer’s manual. The system was first tested as a storage-type heat pump water heater according to the procedure established by the US Department of

Energy (DOE). Tests for combined space heating and domestic hot water were also conducted to simulate as-installed 24-hour heating demands of a single-

family house in Chicago IL, Atlanta GA and Houston TX, representing cold, mix and warm climates in U.S. The results show that the energy efficiency of the

Daikin AlthermalTM system were extremely low (EF=0.47) when used solely for DHW heating. The average hourly system efficiencies for combined space

and water heating tests were 1.54, 1.69 and 1.15 for Chicago, Alternata and Houston, respectively. The operating conditions and the appropriate application of

this system are also discussed in this paper.



Building Modeling Approaches for Unique Geography and Climates


Room: Sutton Center

Chair: Pam Immekus, Leppard Johnson & Associates, Tucker, GA

Building information modeling (BIM) and building simulations has become a global issue. As the technology develops the

challenges grow in obtaining data for simulations and modeling that is more specific to designs in weather for area of the globe

in climates that range from desert to sub-tropical; in insulation this is viable for “Green” buildings; and in bridging cultural

challenges in in building modeling in an international market. This session explores these informational aspects of modeling.


1. Obtain by a method the significant wind direction and magnitude for natural ventilation and hybrid building simulation.

2. Re-learn basic knowledge and driving forces on wind direction.

3. Design VIP application methods in buildings

4. Provide an overview of performance evaluation of EIFS with VIPs

5. Explain that modeling software fully defines the geometric relationship of all model objects.

6. Describe optimal BIM workflow of using existing data to derive information that would otherwise be specified.

1. Simplified Approach to Weather Analysis for Detailed Thermal Simulation in Tropical and Subtropical Areas (NY-

14-C025)

Eric F. Hernandez, P.E., Associate Member, KE Fibertec Mexico, Mexico, Mexico

The following paper describes a simplified and practical approach for computer intensive simulation like CFD on a building. While modeling thermal

performance of a building, high demanding time consuming tools and techniques are available. Like CFD and detailed building thermal simulation. However,

often architects and owners ask for to the designer to evaluate average weather conditions for the building in order to have a simplified solution of their

proposed building. The method has been used in Mexico for the past years for evaluating and having a simplified broad conclusion in the iterative process of

building design.

2. Performance Evaluation of External Insulation and Finish Systems using Vacuum Insulation Panels for Low-Energy

Apartment Buildings (NY-14-C026)

Sihyun Park, Member1, Bo-Kyoung Koo, Ph.D., Member1, Jae-han Lim, Ph.D., Member1, Seong-Ryoung Ryu, Ph.D.,

Member2 and Seung-Yeong Song, Ph.D., Member1, (1)Ewha Womans University, Seoul, South Korea, (2)POSCO E&C,

Incheon, South Korea

The Korean government has set the goal of "Green Development" as a direction of national growth. The government announced the plan for energy-efficient

residential building construction to meet the national target of greenhouse gas emission reduction. As the first step, in order to move towards a goal of zero-

energy house construction in 2025, the government announced that the insulation regulations will become stricter. Therefore, it has been predicted that very

high-performance insulation panels, such as vacuum insulation panels (VIPs), should be used in order to decrease the thickness of the outer walls. Otherwise,

enhanced insulation regulations would require dramatically thicker walls which would result in a reduced effective floor area.

High-rise apartment buildings are the most common type of residential buildings in Korea. In these structures, hot-water

heating pipes are typically installed in the floors. Due to the convenience of construction and the cost, interior insulation

systems have generally been applied to the outer walls. This has caused many problems such as situations in which the layer of

insulation becomes disconnected by structural components at the wall-slab joints. These joints become thermal bridges where

heat transfer increases. An exterior insulation system is a possible solution to this problem.

The aim of this study was to analyze the feasibility of externally installed VIPs on high-rise residential buildings. The energy

performance of the existing system, which is internally insulated with conventional insulation material, and the new system,

which is externally insulated with VIPs, were analyzed by three-dimensional heat transfer simulation. After that, the feasibility

of construction and the economic efficiency of each system were compared. As a result, studies showed that the new system,

which has the same U-value with existing system, could dramatically reduce the outer wall thickness by about 45% and the heat

loss by about 30~50% by removing thermal bridging effects. Economic efficiency and applicable details regarding construction

will be presented.

3. Building Information Modeling: Adapting Design Across Global Markets (NY-14-C027)

C. Alex McCarthy, P.E., Member, SmithGroupJJR, Washington, DC

Drafting is an imperfect tool with roots in the Renaissance. Like written language or the flush toilet it is easy to forget that engineered systems are human

contrivances with limitations inherent to the system architecture. This paper addresses the challenges of adapting US software and methodologies to the

international market, illustrated with personal examples how engineers and designers have mistaken document delivery protocol for engineering.



Residential Heat Pump System Performance


Room: Beekman

Chair: Jeffrey D. Spitler, Ph.D., P.E., Fellow ASHRAE, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK

The three papers presented in this session cover aspects of residential heat pump system performance not commonly

addressed in the literature. The first two papers address, among other things, how backup electric resistance heating can be

reduced in ground-source and air-source heat pump systems. The first and third papers cover domestic water heating with an

integrated house-heating+domestic-water-heating unit and a dedicated domestic hot water heat pump.

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1. Describe a ground source heat pump system with integrated domestic hot water heating and auxiliary electric resistance

heating for a single family house in a heating dominated climate.

2. Describe how a Pareto front analysis may be used to find the best design of a ground source heat pump system.

3. Explain how variable capacity heat pumps can reduce or eliminate the need for backup heat in mild climates

4. Describe some considerations that should be taken into account when attempting to eliminate backup heat

5. Identify the key factors that influence the performance of a residential heat pump water heater.

6. Determine if a heat pump water heater will be a good fit for a region.

1. Design of Residential Ground Source Heat Pump Systems for Heating Dominated Climates – Trade-Offs Between

Ground Heat Exchanger Design and Supplementary Electric Resistance Heating (NY-14-C028)

Signhild E. A. Gehlin, Ph.D., Member1 and Jeffrey Spitler, Ph.D., P.E.2, (1)Swedish Centre for Shallow Geothermal Energy,

Lund, Sweden, (2)Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK

Residential ground source heat pump systems in heating-dominated climates often incorporate auxiliary electric resistance heating. This is often utilized for

some portion of the winter heating – it could be intended only for rare use, or it could be intended to provide a significant fraction of the annual winter

heating. In Sweden, where a typical ground source heat pump provides both heating via radiant panels and domestic hot water, the auxiliary electric resistance

heating may be activated either when there are high domestic hot water loads or when ground heat exchanger temperatures fall to low values. This paper

evaluates the tradeoffs between higher reliance on auxiliary electric resistance heating (with corresponding lower investment cost) and lower reliance on

auxiliary electric resistance heating (with corresponding lower operating cost) for two Swedish houses - a typical 1940s-era house and a modern well-insulated

house - in a range of Swedish climates.

2. Residential Heating Efficiency Comparison for Differing Heat Pump Types and Sizing Methods (NY-14-C029)

Walter E. Hunt, Associate Member1, George Gurlaskie2 and Ronald Domitrovic, Ph.D., Associate Member1, (1)Electric

Power Research Institute, Knoxville, TN, (2)Duke Energy, Lake Mary, FL

Air-source heat pumps are commonly used for space heating in residential applications in the Southeastern U.S. Air-source heat pumps are typically

implemented with a form of backup heat in order to offer sufficient heating during low outdoor temperatures and to combat cold air distribution during defrost

operation. During the coldest periods of winter, air-source heat pumps with electric resistance backup heat can cause high energy use for the homeowner and

peak demand issues for the local electric utility. Variable capacity heat pumps have the ability to provide higher heating capacities at lower outdoor

temperatures than single speed systems, and thus variable capacity systems have a reduced dependence on backup heat in low outdoor temperature situations.

This report provides a heating efficiency comparison of two residential field sites in the Orlando, FL area. Both field sites had a single speed air-source heat

pump for a heating season, and then a variable capacity system was retrofitted into the homes for a heating season. Results provided a heating efficiency

comparison for differing heat pump types and sizing methods for time periods with similar thermal loads.

3. Regional Variation in Residential Heat Pump Water Heater Performance in the U.S (NY-14-C030)

Jeff Maguire1, Jay Burch1, Tim Merrigan1 and Sean Ong1, (1)National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, CO

Residential heat pump water heaters (HPWHs) have recently re-emerged on the U.S. market. These units have very high rated efficiencies (EF=2-2.5) and the

potential to provide homeowners significant energy and cost savings. However, actual in-situ performance of a HPWH will vary significantly with climate,

location within the home, and hot water use. In conditioned space, the cooling provided by the HPWH can be a net benefit or penalty depending on climate,

while in unconditioned space the ambient air temperature has a significant impact on the heat pump performance. To determine the actual in-situ energy

consumption of a HPWH in different U.S. regions, annual simulations were performed of both a 50 gallon and an 80 gallon HPWH (as well as standard

natural gas and electric resistance water heaters) located in both conditioned and unconditioned space and with several combinations of space conditioning

equipment for over 900 locations across the U.S. It was found that the HPWH will always save some source energy when compared to a standard electric

resistance water heater, although in some cases in the northern U.S., the savings will be minimal. In addition to looking at source energy savings, the

breakeven cost (the net installed cost a HPWH would have to at or below in order to be a cost neutral replacement for a standard water heater) was also

examined.



Getting to Green: Where's the Value in "Next Level" Operations and Retro-cx? And your Energy

Audit is Worthless...or is it?



Chair: Justin Seter, Member, DLB Associates, Atlanta, GA

This session contains three presentations relating to the ever present topic of maintaining (or pursuing) efficient operation of

the built environment. The first presentation covers an in depth look at the operations practices required for high performance

buildings and the associated benefits. The second, a case study of an expansive campus retro-cx effort with impressive

economics. The third, an examination of what should have been comparable energy audits on the same building, with

conclusion and results that may surprise you. There will be some discussion of the need for validation of energy audits and the

industry tools used to produce them.


1. develop tools and measures for proper monitoring, tracking and control of utilities for commercial buildings

2. Identify specific steps a property manager can take to ensure that the design-basis "energy, IEQ and environmental

performance" of buildings does not decline, but is sustained or improved during their life-cycle.

3. Understand the general retro-commissioning process for an existing building.

4. Understand how to develop the general energy conservation measures for primary and secondary systems in an existing

building.

5. Describe inadequacies of current building energy audit processes

6. Make recommendations on future improvements to building energy audit processes

1. An Approach to Improved Indoor Air Quality and Operations of Buildings: Adopt Smart Building Technologies and

Train Operations and Maintenance Staff for Required Competencies (NY-14-C031)

Om Taneja, Ph.D., P.E., Member, US, General Services Administration, Manhattan, NY

The concept of sustainability and high performance is leading public and private sectors to shift their strategic direction towards integrating smart building

technologies and training of operations and maintenance staff into design and construction. This process is transforming the investments in buildings

investments towards multiple dimensions of: workforce productivity, lower cost of utilities and services, brand image, environmental compliance, eco-

friendliness, and corporate and social responsibility. However, efforts to sustain the intended sustainable performance with regards to low energy use, indoor

comfort and projected operating costs over the long term use of the building has become challenging. Further adoption of intelligent buildings technology

that provides monitoring, tracking, benchmarking, self-diagnostics and analytics for user-friendly guidance to the trained, certified and motivated operations

staff can become an asset. This paper focuses on the extent and scope of structured classroom and on the job training to promote the life-cycle mix of

preventive, predictive and reliability-centered operations and maintenance “Best Practices”.

2. A Large Corporate Headquarter Retro-Commissioning: How Changes Produced Significant Energy Savings (NY-14-

C032)

Lixia Wu, Ph.D., Member1 and Mingsheng Liu, Ph.D., P.E., Member2, (1)Bes-Tech, Inc., Philadelphia, PA, (2)Bes-Tech,

Inc., Omaha, NE

AT&T World Headquarters building was located in New Jersey. The facility is an 866,020 square feet campus with four commercial office buildings and a

network center building. The energy usage rate was high for this type of facility. A retro-commissioning project was approved in the fall of 2010. Energy

conservation measures include adapting variable frequency drives on constant-speed fan and pump motors, changing control mode, optimizing fan and

compressor control for air-handling units, conversion of constant-volume system to variable-volume system, re-commissioning and control optimization for

the whole campus HVAC systems. Savings measurement and verification was performed from fall 2011 to fall 2012. As a result, over 2,791,720 kWh

electricity and 3,213 MMBtu natural gas was saved annually. Compared to the baseline, the annual electricity savings is 12% and the gas savings is 34%. The

overall payback was 2.4 years and reduced to 1.3 years with the rebate provided by NJCEP incentive program.

3. A Case Study of Multiple Energy Audits of the Same Building: Conclusions and Recommendations (NY-14-C033)

David W. Gerlach, Ph.D., P.E., Member1, Russell Taylor1, Stella Oggianu1 and Marija Trcka1, (1)United Technologies

Research Center, East Hartford, CT

The redevelopment of the former Philadelphia Navy Yard is an excellent opportunity to study the reduction of the energy footprint of a campus of existing

buildings through retrofits. A variety of companies and other organizations provide software, tools, or services for performing energy audits and making

45

decisions about energy conservation measures to implement. However, these methodologies are poorly validated and have not been compared one to another.

Data on Building 101 at the former Philadelphia Navy Yard was gathered by three separate companies. The data was used by four companies to make energy

saving retrofit recommendations. The audits varied widely in the values of the data gathered and did not even agree on basic information such as building

square footage or condition of the windows. In addition, the auditors reached vastly different conclusions about the type of retrofits possible in the building

and the potential energy savings of those retrofits. Some of this discrepancy may be due to the use of different and proprietary analysis platforms between the

auditors in addition to built-in predispositions to favor certain retrofits due to familiarity or other subjective factors. Improved standards for data collection

and definitions of terms used are needed. Greater transparency in modeling or assumptions and listing of the ECMs considered and rejected would aid

decision makers.



The Human Factor - Better Understanding of Comfort, Environment, and Risks


Room: Sutton North

Chair: Michelle Contri, P.E., Member, DLB Associates, Eatontown, NJ

Three presentations with a wide variety of information on different scopes of the HVAC industry. All at the same time

relates to increasing the thermal comfort and understanding environmental impacts in a building. The first presentation looks at

the effects of second hand smoking in outdoor areas in relation to the weather. Data was collected indoors and outdoors for

second hand smoke concentration levels. The second presentation looks at risk assessment methodologies. The case study was

detailed on a threat-based approach, but also overviews a vulnerability approach. The third presentation details the thermal

comfort of an Underfloor Air Distribution System with an overview of the field study prior to design.


1. Describe a threat-based metric application for risk assessment in the event of a contaminant release.

2. Provide an overview of risk assessment to an airborne contaminant release.

3. Describe how UFAD systems impact thermal comfort in an open workspaces.

4. Explain the difference between underfloor air distribution (UFAD) and conventional overhead systems.

1. Effects of Outdoor Smoking Areas and Weather Conditions on Indoor Air Quality (NY-14-C034)

Terry Sullivan, Ph.D.1, John Heiser1, Tom Watson, Ph.D.1 and Paul Kalb1, (1)Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY

At the Research Support Building at Brookhaven National Laboratory building occupants complained of second hand smoke from people smoking outdoors.

This building consists of two wings (North and South) joined by an Atrium. Tests were conducted to quantify the in-leakage from outdoor smoking using five

gaseous perfluorocarbon tracers (PFTs) released at the two designated and two ‘unofficial’ outdoor smoking areas, and one in the building. Two test

campaigns were conducted (Fall and Winter).

2. Evaluation of Building-Specific Threat-Based Security Metrics (NY-14-C035)

Ponkamon Aumpansub, Associate Member1, William P. Bahnfleth, Ph.D., P.E., Fellow ASHRAE2 and Jason W. DeGraw,

Ph.D., Member2, (1)Havtech Inc., Columbia, MD, (2)Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA

Proper assessment of the potential impact of chemical, biological, or radiological events is a necessary component in building risk assessment. Quantifiable

measures of risks are particularly important when evaluating control or remediation measures since it is likely that some events cannot be prevented and only

the results can be mitigated. Many available risk assessment methodologies are wholly qualitative and lack the necessary connection to a specific building

necessary to assess the protective qualities of any particular system configuration. Therefore, building-specific quantitative or semi-quantitative methods are

needed which require reliable performance measures to determine the severity of health consequences of an event on building occupants.

3. A Field Study of Occupant Thermal Comfort in a LEED Platinum Office Building With an Underfloor Air

Distribution System (NY-14-C036)

Chad Miller, Student Member1, Zachary Heise, Student Member1 and Huafen Hu, Ph.D., Associate Member1, (1)Portland

State University, Portland, OR

Introduced to the U.S. in the 1990s, the U.S. building industry has been slow to adopt underfloor air distribution (UFAD) systems due to mixed results. In

successful installations, UFAD systems are able to provide reduced life cycle costs, improved thermal comfort, better indoor air quality, individual occupant

control, and reduced energy costs. However, in some cases UFAD systems perform poorly due to inadequate design and construction techniques, leading to air

leakage and occupant discomfort. As designers have become more familiar with UFAD systems and construction techniques have improved, UFAD systems

are beginning to be widely adopted for use in commercial office buildings to provide space conditioning and ventilation. This paper presents a field study on

occupant thermal comfort in an office space which is mainly conditioned by a UFAD system. The field study was conducted in offices at the Twelve West

building in downtown Portland, Oregon. The Twelve West building is a LEED Platinum, high end apartment building with office and retail space on the lower

levels. The offices are mainly conditioned by a UFAD system, supplemented by natural ventilation and chilled beams to help offset solar gains in the summer

months. This study reports the results of a thermal comfort survey administered to regular occupants of the office space in the Twelve West building.



Commercial Building Energy Efficiency and High Performance HVAC


Room: Trianon

Sponsor: Student Activities

Chair: Joel Primeau, P.Eng., Member, GENIVAR, Ottawa, ON, Canada

This session illustrates what measurements (EUI) are in place to determine commercial building energy efficiency, what the

average commercial building efficiencies are in North America, what the DOE benchmarks are for federal buildings, how this

compares to ASHRAE Standards 90.1 and 189.1; plus, how HVAC systems could play integral part in high performance

buildings. This session also illustrates why the HVAC industry is, and should be, the leader to establish the measurement of

commercial building energy efficiency and how this will affect the future of commercial buildings.


1. Defining what is commercial building energy efficiency and how is it measured - EUI

2. Find out the benchmark for commercial building energy efficiency - CBECS

3. Learn what the DOE is doing to establish levels of energy efficiency for commercial buildings and how does this compare to

the established benchmarks for existing commercial buildings

4. Illustrate how ASHRAE Standards 90.1 and 189.1 play a large role in achieving the DOE levels of commercial building

energy efficiency

5. Illustrate how high performance HVAC systems play an integral role in obtaining the DOE levels of commercial building

energy efficiency

6. Illustrate how the HVAC industry plays a key role to establish long-term high performance energy efficiency for commercial

buildings

1. Commercial Building Energy Efficiency and High Performance HVAC

Douglas F. Zentz, Ferris State University, Big Rapids, MI

This session illustrates what measurements (EUI) are in place to determine commercial building energy efficiency, what the average commercial building

efficiencies are in North America, what the DOE benchmarks are for federal buildings, how this compares to ASHRAE Standards 90.1 and 189.1; plus, how

HVAC systems could play integral part in high performance buildings. This session also illustrates why the HVAC industry is, and should be, the leader to

establish the measurement of commercial building energy efficiency and how this will affect the future of commercial buildings.



Cutting Edge Japanese Technologies (Indoor Environmental Health/ Quality): SHASE Annual

Award for Separate Sensible Heat and Latent Heat Process Systems in 2013


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Room: Sutton South

Chair: Tatsuo Nobe, Ph.D., Member, Kogakuin University, Tokyo, Japan

Although sensible and latent forms of heat are best separately handled, it has been difficult to do so to date, for various

reasons. These SHASE-awarded technologies provide solutions.


1. Describe the performance verification results of separate latent and sensible heat-processing air-conditioning systems

targeting a balance between interior comfort and energy conservation.

2. Describe the performance verification results of the high-efficiency perimeter air-conditioning system for glass curtain walls.

3. Describe tests with human subjects.

4. Explain how, by operating control valves fitted at each stage of the heat exchanger system, with 2 or more stages, the air-

handling unit developed by the authors can control humidity and temperature.

5. Explain that when the indoor humidity can be maintained at or below 60%, even if the indoor temperature setting is raised

from the normal 26 to 28°C, a comfortable interior work environment can still be maintained.

6. Explain that when the indoor temperature setting is raised to 28°C, the chilled water temperature setting of the air-cooling

chiller can be raised, thereby reducing the overall energy consumption of the air-conditioning system.

1. Air-Conditioning Planning for Project F Aimed at Indoor Environment and Energy Conservation Balance

Hiroshi Shimizu, Shimizu Corporation, Tokyo, Japan

The project features a glass-curtain-wall design called “Taiju,” a large tree, and the coexistence of indoor comfort and energy-saving, which spawned the

design of a separate latent and sensible heat processing air-conditioning system (Interior) and a highly functional perimeter load control system using

simplified airflow (Perimeter). During the operational phase, environmental testing was conducted with human subjects for comfort. Consequently, the

comfort under conditions with a temperature of 28°C and relative humidity of 40% was proved. Further, energy efficiency around 19% higher in terms of

primary energy than average office buildings in Tokyo for FY2011 was achieved.

2. Development of an Air-Handling Unit with Multistage Heat Exchanger Coils Targeting a Comfortable Indoor

Environment

Kunihiko Kitamura, Ph.D.1, Yasutaka Murata, Ph.D.2 and Osamu Ishihara, Ph.D.3, (1)Kyudenko Corporation, Fukuoka,

Japan, (2)Sojo University, Kumamoto, Japan, (3)Shokei College, Kumamoto, Japan

The authors developed an air-handling unit with multistage heat exchanger coils, capable of maintaining indoor humidity at under 60%. This unit features a

heat exchanger box, which is segmented into coils with control valves in two or more stages. During CFD analysis using a four-stage air-handling unit, the

temperature distribution showed that two air layers pass out from the coils: a chilled and dehumidified air layer, and a non-processed air layer respectively. In

a building test, satisfactory dehumidification under partial load was confirmed, resulting in a 5% energy cut to maintain the indoor temperature.



Vital Information Input for Your BAS to Make the Laboratory Environment Safer and More

Energy Efficient


Room: Mercury

Sponsor: 09.10 Laboratory Systems

Chair: So-Yeng Chen, Member, InterCultural Engineering, Inc., LOS Angeles, CA

Today, Building Automation Systems (BAS) is becoming a complete systems approach with numerous goals to accomplish.

It is not a mere sum of parts but a comprehensive system which needs to take the lab users' behavior into account in order to

control the critical areas which influence the effective air management system the most while achieving energy savings as well.

This session introduces you to the latest approach with qualitative and quantitative examples to show you what can be

accomplished.


1. Identify sash management as the most important common objective of lab safety professionals and energy managers.

2. Recognize the role of lab users in energy consumptions. 3. Identify performance indicators suitable to monitor lab ventilation over the long term. 4. Design VAV systems which satisfy both flexible ventilation and accurate pressurization.

5. Apply a rational commissioning approach for effective demand control ventilation.

6. Take a systems approach in order to create and manage a complex ventilation system and attain more energy efficiency and

safety.

1. Integrated BAS to Help People Save Energy in Laboratories

James Coogan, P.E., Member, Siemens, Buffalo Grove, IL

The role of users in laboratory energy consumption is sometimes overlooked. This talk concentrates on the way users behave and the way the building

responds to them. It describes BAS functions, integrated on BACnet and User Interfaces to assist and encourage action that makes the building work

effectively and efficiently. Lab workers see a unified UI concept at the fume hood operator's panel and the room unit where they adjust temperature setpoints

and lighting. Building operators connect through BAS Workstation features designed to support their tasks. Energy managers and safety officers pull reports

from cloud-based servers that summarize BAS data.

2. The First Step of Demand Control Ventilation in an Animal Facility in Japan: Design and Commissioning for Flexible

Ventilation

Masaya Ishihara, Azbil Corporation Building Systems Company, Tokyo, Japan

Demand control ventilation (DCV) is expected to save energy by reducing ventilation rates in accordance with animal occupancy or other indoor air quality

(IAQ) factors. As the first step of DCV in an animal facility in Japan, we installed advanced VAV system which enables users to set ventilation rates of each

room from terminal PCs of building automation systems (BAS), as a manually operated DCV. Temperature distribution in the animal holding room was

simulated and measured. Performance of pressurization control was also tested in commissioning phase. These field tests showed this VAV system could

provide sufficient performance for possible automated DCV.

Monday, January 20, 11:00 AM-12:00 PM


Energy Master Planning for Low Energy Communities, Part 2


Room: Trianon

Chair: Alexander Zhivov, Engineer Research & Development Center, Champaign, IL

The influence of increasing oil prices, the effects of climate change, and the desire to become independent of fossil fuel

imports have stimulated many countries and their communities to set ambitious goals to reduce energy use and to increase the

relative amount of energy derived from renewable energy sources in their total energy consumption. The most ambitious goal is

to become independent of fossil fuel imports. These papers describe projects by the U.S. Army in building zero-energy

communities.


1. From US Army Installation to Zero Energy Community: The B&O Bad Aibling Park Looks to the Future (NY-14-

016)

Alfred Kerschberger1 and Ernst Bohm2, (1)RK-Stuttgart Architect & Energy Design, Stuttgart, Germany, (2)B&O Stammhaus

GmbH & Co. KG, Bad Aibling, Germany

The B&O Bad Aibling Park, located in Bavaria, Germany, occupies a 70-hectare facility that originally served as an airbase. Although the site buildings were

in good repair, their thermal quality was poor. The district heating system was in good condition, but the scale of heat generation was too large. This project

described in this paper designed a development plan that could be easily replicated, and that could ultimately become a model for a Zero Energy City. The

B&O Bad Aibling Park project employed a rich diversity of technologies that may be scaled up for application in larger urban areas. A biomass-fired boiler

and a number of decentralized solar thermal facilities feed heat into an existing district heating grid, in combination with grid-fed heat pumps that generate

hot water individually in buildings and that use central and decentralized hot water storage tanks. This configuration allows the system to operate with low

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grid temperatures, and makes use of optimized energy efficiency measures while intensively harvesting solar energy. The B&O Park model project is a

testbed, small enough so that it can address questions and problems in a purposeful way, yet large enough to set a standard that can be readily used in other

urban areas or military installations.

2. Energy Optimization for Fort Carson Combat Aviation Brigade Complex (NY-14-017)

Alexander Zhivov1, Dale Herron, Member2, Richard J. Liesen1, Kai Budde3, Stephan Richter, Ph.D.4, Susanne Ochse4, Simon

Schad4, Lon Fiedler5, Peter Steitz5, Vince Guthrie2, Stephen Turner6 and Ned Shepherd2, (1)Engineer Research &

Development Center, Champaign, IL, (2)U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Champaign, IL, (3)Federal Office of Bundeswehr

Equipment, Information, Technology and In-Service Support, Division Quality / Logistics, Germany, Germany, (4)GEF

Ingenieur AG, Liemen, Germany, (5) Group Manager Corporate / Industrial - Facilities Engineering, St. Paul, MN, (6)US

Army Corps of Engineers, Omaha, NE

3. Multi-Objective Optimal Design of a Near Net-Zero Energy Solar House (NY-14-018)

Scott Bucking, Student Member1, Andreas Athienitis, Ph.D., P.E., Member1 and Radu Zmeureanu, Ph.D., P.E., Member1,

(1)Concordia University, Montreal, QC, Canada

This paper presents a multi-objective redesign case-study of a near net-zero energy (NZE) house located near Montreal, QC. Using optimization techniques,

pathways are identified from the original design to both cost and energy optimal designs. An evolutionary algorithm optimized trade-offs between passive

solar gains and active solar generation using two objective functions: net-energy consumption and life-cycle cost over a thirty year life-cycle. In addition, this

paper explores different pathways to net-zero energy based on economic incentives such as feed-in tariffs for on-site electricity production from renewables.

The main objective is to identify pathways to net-zero energy that will facilitate the future systematic design of similar homes. Results from this paper are

valuable to: (1) those interested in design improvements and lessons learned from a proven NZE home design, (2) designers seeking a methodology to

understand pathways to cost and energy optimal building design, and (3) policy markers interested in how economic incentives can influence optimized home

design.



Energy Modeling in Saudi Arabia; Plug Load Management


Room: Mercury

Chair: Hyojin Kim, Member, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX

This session combines two topics related to controlling energy costs in buildings. A paper on an energy modeling software

program developed for Saudi Arabia addresses the fact that 70% of the homes are not insulated. Two papers seek to reduce the

building energy use associated with plug loads. One describes plug load management devices at a high performance and

sustainability facility; the other shows how advanced power strips can be used to mitigate wasted energy.


1. Describe how BMOS connects designers and material manufacturers to improve insulating properties of building envelopes

2. Describe all the necessary steps required to develop a graphical user interface (GUI) for an existing building energy

modeling software

3. Explain what actions can be taken to reduce the energy consumption of Multi-Function Devices (MFDs).

4. Understand the benefits of monitoring typical office equipment with plug load management devices.

5. Define the different types of plug load controls, including: manual control, automatic low-power state control, schedule timer

control, load sensing control, occupancy control, and vacancy control. 6. Describe the energy saving potential of matching occupancy and/or equipment usage patterns to the power state of plug

loads.

1. Local Building Materials Database and Energy Modeling Software for Saudi Arabia (NY-14-C037)

Ayman Youssef, P.E., Member1 and Adel Hamid, Member1, (1)Saudi Aramco, Dhahran, Saudi Arabia

Saudi Arabia has been subsidizing residential energy prices for decades, drawing on its vast oil reserves. Meanwhile, electricity consumption has been steadily

increasing by nearly 8% annually in the past 10 years with energy consumption per capita 4 times higher than the world’s average. As a result, and without

mandatory energy building code, 70% of Saudi Arabian homes are today not insulated consuming nearly 52% of electrical power generated. To address these

shortcomings, the national oil company of Saudi Arabia (Saudi Aramco) has developed Building Material Optimization System (BMOS), a KSA-specific

user-friendly, on-line and free Graphical User Interface (GUI) for DOE’s open-source EnergyPlus with integrated library of local building material database.

BMOS will enable local practitioners to access the energy modeling benefits of EnergyPlus in order to evaluate alternative building envelope assemblies and

the relative energy efficiency between them. This paper presents the details of the methodologies used for BMOS development and design along with results

validation using real-life examples. It will also demonstrate how BMOS will increase awareness of efficient building designs and pave the road to compliance

with the upcoming minimum energy building codes requirements.

2. Energy Analysis of Multi-Function Devices in an Office Environment (NY-14-C038)

Rodney A. Martin, Ph.D.1 and Scott Poll1, (1)NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA

As part of an effort to monitor electricity usage by plug loads in a new high performance and sustainable facility at NASA Ames Research Center, plug load

management devices were deployed to enable data collection and analysis. Conveniently, during the initial deployment a new contract was scheduled to roll

out the replacement of older Xerox multi-function devices (MFD’s) for copying, scanning, and e-mailing with newer Konica Minolta MFD’s. As such, having

the plug load management devices in place to assess the energy impact of this change was serendipitous and very well-timed. This paper presents not only

how energy consumption of the Konica Minolta MFD compared to the Xerox MFD, but also how changing the time-to-standby affects energy consumption.

3. Reducing Office Plug Loads through Simple and Inexpensive Advanced Power Strips (NY-14-C039)

Michael Sheppy, Associate Member1, Ian Metzger, Associate Member1 and Dylan Cutler, Associate Member1, (1)National

Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, CO

As efficiency gains are made in building lighting and HVAC systems, plug loads become a greater percentage of building energy use and must be addressed to

meet energy goals. Plug load efficiency strategies are different than other building efficiency strategies because they involve relatively small loads distributed

throughout a building. These loads typically move around in the building when office configuration changes are made, so these loads may shift between

circuits over time. Commercially available Advanced Power Strips (APS) can be used to mitigate wasted energy from most plug loads and, in many cases,

can have a return-on-investment of approximately two years or less. Data from occupancy sensors will show how well the APS control devices and the

computer settings track with occupancy profiles. Dense panel-level sub-metering will show receptacle circuit energy consumption, energy savings, and return

on investment for the whole building. Receptacle-level metering will show the plug load energy consumption of individual devices and workstations. This

paper documents the process (and results) of applying simple and inexpensive Advanced Power Strips, computer power settings, and occupant

education/training to achieve maximum plug load energy savings in a 19,000 ft2 office building.



Topics in Field Measurements of Building Performance


Room: Beekman

Chair: Eric W. Adams, Ph.D., Member, Carrier, Syracuse, NY

Measured field data is critical for improving building modeling and understanding building performance (e.g. energy and

IAQ). In this session, we combine two examples from multi-unit residential buildings with example measurements of the

ASHRAE headquarters building. Air movement, energy modeling, and indoor air quality are common themes. In multi-unit

residential housing, air leakage to / from individual units is not necessarily to non –conditioned spaces. Energy and IAQ is

exchanged between units and common areas, among units, and to the environment. In the first paper testing for air leakage in a

multi-unit housing project is examined in detail to obtain a model to predict air leakage to outside given total leakage. In the

second, the impact of building renewal on the energy consumption of the building and the ability of the corridor pressurization

systems to provide appropriate ventilation is examined. In the case of the ASHRAE headquarters, the interaction of the water-

to-air heat pumps, the open office floor plan, and the DOAS led to actual office conditions that deviated significantly from the

predictions.


1. Understanding the difference and importance of both Solo and Total Air Leakage Values.

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2. Understanding the progress to date in the developing of a model to predict leakage to outside from measured Solo Air

Leakage test.

3. Understand the predicted impact of a building enclosure (windows and opaque assemblies) retrofit of a mid-rise multi-unit

residential building on energy consumption.

4. Describe the impacts of a building retrofit on airtightness of the overall enclosure as well as the interior compartmentalizing

elements which control airflow within the building, along with interior and exterior environmental conditions.

1. Predicting Envelope Leakage in Multifamily Buildings (NY-14-C040)

Omari Faakye1 and Dianne Griffiths, Member1, (1)Steven Winter Assoc., Norwalk, CT

Envelope leakage from residential buildings is typically measured using a blower door test, where the housing unit is pressurized or depressurized to a specific

pressure, typically ±50 Pa with respect to the outside. In multifamily buildings, the most common blower door test method measures total unit air leakage,

including leakage to the outside and between adjacent units. While minimizing leakage to neighboring units is highly recommended to avoid indoor air

quality issues, reduce pressure differentials between units, and control stack effects, the solo blower door test result is not appropriate for energy use

calculations. Guarded blower door testing is preferred for assessing energy impacts, but the challenges of setting up multiple blower doors and accessing

several residential units simultaneously are daunting.

The objective of this study is to examine the viability of an empirical model to predict envelope leakage based upon a solo test

result. A preliminary statistical analysis was performed on blower door test results from 112 attached dwelling units in four

apartment complexes. The correlation between building specifications and the ratio of guarded and solo test results was

investigated. Although the subject data set is limited in terms of size and variety, the preliminary analyses suggest significant

predictors are present and support further development of a predictive model. This paper will describe the analysis work that

has been completed and the data collection effort that is underway.

2. The Measured Impacts of Building Enclosure Renewals on HVAC System Performance and Energy Efficiency (NY-

14-C041)

Andrew Pape-Salmon, P.Eng., Member1, Lorne Ricketts, Student Member2 and Brittany Hanam, P.Eng., Associate Member2,

(1)RDH Building Engineering Ltd., Victoria, BC, Canada, (2)RDH Building Engineering Ltd., Vancouver, BC, Canada

The effective thermal performance and air tightness of a building enclosure is fundamental to the selection and operation of HVAC systems to control interior

conditions. An enclosure that effectively addresses thermal bridging and air leakage can significantly improve the predictability of loads and reduce peaking

on building HVAC systems. In turn, systems can be optimized to improve performance and energy efficiency. This paper provides the findings of a research

project at a 13 story multi-unit residential building in Vancouver that is currently underway to better understand how comprehensive building enclosure

energy efficiency upgrades affect the performance of building HVAC systems by providing analysis of monitoring and testing data.

3. Comparison of Measured and Predicted Ground Source Heat Pump System Operations for the ASHRAE

Headquarters Building (NY-14-C042)

Ramandeep Singh, Student Member1 and Daniel E. Fisher, Ph.D., P.E., Fellow ASHRAE1, (1)Oklahoma State University,

Stillwater, OK

The second floor of the ASHRAE Headquarters Building in Atlanta is served by a Ground Source Heat Pump (GSHP) system consisting of 12 water-to-air

heat pumps, a common ground loop and a common Dedicated Outside Air System (DOAS). During the ASHRAE Headquarters Building renovation project,

sensors were installed at various points in the system. Data from the sensors are continuously recorded by the building automation system. This paper

evaluates and compares system performance as calculated from the measured data with the simulation results predicted by the EnergyPlus program. The

performance comparisons indicate that the interaction of the water-to-air heat pumps with the relatively open office floor plan and the DOAS lead to actual

operating conditions that deviate significantly from predicted operating conditions.



Three Studies of Cooling System Enhancements


Room: Sutton Center

Chair: Alonzo Blalock, P.E., Member, Jacobs, Fort Worth, TX

This session includes three presentations on Computer studies of Cooling System enhancements. The first presentation is on

a computer applied method for Sizing CHP systems for Health Care Facilities while reviewing multiple equipment

arrangements to meet the thermal load cycles. The second presentation covers a study of a Thermal Energy Storage Control

process for refrigeration systems with application to Transport storage and other cooling systems. The third paper presents a

study of a method for "Pre-Cooling Return Chilled Water" using cold weather conditions in an economizing method for systems

with radiant cooling.


1. Achieve a raised awareness by today’s designers and engineers about the importance of optimally selecting and rating

combined heat and power (CHP) systems in the quest of developing large green buildings, especially green hospitals.

2. Get equipped with a useful algorithm to carry out all the necessary calculations on an Excel-based spreadsheet type of

program.

3. Describe the formulation of a dynamic thermal energy storage model.

4. Understand the impact of applying a thermal energy storage component in a refrigeration system.

5. Explain how a water side economizer on a chilled-water system saves energy.

6. Describe the cost effectiveness results for application of a water-side economizer in the United States.

1. An Exergy-Based Algorithm for Optimizing CHP Systems in Health Facilities (NY-14-C043)

Birol Kilkis, Ph.D., Fellow ASHRAE, Baskent University, Ankara, Turkey

Health facilities have challenging and diverse thermal and electrical loads, which may exhibit several peaks a day and their peaks do not coincide. This paper

deals with a new computer algorithm, which sizes the optimal CHP system when it is bundled with absorption/adsorption chillers, heat pumps, thermal

storage, and sustainable energy systems like wind and solar. The algorithm is based on the Rational Exergy Management Model and searches the optimum

size for the CHP and all other equipment in the bundle with the objective of maximum exergy efficiency averaged over a typical design year and based on

hourly data. Typical results show that optimization search not only maximizes the exergy efficiency but also maximizes the fuel savings and reduces the pay-

back period substantially.

2. Dynamic Model of a Refrigeration System with Active Thermal Energy Storage (NY-14-C044)

Joseph M. Fasl1, Casey R. Briscoe, Ph.D., Associate Member2, William F. Mohs, Member2 and Andrew G. Alleyne, Ph.D.1,

(1)University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, (2)Ingersoll Rand, Minneapolis, MN

In this work, a dynamic model of a low-temperature refrigeration system with active thermal energy storage (TES) is presented. The phase-change process of

the TES is modeled using the enthalpy method, and is integrated into an existing vapor compression system model utilizing a moving boundary, lumped

parameter approach for the two-phase heat transfer processes. The system model is developed and implemented in a modular Matlab/SIMULIMK framework.

The vapor compression system consists of a compressor, condenser, expansion valve, flow control valve, and evaporator. An active TES differs from a

traditional eutectic system, in that the state-of-charge of the TES is actively managed during the system operation. When excess cooling capacity is available,

the system charges the TES (i.e., solidifies the phase change material). When the main refrigeration system is disabled, the TES will provide the cold

reservoir to condition the temperature-controlled environment. The simulation study found that performance of the refrigeration system can be improved to

provide longer system shutdown periods, and higher utilization of the system cooling capacity during compressor operation, resulting in better system

efficiency. Performance of the overall system is directly related to the thermodynamic and transport properties of the phase change material within the TES.

3. Pre-cooling Chilled Water Return: Replacing Yesterday's Strainer Cycle (NY-14-C045)

Reid Hart, P.E., Member1, Jeff Boldt, P.E., Member2 and Michael Rosenberg1, (1)Pacific Northwest National Laboratory,

Richland, WA, (2)KJWW Engineering Consultants, Madison, WI

During the oil embargo energy crisis in the late 1970’s, chilled water plant operators used a “strainer cycle” to reduce chiller energy use when the cooling

tower could provide adequate chilled water temperature to meet load. This approach was refined over the years with the introduction of flat plate heat

exchangers that avoided contaminating the chilled water system with water from the cooling tower. Analysis of a generic fluid-cooler arrangement that

precools chilled water return has shown that for certain sized chilled water systems that do not have airside economizers, this approach is cost effective. As a

result, the requirement for an economizer has been extended to chilled water systems that were formerly exempt through Addendum DU to ANSI/ASHRAE

Standard 90.1-2010. This paper reviews the approaches to meeting this requirement, the cost effectiveness analysis, provisions for colder climates where

freeze protection must be considered, and control issues that should be considered.



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Designs for Thermal Comfort and Energy Savings: Real Practices in School and Office Buildings


Room: Sutton North

Chair: Liangzhu (Leon) Wang, Ph.D., Member, Concordia University, Montreal, QC, Canada

School and office buildings are characterized by diverse needs for thermal comfort, air qualities, and dynamic changes of

thermal loads. How to balance thermal comfort and energy saving needs by viable solutions remain a challenge. This session

presents three practical designs and analyses for achieving both thermal comfort and energy savings in school and office

buildings: a case study combining heat recovery and mechanical ventilation systems in a school building; an application of

CO2-based demand-controlled ventilation integrated with economizers in schools; and the evaluation of thermal comfort

response of hydronic radiant ceiling systems under increasing thermal loads in office spaces.


1. illuminate that classroom energy demands for ventilation and heating could be decreased with the promotion of heat recovery

efficiency of the ventilation facility, and the energy conservation ratio of the air heating unit could be enhanced with the

decreasing temperature difference between the supplying air and fresh air when the heat recovery efficiency of the ventilation

facility is a constant.

2. explain that the promotion of mechanical ventilation rate can simultaneously enhance the dilution of indoor air pollutants and

the non-uniformity of indoor pollutant distributions.

3. Learn how the ventilation affects annual energy use for heat pump in schools

4. Learn how locations and occupancy changes affect energy consumption

5. Understand the relationship between thermal comfort and thermal transient conditions using hydronic radiant ceiling systems.

6. Understand the influence of thermal loads in the uniformity of thermal comfort indices under different thermal loads.

1. Indoor Air Environment and Heat Recovery Ventilation in a Passive School Building: A Case Study for Winter

Condition (NY-14-C046)

Yang Wang1, Jens Kuckelkorn2, Fu-Yun Zhao3 and Hartmut Spliethoff4, (1)Division of Technology for Energy Systems and

Renewable Energy, Bavarian Center for Applied Energy Research; Tech. Uni. Munich, Munich, Germany, (2)Division of

Technology for Energy Systems and Renewable Energy, Bavarian Center for Applied Energy Research, Munich, Germany,

(3)Faculty of Civil Engineering and Geodesy, Technical University Munich; School of Power and Mechanical Engineering,

Wuhan Uni., Munich, Germany, (4)Chair for Energy Systems, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Technical University

Munich, munich, Germany

Energy performance and indoor environment including human thermal comfort and indoor air quality of the passive school buildings should be particularly

paid more attentions due to the school buildings adopted novel heat recovery ventilation facility and air heating system. Heat recovery efficiency of the heat

recovery facility and energy conservation ratio of the air conditioning unit were analytically modeled, taking the ventilation network into account. Following

that, classroom displacement ventilation and its thermal stratification have been investigated concerning the effects of delivering ventilation flow rate and

supplying air temperature. Representative human thermal comfort parameters, percentage dissatisfied, temperature difference between ankle and head, and

draft dissatisfaction have been analyzed and evaluated after steady air flow and thermal dispersion in one typical winter day of Munich was numerically

simulated by the CFD methodology. Indoor air quality indicated by the CO2 concentration was also investigated in terms of different levels of mechanical

ventilation flow rate.

2. Energy Analysis of CO2-Based Demand Controlled Ventilation and Economizer for Air Source Heat Pump in Schools

(NY-14-C047)

Nabil Nassif, Ph.D., P.E., Member1 and Nihal Al Razi, Student Member2, (1)North Carolina A&T State University - Center

for Energy Research and Technology, Greensboro, NC, (2)North Carolina A&T State University, Greensboro, NC

The paper discusses the applications of CO2-based demand-controlled ventilation DCV strategy integrated with the economizer operating strategy for air

source heat pumps in schools, investigates their impact on the annual energy consumption, and determines the potential savings achieved in different USA

locations. The study includes detailed energy analysis on an existing middle school through whole building simulation energy software. The simulation model

is first calibrated and checked for accuracy using actual monthly utility data. This model then uses for saving calculations resulted from a combination of air-

side economizer and CO2-Based DCV and with various occupancy profiles and locations. The results show the saving could be up to 20% as compared to the

actual operating strategy implemented in the existing system and this saving depends mainly on actual occupancy profile and building locations.

3. Experimental Evaluation of the Thermal Comfort in an Occupied Office Under Transient Conditions using a

Hydronic Radiant Ceiling Cooling System (NY-14-C048)

Manuel Ruiz de Adana, Ph.D., Member1, Ines Olmedo, Ph.D.1 and Fernando Peci, Ph.D.1, (1)University of Córdoba,

Córdoba, Spain

Hydronic radiant systems have become popular as an alternative to conventional forced air systems due to their potential for energy savings and better thermal

comfort (uniform cooling and heating distributions). Operative temperature control provides improved thermal comfort and allows designers to more readily

comply with ISO EN7730 and ASHRAE 55 standards .However hydronic radiant systems present some limitations of thermal response to a sudden change in

the room thermal loads. This aspect may be a disadvantage of these systems against air systems, which in general have a much faster response. In this work,

experimental results of thermal comfort in an occupied office equipped with hydronic radiant ceiling systems are presented, when the system is subjected to a

sudden change in the transient thermal loads. The results are presented in terms of thermal comfort, which has been evaluated following the existing standards

of thermal comfort. The results of this study can help to improve the strategies used for the control of hydronic radiant ceiling systems, reducing the time of

response to changes in thermal loads.



The Challenge of Upgrading Tunnel Ventilation Systems: 3 Case Studies


Room: Regent

Chair: Mark Seymour, Member, Future Facilities Ltd, London, England

Providing ventilation systems in tunnels is in itself a challenge. This is particularly so given that the need to provide fresh air

and clear pollutants during normal operation must be satisfied alongside provisions to remove smoke or other hazardous gases

in the case of fire or accident. Increasing transport demands frequently require upgraded ventilation or the addition of

supplementary ventilation systems in tunnels that were designed decades previously to historic standards. Three case studies

present their approach to design, evaluation and selection of ventilation upgrades that can be practically implemented in a

retrofit scenario to satisfy current legislation.


1. Recognize the difference in design approach required for tunnel rehabilitation projects and apply it to future tunnel

ventilation system retrofits

2. Adopt a pragmatic approach to the development of design criteria consistent with the constraints inherent in a rehabilitation

project

3. Learn the challenges of upgrading the tunnel ventilation systems and how the design objectives can be achieved without

major system modifications.

4. Understand the role of the CFD analysis in establishing the modes of ventilation system operation in road tunnels and in

design optimization. 5. Understand the proposed changes to an existing transverse tunnel ventilation system in order achieve longitudinal ventilation

in an existing tunnel and the challenges associated therewith.

6. Understand the analytical approaches utilized in evaluating the performance of individual ventilation system components and

of the overall system.

1. Working With Constraints: An Interstate Tunnel Retrofit(NY-14-C049)

David G. Newman, P.E., Member1 and Hing-Wai Wong2, (1)Hatch Mott MacDonald, Westwood, MA, (2)Hatch Mott

MacDonald, New York, NY

The retrofitting of a new tunnel ventilation system within an existing structure typically presents constraints around which the design must be engineered.

This paper presents an example of such a retrofit design in which the ventilation capacity of an existing interstate tunnel is substantially increased to address

present-day life-safety requirements. A number of design alternatives are identified and evaluated leading to the selection of a preferred concept. The paper

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discusses the constraints encountered, and outlines the measures taken to mitigate them in order to maximize the performance of the new tunnel ventilation

system.

2. Upgrading an Existing Tunnel Ventilation System with Jet Fans and Zoned Transverse Ventilation (NY-14-C050)

Yuan Li, P.E., Member1 and Igor Maevski, Ph.D., P.E., Member1, (1)Jacobs Engineering, New York, NY

The existing fully transverse ventilation systems in the eastbound and westbound Mt. Baker Ridge Tunnels (MBRT) in Seattle, WA were designed before

1993. As a part of a new project, the roadway tunnels are to be reconfigured to increase the travel lanes from three to four, increasing the maximum number

of vehicles by approximately one third. Consequently, the fire and life safety systems of the tunnels were re-evaluated and improved to meet the current

requirements. These systems will be retrofitted to provide tenable environment for passengers during a fire emergency of flammable liquid cargo in the tunnel

with the new fire detection, fire suppression, enhanced activation and upgraded tunnel ventilation systems. The paper demonstrates the ability to effectively

retrofit the existing tunnel ventilation system to meet current tenability requirements using a multiple system upgrade approach supported by computational

fluid dynamics (CFD) analysis for fire emergency scenarios.

3. Conversion of an Existing Transverse Ventilation System to a Longitudinal System Using a Saccardo Nozzle (NY-14-

C051)

Jarrod Alston, P.E., Member1, Deepak Kandra, P.E.2 and Richard Potter, P.E.2, (1)Arup, Cambridge, MA, (2)Arup, New

York, NY

The Mercer Island Lid is an integral part of the I-90 corridor outside Seattle, Washington. The lid forms three separate tunnels with three eastbound and three

westbound lanes in the outer roadways and a reversible center roadway. Sound Transit’s East Link project proposes to convert the center roadway to light rail

transit (LRT) operations and add new HOV lanes in each direction in the outer roadways by reducing lane and shoulder widths. The changes alter the risk

profile of the tunnels, which currently employ a fully transverse ventilation scheme designed to standards in place at the time of construction more than twenty

years ago. Analysis has indicated that the system may not be able to maintain tenable conditions ensuing from a fire involving heavy goods or flammable

liquids cargo vehicles to which the tunnel is open. To mitigate such fire risks, a longitudinal ventilation scheme has been proposed where existing tunnel

ventilation equipment will be retrofit and reconfigured to deliver all supply air near the entrance portals through Saccardo nozzles with all exhaust drawn near

the exit portals. This paper provides an overview of the proposed design concept and the associated analysis which demonstrate how the existing tunnel

ventilation system for the Mercer Island Tunnels may be retrofit to meet current tunnel ventilation standards.



Effective Best Practices for Successful Building Systems Commissioning



Sponsor: 07.09 Building Commissioning

Chair: James Vallort, P.E., Member, Environmental Systems Design, Chicago, IL

The concept of commissioning of buildings during new construction and renovation has grown across the globe in the past

decade or so. This has paralleled the continued push toward improved designs for energy and water efficiency. Unfortunately,

there has been less focus on helping to ensure that there is continued high performance after construction is complete.

Monitoring Based Commissioning is presented as a solution. In addition, this seminar explains the testing, adjusting, and

balancing functions, and describes the commissioning interface and cooperation with the balancing effort including review of

specifications, qualifications, and reports.


1. Argue how commissioning is a critical element in energy efficient buildings

2. Understand the role of commissioning in the building life cycle

3. Describe the commissioning activities associated with testing, adjusting, and balancing

4. Demonstrate the purpose of functional performance testing for sustainable operations 5. Develop an effective plan for monitoring based commissioning

6. Provide strategies for teamwork and coordination in the commissioning process.

1. The Application of Monitoring Based Commissioning to Building Systems

H. Jay Enck, Member, Commissioning & Green Build Solutions Inc., Buford, GA

Monitoring based commissioning relies on the use of extensive data monitoring and compilation, combined with analytical tools, to check the performance of

building systems and provide notification of problems that occur and diagnostic tools to help identify the cause and solution(s) to those problems. This paper

describes the development and application of monitoring based commissioning to a large university campus situation in the United States, and how these

concepts can be applied to include issues such as fault detection and problem diagnostics of building systems.

2. Commissioning and Test, Adjust and Balance: A Team Activity

Gerald J. Kettler, P.E., Life Member, AIR Engineering and Testing, Dallas, TX

HVAC test, adjust and balance (TAB) and Commissioning (Cx) have related and similar objectives – a properly performing HVAC system. TAB precedes Cx

in the construction process and must be understood by the Cx Provider. This program explains the TAB functions and describes the Cx interface and

cooperation with TAB including review of specifications, qualifications, and reports.



Cutting Edge Japanese Technologies (Improving Building Performance through Commissioning,

Operation and Maintenance): SHASE Annual Award for Ongoing Commissioning of Energy

Performance in 2013


Room: Sutton South

Chair: Kazuhiko Matsuo, Ishimoto Architectural & Engineering Firm, Inc., Tokyo, Japan

The session discusses a SHASE-awarded building, operating effectively for more than a decade, and a newly constructed

training center, which received a SHASE award in 2013. Both buildings focused on commissioning.


1. Describe the measure for a super-high-rise building built in a stricken area, which continued energy-saving and reducing the

peak electrical consumption for a decade by engaging in life-cycle energy management.

2. Describe the extent of effective energy management realized in Japan when building owners, residents, designers, builders,

and building management staff cooperate.

3. Describe the power-saving situation after the great earthquake in Japan and help expand the potential of commissioning

business.

4. Describe the ongoing energy performance and commissioning method of HVAC systems using renewable energy.

5. Describe the latest trends in solar heating systems used for space heating and cooling in Japan.

6. Describe HVAC systems for training productivity in Japan.

1. The Challenge to Realize Electric Power Load-Leveling Buildings with Life-Cycle Energy Management: Measures in

Building which Help Stabilize the Energy Supply

Hideki Yuzawa, P.E., Nikken Sekkei Research Institute, Tokyo, Japan

We experienced the Great East Japan Earthquake, when the crucial nature of ensuring a stable energy supply to maintain our lives became increasingly

apparent. To do so, energy saving and load leveling of a building are both effective. Life-cycle energy management is proposed as a technique to strategically

implement the same. It develops a commissioning process which triggers continuous energy performance between design and operation phases. We

successfully applied this technique to skyscrapers built in stricken areas, continuing for a further decade and reducing the maximum dissipation of the whole

building by 50%.

2. Ongoing Energy Performance of Multi-Use Solar Heating and Cooling Systems for Environmentally Conscious

Accommodation Facilities in Japan

Yoshihide Yamamoto, Nihon Sekkei Co., Ltd, Tokyo, Japan

This project is a facility for training involving long-term stays. The major systems introduced in the building are (1) solar heating, (2) natural ventilation and

(3) HVAC system to promote training productivity. The solar system includes the latest technologies, capable of changing the application of solar heating

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energy for three purposes (hot water supply, space heating and cooling) depending on the building operation status and a zeolite-adsorption chiller capable of

producing chilled water, even from hot water at a temperature of approximately 60°C. The facility achieved a 45% reduction in operational CO2 emissions

compared to the reference case in Japan.

Monday, January 20, 2:15 PM-3:45 PM


Improving Sustainability through Mitigation of Refrigerant Emissions: IIR Working Party

Seminar


Room: Trianon

Sponsor: IIR

Chair: Per Lundqvist, Ph.D., KTH, The Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden

This seminar will provide information about the impact of leakage, why containment is beneficial from environmental and

economic perspectives, where and how leakage can be reduced, legislation and initiatives that have been developed to help

containment, based on a comprehensive review of reference of international reports, evidence studies, technical papers and

legislation. It is based on a research project initiated by the International Institute of Refrigeration Working Party on behalf of

the IIR Science and Technology Council.


1. Distinguish between direct and indirect emissions from refrigeration systems and describe their environmental and economic

impact.

2. Explain the need to reduce the refrigerant charge and emissions due to leakage from refrigeration systems.

3. Describe why and how systems leak refrigerant and how to apply this knowledge to reduce refrigerant emissions.

4. Explain the international regulatory framework for reducing emissions of F-Gases and Ozone depleting substances and key

legislative measures that have been implemented by governments.

5. Provide an overview of measures taken by the international community to reduce refrigerant leakage and the potential for

further improvement.

6. Identify sources of information relating to refrigerant loss and emissions.

1. The Need to Address Refrigerant Leakage and the Role of IIR's Working Party: “Mitigation of Direct Emissions of

Greenhouse Gases in Refrigeration”

Per Lundqvist, Ph.D., KTH, The Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden

Refrigeration, air conditioning and heat pump systems consume more than 15% of grid electricity in developed countries and also contribute to global

warming through the uncontrolled release of refrigerants. The author discusses the environmental and economic impact of direct and indirect emissions from

refrigerating systems and their contribution to total global warming. The IIR Working Party was set up to provide a forum for exchange of views, to promote

international collaboration on initiatives to reduce leakage of refrigerants and to collect, collate and share information on legislation, mitigation measures,

initiatives, training schemes, and best practice.

2. The Global Appetite for Improved Refrigerant Leakage Reduction

Matthew Ritter, Member, Arkema Inc., King of Prussia, PA

The Montreal and Kyoto Protocols recognized the environmental damage caused by ozone depleting and global warming chemicals such as CFC, HCFC and

HFC refrigerants and established baselines and targets for emissions reductions. Many countries have implemented additional legal requirements and fiscal

measures, whilst voluntary initiatives to raise awareness and share good practice have also played an important role. Technological improvements in

equipment design and alternative refrigerants have the potential to significantly reduce the carbon footprint of new systems. This presentation discusses

measures taken by the international community to reduce refrigerant leakage and the potential for further improvement.

3. IIR Informatory Note: Report on Data Collection, Knowledge Gaps and Availability of Information on FRIDOC

David Cowan, P.E.1 and Issa Chaer, Ph.D.2, (1)Institute of Refrigeration, Carshalton, United Kingdom, (2)London South

Bank University, London, United Kingdom

This presentation describes the work undertaken by the IIR Working Party and the results achieved, including the information on refrigerant leakage and

containment that has been collected, collated, and categorized. The availability of such information on the IIR’s FRIDOC database and gaps in current

knowledge are also discussed. A new IIR Informatory Note on refrigerant emissions is presented.

4. Achieving Better International Cooperation on Refrigerant Leakage Reduction

Graeme Maidment, Ph.D., P.E., London South Bank University, London, United Kingdom

The discussion forum provides an opportunity for the audience to comment on material introduced by the presenters and to suggest measures that could be

taken to achieve better international cooperation on reducing refrigerant leakage and emissions.

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Tuesday, January 21

Tuesday, January 21, 8:00 AM-9:30 AM


A Comprehensive Look at Infectious Disease and Air Filtration in Healthcare Facilities: Energy

Saving, IAQ Performance, and What Makes You Sick


Room: Sutton North

Sponsor: 02.04 Particulate Air Contaminants and Particulate Contaminant Removal Equipment, 02.03 Gaseous Air Contaminants and

Gas Contaminant Removal Equipment

Chair: Zied Driss, Member, Camfil USA, Riverdale, NJ

Contaminants and transmission of pathogens in healthcare facilities have been known to cause many serious infectious

diseases. This seminar sheds light on the important contaminants known today and will provide up-to-date control strategies to

meet indoor air quality (IAQ) requirements. The speakers provide real-life examples and strategies.


1. Describe the steps involved in transmission of microorganisms within healthcare facilities

2. Understand risk factors and overall prevalence of healthcare associated infections (HAIs) in U.S. healthcare facilities

3. List at least one strategy aimed at prevention of HAIs involving environmental reservoirs of microorganisms in air, water and

on surfaces.

4. Learn up-to-date control strategies and indoor air quality (IAQ)

5. Learn about life cycle costs analysis for air filters in healthcare facilities, including real-life example of operating cost

savings in health care facilities. 6. Comprehend types of issues and requirements that impact selection of air cleaning technologies.

1. Interstate Highways of Cross Transmission of Microorganisms in Healthcare Facilities: Air, Water and Surfaces -

Which is the Most Important?

Russ Olmsted, Trinity Health, Ann Arbor, MI

Healthcare associated infections (HAIs) cause considerable morbidity and mortality and therefore prevention has become foremost among patients, providers

and payers under the move to value based health care. This session reviews the modes of cross transmission of various microorganisms that cause HAIs and

outline the relative contribution of air, water and environmental surfaces as reservoirs of these potential pathogens. Strategies for mitigating transmission that

engineering and design professionals, in collaboration with healthcare personnel, are highlighted using foundational resources such as ANSI/ASHRAE/ASHE

170 Ventilation of Healthcare Facilities and Facility Guidelines Institute (FGI) Guidelines.

2. Exceeding Standards for Internal Air Quality while Reducing Energy Consumption and Operating Costs

John Ellis, Intermountain Healthcare, Salt Lake City, UT

As facilities managers we strive to protect our patients, visitors and employees from airborne contaminants by providing excellent indoor air quality. As part

of Intermountain Healthcare’s dual compliance and cost reduction strategy, we were challenged to dramatically reduce operating costs while maintaining air

quality that met or exceeded regulatory requirements. By applying the correct measurement and verification techniques and using a strategic “life cycle cost”

approach to savings, our Utah Valley Regional Medical Center was able to reduce both energy consumption and replacement filter spending which resulted in

significant operational savings which will continue into the future.

3. Utilizing the Existing Air Handler Component for Improvement of the IAQ in Health Care Facilities Without

Compromising the Energy Consumption

Phil Maybe, The Filter Man Ltd., New Caney, TX

As we learn more of the ultrafine particles' reaction to human health, the need for increased particulate removal and treatment of airborne pollutants seems

contrary to the energy reduction goals predicted for health care facilities. This paper provides applicational view of potential upgrades utilizing available

improvements in technology of filtration and other engineering methods to achieve both goals – improved air quality AND energy reduction.

4. A Survey of Filtration Applications and Considerations in Healthcare

Matt Middlebrooks, Filtration Group, Dallas, TX

Defining the “Best Practices” in the healthcare sector of the market requires an understanding of the variety of the unique requirements for performance, both

in particulate and molecular contamination, as well as special considerations throughout the life cycle, such as installation, disposal, and interactions with

other technologies that may be employed in the HVAC and other systems. This presentation highlights several types of applications of air filtration in the

healthcare industry and the associated issues and considerations relating to these applications.

5. Building Science Measurements for the Hospital Microbiome Project

Brent Stephens, Ph.D., Associate Member, Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago, IL

The Hospital Microbiome Project is characterizing microbial diversity in over 12,000 samples from surfaces, air, staff, and patients in a new hospital pavilion.

To better understand the indoor environmental factors that influence bacterial population development in the hospital, we are measuring building

environmental and operational parameters in several patient rooms and in mechanical systems. Specifically, we are measuring air temperature, relative

humidity, light intensity, outdoor air ventilation rates, room pressurization, and human occupancy in the patient rooms that are being sampled for microbial

communities. Although data collection is ongoing, this seminar describes the motivation for the project, hospital details, the sampling strategy, and

preliminary results of hospital operation.



Advanced RTU Campaign: Accelerating Efficiency


Room: Sutton Center

Sponsor: 02.08 Building Environmental Impacts and Sustainability, 07.06 Building Energy Performance

Chair: Paul A. Torcellini, Ph.D., Member, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, CO

ASHRAE is working with the Retail Industry Leaders Association, the Department of Energy, and others to accelerate the

adoption of high efficiency HVAC practices through the Advanced RTU Campaign (ARC). The Advanced RTU Campaign

(ARC) provides resources to commercial building owners and operators to evaluate their stock of rooftop air conditioning units

(RTUs), replace older units with high-efficiency ones, and retrofit other RTUs with advanced controls in order save money and

energy, make your building more comfortable, and help the environment.


1. Describe the Advanced RTU Campaign

2. List some incentives and where to find them for RTU efficiency upgrades

3. Describe the RTU retrofit controls included in the Advanced RTU Campaign 4. Describe how to find the list of qualified equipment for the Advanced RTU Campaign 5. Apply the RTU evaluation methodology available through the Advanced RTU Campaign to determine an initial prioritization

of RTUs for retrofit or replacement

6. List the advantages of a quality maintenance approach following ASHARE/ACCA standards

1. Introduction to the Advanced RTU Campaign

Amy Jiron, U,S, Department of Energy, Washington, DC

The Advanced RTU Campaign provides building owners and operators with access to information and expertise to lower facility operating costs while

maintaining or improving building occupant comfort. This presentation covers the ins and outs of ARC, why it is important, and how to join and realize

savings or build new business opportunities. Joining ARC as a participant means making a pledge to evaluate opportunities for incredible savings. Joining

ARC as a supporter provides an excellent opportunity to promote high efficiency RTU technology and best practices.

2. Taking Action toward Efficient RTUs

Michael Deru, Ph.D., Member, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, CO

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There are incredible energy savings opportunities for rooftop units (RTUs) with new technologies. Evaluating all the options for efficiency improvements for

RTUs and selecting the most efficient and cost effective path forward can be daunting and overwhelming. This presentation covers the savings opportunities

and shows how, with the help of resources from ASHRAE and through the Advanced RTU Campaign, to evaluate a single RTU or a large portfolio of RTUs

for the best performance. The presentation tells why ASHRAE is involved and how ASHRAE members can benefit from the campaign.

3. Keeping the “Efficient” Part in Efficient RTUs: Design Correctly, Install Wisely, Optimize Effectively

Ed Smyth, Associate Member, DNV KEMA, Troy, NY

The NYSERDA (New York State Energy Research and Development Authority) HVAC Business Partners effort creates the permanent foundation for

commercial HVAC firms and their end users to understand and use the ASHRAE/ACCA Standards for Quality Maintenance (QM) and Quality Installation

(QI). This QM approach lowers facility costs, increases life of equipment, reduces emergency service calls, and optimizes indoor air quality. Proper design

and installation of advanced efficiency RTUs is essential in order for the unit to perform at its rated efficiency. Case study stories are shared of successful

adoption of the QM approach by NY State firms.



Current Trends in Tall Building Designs


Room: Trianon


Chair: Ray Sinclair, Ph.D., Member, RWDI, Guelph, ON, Canada

There is a proliferation of Super Tall and Mega Tall Buildings being built around the world. These buildings exceed the

height of the Empire State Building at 380 m. These tall buildings can be very slender on relatively small urban site and have

unique forms and mixed-use function. An architect, a structural engineer and a mechanical engineer present on current trends in

design that must provide integrated solutions to complex issues that are of interest to ASHRAE members.


1. Understand the intricacies of tall buildings

2. Understand the difference between, tall buildings, Super tall buildings and Mega tall buildings

3. Understand the advancements in Life safety issues for these buildings

4. Understand the relationship between architect, structural and MEP engineers on these projects

5. Understand the market for Tall, Super and Mega tall buildings

6. Understand the construction process for Tall, Super and Mega tall buildings

1. The Tall Tower as an Integrated Machine

Richard Nemeth, KPF, NY??, NY

This talk focuses on the design and integration of tall and supertall towers with the emphasis on how they resolve their form with structure; their form and

expression with their exterior wall; their programming with their shape and height; and their vertical connectivity through the building with the emphasis on

how they connect the ground and surrounding context. Many of these issues, such as stack effect, are unique to tall buildings and must be solved by adjusting

many building elements to counter the effects.

2. Integrating Architecture and Structure to Optimize Supertall Buildings: Three Case Studies

Dennis Poon, Land Transport Authority, Singapore, Singapore

Shanghai Tower (2,074 feet), Wuhan Greenland Center (2,086 feet), and Ping An IFC (2,165 feet) illustrate how engineers and architects can “tune” a

building’s form to optimize efficiency. The towers faced similar design challenges and employed some of the same strategies to resist seismic and wind forces,

but each maintains a distinct aesthetic identity. This presentation defines the China’s seismic design requirements; explains how architectural form affects

wind and seismic performance; describes the structural systems of the three towers and identifies their similarities; and explains how parametric modeling

helps teams integrate structure, architectural form, building skin, and mechanical systems.

3. Tall Building Designs: A Mechanical Engineer's Perspective

Mark Yakren, Syska, New York, NY

A mechanical engineer presents present day tall building designs from around the world.



Intelligent Building Operations Workshop Results: Fault Detection and Diagnostics



Sponsor: 07.05 Smart Building Systems

Chair: David P. Yuill, P.E., Student Member, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN

The Intelligent Building Operations workshop was held in Boulder, CO, June 20 – 22, 2013. Four of the presenters at that

workshop who focused on FDD in HVAC systems have been selected to present their results, with updates, in this seminar.

They give a manufacturer’s perspective on integrating on-board FDD, and FDD developers’ insights on methods being

developed to diagnose problems at the component level (economizers), equipment level (air handlers & RTU) and in whole

buildings. Attendees learn what faults are common, how they affect operation and efficiency, detection and diagnosis methods,

and the need for industry standards and integration.


1. Describe the fundamental factors driving the need to automate FDD for commercial buildings.

2. Explain the purposes of fault detection and diagnostic (FDD) software "tools". 3. Describe the faults most commonly effecting AHU-VAV systems and how these faults impact building energy consumption.

4. Evaluate how effectively an economizer diagnostics tool determines the causes of poor economizer performance. 5. Describe the challenges of integrating on-board diagnostics with existing controls and safety features on equipment currently

in the market.

6. Describe commercialization challenges & why FDD tools are not currently more widely adopted.

1. Embedding FDD into Residential and Light Commercial Products

Jon Douglas, Member, Lennox Industries, Carrollton, TX

Several tools that perform fault detection or diagnostic roles are currently included in many unitary equipment packages. However, more sophisticated FDD

tools are available and are being embedded into some commercial packaged equipment. Some of these tools are addressing codes and standards requirements,

and some are simply improving the value of the equipment. Some of the significant challenges to commercializing on-board FDD are discussed, and some

recommendations are given.

2. Active Economizer Diagnostics for Packaged Air-Conditioners

Andrew L. Hjortland, Student Member, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN

Approximately 60% of commercial floor space in the US is served by rooftop air-conditioners (RTUs), many of which utilize outdoor-air economizers to

reduce building energy consumption. However, preventative maintenance in the field is uncommon for these types of units and service calls are generally only

made for emergencies. Because of this it is not uncommon for faults to exist in RTUs without being noticed, decreasing efficiency and increasing run-time

and operating costs. An automated fault detection and diagnostics (AFDD) tool has been designed for RTUs with integrated economizers. Statistical methods

have been used to increase the tool's sensitivity and reduce its false alarm rate, including a Bayesian classifier for diagnostics.

3. Automated Fault Detection and Diagnosis for AHU-VAV Systems: A Pattern-Matching Approach

Adam Regnier, Student Member, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA

Undetected faults within buildings increases energy consumption as much as 30%. Effective automated fault detection and diagnosis (AFDD) can reduce or

eliminate this wasted energy while improving occupant comfort and safety. No widely-adopted AFDD strategies exist for typical air handling units (AHUs)

because (1) most AHUs are custom systems with few sensor measurements, and (2) AHU operation is a non-linear and transient process affected by variations

in weather and indoor loads. A novel AFDD strategy for AHUs is demonstrated in this study. The effectiveness of this method is demonstrated using

experimental test data from three buildings across all seasonal operation.

4. AFDD Expert Assistant: An Automated FDD Tool for Commercial Buildings

Daniel Veronica, Member, National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), Gaithersburg, MD

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The energy consumed by HVAC systems of commercial buildings can be significantly reduced by effective fault detection and diagnostics (FDD) "tools".

Recent studies show that making FDD viable economically means the tools must deliver unprecedented levels of functional autonomy and sophistication.

The National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) is field-testing a prototype for an automated FDD tool that, by employing methods from expert

systems and Bayesian analysis, demands less effort from technicians in order to perform FDD functions. An overview of this tool is given, along with a

primer on the principles it employs and results from its testing.



Optimization Techniques in HVAC


Room: Beekman

Sponsor: TG1 Optimization, Publications and Education

Chair: Reinhard Radermacher, Ph.D., P.E., Fellow ASHRAE, University of Maryland, College Park, MD

This session offers a select group of recently published papers from the ASHRAE HVAC&R Research Journal regarding

new developments in optimization technology to include cost optimization for a large-scale hybrid central cooling plant that

uses a realistic nonlinear complex cost structure and examines the trade-off between chiller operations using different energy

sources, the peak loads calculation in TRNSYS and EnergyPlus, and an analytical solution for an optimum fin shape.


1. Assess the trade-off between fuel and electrical costs in hybrid cooling systems and describe the effect of the energy

consumption and cost of and peak demand during summer. 2. Understand the implication of effective solution methods for real time implementation and conceptualize how a fin with of

arc length (under dehumidification conditions) transfers heat effectively for its circular shape. 3. Understand the assumption of length of arc idealization, and how the minimum envelop fin shape becomes parabolic

irrespective of mechanism of heat change between the fin surface and its surrounding. 4. Appreciate the huge difference in fin volume found between circular and parabolic fins for the same heat transfer, and how

this difference enhances in the case of wet surfaces.

5. Become aware of the relative inaccuracy arising from the features of a specific building simulation code over the spectrum of

the possible building configurations and have a better understanding of the impact of the specific features of the considered set

of building configurations on the relative inaccuracy.

6. Become more knowledgeable of the most relevant features and the most critical algorithms of the simulation codes by means

of inferential statistics and have an improved insight into a the inter-software comparative evaluation approach for different

climates, building configurations and simulation codes.

1. Cost Optimization for a Large-Scale Hybrid Central Cooling Plant with Multiple Energy Sources under a Complex

Electricity Cost Structure

Jeonghan Ko, Ph.D., Member1 and Yin Guo, Member2, (1)Ajou University, Korea and the University of Michigan-Ann

Arbor, Ann Arbor, MI, (2)University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE

This presentation presents a mathematical optimization model for optimal control of a hybrid cooling system. The model can handle a realistic nonlinear

complex cost structure, and can be used to examine the trade-off between chiller operations using different energy sources. To reduce computational intensity

for real time implementation, a dual-stage solution method is developed. Case studies demonstrate that the developed procedures can be used to save the total

energy cost and lower the peak electricity demand significantly.

2. An Optimum Longitudinal Wet Fin Without the “Length-Of-Arc” Assumption

Balaram Kundu, Ph.D.1, Debasis Barman1 and Debkalpa Goswami1, (1)Jadavpur University, Kolkata, India

An analytical solution to determine the optimum fin shape of minimum volume under dehumidifying conditions is established with the consideration of

“length-of-arc” and linear relationship between humidity ratio and temperature. The volume of the optimum circular wet fin obtained here is 9.49 times

smaller than that of dry circular fins and 75.89 times smaller than the Schmidt’s parabolic fin. The optimum wet circular fin is shorter in length and has a

smaller base height than the dry circular fin. An effort is also made to analyze Schmidt’s parabolic fin under dehumidification.

3. Extensive Comparative Analysis of Building Energy Simulation Codes: Heating and Cooling Energy Needs and Peak

Loads Calculation In Trnsys and Energyplus for Southern Europe Climates

Andrea Gasparella, Ph.D.1 and Giovanni Pernigotto, Dr.Ing.2, (1)Free University of Bolzano, Bolzano, Italy, (2)University of

Padova, Vicenza, Italy

Relative inaccuracy due to the features of a specific building simulation code was evaluated comparing TRNSYS 16.1 and EnergyPlus 7. The dispersing

surface amount, walls insulation and heat capacity, glazings insulation, solar transmittance, dimensions and orientation, and internal gains were investigated

as sources of discrepancies between the results of the two codes. More than 1600 building configurations were obtained through a full factorial plan for two

climatic conditions, Milan, in the North and Messina, in the South of Italy. Monthly heating and cooling needs, heating and cooling peak loads and

occurrence time have been compared and analyzed through inferential statistics.



Optimized Control Strategies for Chilled Beams and Radiant Panels


Room: Mercury

Sponsor: 06.05 Radiant Heating and Cooling, 05.03 Room Air Distribution

Chair: Devin A. Abellon, P.E., Member, Uponor, Phoenix, AZ

As building owners and design engineers continue to explore hydronic systems as part of an energy efficient design solution

in high performance buildings, they are faced with a variety of control strategies to optimize the systems while ensuring that

surface condensation does not occur. While there are similarities in how chilled beams and radiant systems are controlled, there

are important differences as well. This session covers various strategies and includes a number of case studies.


1. Describe how radiant cooling systems and chilled beams can be used as part of an energy efficient design solution, citing

case study examples.

2. Understand the radiation and convective components of heat transfer for both chilled beams and radiant panels.

3. Describe the various water temperature mixing control strategies used for both radiant panels and chilled beams to avoid

surface condensation.

4. Explain the conditions and scenarios where surface condensation can occur.

5. Describe typical control strategies, for both water and air when managing minimum ventilation rates through an active chilled

beam system.

6. Understand how to control a combination system that includes radiant panels and a secondary airside system.

1. Radiant Heating and Cooling System Fundamentals and Applications

Robert Bean, Member, Healthy Heating, Calgary, AB, Canada

In-slab radiant heating and cooling systems continue to gain momentum on high performance buildings. A radiant design strategy embodies the integration of

architectural design and HVAC systems design with overall energy efficiency and comfort in mind. This seminar explores the fundamental concepts of how

in-slab radiant systems work, how they are designed, constructed and controlled, and how they can be used as part of an energy efficient design solution to

maximize energy performance.

2. Chilled Beam Application Fundamentals

Kenneth J. Loudermilk, P.E., Member, TROX USA, Cumming, GA

The fundamentals of active and passive chilled beam systems, as well as the popular applications of the technology are covered. These applications include

laboratories, healthcare and educational facilities. Each application focuses on the benefits that can be derived by using chilled beam systems.

3. Control Strategies for Chilled Beams vs. Radiant Panels

Peter Simmonds, Ph.D., Stantec, Sherman Oaks, CA

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Both chilled beams and radiant slabs can be used to significantly reduce the overall energy usage of a building's HVAC system by displacing fan energy with

pump energy. Many system designers and building owners, however, are hesitant to incorporate either of these technologies due to the fear of surface

condensation. This seminar covers chilled water temperature control strategies, along with the associated airside system controls, for both chilled beams and

radiant slabs. Case studies showing how these systems have been successfully incorporated are also presented.



Refrigerants Today, Tomorrow, and Beyond


Room: Regent

Sponsor: Refrigeration Committee, TC8.01 Positive Displacement Compressors, TC10.07 , 03.01 Refrigerants and Secondary Coolants

Chair: Georgi S. Kazachki, Ph.D., Fellow ASHRAE, Dayton Phoenix Group, Inc., Dayton, OH

Refrigerants have been and will be the defining factor in the design of refrigerating and air-conditioning equipment from the

onset of artificial cooling to present days and into the future. Their chemical and thermo-physical properties determine the

performance of each component individually as well as the performance of the entire system: refrigerating capacity, energy

efficiency, temperature and pressure levels, heat transfer, oil circulation, system chemistry, reliability, lifetime, environmental

and physiological impact. This seminar illustrates the impact of the refrigerants of today, tomorrow, and beyond on all aspects

of practical use of residential, commercial, and industrial refrigeration and air-conditioning.


1. Design refrigeration and air-conditioning systems with respect to the thermodynamic properties of the new, low-GWP

refrigerants, in comparison with the past and current refrigerants.

2. Assess the overall economic aspects of the vapor-compression systems according to the performance of the refrigerant in

vapor-compression cycles, accounting for the cycle efficiency, heat transfer, pressures, and material compatibility.

3. Outline the design aspects of the refrigeration and AC systems with respect to the solubility of refrigerants and lubricants and

their heat transfer characteristics.

4. Explain how the molecular formula and structure of the refrigerants determine their thermodynamic properties, thermal

stability, and their relationship with lubricants and construction materials.

5. Describe the correlation between the chemical composition and molecular structure of the refrigerants and their

environmental characteristics.

6. Associate the composition of the refrigerant blends with their potential flammability, environmental impact, and performance

in refrigerating and air-conditioning equipment.

1. Reducing Ammonia Charge in Industrial Refrigeration Systems Using Direct Expansion

Bruce Nelson, P.E., Member, Colmac Coil Manufacturing, Inc., Colville, WA

Ammonia has been in continuous use as a refrigerant in both vapor-compression and absorption refrigeration systems since the 19th century. It is still the

refrigerant of choice for large industrial refrigeration systems because of its high cycle efficiencies and low cost. Ammonia is unique among all refrigerants,

both naturally occurring and synthetic, in that it has both Ozone Depletion Potential (ODP) of zero and Global Warming Potential (GWP) of zero. This makes

ammonia the ultimate environmentally friendly refrigerant. The primary challenge in applying ammonia is its toxicity. Reducing the amount of ammonia

required in a refrigeration system is very important.

2. Low GWP Refrigerant Convective Boiling

Mark A. Kedzierski, Ph.D., Member, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD

This presentation describes local convective boiling measurements in a micro-fin tube for several low GWP refrigerants that are replacements for R134a. All

testing was conducted using a water-heated horizontal 9.5 mm (Do) U-tube with helical micro-fins. Saturation temperatures ranged from 274.5 K to 293.6 K.

The measured convective boiling Nusselt numbers for all of the test refrigerants were correlated to a single expression consisting of a product of dimensionless

properties valid for mass velocities ranging from 70 kg/m2s to 370 kg/m2s and for vapor qualities between 0 and 0.7.

3. Thermal Stability Studies to Evaluate Low-GWP Refrigerants

Bianca W. Hydutsky, Ph.D., Associate Member, DuPont Chemicals and Fluoroproducts, Wilmington, DE

A new generation of refrigerants has been developed based on HydroFluoroOlefin (HFO) chemistry offering stability and performance comparable to or

exceeding current and legacy refrigerants while having drastically shorter atmospheric lifetimes and hence lower direct GWP. This work describes the

laboratory studies designed and carried out to evaluate the thermal stability of HFO molecules versus existing refrigerants. Tests included evaluation with

lubricants and common system contaminants: air and water. Results show that some of these new refrigerants offer excellent thermal stability, even at higher

temperatures than commonly tested, allowing their use in a variety of refrigeration and air conditioning applications.

4. Safe and Environment-Friendly Refrigerants for Industrial Process Energy Recovery

Laurent Abbas, Arkema, King of Prussia, PA

Industrial Heat Pump is an effective heat recovery technology for low to medium grade heat. To achieve high efficiency, this technology requires a refrigerant

with thermodynamic properties in line with the level of temperature involved in the industrial processes.This paper introduces AHP1 and AHP2, two

promising new low GWP and non-flammable refrigerants for Industrial Heat Pumps. Thermodynamic properties of AHP1 and AHP2 are described and their

potential application in high-temperature heat pumps is discussed. Results show that AHP1 and AHP2 are promising candidates to address the industrial heat

pump market needs.



Sustainable Development in Africa


Room: Sutton South

Sponsor: 02.08 Building Environmental Impacts and Sustainability, 09.08 Large Building Air-Conditioning Applications

Chair: Tom E. Watson, P.E., Presidential Fellow Life Member, McQuay International, Staunton, VA

Countries on the continent of Africa have great natural resources in terms of minerals, energy, and good climate. However,

these resources need to be developed for the benefit of its people. It has a large (around 1 billion) population which is spread

across the continent in numerous villages which generally lack the amenities and services which most developed countries take

for granted. It would be easy to assume that sustainable development should follow 'western' examples with migration from

countryside to modern cities but the opposite is more likely to happen and more sustainable given the wide distribution of

natural resources, renewable energy, and people. This seminar identifies key issues and how ASHRAE can be pro-active in

guiding Africa toward sustainable development.


1. Understand Africa's unique issues relative to sustainability

2. Understand scope for renewable energy across African countries

3. Develop sustainable models for specific African locations/countries using metrics discussed at the seminar.

4. Consider social and economic issues relative to sustainable development including barriers. These include technical

knowledge required to design and operate Air conditioning systems and refrigeration processes.

5. Be aware of how ASHRAE's learning and technology can support, enhance and lead sustainable development raising life

styles and quality

6. Consider Africa as a market for their skills and expertise in a way that supports Africa's sustainable development.

1. African Continent's Unique Approach to Sustainability

Frank A. Mills, P.E., Member, Low Carbon Design Consultants, Liverpool, United Kingdom

The industrial revolution was built upon cheap available fossil fuels and, in those countries that were able to benefit, resulted in rapid improvement in

lifestyles and quality of life. Unfortunately, sustainability was not a prime consideration at the time and western countries are now adapting to a low carbon

future. Africa, on the other hand, has abundant renewable energy, which is basically free at source and available at every local village and town. It must

develop in its unique way to preserve current social and cultural communities at a local level. This presentation shows how this can occur.

2. Designing in Sub-Saharan Africa: Revisiting the Past to Achieve Sustainability

Dunstan Macauley, P.E., Member, TAI Engineers, Owings Mills, MD

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Sustainable development has become an important component of the growth strategies of industrial countries and emerging economies, and many in the

global business community have begun to incorporate sustainability into their corporate strategy. Those who are entering the African continent where there are

vast untapped resources are applying sustainability based on innovation, local social inclusion, and societal development as a key to success. The ASHRAE

approach to knowledge transfer, innovation, entrepreneurship, and leadership offers the best way to assist in applying technology in the most suitable, cost

effective, and sustainable way to preserve and protect the environment whilst raising people's quality of life.

3. Renewable Energy in Africa

Kayley Lockhead, Student Member1 and Frank A. Mills, P.E., Member2, (1)NG Bailey Engineering, Leeds, United Kingdom,

(2)Low Carbon Design Consultants, Liverpool, United Kingdom

Research into renewable energy in Africa reveals that the untapped potential far exceeds the current and predicted future electricity requirements of the

continent. In order to progress the development of the renewable energy technologies in Africa, business models and demonstrations to support existing

research findings are required and development of local skills and knowledge is required. Increasing confidence in the economic viability and technical

feasibility of the technologies will increase the level of investment from private financiers, which will in turn encourage the development of sustainable

business models.



Monitoring Building Energy Use and Modeling Ice Thermal Storage



Chair: James VanGilder, P.E., Member, APC by Schneider Electric, Billerica, MA

ASHRAE RP-1404 assesses methods by which short-term in-situ monitoring of weather-dependent building energy use

could be used as a workable alternative to yearlong monitoring in monitoring and verification projects. A paper reports on some

of the findings. Optimizing cooling with ice thermal storage through a tool is described in another paper. The study considers

the effect of the ice thermal storage on the chiller performance and the associated energy cost.


1. An Integrated Heat Transfer Attic and Multi-room Thermal Building Model (NY-14-019)

Ahmed Megri, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY

This paper reports on some of the research findings of ASHRAE RP-1404 meant to develop and assess methods by which short-term in-situ monitoring of

weather-dependent building energy use could be used as a workable alternative to yearlong monitoring in monitoring and verification (M&V) projects. The

RP-1404 research explored two different approaches: a detailed one based on hourly data and monitoring periods ranging from two weeks to a full year, and a

coarse approach based on daily data and monitoring periods in monthly increments. A specific aspect pertinent to the latter approach is described in this paper

which is an advancement to the current state of the art for M&V baseline modeling.

2. Optimal Design and Control of Ice Thermal Storage System for a Typical Chilled Water Plant (NY-14-020)

Nabil Nassif, North Carolina A&T State University - Center for Energy Research and Technology, Greensboro, NC

Cooling with ice thermal storage can be the most cost-effective, reliable system approach to cooling different types of buildings. The ice thermal storage can

reduce energy costs by shifting the cooling cost from on-peak to off-peak periods. The paper discusses the optimal design of ice thermal storage and its impact

on energy consumption, demand, and total energy cost. A tool for optimal design of ice storage is developed, considering variables such as chiller and ice

storage sizes and charging and discharge times. Detailed simulation studies using real office building located near Orlando, FL including utility rate structure

are presented. The study considers the effect of the ice thermal storage on the chiller performance and the associated energy cost and demonstrates the cost

saving achieved from optimal ice storage design. A whole building energy simulation model is used to generate the hourly cooling load for both design day

and entire year.



Numerical Prediction of Boundary Conditions and Turbulence in the Near Field Region of Low

Reynolds Merging Jets


Room: Sutton Center

Chair: Brian Krafthefer, BCK Consulting, Stillwater, MN

Flow from co-planar nozzles converges and merges at a certain distance from the nozzles. In order to numerically predict

such confluence, it is crucial to provide inlet boundary conditions for these jets at the nozzle exits. Numerical prediction of inlet

boundary conditions and turbulence of merging jets was chosen both because of the difficulty of measurement at the exit of the

nozzles and the lack of information about the shape of the employed nozzles to determine artificial inlet profiles. Two

turbulence models (Realizable k-ϵ and RSM) of the supply device producing the confluent jets were verified. For a 3-D array of

jets, simulation of the whole domain of confluent round jets is essential in order to predict and study the flow behavior. The

existence of an initial, a converging, a merging and a combined region in the confluent jets has been found for three low

Reynolds numbers.


1. A Study on Proximal Region of Low Reynolds Confluent Jets, Part 1: Evaluation of Turbulence Models in Prediction

of Inlet Boundary Conditions (NY-14-021)

Shahriar Ghahremanian, Student Member1 and Bahram Moshfegh, P.Eng.1, (1)Linkoping University, Linkoping, Sweden

When round jets issue from co-planar nozzles with enough spacing, they converge, merge and combine at a certain downstream distance, which are called

confluent jets. In order to numerically predict confluent jets, it is crucial to provide inlet boundary conditions for these jets at the nozzles exit. Numerical

prediction of inlet boundary conditions of confluent jets was chosen due to two reasons: the difficulty of measurement at nozzles exit and lack of information

about the shape of the employed nozzles to make artificial inlet profiles. Numerical predictions by two turbulence models (Realizable k-ϵ and RSM) of the

supply device producing the confluent jets was verified by hot-wire measurements at 0.26 d0 downstream of the nozzles exit in both lateral and vertical

direction. The verification was carried out for different nozzles in an array by measuring longitudinal velocity and its turbulence intensity. The axial velocity

profile at the nozzles exit has a saddle-backed shape with two distinct off-centered overshoots. The convergence of the velocity profile shows the existence of

vena contracta phenomena. Low turbulence intensity at the central part of nozzles was found with narrow shear layer upstream of confluent jet flow.

Differences of velocity components, turbulent kinetic energy (TKE) and turbulent dissipation rate (TDR) of the studied contraction nozzle were examined

with a flow issuing from a typical long pipe. Reynolds number dependency in the studied range has been carried out and Re effects were observed on TKE but

not on TDR.

2. A Study on Proximal Region of Low Reynolds Confluent Jets, Part 2: Numerical Prediction of the Flow Field (NY-

14-022)

Shahriar Ghahremanian, Student Member, Linkoping University, Linkoping, Sweden

There have been extensive and thorough investigations to evaluate the performance of turbulence models in the numerical prediction of flows bounded by

solid boundaries. However, the examination of turbulence models in predicting array of free shear layers such as confluent jets is meager. Two-dimensional

(axisymmetric) modeling of round jets cannot be applied for array of jets, and instead three-dimensional simulation of the whole domain of confluent round

jets is essential in order to predict and study the flow behavior of confluent jets. In this study, the velocity field was recorded by traversing a hot-wire probe

across the jets in one column at selected distances from the nozzles’ exit in order to examine the performance of SST k-ω turbulence model. The experimental

and numerical results from this work are summarized in a set of mapping fields of mean velocity for the confluent jet zones, which are presented in a

generalized non-dimensional form. The existence of an initial, a converging, a merging and a combined region in the confluent jets has been found for three

low Reynolds numbers. Three different confluent jets can be seen in the array of jets studied placed six by six symmetrically on the long side of a cylindrical

supply device. The streamwise velocity of the geometrical centerline of side jets and corner jets decays faster than that for the fully confluent jets due to

deflection towards their adjacent neighboring jets. Side jets and corner jets deflect to their adjacent jets and finally merge and combine with them, while fully

confluent jets normally spread and amalgamate with each other. Low local pressure is responsible for the amalgamation of confluent jets, but the static

pressure reaches a minimum value between side jets and their neighboring jets which results in the deflection of the side jets.


69


Residential Hydronic Heat and Daily Hot Water Use


Room: Regent

Chair: James S. McNeill Jr., Student Member, Affiliated Engineers, Inc., Madison, WI

Researchers describe in one paper the optimal combinations of components that result in the highest overall efficiency for a

residential hydronic system where baseboard convectors are used as the heat emitter. Another paper describes advances in a

solar water heating system solar tube collectors. A third paper identifies typical hot water draw patterns, the results of which are

being evaluated for inclusion in Standard 118.2, Method of Testing for Rating Residential Water Heaters.


1. Identify three measures for improving overall system efficiency.

2. Explain the difference between equipment efficiency and overall system efficiency.

3. Describe typical residential hot water draw patterns

4. Describe typical residential hot and cold water temperatures

5. Describe how carbon nanotube sheets can be applied on solar tubes.

6. Describe how combination of carbon nanotube sheets and phase change materials improve the solar water heaters

performance.

1. Designing Hydronic Systems to Maximize Efficiency and Response (NY-14-C052)

Lois B. Arena, Associate Member1 and Omari Faakye2, (1)Steven Winter Associates, Inc, Norwalk, CT, (2)Steven Winter

Assoc., Norwalk, CT

Even though new homes constructed with hydronic heat comprise only 3% of the market (US Census Bureau 2009), of the 115 million existing homes in the

United States, almost 14 million of those homes (11%) are heated with a steam or hot water system according to 2009 US Census data. Therefore, advances in

hydronic system optimization could result in significant potential energy savings in the US. When operating properly, the combination of a gas-fired

condensing boiler with baseboard convectors and an indirect water heater is a viable option for high-efficiency residential space heating in cold climates.

Based on previous research efforts, however, it became apparent that these types of systems are typically not designed and installed to achieve maximum

efficiency. Outdoor reset curves, flow rates, baseboard capacity and control options were not optimized in any of the systems monitored. In cooperation with

the DOE's Building America program, researchers attempted to determine the optimal combination(s) of components – pumps, high efficiency heat sources,

plumbing configurations and controls – that result in the highest overall efficiency for a hydronic system where baseboard convectors are used as the heat

emitter. This paper reveals the full results of the monitoring and outlines recommendations for ensuring increased response time, flexibility, and efficient

operation.

2. Typical Hot Water Draw Patterns Based on Field Data (NY-14-C053)

J.D. Lutz, P.E., Member, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA

Daily hot water use is highly variable both between residences and within the same residence on different days. Determining typical hot water draw patterns to

use in test procedures to rate water heaters has been difficult. Methods to compare draw patterns were developed based on data obtained from 12 separate field

studies. The data from the field studies was subjected to quality assurance processing and merged into one consistent database. The complete data set from

22,902 days in 159 houses analyzed to determine typical inlet and outlet water temperatures. The data was then divided into three clusters reflecting house

configurations that demonstrated small, medium, or large median daily hot water use. The daily hot water use within each cluster was analyzed in terms of

volume and number of hot water draws. The daily draw patterns in each cluster were also characterized using distributions for volume of draws, duration of

draws, times since previous draw, and flow rates. The results of the analysis of the field data were compared to the conditions and draw patterns in the current

U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) test procedure for residential water heaters. The results show a higher number of smaller draws at lower flow rates than

used in the test procedure. The results of the analysis are being considered by ASHRAE standard project committee (SPC) 118.2, Method of Testing for

Rating Residential Water Heaters, to revise the test procedure for residential water heaters to incorporate a range of draw patterns.

3. Solar Water Heating System with Phase Change Materials and Carbon Nanotube (NY-14-C054)

Fatemeh Hassanipour1, Vladimir Pozdin1 and Anvar Zakhidov1, (1)University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX

Solar water heaters are a well-established renewable energy technology that has been widely adopted outside of the United States. In this paper we have

significantly improved the evacuated solar tube collectors (ETC) by utilizing the “dry-drawable” carbon nanotube (CNT) sheets for solar energy absorption

and CNT multifunctional nanocomposites with functional layers of heat accumulators and heat transporters. The benefits of thess carbon nanotube based

solar water heaters is the property of carbon nanotubes as a near blackbody absorber, allowing the absorption of >98% of the solar energy. In addition the

porous nature of the sheets and nanometer diameter of tubes, increases light scattering inside the selective layer, resulting in light trapping, decreased

reflectivity and increased light absorption. This project uses large scale dry-drawable CNT sheets as multifunctional “Absorbance layer” on ETC, improving

it further by birolling into its porous network functional layers of heat accumulation phase change material (PCM) microspheres and heat transfer sub-layer.

The ultimate goal of the research is to increase the usage of solar water heaters SWH in USA and achieve “fast return” on highly effective evacuated tube

collectors ETC of SWH by using nanomaterials for light absorbing, conversion to heat, heat accumulation and heat transfer layers in ETC.



Climate Zones and Carbon Emissions


Room: Sutton South

Chair: Panagiota Karava, Ph.D., Associate Member, ASHRAE, West Lafayette, IN

ASHRAE Standard 169 categorizes climates in a way that could be used for energy standards and codes. Changes to the

2013 version of the standard are described in a paper. A revision to ASHRAE Standard 105, “Standard Methods of

Determining, Expressing and Comparing building Energy Performance and Greenhouse Gas Emissions,” includes compliance

requirements related to aver and avoided (or Marginal) primary energy and greenhouse gas emissions associated with building

energy performance. The rational for average and marginal methodologies are described in a paper. A third paper describes a

model whose purpose is to provide a simple tool to estimate the impact of different RACHP technologies, alternative building

design and operating parameters and future global warming, on the energy demands and carbon emissions of buildings.


1. Understand the revised climate zone categories likely to be used in energy codes, including the new climate zone for

extremely hot locations.

2. Understand how the building envelope and mechanical system criteria in energy codes will vary based on revised climate

zone assignments.

3. Explain why refrigeration, air conditioning and heat pump (RACHP) technology alone cannot provide a sustainable cooling

solution for cities and; how the impact of global warming and the urban heat island effect can be mitigated in buildings and the

urban environment.

4. Describe the principle of the quasi-dynamic energy balance approach for modelling the energy performance of buildings and

its potential advantages when used for high level design and for modelling clusters of buildings.

5. Understand the rationale for using full-fuel-cycle marginal generation methodologies

6. Apply regional average and marginal primary energy and greenhouse gas emission factors to building energy performance

comparisons.

1. Changes in ASHRAE Standard 169: Implications for Energy Codes and Standards (NY-14-C055)

John Hogan, P.E., Member, Consultant, Seattle, WA

Approximately ten years ago, ASHRAE embarked on a process to establish a standard to categorize climates in a way that could be used for Energy Standards

and Codes. The work done on ASHRAE Standard 169 formed the basis for the climate zones that are currently used in ASHRAE/IES Standard 90.1,

ASHRAE Standard 90.2, and the International Code Council’s (ICC) International Energy Conservation Code (IECC). The 2013 version of ASHRAE

Standard 169 is based on a more recent climate data set, and contains the first significant update to the initial version. This paper summarizes the changes in

the 2013 version of ASHRAE Standard 169 as they relate to Energy Standards and Codes, and the potential implications of these changes for Standards 90.1,

90.2, and the IECC.

2. Estimation of Cooling Energy Demand and Carbon Emissions from Urban Buildings using a Quasi-Dynamic Model

(NY-14-C056)

71

David Cowan1, Graeme Maidment, Ph.D.2 and Issa Chaer, Ph.D.2, (1)Institute of Refrigeration, Carshalton, United Kingdom,

(2)London South Bank University, London, United Kingdom

Global warming and the urban heat island effect in large towns and cities demand new approaches to cooling buildings in an efficient and sustainable way.

Modern refrigeration, air conditioning and heat pump (RACHP) systems can achieve a high coefficient of performance and low direct emissions (through

reduced refrigerant leakage and the use of low global warming potential alternatives), but refrigeration technology already accounts for around 15% of

worldwide electricity use and up to 10% of all greenhouse gas emissions, so in the context of international agreements to reduce global greenhouse gas

emissions by up to 80%, RACHP systems alone cannot provide a sustainable cooling solution for cities. The purpose of the model described in this paper is to

provide a simple and easy to use tool to estimate the impact of different RACHP technologies, alternative building design and operating parameters and future

global warming, on the energy demands and carbon emissions of buildings. This will allow alternative cooling (and heating) strategies to be quickly assessed

and compared.

3. Options for Determining Marginal Primary Energy and Greenhouse Gas Emission Factors (NY-14-C057)

Neil P. Leslie, P.E., Member1 and Marek Czachorski2, (1)Gas Technology Institute, Des Plaines, IL, (2)MC Scientific,

Downers Grove, IL

The new revision of ASHRAE Standard 105 “Standard Methods of Determining, Expressing, and Comparing Building Energy Performance and Greenhouse

Gas Emissions” includes compliance requirements related to average and avoided (or marginal) primary energy and greenhouse gas emissions associated with

building energy performance. This paper explores the rationale for average and marginal methodologies and discuss options for determining marginal primary

energy and greenhouse gas emission factors attributable to building energy consumption. The primary focus is methodologies for marginal electricity

generation factors, but the paper also examines issues and factors associated with marginal fossil fuel production.



CFD for Data Center Applications, Part 2 –Applications


Room: Mercury

Chair: James VanGilder, P.E., Member, APC by Schneider Electric, Billerica, MA

As evidenced by the number software tools available commercially today, Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) is widely

employed in the design and management of data centers and has become a vitally important technology in the quest to make

these complex and energy-intensive facilities more reliable and energy efficient. In the first part of this two-part seminar, we

take a high-level view of the topic and discuss many specific examples of how CFD can be used to pro-actively design and

manage data centers.


1. Explain why data centers commonly fail to achieve their design capacity and efficiency. 2. Distinguish between DCIM tools, especially monitoring, and CFD to help understanding of why the tools are

complementary. 3. Describe the use of CFD simulation during data center operation to make deployment decisions and avoid mistakes that can

result in inefficiency and lost capacity down the line.

4. Explain the airflow leakage issue through the gaps between the rack containment systems and the drop ceiling.

5. Describe the solution for the described airflow leakage issue which did not employ any materials to seal the gaps.

6. Describe how temperature and pressure contours in different cross-sections help point to practical solutions in the case of

CRAH failure.

1. Prediction Is Better Than Cure: CFD Simulation For Data Center Operation

Mark Seymour, Member, Future Facilities, London, United Kingdom

CFD is commonly used in data center white space airflow design and DCIM is becoming a focus providing a variety of tools from asset management to

monitoring during operation. While these tools help the conceptual configuration of the IT and its cooling, track its contents and monitor performance, few

people are currently taking the next step of predicting future configurations. Simulation uniquely offers the ability to look ahead and to ensure changes comply

with the concept design and achieve the energy efficiency intended. This presentation outlines the risks of not simulating before implementing and the

benefits of looking ahead.

2. Practical Use of CFD to Address the Design Challenges and Failure Scenarios in Data Centers

Reza Ghias, Ph.D., Member, Southland Industries, Dulles, VA

The unbalanced heat loads due to high density racks and the leakage through the gaps between ceiling and rack containment systems can cause undesirable

hot spots and create strong stream flow in the white-space areas of data centers. Predicting the temperature distribution and arranging proper control set up in

case of CRAH failure scenarios is another design challenge in data center design. This presentation shows how Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) was

used efficiently to investigate the above mentioned challenges and provide practical solutions in the design process.


SEMINAR 37 (BASIC)

Real Co$t of Filtration


Room: Sutton North

Sponsor: 02.04 Particulate Air Contaminants and Particulate Contaminant Removal Equipment, 02.03 Gaseous Air Contaminants and

Gas Contaminant Removal Equipment

Chair: Kyung-Ju Choi, Ph.D., Member, Clean & Science, Des Plaines, IL

Co$t vs. Benefits for Residential filters; does upgrading help you breathe better? There is still substantial debate on the

energy consequences of better residential filtration, but there has been relatively little examination of the benefits. The purpose

of this session is to describe the energy consumption consequences for residential filters with different pressure drops, along

with the impact of the different filters on indoor concentration of airborne particles.


1. Understand an overview of residential filtration including power consumption vs. filter efficiency.

2. Explain the real benefits of residential filtration. 3. Distinguish how filter efficiency affects indoor particle concentration and power consumption

4. Explain how health is impacted by exposure to indoor particles in residential buildings. 5. Describe the experimental evaluation of residential HVAC filters.

6. Apply the evaluation of the costs and benefits

1. Impact of Residential HVAC Filtration on Energy Consumption and Indoor Concentration of Particulate Matter

Thad Ptak, Ph.D., Member, Columbus Industries, Columbus, OH

This presentation presents the results of an experimental evaluation of residential HVAC filters and their impact on indoor concentration of airborne particles

and on energy consumption. Results are presented as a decay of particle concentration of specific size, PM1 and PM2.5 concentration for selected filters with

different filtration efficiencies (MERV). Energy consumption for filters with different pressure drop was measured in two different test houses with different

types of blowers.

2. The Real Benefits of Residential Filtration

Jeffrey A. Siegel, University of Texas, Austin, TX

Residential conditioning systems do not run frequently, there is a potential mismatch in timing between when a system does operate and when important

particle sources exist, and there is insufficient evidence that filters remove particles that actually matter for human health. Using a holistic approach that

considers experimental results and a mathematic model, a framework for evaluating the costs and benefits is proposed. The results suggest improved

filtration is a necessary but not sufficient step to achieve improved indoor air quality.



Advances in Ventilation

73


Room: Beekman

Sponsor: 04.03 Ventilation Requirements and Infiltration, Publications and Education

Chair: Reinhard Radermacher, Ph.D., P.E., Fellow ASHRAE, University of Maryland, College Park, MD

This session offers a select group of recently published papers from the ASHRAE HVAC&R Research Journal regarding

new developments in ventilation technology to include research of thermal comfort and energy conservation, reducing exposure

to indoor pollutants with personalized ventilation, and minimizing airborne cross infection in aircraft cabins.


1. Investigate human thermal comfort in non-uniform and dynamic environments and discover the reasonable combinations of

room temperature and LV temperature to provide comfortable thermal conditions. 2. Find the relationship between the thermal comfort improvement and energy conservation in this non-uniform environment. 3. Investigate the utmost energy conservation ratio provided by using LV systems under comfortable condition. 4. Expand knowledge of wearable personal ventilation (PV) technology and that can achieve nearly 100 percent of clean air in

the breathing zone of the occupant at nearly 30 times reduced supply PV flow rates compared to traditional desk incorporated

PV design. 5. Learn how the geometric shape of the PV air supply nozzle, the initial air velocity, the distance of the PV nozzle from the

occupant’s mouth or direction of the PV jet (from front, sideways or below) can affect the amount of clean air in inhalation and

thus the perceived air quality of occupants

6. Learn about the performance of the wearable PV with regards to inhaled air quality (amount of clean air in inhalation)

depends greatly on the airflow interaction near the human body between the natural convection flow, the background ventilation

and the PV air flow.

1. Investigation on Thermal Comfort and Energy Conservation of Local Ventilation

Zhiwei Lian, Ph.D.1, Chanjuan Sun1, Harry Giles, Ph.D., Member2, Guoliang Xu, Ph.D.3 and Li Lan1, (1)Shanghai Jiao Tong

University, Shanghai, China, (2)University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, (3)Zhejiang Water Conservancy and Hydropower

College, Zhejiang, China

Three room temperatures (26, 28, 30°C) and three local ventilation (LV) temperatures (20, 26, 28°C) were used to evaluate the effect of temperature on

thermal comfort and energy conservation. Eighteen subjects participated in the experiment and reported thermal sensation and comfort. We calculated the

energy consumption of cooling system, and determined the comfortable conditions with a combination of room temperature and LV temperature. The

relationship between the thermal comfort improvement and energy conservation was indicated. Compared with the traditional air conditioning mode, the

adoption of LV could increase the comfortable room temperature to 30°C and consume 24 percent less energy.

2. Experimental Investigation on Reduced Exposure to Pollutants Indoors by Applying Wearable Personal Ventilation

Zhecho Bolashikov1, Arsen K. Melikov, Ph.D.2 and Michal Spilak3, (1)Danish Technical University, Denmark, (2)Technical

University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark, (3)Danish State Building Research Institute, Construction and Health, Danish State

Building Research Institute, Construction and Healt, Denmark

Study of performance of wearable personalized ventilation (PV) shows improved inhaled air quality and reduced risk from airborne disease spread through

experiments performed in a full-scale room with breathing thermal manikin. The PV supplied isothermally clean air from circular or elliptical nozzles of

different diameters near the mouth of the manikin. The enhancement of inhaled air quality was studied by varying the initial air velocity, the distance from the

mouth or the direction of the jet. The PV increased up to 94% clean air in inhalation. Wearable PV can significantly reduce the number of secondarily

infections compared to mixing ventilation.



Specific Engineering Solutions for Tall Buildings


Room: Trianon


Chair: Luke Leung, P.E., Member, Skidmore, Owings and Merrill LLP, Chicago, IL

One World Trade Center is the primary building of the new World Trade Center complex in New York City's Lower

Manhattan. This 104-story supertall skyscraper stands on the northwest corner of the 16-acre (6.5 ha) World Trade Center site.

On May 10, 2013, the final component of the skyscraper's spire was installed, making One World Trade Center the tallest

building in the Western Hemisphere and the third-tallest building in the world by pinnacle height. Its spire reaches a symbolic

height of 1,776 feet (541 m) in reference to the year of the United States Declaration of Independence. It has been the tallest

building in New York City since April 30, 2012, when it surpassed the height of the Empire State Building. This seminar

focuses on the comprehensive technical elements of the building, from the high performance curtain wall, energy consumption,

elevators, and fire protection to the HVAC system. Focus is on the special systems, energy and human performances of this

tallest building in US.


1. Learn about One World Trade Center, the primary building of the new World Trade Center complex. 2. Understand the comprehensive technical elements of One World Trade Center, including the high performance curtain wall,

energy consumption, and elevators. 3. Discover the special systems in the tallest building in the US. 4. Find out about the human performances in the tallest building in the US.

1. One World Trade Center

Nick Holt, SOM?, Chicago?, IL

One World Trade Center is the primary building of the new World Trade Center complex. The 104-story supertall skyscraper stands on the northwest corner of

the 16-acre (6.5 ha) World Trade Center site, occupying the former location of the original 6 World Trade Center. One World Trade Center is the tallest

building in the Western Hemisphere and the third-tallest building in the world by pinnacle height. Its spire reaches a symbolic height of 1,776 feet (541 m) in

reference to the year of the United States Declaration of Independence. This seminar will focus on the special systems, energy and human performance.

Tuesday, January 21, 11:00 AM-12:30 PM


Heat Pump Systems


Room: Sutton Center

Chair: Andrew Rhodes, Southland Industries, Dulles, VA

Papers in this session describe the effect of refrigerant distribution on seasonal heating and cooling performance, a two-stage

desiccant wheel system, a new technique for a dehumidification system, system modeling of a vapor-compression chiller and

absorption heat pump, and savings when using a heat pump optimized for cold climates.


1. Understand the effect of refrigerant distribution on seasonal cooling performance

2. Understand the effect of refrigerant distribution on seasonal heating performance

3. Design two/ multi-stage desiccant wheel system.

4. Design temperature and humidity independent control system using HPTW. 5. Development of a new technique for dehumidification system.

6. Effects of the characteristics of the substrate and the desiccant on the overall dehumidification performance.

7. Distinguish the differences between the vapor-compression refrigeration system and the absorption system

8. Describe how the vapor-compression refrigeration system can integrate with the absorption system

9. Identify savings when using a heat pump optimized for cold climates in place of a natural gas furnace. 10. Recognize challenges when conducting a field demonstration of a novel heating system.

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1. Evaluation of Seasonal Performance Improvements in a 3-Ton Air-Conditioning Heat Pump System Using a Novel

Design of Integrated Electronic Expansion Valves and Distributors (NY-14-C058)

Chad Bowers, Ph.D., Associate Member1, Dave Wrocklage2, Stefan Elbel, Ph.D., Associate Member1 and Pega Hrnjak3,

(1)Creative Thermal Solutions, Urbana, IL, (2)Parker Hannifin Corporation Sporlan Division, Washington, MO, (3)University

of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL

With the advent of high efficiency air-conditioning and heat pump systems, achieving even higher seasonal efficiency is becoming more complex and

incremental in nature. For this reason, component modifications that provide improvements of even a few percent can become very attractive. If these

component level improvements can also provide secondary benefits, such as a reduced bill of materials or more compact packaging, the likelihood of

acceptance and market penetration becomes high. One example of such a component level improvement is the novel integration of a stepper motor controlled

electronic expansion valve with the distributor for a multi-circuited round tube plate fin heat exchanger. This paper describes the experimental validation of

the potential improvements in seasonal performance achieved by implementing this novel electronic expansion valve design into a high efficiency reversible

3-ton air-conditioning/heat pump system. The implementation of this technology led to increases of nearly 5% and 3% in SEER and HSPF, respectively.

2. Application of Heat Pump Driven Two-Stage Desiccant Wheel System in Office Buildings (NY-14-C059)

Rang Tu, Member1, Xiaohua Liu, Ph.D.1, Tao Zhang1 and Yi Jiang, Ph.D.1, (1)School of Architecture, Tsinghua University,

Beijing, China

Multi-stage desiccant wheel system is an effective way to increase the performance of desiccant dehumidification. In this paper, a heat pump driven two-stage

desiccant wheel system (HPTW) is proposed. Between two adjacent desiccant wheels, an evaporator is inserted at the processed air side providing cooling

capacity for dehumidification, and a condenser is inserted at the regeneration air side providing heat capacity for regeneration. Low regeneration temperature

under 50oC can be realized, and the system COP is higher than 4, which is better than traditional condensation dehumidification or single stage desiccant

wheel system. The lower the humidity ratio of the processed outdoor air, the higher the COP of the two-stage desiccant wheel system will be. The proposed

HPTW system can be applied in office buildings for dehumidification to realize temperature and humidity independent control, and high evaporating

temperature chiller (HEC) can be used to deal with the sensible heat load. The performance of such HPTW and HEC system is then analyzed in a typical

office building in Beijing and Guangzhou. The hour-by-hour sensible and latent load of the building is calculated using DeST software. The annual energy

consumption of such HPTW and HEC system is analyzed and the energy saving potential is compared with traditional HVAC system using low evaporating

temperature chiller.

3. Aerogel-Coated Metal Foams for Dehumidification Applications (NY-14-C060)

Kashif Nawaz, Student Member1, Shelly Schmidt, Ph.D.1 and Anthony Jacobi1, (1)University of Illinois at Urbana

Chamapaign, Urbana, IL

Dehumidification is an important feature of HVAC systems for thermal comfort. Silica aerogels are deployed as solid desiccants in many dehumidification

devices, such as enthalpy wheels, due to their enhanced absorption and desorption characteristics compared to other desiccant materials. Metal foams are

novel materials with complex repetitive structure and high surface-area-to-volume ratio, which result in better thermal performance relative to existing

compact fins. In this paper a study was conducted using metal foams as a substrate for silica aerogels. Silica aerogels were coated on metal foams using the

Sol-Gel process and subsequently dried under super-critical conditions. Experiments were conducted to evaluate the effects of larger surface area and

conductive substrate on dehumidification performance. Parameters such as diffusivity and sorption/desorption isotherms for coated foams were evaluated. An

uncertainty analysis was carried out to determine the accuracy of the resulting parameters. An analytical model was developed for the desiccant coated metal

foam for simultaneous heat and mass transfer, which includes parameters of metal foam and silica aerogel. Based on the comparison of analytical results with

experimental data, the model can accurately predict the dehumidification performance.

4. An Integrated System of Vapor-Compression Chiller and Absorption Heat Pump for Efficiency Improvement:

System Modeling and Performance Analysis (NY-14-C061)

Yi-shu Kung, Student Member1, Ming Qu, Ph.D., Associate Member1 and Steve Peng, Ph.D.2, (1)Purdue University, West

Lafayette, IN, (2)California State University, East Bay, Hayward, CA

Subcooling of the refrigerant at the exit of the condenser in a vapor-compression chiller (VC) has been proved an effective method to improve the coefficient

of performance (COP) because the refrigerant entering the evaporator has a lower quality and more heat can be absorbed in the evaporator. One way to

subcool the refrigerant is to use a cold stream to remove the heat of the refrigerant through a heat exchanger placed between the condenser and the expansion

valve in the VC. The cold stream could be the chilled water from a chiller like VC or an absorption chiller. A few systems have been investigated on the idea.

The effort in this paper investigates a new integrated system of an electricity-driven VC and an absorption heat pump (AHP) based on this concept.

5. Field Demonstration of a Cold Climate Heat Pump (NY-14-C062)

Stephen Caskey, Student Member1, Derek Kultgen, Student Member2, Andreas Gschwend3, William Hutzel, P.E., Fellow

ASHRAE4 and Eckhard Groll, Ph.D., Fellow ASHRAE4, (1)Purdue University - Ray W. Herrick Laboratories, West Lafayette,

IN, (2)Purdue University - Mechanical Engineering Technology, West Lafayette, IN, (3)NTB University of Applied Sciences

and Technology, Buchs, Switzerland, (4)Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN

Within a university/industry partnership, a new air-source heat pump technology optimized for cold climates has been designed, fabricated and tested in

southern Indiana. The goal of the research was to demonstrate that a cold climate heat pump (CCHP) uses less primary energy than traditional cold climate

heating methods. Successful testing of this new technology could lead to commercialization and potentially expand the use of air-source heat pumps to

residential and small commercial buildings in the northern half of the United States.



Low GWP Refrigerants


Room: Regent

Chair: Cheng-Xian (Charlie) Lin, Ph.D., Member, Florida International University, Miami, FL

Counterfeit refrigerants, market challenges and the performance of lower global warming potential refrigerants are presented

in this timely session.


1. Provide an overview of instances of counterfeit refrigerants occurring in the global HVACR industry over the last 4 years

2. Described the steps to follow to detect counterfeit and contaminated refrigerants 3. Describe the challenge of balancing environmental, safety, sustainability societal needs with design requirements with

currently available next generation refrigerants

4. Understand the safety and performance tradeoffs against GWP for the next generation refrigerant currently

underdevelopment

5. Explain the AHRI Low GWP Alternative Refrigerants Evaluation Program for R134a Chiller applications.

6. Understand the various levels of performance offered by the lower GWP alternatives to R134a in a screw chiller.

7. Explain the AHRI Low GWP Alternative Refrigerants Evaluation Program for R410A/R22.

8. Understand the trade-offs between lower GWP alternatives to R410A and R22 in a small chiller product.

9. Describe the potential saving in GWP, COP and capacity comparison in the three refrigerants vs. R410A

10. Describe thermophysical properties differences between the three refrigerants vs. R410A

1. Dangers of Counterfeit Refrigerants (NY-14-C063)

Steve Kujak1, Robert W. Yost, Member2, Warren Clough, Member3 and Marc Scancarello, P.E., Member4, (1)Trane, La

Crosse, WI, (2)National Refrigerants, Rosenhayen, NJ, (3)Carrier Corp., Syracuse, NY, (4)Emerson Climate Technologies,

Inc., Sidney, OH

Recent instances of counterfeit refrigerant caused violent and unexpected explosions, resulting in multiple fatalities, have been reported in mobile refrigeration

around the world. In addition, counterfeit refrigerants have also caused system reliability issues in numerous air-conditioning applications as well. It is

believed the inclusion of methyl chloride (R-40) in the refrigerant composition is the reason for these explosions and reliability issues. Further investigations

have revealed that the counterfeit refrigerant also contained other chlorinated gases with and without R-40. These results indicate that the counterfeit

refrigerant problem is likely more wide spread than just the issues surrounding R-40. This paper will describe various failure investigations, the composition

of the counterfeit refrigerants and the chemical reactions occurring with R-40 in HVAC/R systems which lead to the failures. The paper will further

describe possible remediation methods to render systems safe that are contaminated with R-40.

2. Insights into Design and Market Challenges to Meet a Lower Global Warming Potential (GWP) Refrigerant Future

by 2034(NY-14-C064)

Steve Kujak, Member, Trane, La Crosse, WI

Today designers, as a result of climate change concerns, are being asked to consider new lower GWP unsaturated hydrofluorocarbons (HFOs) refrigerants,

some of which are slightly flammable under certain conditions, as well as the less than desirable natural refrigerants. In the lower GWP refrigerant future, the

world will adopt lower GWP refrigerants with less than optimal properties in some applications. A single refrigerant, such as R-22 or R-410A that addresses a

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large area of market demands for a safe, high efficiency refrigerant with lowest cost products may not be available. In general, product designs may have to

compromise on efficiency, safety and reliability which could lead to increased product costs for consumers and may result in more market fragmentation by

refrigerant type to enable this future.In some instances, new HFO refrigerants will be able to maintain society’s demands of efficiency, safety and reliability

while balancing the need for lower direct GWP impact. In other instances, significant product and application design compromises will need to be accepted to

use flammable or more costly solutions because of capacity or efficiency constraints. This paper reviews the various low GWP refrigerant options being

proposed and weigh the compromises of safety, efficiency and reliability they present for their future adoption.

3. Performance of R134a Alternative Lower GWP Refrigerants in a Water-Cooled Screw Chiller (NY-14-C065)

Ken Schultz, Ph.D., Member, Trane Co., LaCrosse, WI

Under the AHRI Low GWP Alternative Refrigerants Evaluation Program (AREP), a number of lower GWP alternative refrigerants for R134a were tested in a

~115 RT water-cooled water chiller. No modifications were made to the chiller over the course of testing. The relative performance of the various refrigerants

to the baseline is reported, including capacity, chiller efficiency, compressor efficiency, etc. The measured results are in close agreement with predictions by a

simple thermodynamic model. The evaporating and condensing heat transfer performance of the alternative refrigerants relative to the baseline is also

reported; several of the alternative refrigerants showed significant degradation relative to R134a.

4. Performance of R410A and R22 Alternative Lower GWP Refrigerants in a Small (~5 RT) Water Chiller (NY-14-

C066)

Ken Schultz, Ph.D., Member, Trane Co., LaCrosse, WI

Under the AHRI Low GWP Alternative Refrigerants Evaluation Program (AREP), a number of lower GWP alternative refrigerants for R410A and R22 were

tested in a small (~5 RT) air-cooled water chiller. The relative performance of the various refrigerants to the baselines is reported, including capacity,

efficiency, compressor discharge temperatures, etc. The measured results agree quite well with predictions by a simple thermodynamic model. Large

discrepancies between measurements and model were observed only for refrigerant blends with large glides. proposed alternative refrigerants cover a range of

specific capacities (pressures), GWPs, and flammability classifications. No perfect drop-in replacement exists for R410A or R22. In the end, trade-offs will

need to be made between the various parameters and equipment modifications may be necessary.

5. Evaluation of Alterative Refrigerant Candidates for R410A through Testing and Simulation (NY-14-C067)

Abdullah Alabdulkarem, Student Member1, Yunho Hwang, Ph.D., Member2 and Reinhard Radermacher, Ph.D., P.E., Fellow

ASHRAE2, (1)University of Maryland, College Park, College Park, MD, (2)University of Maryland, College Park, MD

The Air-Conditioning, Heating, and Refrigeration Institute (AHRI) announced an industry-wide cooperative research program to evaluate alternative

refrigerants that have low global warming potential (GWP). The program aims at testing several refrigerants for major product categories such as air

conditioners, heat pumps, chillers and refrigeration equipment. This paper presents testing results of the performance of an air conditioner and a heat pump

using three low GWP refrigerants (R32, D2Y-60 and L-41A) and R410A. The results show R32 and L-41A are good replacement candidates for R-410A.

Since the thermophysical properties of these refrigerants are different from those of R-410A, soft optimization tests were carried out by replacing the

compressor and the TXV. The paper also presents simulation results using VapCyc software. VapCyc software was used to investigate additional soft-

optimization testing options as well as to develop new optimized refrigerant compositions.



Development and Creative Application of Building Energy Simulation Tools


Room: Sutton North

Chair: Mikhail Koupriyanov, Price, Winnipeg, MB, Canada

With an ever-strengthening trend towards more energy efficient buildings, energy simulation tools have seen extensive use in

the last two decades and are constantly evolving. This session demonstrates the creative ways in which energy modeling

techniques can be modified and applied to a wide range of engineering problems. The topics include the use of thermodynamic

models for on-line supermarket cold room monitoring, the development of optimization methods for building energy

simulations, the development of flow equations for modeling and control of exothermic processes in industrial environments,

the use of energy modeling for efficient residential housing procurement in harsh climates as well as the effective coupling of

building energy and contaminant transport models.


1. Identify key current and proposed optimization methods that relate to building design and energy simulation and understand

why it could save simulation time.

2. Understand how genetic algorithm optimization method may be used to resolve building facade optimal problems with

antagonistic parameters.

3. Identify the issues related to hot process ventilation

4. Provide engineering design recommendations for heated process controls

5. Define high performance building characteristics of low site-to-source ratio residential units that have high energy costs

6. Apply building envelope and HVAC principles to reach all-electric residential units in marine cold climates

7. Describe a technique for the generation of multizone airflow models from energy modeling inputs.

8. Describe the use of an automatically generated airflow model with an HVAC security application.

9. Provide a methodology to estimate cold room temperatures using physics-based model and Extended Kalman Filter.

10. Describe the thermodynamics of cold room in supermarkets

1. Optimization for Whole Building Energy Simulation Method in Façade Design (NY-14-C068)

Rudai Shan, Student Member, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI

This study first introduces the shortcomings of conventional building energy simulation process in early design stage. It then provides a review of previously

suggested optimization method – genetic optimization. An experimental building façade located in the University of Michigan is selected to demonstrate the

benefits of this optimization method. A mathematic model based on the interactions of façade design parameters is then developed. The optimization method

is then applied to this mathematic model therefore to reduce the simulation time to a much shorter stage. The result shows that the genetic optimization

method could help simulation users to achieve accurate simulation result in a much shorter time, which would be very applicable and helpful in making

decisions in the earliest design stage. We also compared the simulation results with the on-site measurement to show the accuracy of this optimized simulation

process.

2. Development and Validation of Proposed Ventilation Equations for Improved Exothermic Process Control (NY-14-

C069)

John L. McKernan, Member1, Michael J. Ellenbecker2, Christina A. Holcroft3 and Martin R. Petersen, Ph.D.4, (1)U. of

Massachusetts Lowell, Lowell, MA; U.S. EPA, Cincinnati, OH, (2)U. of Massachusetts Lowell, Lowell, MA, (3)Tufts

University, Boston, MA; U. of Massachusetts Lowell, Lowell, MA, (4)National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health,

Cincinnati, OH

Exothermic or heated process contaminants have the potential to cause acute health effects such as heat stroke, and chronic effects such as manganese

poisoning for an estimated 5–10 million American workers each year. Currently there are no specific occupational standards regarding exposure to heat from

exothermic processes, therefore it is important to investigate techniques that can mitigate known and potential adverse occupational health effects. Goals of

this research were to develop and validate a proposed flow equation. Subsequent to developing the equation, buoyant plume flow data were collected with a

thermal anemometer for a model exothermic process in the laboratory and an actual exothermic process in the field for validation. Wilcoxon signed-rank tests

were conducted to validate the developed flow equation. Findings indicate that the developed equation provided solutions that were significantly greater (P-

value < 0.05) than the flow data collected.

3. High Performance Residential Housing Units at U.S. Coast Guard Base Kodiak (NY-14-C070)

Rachel Romero, Associate Member1 and John Hickey2, (1)NREL, Golden, CO, (2)Coast Guard Shore Maintenance

Command, Seattle, WA

The United States Coast Guard (USCG) constructs residential housing from a basic template throughout the country that is a minimum of LEED Silver for

homes. In Kodiak, Alaska, USCG is procuring an additional 24 high performance residential single-family housing units, with the potential for up to 100

units. USCG has struggled to maintain buildings that have complicated systems, so ease of operation and maintenance is important. Additionally, fuel and

material costs are high in Kodiak. While USCG has worked to optimize the performance of the units with principles of improved insulation levels, the

engineers realize that there are still opportunities for improvement, especially with unconventional HVAC opportunities and different envelope measures. The

project uses the residential modeling tool BEoptE+ to examine potential opportunities for the climate. With the results of optimized housing performance at

the lowest cost, USCG then works to integrate those criteria into their procurement process to ensure the highest performance housing within a reasonable

cost. The paper will include potential language for actual procurement of the recommended technologies and values modeled in the process.

4. Generation of Multizone Airflow Models from Building Energy Models (NY-14-C071)

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Jason W. DeGraw, Ph.D., Member1, Daniel Macumber, Member2 and William P. Bahnfleth, Ph.D., P.E., Fellow ASHRAE1,

(1)Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, (2)National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, CO

The creation of building performance simulation models is time consuming and requires a great deal of expertise and building-specific knowledge. The total

investment of resources required to construct a model strongly depends upon the size and complexity of the building under consideration, but in general the

effort may be thought of as a four-step process: gather the necessary building information, convert this information into the format required by the simulation

program, troubleshoot any issues that arise, and simulate the building. If the modeler needs to use more than one simulation program for the analysis process,

then it is likely that much of the process must be repeated for each program. Even if no additional data are required (removing the need for the first step), the

modeler will likely need to translate this information into a different form for each simulation program and the troubleshooting and simulation steps will

require knowledge of the simulation program in use. This paper describes a “single model” approach, in which a more complex EnergyPlus energy model is

used to generate a less complex CONTAM airflow model. This reduces the overall effort required to perform both analyses on a single building.

5. Model Based Estimation of Cold Room Temperatures in Supermarket Refrigeration System (NY-14-C072)

Zheng O'Neill, Ph.D., P.E., Member1 and Satish Narayanan2, (1)The University of Alabama, Tulscaloosa, AL, (2)United

Technologies Corporation, East Hartford, CT

Energy consumption and food quality are important parameters for supermarket cold-room operations. Remote and on-line monitoring of supermarket energy

and control systems provides a powerful means for fault detection and diagnostics of these supermarket systems. However, data collection limitations with

sensors, network bandwidth, and controller memory reduce the effectiveness and stability of these monitoring tools. This paper describes a model-based

estimator for cold room temperatures in supermarket energy systems. The estimator is created with limited on-line monitored data from supermarket control

system and a thermodynamic model of the cold room by using a System Identification Method and Extended Kalman Filter. Estimated parameters are used for

on-line prognostics for predicting future states. This paper presents the architecture of the estimator and explains how the estimator works, then presents an

example application in which a low temperature freezer cold room was modeled with field trial data.



ASHRAE and Tall Buildings


Room: Trianon


Chair: Dennis Wessel, P.E., Karpinski Engineering, Cleveland, OH

This session presents advancements in ASHRAE produced design guides and documents for tall buildings, such as the

proposed changes to the ASHRAE HVAC Tall Building Design Guide and trends in Asian tall buildings. The next generation

of super tall buildings promise to be much taller - there are multiple “Megatall” towers under construction that will exceed 600

M in height. Understanding the energy and environment of these buildings is critical for their successes.


1. Learn about advancements in ASHRAE produced design guides and documents for tall buildings. 2. Understand how the energy and environment of Megatall towers influence their success. 3. Find out more about sky sourced environmental benefits in the building design community. 4. Discuss the variations and influence of ambient conditions on Megatall buildings.

1. Energy and Environment of Super Tall Buildings

Luke Leung, P.E., Member, Skidmore, Owings and Merrill LLP, Chicago, IL

While ground source energy is commonly known, except for solar and wind power, sky sourced environmental benefits are starting to be discussed in the

building design community. Harvesting selected forms of sky sourced energy, for example by taking advantage of the temperature lapse rate, has little material

impact to the environment. However, taller buildings have its draw backs, from material impact in embodied carbon and operational energy impact in moving

the ground based resources to the top of the building.

2. Variations and Influence of Ambient Conditions on Super Tall Buildings


When designing mega and supertall buildings, the environment surrounding these buildings varies over the height of the building. This presentation outlines

the variations and influence of ambient conditions for buildings up to 600m in height in a few various locations around the globe.



Blue is the New Green: The Emerging Focus on Building Water Use Reduction


Room: Beekman

Sponsor: 02.08 Building Environmental Impacts and Sustainability

Chair: Andrew Price, P.E., Member, AEI, Madison, WI

Water is essential to the functioning of society. Its management has enormous financial, cultural, and environmental

implications. The term “water: energy nexus” is used in reference to the interdependent and inseparable nature of the two. From

the largest scale utilities to buildings, water use relies on energy, and the provision of energy engages significant water volumes.

Similarly, conservation of one also limits demand for the other. In locations where water is a significant expense, we find that

this cost, rather than that of energy, drives many design decisions. Until recently, water in its various classifications has been

viewed in individual silos which limit the adoption of integrated solutions. The basic nature of our design teams tends to limit

how we provide design solutions. Integrated solutions require stacking of benefits in order to achieve reasonable returns in

competing with current technologies. The emerging concept of “net zero” will require that water is approached in a much

different integrated fashion. This session explores innovative case studies that approach water in integrated solutions that cross

professional practice areas.


1. Explain the relationship between energy and water

2. Learn about measuring the relative cost benefits of integrated building design solutions with respect to water consumption

3. Describe the energy of natural water systems in MEP terms and methodologies

4. Understand the importance of reducing building water consumption in NYC

5. Provide an overview of the sources, uses and treatment options for water usage in building systems

6. Describe how water usage affects building energy consumption

1. Water at the Forefront: The Emerging Practice of Net Zero

Jeffrey Bruce, Jeffrey L Bruce & Company, North Kansas City, MO

Water is energy and water is life. For too long, we have overlooked connections between water and energy usage in our homes, communities, places of work,

and power plants. We can’t build greener cities by wasting less energy and water. We must redefine the future. The idea of Net Zero Water is to harness the

power of nature to restore our rainwater, air, and ground water. The idea is that design for water and building can move to the “next stage” of green design by

building environments, roof systems and watersheds that thrive and renew themselves alongside human demands.

2. Greywater Harvesting: The Falk Recreation Building Blue Roof, NYC

Paul Mankiewicz, Ph.D., Gaia Institute, New York, NY

The blue/green roof installed on the Falk Recreation Building showcases innovative, practical, cost effective infrastructure and serves as a model for green

infrastructure installations for other buildings, including its seven hospital affiliates throughout New York City. The project harvests greywater from the

natatorium and commercial laundry facility and will make it available for reuse on the planted green roof and future green wall while incorporating many new

technologies such as a carbon neutral ultra-lightweight green roof plant growth. The case study explores the power natural plant ecologies for greywater

treatment as well as the permitting and regulatory process.

3. Measuring the Cost Effectiveness of Water Use Reduction

Willa Kuh, Affiliated Engineers, Boston, MA

The design process is iterative, starting with ideas that are tested, refined, and evolved. As with energy, life-cycle cost analysis can be used to quantify water

use over the life of a facility. Unlike energy, little guidance exists on how to predict the cost of water as needed to analyze its life-cycle facility cost. Using

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the Falk Recreation Building at The Albert Einstein College of Medicine as a case study, this session explores means of calculating water savings and their

life-cycle costs.

4. The Bigger Picture: The Value of Building Water Use Reduction to the New York City Region

Venetia Lannon, New York Department of Environmental Conservation, New York, NY

Regional water management plans promise continued provision of water in quality and quantity needed to support the New York City region. This session

describes elements of these plans, including how they anticipate the predicted impact of climate change in this region. This session describes the larger set of

water management interventions and incentives with focus on the important role and expectations for water use reduction in the existing and new building

stock.



Cooling Load Calculations for Radiant and Underfloor Air Distribution (UFAD) Systems: Are

They the Same as Traditional Methods?


Room: Mercury

Sponsor: 04.01 Load Calculation Data and Procedures

Chair: Fred S. Bauman, P.E., Member, Center for the Built Environment, University of California, Berkeley, CA

The building industry is increasingly considering advanced, low-energy systems, such as radiant and underfloor air

distribution (UFAD) systems. Under cooling operation, hydronic radiant systems remove heat by actively cooling exposed

surfaces in the room, while UFAD systems generate thermal stratification with warmer temperatures near the ceiling and cooler

temperature near the floor in the occupied zone. The radiant asymmetry and non-uniform temperature conditions established

with these systems changes the heat transfer dynamics of the space. This seminar discusses how cooling load calculation

methods for radiant and UFAD systems may differ from traditional methods used for well-mixed air distribution systems.


1. Understand the differences in peak cooling load between radiant and all-air systems

2. Learn energy modeling techniques to more accurately simulate radiant cooling systems

3. Learn how to perform cooling load calculations for underfloor air distribution systems

4. Understand how different load components are handled by thermally active slab systems 5. Learn how heat transfer within the floor slab system and between circulating fluid and the slab affects the ultimate capacity of

the thermally active slab system

6. Learn what design tools and techniques can be used to size components of a thermally active slab system

1. Design Zone Cooling Loads for Radiant Systems

Jingjuan Feng, Student Member1, Fred S. Bauman, P.E., Member2 and Stefano Schiavon, Ph.D., Associate Member3,

(1)Center for the Built Environment (CBE), University of California, Berkeley, CA, (2)Center for the Built Environment,

University of California, Berkeley, CA, (3)University of California, Berkeley, CA

By actively cooling down one or more surfaces in a space, radiant cooling systems remove heat by both convection and radiation, thus changing the heat

transfer dynamics of the space. This presentation describes an experiment that aims to investigate the dynamic responses of the building when conditioned by

radiant system in comparison to a well-mixed air system and verify the differences in the resultant zone level cooling loads for the two systems that were

observed from previous simulation studies. Recommended methods for radiant system cooling load calculations are also discussed.

2. UFAD Cooling Load Design Tool

Stefano Schiavon, Ph.D., Associate Member1, Fred S. Bauman, P.E., Member2 and Bin Chen, Student Member2,

(1)University of California, Berkeley, CA, (2)Center for the Built Environment, University of California, Berkeley, CA

Underfloor air distribution (UFAD) is space conditioning strategy that uses the underfloor plenum beneath a raised floor to provide conditioned air through

floor diffusers and create a vertical thermal stratification. This presentation describes the most recent updates to the UFAD Cooling Load Design tool

described in the 2013 ASHRAE UFAD Guide. The new features are: increased number of diffuser types, ability to calculate ventilation effectiveness, effect of

blinds on stratification, and improved graphical interface and user control.

3. Design Process for Radiant Heating and Cooling Slab Systems

Daniel H. Nall, P.E., Member, Thornton Tomasetti Group, New York, NY

Thermally active slabs offer an effective means of delivering heating and cooling to large spaces, but present difficulties for designing and sizing equipment.

Disposition of the solar heat gain within the space, whether it falls on active or inactive surfaces and the resultant temperature stratification that might occur,

all influence the configuration and sizing of system components to condition the space. This presentation discusses techniques for characterizing the long-

wave and short wave radiant interactions between surfaces in the space and buoyantly driven convective airflow and the methods for sizing equipment to

counteract the resultant heating and cooling loads.



European Union: Practical Benchmarking of HVAC System Energy Efficiency


Room: Sutton South

Sponsor: REHVA

Chair: Bjarne W. Olesen, Ph.D., Fellow ASHRAE, International Center for Indoor Environment and Energy, Technical

University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark

Systems used to condition and create indoor climate in buildings, including heating, ventilation and cooling, stand for more

than one third of the energy consumption in developed countries, and this is where the energy savings are searched for in

buildings. Since 2006, the European Energy Performance of Buildings Directive (EPBD-2002) has been implemented in

building codes on a national level. For new and existing buildings, this requires a calculation of the energy performance of the

building, including heating, ventilation, cooling, and lighting systems. It is, however, extremely important that the reduction in

energy demand is made without reducing the indoor environmental quality (IEQ), because it will undermine the underlying

need for healthy and safe living conditions indoors. This seminar is dedicated to explaining how information technologies and

other tools are being used in Europe and by REHVA associated member countries to find the best compromises between

HVAC systems, energy efficiency, and IEQ.


1. Identify innovative solutions being applied in Europe 2. Describe the right strategies to enhance the sustainability of a building based upon the design, installation, exploitation and

commissioning of HVAC systems.

3. Define why, where, when and how to perform IEQ and Energy audits in buildings

4. Identify the benefits of using continuous web-based monitoring systems for the assessment of energy demand and IEQ in

buildings

5. Explain the strategy that has been mounted in the framework of the ISERV project to get a picture of the energy efficiency of

HVAC systems at a European level.

6. Describe the benchmark data gathered by the ISERV project and the main pathways for new energy policies arising from this

project.

1. HVAC in Sustainable Office Buildings

Frank Hovorka, Service Developpement Durable, Paris, France

The presentation is dedicated to the contents of REHVA guidebook 16, which aims to build a bridge between the real estate community and the engineering

community. It explains the challenges of property valuation based on real data and how the sustainability and HVAC-technology can have an impact on value.

It also gathers the latest HVAC and other technologies used in sustainable buildings and gives some real case study examples - but maybe the most important

part is the list of questions to be asked during the life time of a building.

2. Assessment of IEQ and Energy Efficiency in Buildings

Manuel Gameiro da Silva, Ph.D., Universidade de Coimbra - Pólo II, Coimbra, Portugal

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The basic concepts related with the planning of IEQ and energy efficiency audits of buildings are presented first. The results of the diagnosis phase of an on-

going project dealing with the implementation of energy efficiency plans in school buildings located in different climatic zones in Portugal is depicted.

Finally, the speaker presents a case study based on the use of a web-based platform applied to the continuous monitoring of a set of service buildings.

3. The Practical Benchmarking of HVAC Systems Energy Efficiency in Use

Zoltan Magyar, Ph.D., Member, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Budapest, Hungary

A European iSERVcmb project is monitoring the ‘in-use’ energy consumption of individual HVAC components when servicing specified end-use activities.

The data gathered from this exercise will then be used to produce benchmark ranges of energy consumption for individual HVAC components, which can be

used in benchmarking whole HVAC systems and buildings.



Making Historic Buildings Sustainable



Sponsor: Historical Committee, ASHRAE Associate Society Alliance

Chair: David Arnold, Ph.D., Fellow Life Member, London South Bank University, London, United Kingdom

Historic buildings, by definition, are buildings that have been around for a long time and likely to continue in use. Many

were built 50 or more years ago and some retain their original mechanical systems. These systems were designed in an era when

energy was abundant and thermal performance of the building fabric and energy use hardly considered. Making these buildings

sustainable and reducing their energy use is often constrained by restrictions on change to the external and sometimes internal

appearance. This seminar includes four speakers with experience in transforming historic buildings to improve their

sustainability.


1. Describe why the development of sustainable and energy saving measures is particularly important for large old and historic

buildings

2. Understand the possibilities and limitations of energy refurbishments in historic buildings

3. Apply the main levels of intervention in improving energy use of plant and equipment in old buildings

4. Describe practical examples of overcoming the difficulties in changing and improving the thermal performance of the shell

(fabric and glazing) of historic/landmark buildings

5. Distinguish the advantages of improving the performance of existing plant and equipment against replacement with new

energy efficient systems

6. Describe the tools for measuring improvements in building energy use and increased sustainability

1. Energy Efficiency in Historic Buildings

Tor Broström, Ph.D., University of Uppsala, Gotland, Visby, Sweden

The presentation deals with a systematic approach to integrate a quantitative techno-economic analysis with a qualitative assessment of the impact on historic

values to find a compromise between energy conservation and building conservation. This is an iterative process where measures are selected based on risks

and benefits. Energy targets and/or future scenarios are defined. The optimal combination of the selected measures is found in an optimization procedure

based on life cycle costs. The presentation draws from experiences of several European projects. Case studies show how the method can be applied to

buildings as well as to districts.

2. 1913 Warehouse Transformed to a “Green Laboratory”

Pete King, King + King Architects, Syracuse, NY

A firm of architects chose a warehouse, constructed in 1913 as a manufacturing facility, as their new headquarters. The building was un-insulated, single

glazed with inefficient MEP systems. The building was transformed into a LEED Platinum studio with space for tenants. 97% of the existing

structure/envelope was retained and 95% of the spaces have daylight/views with a high level of IEQ. The energy-saving strategies included an “exterior

insulation and finishing system” (EIFS) and energy and daylight modelling were used to meet energy target goals, reduce MEP system sizes, and support

integration of all building systems to optimize return on investment.

3. United Nations Plaza: LEED Gold WSP

Gary Pomerantz, P.E., WSP, New York, NY

The 50 UN Plaza building, completed in 1936, was designed by Arthur Brown Jr., a prominent American architect. It has seven levels, including a basement

and attic with the functional office areas on either side of a central corridor. A large open courtyard in the center provides daylight and natural ventilation. The

facility underwent a full systems redesign of its mechanical, electrical, plumbing, fire protection, architectural lighting and sustainability systems with reliance

on natural ventilation and passive cooling wherever possible. Energy modelling was used to project energy savings beyond 92.1-2007 ASHRAE energy

baseline. The project has LEED® Gold certification.

4. VCU Cary Street Gym: When Adaptive Reuse Means High Performance Building

Bryna Dunn, Moseley Architects, Richmond, VA

Built in 1891 as an open air market, Virginia Commonwealth University’s Cary Street Gym was renovated and expanded in 2009 to serve a growing

population of students, faculty, and staff. This presentation offers highlights of the LEED strategies employed, with an emphasis on energy and water

conservation, as well as indoor environmental quality. And, since building performance has been tracked since the project opened, a discussion of post-

occupancy energy performance is also included. One of this project’s greatest successes is its demonstration that adaptive reuse of historic structures can be

done in an energy-efficient and environmentally-friendly manner.


POSTER PAPER 1 (INTERMEDIATE)

Poster Session


Room: Americas Hall 1

Presentation of ASHRAE Technical Papers by Poster. ASHRAE Conference Badge Required.

1. A Design Approach for Preventing and Solving Combustion Oscillation Problems (RP-1517) (NY-14-023)

D. W. Herrin, Ph.D., P.E., Member, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY

Combustion oscillations commonly occur in boilers, furnaces, and water heaters. At the present time, there is no systematic process for diagnosing the

probable cause of an instability and solving the problem. Moreover, few design guidelines have been presented in the literature for avoiding thermo-acoustic

instabilities before they occur. The current paper details steps that can be taken to prevent and diagnose combustion instabilities from the early stages of the

design process through production.

2. Aerogel Thermal Insulation − Technology Review and Cost Study for Building Enclosure Applications (NY-14-024)

Nitin Shukla, Fraunhofer CSE, Cambridge, MA

Aerogels, due to their superior thermal insulating properties, are slowly and steadily finding application in the building industry. In this paper, first a review

on the synthesis of aerogels is presented. Aerogel preparation involves expensive precursors, chemicals, and the need for supercritical drying, making the

production relatively more expensive compared to the current conventional building insulations. Several approaches that may lead to potential reductions in

aerogel prices are also discussed. Next, the theory behind the thermal transport in aerogels is described. The reduction in the thermal conductivity of the

areogel is attributed mainly to the presence of nanoscale pores and the low solid volume fraction. Finally, the potential cost-effectiveness of aerogels as

thermal insulation for internal wall retrofit applications is evaluated. Costs for several scenarios are estimated where aerogel blankets with different target R-

values were installed from the interior of the building on top of the gypsum board. Further, these estimates are compared with retrofit costs associated with the

application of conventional building insulations on the interior surface of the wall to achieve similar thermal performances. For a target value of 0.7 m2.K/W

(R-4 hr•ft2•°F/Btu), the cost analysis shows that significant savings of ~35% can be achieved by installing aerogel compared to interior conventional

insulation methods. For a target value of 1.41 m2.K/W (R-8 hr•ft2•°F/Btu), aerogel method is determined to be cost effective compared to the current price

range of conventional insulation methods except the fiber glass method. In addition, for a target value 2.11 m2.K/W (R-12 hr•ft2•°F/Btu), it is found that the

aerogel method is ~18-23% less expensive compared to the cases where the conventional insulation is applied on the exterior surface of the wall.

3. An Actuarial Approach to Retrofit Savings in Buildings (NY-14-025)

Kris Subbarao, Ph.D., Member, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA

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An actuarial method has been developed for determining energy savings from retrofits from energy use data for a number of buildings. This method should be

contrasted with the traditional method of using pre- and post-retrofit data on the same building. This method supports the U.S. Department of Energy Building

Performance Database of real building performance data and related tools that enable engineering and financial practitioners to evaluate retrofits. The

actuarial approach derives, from the database, probability density functions (PDFs) for energy savings from retrofits by creating peer groups for the user’s pre

post buildings. From the energy use distribution of the two groups, the savings PDF is derived. This provides the basis for engineering analysis as well as

financial risk analysis leading to investment decisions. Several technical issues are addressed: The savings PDF is obtained from the pre- and post-PDF

through a convolution. Smoothing using kernel density estimation is applied to make the PDF more realistic. The low data density problem can be mitigated

through a neighborhood methodology. Correlations between pre and post buildings are addressed to improve the savings PDF. Sample size effects are

addressed through the Kolmogorov–Smirnov tests and quantile-quantile plots.

4. Assessment of Airborne Endotoxin at the Air Exhaust of Swine and Poultry Confinement Buildings (NY-14-026)

Xufei Yang, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL

Endotoxin has been widely recognized as an animal-production-related biological hazard and should ideally be removed from the exhaust air stream of an

animal confinement building. The size and concentration of endotoxin at the building’s air exhaust constitutes essential information for designing and

operating an endotoxin abatement process. In this study, PM10 and PM2.5 samples were seasonally collected at the air exhaust of 18 commercial animal

confinement buildings (including tom turkey, laying hen, swine gestation, swine farrowing, swine weaning and swine finishing), and the PM10 and PM2.5

associated endotoxin levels were determined using a kinetic chromogenic Limulus amoebocyte lysate (LAL) assay. The highest airborne endotoxin

concentrations were detected in tom turkey buildings (geometric mean concentration (GM): PM10 – 693.0 endotoxin units (EU)/m3, PM2.5 – 78.4 EU/m3)

while the lowest concentrations were found in swine gestation buildings (GM: PM10 – 63.9 EU/m3, PM2.5 – 20.5 EU/m3). Poultry buildings had

substantially higher airborne endotoxin concentrations than swine buildings. However, in terms of endotoxin concentration in PM (EU/mg PM), no significant

difference was seen between poultry and swine or among different building/operation types. PM10 samples had on average 169 ± 133% higher endotoxin

concentrations in PM than their corresponding PM2.5 samples, suggesting that endotoxin pollution was mainly contributed by coarse particles. Ambient

temperature/season showed no significant effect on airborne endotoxin concentrations for either PM10 or PM2.5 but had significant effects on endotoxin

concentration in PM10 and PM2.5 samples.

5. Characteristics and Enhancement of a Disk Type Humidifier with Hydrophilic Rough Surface (NY-14-027)

Seongjin Yun1, Youngjin Seo2 and Byungryul Min1, (1)Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Yonsei

University, Seoul, South Korea, (2)Kumoh National Institute of Technology, Gumi, South Korea

The performance of portable disk humidifiers relies on water vaporized into dry air. Among various kinds of humidifiers, a disk humidifier comprises of disks

as a water vaporizing means. Water vaporizes naturally on the surfaces of disks into dry air which enters from a humidifier while air passes between spaces of

disks. Therefore, it is important to transfer water from a reservoir while preventing water from dripping on the disks. An experimental study was conducted to

improve humidifier performance using three kinds of polymer disks: polypropylene (PP), acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS), and compounded PP. The

hydrophilicities of PP, ABS, and compounded PP were 86°, 90°, and 55°, respectively. The compounded PP humidifier vaporized about 1.3-1.4 times more

moisture than the other types. We tested the humidification rates of humidifiers with disks roughened by 24, 30, and 40 um of fine sand using a sandblasting

process. The 24 um sand treated disk humidifier showed the best results, humidifying 1.57-1.7 times more than the original disk humidifier. These results

suggest that humidifier performance could be enhanced with the use of hydrophilic rough disks without requiring any additional electrical energy.

6. Demonstration with Energy and Daylighting Assessments of Thermochromic Window Systems (NY-14-028)

Xiaohui (Joe) Zhou1 and Robert Milbrandt2, (1)Iowa Energy Center, Ames, IA, (2)Iowa State University, Ames, IA

Thermochromic windows are a new type of fenestration that automatically change the solar transmission by a special thin-film laminated between two panes

of glass. This special film can self-darken and its darkness is governed by the direct solar radiation impacting the glazing and interstitial temperature between

the panes. An empirical demonstration project was conducted to assesses the annual building energy and daylighting performance of a thermochromic window

model compared to a high-performance low-e dark tinted window model in a light commercial building environment that uses automatic dimming control

under central Iowa weather conditions. Normalized testing results show that on a yearly average, the thermochromic windows can save approximately 4% total

building electricity compared to the high-performance low-e dark tinted windows under test. Almost all of the savings can be attributed to lighting energy

savings due to the increased amount of visible light thermochromic windows allow because of the self-darkening tint. A validated building simulation model

shows various results in seven other U.S. locations.

7. Development of 3,012 IWEC2 Weather Files for International Locations (RP-1477) (NY-14-029)

Joe Huang, Member, White Box Technologies, Moraga, CA

This paper announces the completion of a large new data set of International Weather for Energy Calculations 2 (IWEC2), i.e., “typical year”, weather files for

3,012 locations outside of the U.S. and Canada, and describes the procedures used to produce these weather files, including how the raw weather data from

the Integrated Surface Hourly (ISH) data base were processed, and how missing records and unrecorded climate parameters have been derived. Particular

attention was paid to the derivation of global horizontal and direct normal solar radiation using a combination of empirical and analytical solar models. The

procedure used to select the typical months making up the IWEC2 files from the historical weather record. is also explained. These IWEC2 weather files are

then compared to other sources of international weather data and to an earlier, smaller set of IWEC weather files developed in 2001. The IWEC2 weather files

are found to have very similar heating degree days, and slightly more cooling degree-days than the IWEC. There is substantially more variation in the solar

radiation, with the IWEC2 weather files having somewhat less total and somewhat more direct normal solar radiation than the earlier IWEC weather files.

8. Exergy Analysis of a Gax Absorption Compression Cooler (NY-14-030)

Rajesh Kumar, Delhi Technological University, Delhi, India

This study investigates the utilization of low grade waste heat using a new cogeneration cycle for simultaneous production of heating and triple effect

refrigeration. The proposed cogeneration cycle combines the low grade heat driven vapor absorption and ejector system for refrigeration and high grade

energy driven cascaded system for producing heating and refrigeration. The LiBr-H2O absorption system is employed to ejector which uses R141b for cooling

and the cascaded system which uses CO2 and N2O as a working fluid for cooling and heating. Combined first and second law approach is applied and a

thermodynamic analysis is performed to investigate the effects of industrial waste heat temperature, refrigerant turbine inlet pressure, ejector evaporator

temperature and compressor pressure ratio of cascaded cycle on energy and exergy efficiency of waste heat driven cogeneration cycle. A maximum thermal

efficiency of 32% and exergy efficiency of 10% are obtained at waste heat temperature of 1600C(3200F). A narrow range of 9.75% to 10.8% exergy

efficiency and a wide range of 26.4% to 58% energy efficiency were achieved between the turbine inlet pressure of 0.9MPa(130.5lb/inch2) to 1.7 MPa

(246.56lb/inch2). A close range of variation of both energy and exergy efficiency of (28.17% to 24%) and (10% to 9.37%) respectivelywere obtained between

the ejector temperature of [-10C(-33.80F) to -90C(-48.20F)]. Comprehensive second law analysis indicates that 87% of waste heat exergy is destroyed due to

various irreversible processes of the cycle, around 10% is available as heating and refrigeration output, and 3% is lost via exhaust.

9. Energy Prediction of Electric Floor Radiation Systems using a New Integrated Modeling Approach (NY-14-031)

Ahmed Megri, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY

HVAC systems are different in term of cost and performance. Their behavior in each single room or building is unique and depends on many factors,

including the system type, the diffusers characteristics (the number, locations, and type of diffusers), the quality of dampers used, and the thermostats

locations, the inside design temperature (thermostat set point temperature), the control scheme associated with the HVAC system and so on. Similarly, the

building energy demand prediction is also unique, depending on the HVAC system design, the characteristics of building envelop and weather, people

behavior, and so on. This paper investigates the possibility of improving the heating energy demand calculation accuracy of a building equipped with an

electric floor radiation system by the integration of a zonal model into a multi-room thermal model. Three thermostat set point strategies: Room Air

Temperature (RAT), Mean Radiant Temperature (MRT) and Operative Temperature (OT) have been studied. Comparisons between the predictions of thermal

multi-room model and the integrated zonal model POMA/multi-room model developed have been performed to demonstrate the importance of considering the

room temperature distribution in energy predictions. As well, detailed prediction of thermal comfort (PMV and PPD indices) allows the prediction of the

relationship between thermostat locations, energy consumption and thermal comfort.

10. How Do Pressure Drop, Efficiency, Weight Gain and Loaded Dust Composition Change throughout Filter Lifetime?

(RP-1360) (NY-14-032)

M. Kathleen Owen, RTI International, Rtp, NC

Research project 1360-RP investigated the nature of dust collected on general ventilation air filters and how the filter performance changes over time due at

least in part to the collection of that dust. The project was undertaken with a two-pronged approach designed to maximize the information collected. The

“Four-City Study” investigated the performance of in-situ filters over their lifetimes for pressure drop, dust weight gain and changes in filtration efficiency.

This portion of the project also compared standard ASHRAE 52.2 testing, with and without Appendix J conditioning, and ASHRAE Guideline 26 field tests

to in-situ filter performance. To investigate the nature of dust collected by filters for a large number of locations, a “Multi-City Study” was undertaken. This study focused solely on

properties of the dust collected on filters and included the dust’s elemental composition, organic and inorganic carbon content, particle morphology, the

presence of fibers, and dust color. Significant project results are described. For example, filter efficiency as it changes over time is not well represented by the dust loading steps in the standard

ASHRAE 52.2 test. The Appendix J conditioning step was needed to bracket the minimum in-situ efficiency of the electret filter. Reporting values calculated

from the minimum efficiency curve are much more relevant to in-situ performance than the use of average or final dust-loaded values. There was a clear

distinction between the dust collected from commercial sites (mainly aluminosilicates) and that from residential sites (mainly dander). Dust on HVAC filters

does not match ASHRAE dust for chemical composition.

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11. Inter Unit Heat Flows In a Residence During District Heating in a Multistory Residential Building (NY-14-033)

Milorad Bojic, Member, University of Kragujevac, Kragujevac, Serbia

The paper presents investigations of space heating metering in a residence in a multistory residential building. The entire building is heated by a district

heating system (DHS). The residence may be heated by DHS and/or electrical energy. The analyzed residence may be either the non-excluded or excluded

from DHS. The residence has a low heat demand compared to the average heat demand of all DHS consumers. Space heating is simulated by using software

EnergyPlus during the 6-month heating season with a weather file of Kragujevac, Serbia. Specially, it is analyzed how the district heating metering is

influenced by inter unit heat flows (IUHFs) from the neighbor residences. Then, the notion of heat stealing (theft) is explained. For the residence, the heat

consumption coefficient inside the entire DHS is introduced to direct the special attention to the low heating efficiency of all heat consumers inside the

studied DHS. In addition, the fossil fuel consumption, CO2 emissions, and heat costs are calculated and discussed.

12. Method of Effectiveness Evaluation of Control Modes for Centrifugal Pumps with Variable Speed Motors (NY-14-

034)

Deniss Pilscikovs, Ph.D., Riga Technical University, Riga, Latvia

This paper describes a portion of a study, which investigated the reduction of energy consumption in grocery stores in a hot and humid climate. The first part

of the study investigated the maximum possible savings that can be obtained on implementing energy efficiency measures in a grocery store. The second part

of the study took a step further and examined the option of combined heat and power (CHP) technologies to power the grocery store and a portion of the

community to further reduce the energy consumption of the grocery store and the community. In this paper, several energy efficiency measures (EEMs) for the

grocery store were examined to reduce the overall energy consumption of the store. A calibrated whole-building energy simulation program was used to carry

out this analysis. The EEMs were categorized into four categories, which include measures for the envelope, lighting and daylighting, HVAC and service hot

water systems, and refrigeration systems. Only certain measures were selected under each category depending on the simulation capabilties of the whole-

building simulation program used for the analysis. The measures were first assessed individually and then combined to provide a cumulative energy savings

based on each category. EEMs for the building envelope were found to be least effective of all the measures considered by this study. Savings for site energy

consumption in this category were in the range of -0.3% to 3.1%; and for source energy consumption were in the range of -0.20% to 2.3%. Savings for site

energy consumption on implementing EEMs for lighting and daylighting were in the range of 4.3% to 5.4%; and for source energy consumption were in the

range of 7.5% to 9.7%. Savings from implementing EEMs for the HVAC systems for site energy consumption were in the range of 0.2% to 12.1%; and for

source energy consumption were in the range of 0.1% to 4.9%. Savings from implementing EEMs for refrigeration systems for site energy consumption were

in the range of 0.1% to 16.9%; and for source energy consumption were in the range of 0.1% to 9.2%. All the measures combined together provided site

energy savings of 57.9% and source energy savings of 55.8%.

13. Optimal Control of Energy Recovery Ventilators during Cooling Season (NY-14-035)

Mohammad Rasouli, tba, tba, AL

Concern over providing acceptable Indoor Air Quality (IAQ) while minimizing associated energy consumption has raised attentions towards optimizing

HVAC equipment. Energy Recovery Ventilators (ERVs) transfer energy between conditioned exhaust air and outdoor ventilation air to reduce the energy

demand of HVAC system. An ERV may operate in (i) full-load, (ii) part-load or (iii) full bypass (no energy transfer) condition. In this paper, based on

minimization of HVAC system energy consumption, an optimal strategy to control the operation of an ERV is concluded and compared to other control

alternatives in the literature. The paper explains the dependency of the optimal control strategy to the ERV’s latent to sensible effectiveness ratio and outdoor

conditions. . Potential energy savings with an optimized system is investigated by TRNSYS simulation of an office building in four North American cities as

representatives of major climates. The results show that an ERV can lead to significant annual heating energy saving (about 35% in cold climate) and annual

cooling energy saving (up to 20%) provided the ERV has the capability to transfer moisture and is properly controlled. Also, it is shown that IAQ can be

improved during the winter since employing ERVs humidifies cold-dry outdoor air.

14. Predicting Annual Energy Use in Buildings Using Short-Term Monitoring: The Dry Bulb Temperature Analysis

(DBTA) Method (NY-14-036)

T. Agami Reddy, Ph.D., P.E., Fellow ASHRAE, The Design School/The School of Sustainable Engineering and the Built

Environment, Tempe, AZ

This paper summarizes findings of a recently completed ASHRAE research project (RP-1404) meant to develop and assess methods by which short-term in-

situ monitoring of building energy use can be used as a workable alternative in yearlong monitoring and verification (M&V) projects. A new and simple

approach, called the Dry Bulb Temperature Analysis (DBTA) method, is proposed which, based on dry-bulb ambient temperature data alone, allows one to

design a sound short-term monitoring protocol for verifying annual savings from M&V projects. It provides insights into how a model identified from a data

period initiated at a certain month of the year and covering a specified number of months is likely to fare in terms of annual predictive ability. The DBTA

approach can be used to identify the best 2-3 months of the year which would provide a data set rich enough for inverse statistical models to be identified that

would result in accurate daily predictions over the whole year. Finally, the DBTA approach can also be used in M&V projects which are constrained to start

monitoring at a specific time of the year in order to determine the least monitoring length needed to obtain accurate predictive models.

15. R410A Maldistribution Impact on the Performance of Microchannel Evaporator (NY-14-037)

Yang Zou, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL

R410A upward flow in a transparent vertical header of microchannel heat exchanger (MCHX) was investigated experimentally to explore the effects of

refrigerant maldistribution on the MCHX performance. Refrigerant was provided into the transparent header by five tubes in the bottom pass and exits

through the five tubes in the top pass. It represents the flow in the outdoor heat exchanger (usually used as the condenser) when it is used as the evaporator in

the heat pump mode of reversible systems. Visualization revealed that the flow morphology in the header, affected by the inlet quality and mass flow rate, was

very important to the refrigerant distribution and heat exchanger performance. A microchannel evaporator model incorporating the experimental results was

developed to evaluate the evaporator performance. For the single pass heat exchanger, the numerical results showed that the capacity degradation was up to

40% compared to the uniform refrigeration distribution. The capacity degradation was related to the inlet conditions and header geometry through the derived

empirical correlation. For the two-pass heat exchanger, the capacity degradation is higher than that of the single pass heat exchanger. Thus, the single pass

heat exchanger would be prefered in the design of reversible microchannel heat exchanger.

16. Reducing Energy Consumption in Grocery Stores: Energy Efficiency Measures for Grocery Stores (NY-14-038)

Jaya Mukhopadhyay, Student Member, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX

This paper describes a portion of a study, which investigated the reduction of energy consumption in grocery stores in a hot and humid climate. The first part

of the study investigated the maximum possible savings that can be obtained on implementing energy efficiency measures in a grocery store. The second part

of the study took a step further and examined the option of combined heat and power (CHP) technologies to power the grocery store and a portion of the

community to further reduce the energy consumption of the grocery store and the community. In this paper, several energy efficiency measures (EEMs) for the

grocery store were examined to reduce the overall energy consumption of the store. A calibrated whole-building energy simulation program was used to carry

out this analysis. The EEMs were categorized into four categories, which include measures for the envelope, lighting and daylighting, HVAC and service hot

water systems, and refrigeration systems. Only certain measures were selected under each category depending on the simulation capabilties of the whole-

building simulation program used for the analysis. The measures were first assessed individually and then combined to provide a cumulative energy savings

based on each category. EEMs for the building envelope were found to be least effective of all the measures considered by this study. Savings for site energy

consumption in this category were in the range of -0.3% to 3.1%; and for source energy consumption were in the range of -0.20% to 2.3%. Savings for site

energy consumption on implementing EEMs for lighting and daylighting were in the range of 4.3% to 5.4%; and for source energy consumption were in the

range of 7.5% to 9.7%. Savings from implementing EEMs for the HVAC systems for site energy consumption were in the range of 0.2% to 12.1%; and for

source energy consumption were in the range of 0.1% to 4.9%. Savings from implementing EEMs for refrigeration systems for site energy consumption were

in the range of 0.1% to 16.9%; and for source energy consumption were in the range of 0.1% to 9.2%. All the measures combined together provided site

energy savings of 57.9% and source energy savings of 55.8%.

17. Study of Input Parameters for Risk Assessment of 2L Flammable Refrigerants in Residential Air Conditioning and

Commercial Refrigeration Applications (RP-1580) (NY-14-039)

William Goetzler, Member1 and Javier Burgos, Associate Member1, (1)Navigant, Burlington, MA

Comprehensive risk assessments of 2L refrigerants are needed to evaluate the use of alternative refrigerants in stationary HVAC and refrigeraiton applications.

This study uses CFD simulations, concentration mapping tests, and ignition tests to determine which leak scenarios for HFC-32 and HFO-1234yf may result

in flammable concentrations. We simulated seventeen different residential and light commercial leak scenarios, and selected six distinct scenarios for ignition

testing. The simulations and testing showed that tightly enclosed spaces like closets were the most likely to create flammable concentrations, but

modifications such as louvered doors can greatly minimize the likelihood of creating flammable scenarios. Our CFD simulations also showed that while

refrigerant selection did not have a large role in determining whether a flammable concentration would occur, the choice of refrigerant did affect the severity

of the resulting ignition event. In the future, the data should be combined with additional field studies to conduct full risk assessments of HVAC and

refrigeration equipment.

18. The Formation and Runoff of Condensate on a Vertical Glass Surface (NY-14-040)

John Wright, Member, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada

An experimental study of condensate formation and runoff was performed by exposing a sheet of glass, cooled at its bottom edge, to an enclosure with a

controlled environment. This arrangement mimics the indoor glass surface at the bottom edge of a window when the window is exposed to a cold outdoor

environment. The air in the enclosure was maintained at a constant dry bulb temperature (Tdb=22.1°C (Tdb=71.8°F)) and constant relative humidity (RH =

30%, 35%, 40%, 45% or 50%) during individual experiments. It was found that the time until initial runoff, tir, decreased with increasing RH and tir was

sensitive to RH at low RH but insensitive to RH at high RH. At first, condensate runoff occurred near the bottom of the glass and left one to believe that the

remaining condensate was at steady state. But over a 16 hour period it was found that the condensate runoff front, in every case, progressed upward to include

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the entire condensate area. The speed of the condensate runoff front increased with RH and was less sensitive to RH at low RH. Measurement results were

used to produce a summary plot showing runoff front position as a function of glass surface temperature and RH. This chart can be used to predict tir and

runoff front progression at the bottom edge of any window if the surface temperature profile is known.

19. Unequal Borehole Spacing to Reduce Borehole Length (NY-14-041)

Massimo Cimmino, Student Member1 and Michel Bernier, Ph.D., Member2, (1)Polytechnique Montréal, Montreal, QC,

Canada, (2)Ecole Polytechnique De Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada

The aim of this paper is to show how the positioning of boreholes for a given surface area can affect the fluid and ground temperature variations and result in

a reduction in borehole length. This requires a new calculation methodology which is presented in the first part of this paper. The methodology uses the g

function generation model of Cimmino et al. (Cimmino et al. 2013) to predict the variation of the ground temperature and the variation of the heat extracted

and injected by each borehole due to thermal interactions among boreholes. An optimization of the borehole spacings was done for the case of unbalanced

ground loads using two shape factors. By using an uneven spacing between boreholes, the required borehole length was reduced by 8.5% for a case with

unbalanced ground loads. It was not possible to reduce the required borehole length for a case with balanced ground loads.

Tuesday, January 21, 1:30 PM-3:00 PM


Life Safety Issues with Tall Buildings


Room: Trianon

Sponsor: 09.12 Tall Buildings, 05.06 Control of Fire and Smoke

Chair: William A. Webb, P.E., Fellow ASHRAE, WEBB FIRE Protection Consulting, LLC, Brooksville, FL

The seminar discusses the challenges of providing elevator pressurization in tall buildings. ASHRAE TC 9.12 defines a Tall

Building as at least 300 feet tall. The background and outline of code requirements, for the systems are presented by one

speaker. Another speaker describes design features including calculation means for pressurization airflow and pressure

differential. This speaker also describes the challenges in achieving these values while allowing the elevator to operate. The

final speaker presents a case study and lessons learned.


1. Discuss the challenges of providing elevator pressurization in tall buildings 2. Gain knowledge of the background and outline of code requirements for elevator pressurization. 3. Learn about design features including calculation means for pressurization airflow and pressure differential. 4. Understand the challenges in achieving these values while allowing the elevator to operate.

1. Design Features of Pressurization Airflow and Pressure Differential

John H. Klote, Ph.D., P.E., Fellow ASHRAE, Fire and Smoke Consulting, Leesburg, VA

Presentation describes design features including calculation means for pressurization airflow and pressure differential. Also describes the challenges in

achieving these values while allowing the elevator to operate.

2. Codes and Standards

Jeffrey Tubbs, P.E., Member, Arup, Cambridge, MA

The presentation provides background and outlines code requirements for the systems.

3. Case Study

Michael J. Ferreira, P.E., Hughes Associates Inc., Baltimore, MD

A case study is presented that shows the difficulty in designing an elevator pressurization system for a small hotel building with both stairs and elevators being

pressurized. The difficulty in obtaining the minimum pressure differentials is shown due to three different types of connected spaces: open plan restaurant

floors, residential floors with small corridors, and a lobby floor that serves as the floor for elevator recall. The CONTAM building airflow model is used to

evaluate the design.


SEMINAR (ADVANCED)

Lubricants Optimized for use with Low Global Warming Potential Refrigerants


Room: Petit Trianon

Sponsor: 03.04 Lubrication, MTG.LowGWP Alternative Lower Global Warming Potential Refrigerants

Chair: Scott R. Gustafson, Member, Shrieve Chemical Products, Inc., The Woodlands, TX

OPEN SESSION: no badge required; no PDHs awarded; presented during the TC's meeting. Lubricants are necessary in

refrigeration and AC systems for proper lubrication of the compressor and components, sealing clearances and removing heat.

Low GWP refrigerants being implemented in next generation systems include hydrocarbons, CO2, unsaturated

hydrofluorocarbons (HFOs), R-32 and HFC/HFO blends. New lubricants may be needed to ensure proper system performance

and reliability. Significant energy savings can be achieved by optimizing lubricant/refrigerant solution properties to provide the

best balance of lubrication in the compressor and excellent heat transfer in the refrigeration cycle. This seminar will present

how lubricant selection can impact the performance of refrigeration and AC systems using low GWP refrigerants.

Help, I Need a Lubricant For My Lower GWP Refrigerant

Joseph A. Karnaz, Member, CPI Engineering/Lubrizol, Midland, MI

Today there seems to be a growing list of refrigerants options that have lower GWP values which can vary significantly in the chemistry and can also be

different than currently used refrigerants. This can make it difficult to know what the best lubricant option is to best fit the refrigerant. This presentation will

evaluate the fundamental and also non-fundamental lubricant-refrigerant properties that can drive the correct choice. Current lower GWP refrigerants on the

market all possess unique characteristics that need to be considered when developing a lubricant. Lubricants that have been optimized for various lower GWP

refrigerants will be presented.

Polyol Ester Lubricants Designed For Use With R-32 and Related Low GWP Refrigerant Blends

Edward Hessell, Ph.D., Member, Chemtura Corporation, Middlebury, CT

The optimization of lubricant properties for use with a particular refrigerant is important to achieve the best overall balance of low energy consumption and

reliability in the compressor, in combination with good heat transfer properties and proper lubricant return in the refrigeration system. Difluoromethane (R-

32), or blends with hydrofluoro-olefin (HFO) refrigerants, are now gaining significant attention as replacements for R-410A in many stationary AC and heat

pump applications. This presentation will describe research efforts to identify new lubricants with properties optimized for R-32, as well as provide

performance comparisons of select developmental lubricants to commercial lubricants used today with R-410A.

Properties Of The New Pve Lubricant For Air Conditioning System

Eric Schweim, Member, Idemitsu Lubricants America, Southfield, IL

A number of low Global Warming Potential (GWP) refrigerants have been proposed as an alternative to hydrofluorocarbon blend R410A for air conditioning

system for prevention of global warming. This report is evaluated by the relationship between the low GWP refrigerants and PVE [poly (vinyl ether)]

lubricant. The evaluation items are physical properties (miscibility, solubility, viscosity, and electric insulation) and thermal stability and lubricity. As a result,

the new PVE lubricant for low GWP refrigerants is selected by changing the structure of lubricant base oil and the combination of an additive agent.


AHR EXPO SESSION 1 (ADVANCED)

Trends in Building Energy Disclosure: Increasing Energy Efficiency without Retrofits

Track: Tall Buildings: Performance Meets Policy Sponsor: 07.09 Building Commissioning

Chair: Mike Eardley, P.E., Member, Cannon Design, Boston, MA

Energy efficiency has traditionally been achieved through physical retrofits, but in this seminar, an alternative approach is

presented that harnesses data from smart meters and provides feedback to building occupants on their energy consumption. This

seminar highlights the growing trend in energy disclosure policies and presents a new energy benchmarking model to support

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comparative energy performance evaluation across commercial buildings. This study analyzes patterns of energy consumption

across New York City buildings and models the determinants of building energy efficiency.


1. Understand patterns of energy consumption and drivers of energy efficiency in over 10,000 New York City buildings

2. Demonstrate various energy performance benchmarking methodologies and provide the critical elements of more accurate

building-to-building comparisons

3. Develop an understanding of the shifting regulatory landscape around energy disclosure policies and recognize the potential

of “big data” analytics and informatics to alter traditional investment and location decision models.

4. Demonstrate how eco-informatic systems and eco-feedback loops can be used to increase the performance of energy efficient

buildings.

5. Provide empirical evidence on how social network dynamics can be utilized to encourage energy efficient behavior from

building occupants.

6. Highlight new data-driven methods for predicting the energy consumption behavior of buildings using input from eco-

informatic systems.

1. Building a Better Benchmark: Lessons From New York City's Local Law 84 Energy Disclosure Data

Constantine Kontokosta, Ph.D., P.E., NYU Center for Urban Science and Progress, New York, NY

This presentation describes a study that evaluates energy patterns in the New York City built environment using a dataset of energy consumption, physical,

spatial, and occupancy characteristics, collected from New York City’s Local Law 84 energy disclosure database, the Primary Land Use Tax Lot Output

(PLUTO) database, and CoStar Group data. It then presents the rationale and outcomes of a market-specific versus national energy rating system by

comparing results of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Energy Star rating tool using both the Commercial Building Energy Consumption

Survey (CBECS) and New York City energy disclosure data as reference samples.

2. Encouraging Energy Efficient Behavior Of Building Occupants Through Contextualized Feedback and Social

Network Dynamics

Rishee Jain, Ph.D., NYU Center for Urban Science and Progress, Brooklyn, NY

While building system retrofits can deliver substantial energy savings, they are often expensive and difficult to implement. An alternative is impacting

occupant behavior by way of data collection and feedback. The presentation touches on the results of several empirical experiments that demonstrate how

contextualizing feedback and leveraging social network dynamics in such systems can deliver substantial savings. The overview includes with how data from

eco-informatic systems can be further utilized to drive other applications related to building energy performance, such as energy consumption forecasting.



Natural Ventilation for Tall Buildings


Room: Trianon


Chair: Andrew Reilman, P.E., Member, Syska Hennessy Group, Culver City, CA

This seminar presents the practicalities of designing and applying natural ventilation for tall building and describes how

weather modeling can be used to generate climate data and then in turn how it is used for building energy analysis. The weather

tool is described, and then several case studies are presented that demonstrate the value of this approach. The case studies

include different climates and different building heights and include the application of natural ventilation, controversial for most

buildings. Results of studies made for adaptive comfort conditions in mega and super tall buildings are presented.


1. Understand the practicalities of designing and applying natural ventilation for tall building. 2. Learn about how weather modeling can be used to generate climate data.

3. Find out about several case studies that demonstrate the value of this building energy analysis approach.

4. Know the results of studies made for adaptive comfort conditions in mega and super tall buildings.

1. Ambient Conditions

Duncan Phillips, Rowan Williams Davies & Irwin, Guelph, ON, Canada

Ambient conditions vary over the height of a building. This presentation illustates the variations in ambient conditions including wind velocity and direction

from studies made in modern day building design.

2. Application of Natural Ventilation


The application of natural ventilation is controversial for most buildings. This presentation shows the results of studies made for adaptive comfort conditions

in mega and super tall buildings.

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Wednesday, January 22

Wednesday, January 22, 8:00 AM-9:30 AM


Hydronic System Efficiencies and Chilled Water System Controls


Room: Beekman

Chair: David S. Eldridge, P.E., Member, Grumman Butkus Associates, Evanston, IL

Three papers address the energy efficiency of hydronic systems – one through the analysis of the actuator position, another

on a study of failed performance testing of pump models, and a third on modeling using a spreadsheet method. Two papers

present a new control algorithm for a primary chilled water system that is more energy efficient, gives the desired control

performance and results in increased control stability.


1. Explain the purpose of flow limiting, delta-T limiting, and flow/delta-T limiting applied to heat exchangers found in HVAC.

2. Understand the different limiting strategies.

3. Explain methods used to redesign pumps for improved hydraulic efficiencies.

4. Describe an engineering process that can be used to improve the hydraulic efficiency of a pump.

5. Perform a pressure drop calculation of a hydronic system using common spreadsheet software.

6. Produce pump curves for variable speed pumps and a system curve on the same graph using common spreadsheet software.

7. Understand the root cause of valve-coil system hunting issues

8. Understand the key parameters that affect the primary chilled water system control stability

9. Understand the typical chilled water pump control method and hunting issues

10. Understand the system flow resistance control method and results

1. Energy Efficiency Strategies for Hydronic Systems Through Intelligent Actuators (NY-14-C073)

Marc Thuillard, Ph.D.1, Forest Reider1 and Gregor Henze, Ph.D., P.E., Member2, (1)Belimo Automation AG, Hinwil,

Switzerland, (2)University of Colorado, Boulder, CO

Strategies are presented to alleviate some problems encountered in many HVAC plants, problems that often lead to a significant waste of energy. Hunting, for

instance, is a quite common cause of ineffective energy usage. This paper presents a new approach based on the analysis of the actuator position to detect and

reduce hunting while keeping a reasonable response to set point changes. The method mitigates the negative effects of hunting until the control parameters

are properly retuned. Delta T degradation is a second problem for which different solutions have been proposed. First, the paper shows from analysis and field

studies, under which conditions heating and cooling coils tend to saturate and contribute to the low delta T syndrome. Next, it reveals a surprising consistency

in these saturation patterns for a wide range of coil conditions. Finally, it discusses the effects of suitable strategies against Delta T degradation based on the

measurement of water flow and energy delivered to a heat exchanger.

2. Towards the ASHRAE 2020 Vision with an Efficiency Increase to a Pump Product Range (NY-14-C074)

Greg Towsley, Member1 and Stuart Bloomfield2, (1)Grundfos, Olathe, KS, (2)Grundfos CBS Inc., Brookshire, TX

In the 2008 report, ASHRAE Vision 2020 – Producing Net Zero Energy Buildings, ASHRAE has identified that many stakeholders of the building community

must also take some responsibility to reduce the energy consumption of buildings. ASHRAE identified that “there will be a need for ultra-high-efficiency

equipment” to be used in systems with varying loads, including part-load profiles, and for use in variable speed systems. After an acquisition of a

manufacturing organization with a complimentary product line, the pump organization made a technical evaluation of one of the product ranges acquired. It

was found through performance testing that many of the pump models failed to meet the performance levels set by internal quality standards. In addition, it

was determined that opportunities existed for some pump models to have higher efficiencies at the best efficiency point (BEP). This paper presents an

overview of the project to improve the hydraulic efficiencies of a complete pump product range.

3. Hydronic System Modeling: A Spreadsheet Approach (NY-14-C075)

Robert Polchinski, P.E., Member, New York City College of Technology, Brooklyn, NY

Numerous software applications are available to assist engineers in designing hydronic systems. Using these applications requires gaining familiarity with the

complexities of the software. Determining Hydronic System pressure drop and subsequently making a pump selection entails repetitive calculations.

Spreadsheet applications, with their tabular format and ability to perform mathematical operations across columns, are highly suitable for these calculations.

In addition, spreadsheet programs are ubiquitous in the office environment, most engineers are already familiar with them, and they have the ability to quickly

produce charts that visually display pump and system operating conditions. This paper presents a method to model hydronic systems that uses the spreadsheet

program to organize piping into circuit segments and then automatically calculate velocities and friction loss for pipe, fittings, and valves using table “lookup”

functions and the Darcy-Weisbach equation; use the friction loss calculations along with the spreadsheet’s charting feature to model the system curve and

manufacturers’ pump curves; use the trend line regression analysis feature to determine the polynomial expressions that model the curves; and use those

equations to model the system at various pump speeds to determine the speeds that will match system head requirements and predict energy savings under

various conditions.

4. Primary Chilled Water System Control Optimization Integrated with Secondary System Linearization, Part 1:

Theoretical Analysis and Simulation (NY-14-C076)


Inc., Omaha, NE

Building energy efficiency technologies have to rely on capable control systems. The direct digital control (DDC) and proportional and integral (PI) control

technologies provide an advanced approach to accomplish the complex controls of temperature, pressure and flow in the building chilled water systems.

However, the PI controls are developed for linear, time-invariant systems. Since the chilled water systems are highly non-linear dynamic systems, a fine tuned

PID control may become unstable when system loads change. The unstable control system will degrade the chilled water system energy and thermal

performance and also reduce the control system life span. Therefore, superior control is required at the primary system level to link the control of the primary

system with the nonlinearities of the secondary system. The conventional approach is to design special control valves to compensate nonlinear chilled water

systems. Unfortunately the dynamic characteristics of HVAC systems cannot be compensated by the control valves with fixed characteristics. This paper

presents the theoretical model and simulation on traditional control methods and an innovative integrated control linearization approach.

5. Primary Chilled Water System Control Optimization Integrated with Secondary System Linearization, Part 2: Field

Investigation (NY-14-C077)


Inc., Omaha, NE

The first part of this paper presents the theoretical model and simulation results for primary chilled water system and secondary system nonlinear

characteristics. An integrated control linearization method is developed to optimization the control of primary chilled water system while maintain a stable

control performance by applying constant-gain PI controls. The new control algorithm integrates the secondary system flow resistance into water loop

differential pressure reset schedules. Both traditional and optimal control algorithm were implemented and compared in two full-scale real building

experiments. Field investigation is further conducted to validate the simulation results and performance improvement of the new control algorithm. Compared

to the prior art, this innovative optimal algorithm created a system that was more energy efficient, given the desired control performance, and resulted in

increased control stability. The linearization algorithm is advantageous in that it results in lower pump head and improves pump efficiency, better coil-valve

control stability, and significantly reduces the frequency of control valve repositioning.



Optimum Design of Heat Exchangers


Room: Sutton South

Chair: Samir Traboulsi, Ph.D., P.E., Member, Thermotrade/Ranec, Beirut, Lebanon

Optimum performance and energy conservation are becoming the main challenged focus of designers and researchers. The

Design schemes of Compact Phase Change Based Thermal Stores, Hybrid Air Conditioners for Hot and Humid Climates,

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Dehumidifying Heat Exchangers, Earth-Air Heat Exchangers in two burying modes and the Air Bearing Heat Exchanger,

whether based on numerical methods, experimental or other modeling and simulation systems, or whether it is an innovation or

improvement illustrates such attitude.


1. Identify the potential benefits and applications for PCM-based thermal stores.

2. Identify the critical parameters affecting compact PCM-based thermal store performance.

3. Explain how air conditioning can be improved in hot and humid climates

4. Describe how hybrid solar collectors can be used to drive air conditioning applications

5. Describe the impact of fin surface wettability on the performance of dehumidifying heat exchangers.

6. Explain how the wettability impact is dependent on the compactness of the heat exchanger.

7. Describe how under yard and under slab EAHX perform in a heating dominated climate

8. Distinguish when to select an under yard versus an under slab EAHX

9. Describe the operation of the Air Bearing Heat Exchanger

10. Explain the performance tradeoff associated with setting the air bearing thickness in the Air Bearing Heat Exchanger

1. Compact Phase Change Based Thermal Stores: Experimental Apparatus, Methodology, and Results (NY-14-C078)

Stephen Bourne, Student Member1 and Atila Novoselac, Ph.D., Associate Member2, (1)University of Texas, Austin, TX,

(2)University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX

Electric generation systems are moving from a model of on-demand generation to one of as-available consumption. This is due in part to the increasing use of

intermittent renewable energy resources. Commercial and residential cooling loads account for 11% of all U.S. electric consumption, and controlling the

demand for cooling energy will be necessary in an as-available consumption model. The control of building cooling loads can be achieved through the

development and use of localized thermal storage units. These storage units can shift demand from peak to off-peak periods to better utilize base-load

generation capacity, and can integrate grid-enabled control systems capable of dynamically controlling demand during periods of peak grid load. This paper

develops a simple, compact thermal store design suitable for homes or small to medium commercial applications based on macro-encapsulated paraffin-based

phase change materials.

2. Experimental Investigation of a Hybrid Air Conditioner for Hot and Humid Climates (NY-14-C079)

Ali Al-Alili, Ph.D., Student Member1, Yunho Hwang, Ph.D., Member2 and Reinhard Radermacher, Ph.D., P.E., Fellow

ASHRAE2, (1)The Petrolem Institute, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates, (2)University of Maryland, College Park, MD

In hot and humid regions, removal of moisture from the air using conventional air conditioners represents a considerable portion of the air conditioning load.

Desiccant assisted air conditioners (A/C) are used to overcome this problem. In this work, the performance of a hybrid A/C, which consists of a desiccant

wheel, an enthalpy wheel, and a vapor compression cycle (VCC), is investigated experimentally. The desiccant wheel is made of a new desiccant material,

which can be regenerated with a low temperature heat source, as low as 45°C. The effect of the process air stream’s temperature and humidity, and the effect

of the ventilation rate are investigated. The experimental results show that the hybrid A/C is more effective than the standalone VCC in maintaining the indoor

conditions within the comfort zone. The simulation of the complete solar hybrid A/C that uses a concentrating photovoltaic/thermal collector shows that a

system coefficient of performance higher than unity is possible.

3. The Impact of Fin Surface Wettability on the Performance of Dehumidifying Heat Exchangers (NY-14-C080)

Liping Liu, Ph.D., Associate Member1 and Anthony M. Jacobi, Ph.D., Fellow ASHRAE2, (1)Lawrence Technological

University, Southfield, MI, (2)University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL

For air-cooling heat exchangers operating under wet-surface conditions, water from the air stream condenses and accumulates on the surface of the heat

exchanger until it is removed by air-flow forces or gravity. The condensate retained on air-side heat transfer surface can reduce the air-side heat transfer

coefficient, increase core pressure drop, and adversely affect indoor air quality. Through conversion coating, air-side surface wettability can be manipulated,

and the wettability is important to thermal-hydraulic performance and drainage behavior of the heat exchanger. In this study, two groups of heat exchangers

with identical geometry (plain fin, round tube) but two different fin spacing (2.2 mm and 5.3 mm) are studied. Each group contains four identical heat

exchangers with surface wettability controlled by conversion coatings. The surfaces range from completely wetting to contact angles over 100°. A study of

condensate drainage and retention behavior in a closed-loop wind-tunnel is undertaken and transient condensate retention data M(t) are recorded for a range

of test conditions. The attendant thermal-hydraulic performance is also measured. It is shown that either very hydrophilic fins (filmwise condensation) or very

hydrophobic fins (dropwise condensation) help with retention drainage, and completely wetting fins are best for reduced condensate retention.

4. In Situ Testing of Earth-Air Heat Exchangers: Under Slab vs. Under Yard (NY-14-C081)

Kevin L. Amende, P.E., Associate Member1 and Chantz M. Denowh, Student Member1, (1)Montana State University,

Bozeman, MT

The use of relatively constant ground temperatures to condition a building’s indoor space is an old concept. This practice dates back thousands of years when

Romans used underground tunnels and natural ventilation to condition buildings. Today the same principles for earth-air heat exchangers (EAHX) are being

applied to modern ventilation systems. Air is preconditioned by circulating it through tubes buried underground in either an open or closed loop

configuration. The ground passively captures or dissipates heat from the air flowing through the tubes before active heating or cooling begins. EAHX have

the potential to significantly reduce the heating and cooling demands for residential applications, but their installation is not widespread. Hesitance from

mechanical designers to specify EAHX is mainly based off of indoor air quality concerns and the lack of published design data. Methods to calculate

expected outlet air temperature and humidity typically use complex analytical or numerical methods that do not lend themselves to quick calculations for

design purposes. In addition, almost all the available methods consider EAHX being installed in locations free of structures. During new construction,

however, EAHX installation costs can be minimized when combined with excavation activities needed in preparation for the building’s foundation. The heat

transfer mechanisms are different for this type of installation and little information is available on the performance of EAHX located under structures.This

paper presents the models used to predict EAHX outlet temperature and humidity values and data collected from in situ testing of two separate EAHX

systems located at a residence in Bozeman, Montana.

5. Heat Transfer and Pressure Drop Performance of the Air Bearing Heat Exchanger (NY-14-C082)

Wayne L. Staats, Ph.D., Affiliate1, N.D. Matthew1, Ethan S. Hecht, Ph.D.1, Terry A. Johnson1 and Jeff Koplow, Ph.D.1,

(1)Sandia National Laboratories, Livermore, CA

The thermal performance of air-cooled heat exchangers has a direct impact on the energy efficiency of many HVAC&R devices. The fundamental limitation

of these air-cooled heat exchangers is the thermal resistance of the boundary layer at the solid-air interface. To improve the air side heat transfer, passive

enhancement techniques are often employed, but these result in undesirable increases in pressure drop and higher susceptibility to fouling. The air bearing

heat exchanger (ABHE), invented by Koplow (2010), circumvents some of the inherent physical limitations of conventional heat exchanger topologies and

has subsequently demonstrated unprecedented air side thermal performance, especially in volume-constrained applications. A key concept of the ABHE is that

the hot fin surfaces reside in a rotating reference frame, which imposes a centrifugal body force on fluid particles in the boundary layer on the fins. This

additional body force causes the boundary layer to remain very thin and results in an enhanced heat transfer coefficient. This paper presents numerical

simulation results and experimental measurements to demonstrate the performance of several 10 cm diameter ABHE designs.



A Look at DCIM Solutions and Their Integration Challenges in Today's Data Centers and a Look

at What Tomorrow Offers


Room: Trianon

Sponsor: 09.09 Mission Critical Facilities, Technology Spaces and Electronic Equipment


Today's control systems have gotten far more complicated than they were just 5 to 10 years ago. The integration of internet

based software solutions for GUI's, analytics, and web applications using TCP/IP based protocols, combined with traditional

building control systems based on ASHRAE Standard 135 (BACNET), Modbus, Lonworks, etc, has created a complex maze of

integration issues for vendors, designers, and end-users alike. Most recently DCIM or Data Center Infrastructure Management

software solutions have also become widely popular. These solutions suffer from the same integration challenges of IT and

facilities based control systems. This workgroup examines a major control change to improve the performance of an active data

center in a high rise building, a couple of perspectives related to today's DCIM, IT software, and traditional BMS control

systems and a look to what the future might hold.


1. Provide an overview of the control strategies used in today's data centers.

2. Explain the challenges of implementing a control strategy change in an operational data center

3. Define the integration challenges of IT and facilities based control systems today. 4. Define DCIM (Data Center Infrastructure Management)as it exists today.

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5. Discuss end-user expectations, and cost expectations related to building control systems. 6. Define the challenges with DCIM and multiple industry system protocols on control systems; future considerations.

1. Integration Challenges and End User Expectations

David Quirk, P.E., Member, Tieche Engineered Systems, Woodland, CA

This presentation offers some real-time data integration challenges.

2. Challenges with Multi-industry Protocols and Future Considerations

Don Beaty, P.E., Member, DLB Associates, Eatontown, NJ

This presentation examines some of the challenges with this integration as well as some developing solutions and alternatives.

3. Case Study of a Major Control Change within an Operating Data Center in a High Rise Building

Jack Glass, Member, Citi Corp, New York, NY

This presentation examines some of the challenges with this integration as well as some developing solutions and taking action

based on the DCIM data.


SEMINAR 48 (BASIC)

App, App and Away: Enabling Meaningful Work for the Building Professional with the

Development of Quality Apps for Smartphones and Tablet Computers


Room: Mercury

Sponsor: 01.05 Computer Applications, Publications Committee

Chair: Tim Dwyer, Fellow ASHRAE, Bartlett School of Graduate Studies, University College London, London, United

Kingdom

There are literally millions of apps available for smartphones and tablet computers. Identifying useful apps is increasingly

challenging, leading to many exploring the development of truly useful apps for the professional building practitioner. This

session explores the evolution of apps; the methods for developing and establishing a reliable app to provide an accessible and

verifiable way for building professional to solve practical problems; examines the state of in-house and publicly available

HVAC&R related apps - including the ASHRAE apps - and how those are brought to market; and finally looks at areas of

potential app development.


1. Outline the process that is required to develop an App

2. Describe how a new App may be verified to limit developer liability

3. Explain what planning is needed to successfully distribute an App to end users

4. Provide an overview of the current range of the health of publicly available Apps for the HVAC&R market

5. List out the benefits and drawbacks of applying Apps as illustrated by the example case studies

6. Describe the range of Apps as developed by ASHRAE and provide examples of their application in business use

1. The Current State of Mobile Apps for HVAC

Stephen Roth, P.E., Member, Carmel Software Corp., San Rafael, CA

This presentation discusses a brief history and the current state of HVAC software on mobile devices such as smart phones and tablets. The speaker discusses

the different types of HVAC mobile software including reference tools, calculators, Bluetooth-enabled measuring devices, and more. As the mobile space has

evolved over the past five years, app discovery and the apps, themselves, have also evolved. This presenter discusses this evolution. He also discusses the

ASHRAE-specific mobile apps and what's currently in the pipeline.

2. Software Development Process for Smart Device Applications

Richard Szydlowski, Center for Energy and Environment, Minneapolis, MN

The methods and tools for the development of a successful App are becoming widely available and the technology may be applied to a myriad of tasks

undertaken by ASHRAE members. By following the development of an application for smart devices, this presentation illustrates the required design

processes and the application of development tools to create a useful, and usable, app. Having developed the app, it needs an appropriate means of

distribution to end users - an area that is reviewed in this presentation

3. Applying Applications

Sara R. Tepfer, Student Member1 and Alison G. Kwok, Ph.D., Member2, (1)UC Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, (2)University of

Oregon, Eugene, OR

Mobile phone and tablet applications, or 'apps', are being rapidly implemented across a range of professional contexts and academic disciplines. HVAC&R

and building performance are no exception. In this realm, apps provide a convenient and versatile medium for quick calculations, access to and visualization

of climate data, and libraries of standards and current research. Despite this potential, development and dissemination of useful and reliable apps for the

HVAC&R industry is slow. Through a series of case studies, this presentation examines the existing state of both in-house and publicly available HVAC&R-

related apps and identifies specific areas for potential future development



Are Renewable Resources Renewable Energy? A Life Cycle Assessment Perspective


Room: Sutton North

Sponsor: 02.08 Building Environmental Impacts and Sustainability

Chair: Neil P. Leslie, P.E., Member, Gas Technology Institute, Des Plaines, IL

This seminar reviews and provides different viewpoints on renewable resources when used to provide energy to a building. It

distinguishes among different renewable resources, such as wind, hydro, solar, and biomass using life cycle assessment

methodology. Different definitions and applications of renewable resources to displace fossil fuels are provided. The seminar

also includes a panel discussion on the issue of biomass and other renewable resources when used to meet building energy

requirements.


1. Distinguish between a renewable resource and renewable energy.

2. Understand life cycle assessment methods applied to renewable resources.

3. Explain the difference between renewable energy from combustion and renewable energy from the sun.

4. Define when combustion of renewable resources may qualify as a form of renewable energy.

5. Understand the implications of growing materials to be used as fuel versus using biobased waste as fuel.

6. Characterize short term and long term consequences of utilizing different forms of renewable energy and renewable

resources.

1. The Fallacy of Bio-Based Materials: A Life Cycle Approach

Rita C. Schenck, Ph.D., Institute for Environmental Research & Education, Vashon, WA

Many sustainable building programs reward the use of bio-based materials, preferring them over metals-based or fossil-based materials. Bio-based materials

are considered renewable, carbon-neutral, and may act as carbon sinks in a building and at end of life in landfills. But is that true? Are renewable materials

actually being renewed? Is harvesting is done in an sustainable manner? Are bio-based materials carbon neutral compared to not harvesting them? Are the life

cycle impacts of bio-based materials less than those of conventional materials? This presentation evaluates critical assumptions about bio-based materials and

discusses their validity on a life cycle assessment basis.

2. Forest Biomass: An Important but Often Misunderstood Renewable Resource

Reid Miner, P.E., NCASI, Research Triangle Park, NC

The low greenhouse gas emissions and energy consumption associated with wood-based building products are possible because wood is produced by solar

energy via photosynthesis, a process that removes CO2 from the atmosphere and converts it into wood. Although much of this CO2returns to the atmosphere

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as biogenic CO2 formed in combustion or decomposition, the sustainable production of wood allows this CO2 to be removed from the atmosphere by growing

trees. Questions have arisen about the time required to see the life cycle benefits of using wood-based products. Answering these questions requires using

appropriate carbon accounting methods.

3. Renewable Resources are Different from Renewable Energy

Martha G. VanGeem, P.E., Member, Self-Employed, Mount Prospect, IL

While bio-based materials are renewable materials, they are not renewable energy when considered from a life cycle assessment (LCA) perspective. The

environmental impact of bio-based (plant material and animal waste) energy depends on many factors including fertilization rates, biomass yields,

transportation, energy conversion efficiencies, pollution control technologies, and direct and indirect land-use impacts. Unlike solar or wind, biomass must be

burned or otherwise processed to create energy. Biomass is renewable on a shorter time-frame than fossil fuels, yet has the potential to release the same

amount of emissions to air during burning.


SEMINAR 50 (BASIC)

Developments in Refrigerator Standards


Room: Regent

Sponsor: 08.09 Residential Refrigerators and Food Freezers

Chair: Detlef Westphalen, Ph.D., Member, Navigant Consulting, Inc., Burlington, MA

2014 is a significant year for refrigerator standards. New U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) efficiency standards take effect

on September 15. At the same time, new DOE test procedures will be required for demonstrating compliance with the

standards. DOE has developed these rules with a backdrop of simultaneous work by the International Electrotechnical

Commission (IEC) to update its Standard 62552, “Household Refrigerating Appliances—Characteristics and Test Methods”,

and by Underwriters Laboratories on updating its Standard 250 for household refrigerators and freezers. This session discusses

all of these developments.


1. Describe key aspects of the U.S. DOE test procedures for domestic refrigerators and freezers and find online the regulations

describing all details of the test procedures.

2. Describe key changes in the U.S. DOE test procedures and energy conservation standards for domestic refrigerators and

freezers.

3. Identify the key countries/regions in the world that have developed unique domestic refrigerator test standards and how they

are different.

4. Describe key objectives in the recent development of the international domestic refrigerator test standard, IEC-62552, and

how the standard has met these objectives.

5. Identify the key hazards addressed in safety standard UL 250 for household refrigerators and freezers.

6. List the key changes in the new version of safety standard UL 250.

1. New Test Method for Refrigerators

David Yashar, Ph.D., P.E., Member, NIST, Gaithersburg, MD

There are several refrigerator standards currently used throughout the world, which presents a significant trade barrier. In order to reduce this barrier, the IEC

formed a multinational group tasked with modernizing the existing European standards and ultimately harmonizing all of the standards around the world.

Through this effort, a new set of standards, IEC-62552-1/2/3, were developed and are set to be approved by committee in December 2013. This talk discusses

the various pieces of these new standards, how they related to the US standard, and how they are intended to be implemented around the world.

2. Changes in UL 250, Safety Standard for Household Refrigerators and Freezers

Randall J. Haseman, P.E., Member, Underwriters Laboratories, Northbrook, IL

UL 250 is the U.S. safety standard for household refrigerators and freezers, covering electric shock, fire, and casualty hazards. This presentation reviews

proposals that have been made, including child ingress protection; large drawer testing; controls evaluated to UL 60730, the new control standard; smart

enabled refrigerators; and flammable refrigerant requirements

3. Changes in DOE Test Procedures for Residential Refrigerators in 2014

Detlef Westphalen, Ph.D., Member, Navigant Consulting, Inc., Burlington, MA

New DOE energy conservation standards take effect September 15, 2014. DOE has also made significant modifications to the refrigerator test procedures

used to demonstrate compliance with the standards. Key changes to the test procedure in 2014 include (a) use of new compartment temperatures for testing of

refrigerators and combination refrigerator-freezers, (b) a new volume calculation method, (c) provisions for addressing defrost in more complicated

refrigeration systems, and (d) inclusion of a placeholder value to represent the energy use associated with automatic icemaking. These changes significantly

affect measured energy use for tested products.

4. Residential Refrigerator 2014 Energy Efficiency Standards: Product and Market Impacts

Gregory Rosenquist, Member, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA

DOE’s amended energy conservation standards for residential refrigerators, which take effect in September 2014, will impact how residential refrigeration

products are classified as well as their retail price and energy consumption. The resulting changes on product price and consumption will impact the cost-

effectiveness to consumers of minimally compliant and more efficient products. Also affected is the market availability of more efficient refrigeration

products. This presentation provides a summary of the product and market impacts due to the 2014 standards based on the technical-economic analyses that

were conducted in support of these standards.



DOE's Building Energy Efficient Buildings Hub's Findings and the Future of Equipment and

System Design Applied to Building Retrofits



Sponsor: 07.01 Integrated Building Design

Chair: Gregory Dobbs, Ph.D., Member, Pennsylvania State University, Philadelphia, PA

DOE's Building Energy Efficient Buildings Hub has been studying the future of equipment and system design applied to

building retrofits for the past three years. This seminar presents the EEB Hub's findings and provides further details on two

important areas of interest. The first presentation explains the impact on integrated system design of cost effective

lighting/shading retrofits. The second presentation is an initial assessment of the City of Philadelphia's benchmarking and

disclosure ordinance data and implications for future energy retrofit design.


1. Understand the function and roll DOE's EEB Hub plays in building equipment and system technology development. 2. Explain the unique nature of building energy retrofit.

3. Describe the impact of integrated technology design and application over a buildings asset lifespan.

4. Explain current engineering approaches for cost effective building lighting retrofits.

5. Describe successful integrating of retrofit shading/lighting systems

6. Describe the City of Philadelphia’s benchmarking and disclosure ordinance, initial data results and implications for the future

of energy retrofits in the region.

1. EEB Hub Findings and their Impact on Equipment and Systems Designs for Retrofits

Timothy Wagner, Ph.D., Member, United Technologies Research Center, East Hartford, CT

The EEB Hub began its building research in February of 2011. Since that time, the Hub has amassed a significant amount of data and understanding with

respect to advancing building energy retrofits. This presentation describes key Hub findings with respect to energy modeling and auditing tools, integrated

technologies and design practices, and policies impacting building energy retrofits.

2. EEB Hub Detailed Findings: Lighting/Shading Impact on Systems Retrofit Design

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Athanasios Tzempelikos, Associate Member, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN

One task of the DOE EEB Hub is dedicated to retrofitting windows and lighting systems. This presentation is about a case study, with the complete

methodology and analysis of windows and lighting retrofit in a medium size commercial building located in Philadelphia's Nay Yard. A detailed description

of the electric lighting system and controls was coupled with a full daylighting analysis to estimate the energy savings and return of investment for the selected

retrofit options. Recommendations on shading solutions and controls are also included.

3. EEB Hub Detailed Findings: Initial 2012 Data Analysis and Design Implications of Philadelphia's Benchmarking and

Disclosure Ordinance

Richard Sweetser, Member, Exergy Partners Corp., Herndon, VA

Philadelphia's Benchmarking and Disclosure Ordinance covers all commercial building within the City limits with interior space greater than or equal to

50,000 square feet. The first year of data collected is for 2012. This ordinance, like other jurisdictions like New York City, Seattle, and Washington DC

seeks to provide building level energy transparency to policy makers and potential tenants. This presentation provides initial data analytics on the building

data, the process followed, and potential impact on energy efficiency measures in the future.



How Much Energy Saving can we Expect from Natural Ventilation?


Room: Sutton Center

Sponsor: 04.07 Energy Calculations, 04.10 Indoor Environmental Modeling

Chair: Wangda Zuo, Ph.D., Associate Member, University of Miami, Coral Gables, FL

Natural ventilation is considered to be an effective approach to reduce building consumption. However, the performance of

natural ventilation system varies depending on the location, weather condition, building geometry and many other factors. As a

result, the decision of selecting natural ventilation can be challenging. Computer tools have been used for the design and

performance evaluation of natural ventilation in buildings. This seminar introduces some cutting edge techniques and case

studies for the design and performance valuation of natural ventilation system.


1. Learn the basic process and outcomes of using computer tools for natural ventilation design and performance estimation. 2. Understand how to improve the comfort while reducing energy consumption by using natural ventilation

3. Understand principles in designing and controlling a building ventilation system.

4. Describe the interaction of building façade and HVAC system in natural ventilation 5. Distinguish the difference in natural, hybrid and mechanical ventilation. 6. Be able to select appropriate tools for different purposes in natural ventilation design and optimization.

1. Natural Ventilation Renovations in California: Estimating the Technical Potential using Whole Building Energy

Software

Samuel. L Brunswick1 and Philip Haves1, (1)Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA

This talk discusses an approach using whole building energy simulation software to estimate the potential energy savings of renovating existing commercial

buildings in California for natural ventilation. The research focuses on office, school and hotel buildings. 400 unique building models are developed in

EnergyPlus that represent a range of different vintages and construction types. The Airflow Network is used to model wind driven and stack driven

ventilation, and the models are simulated through the state. Based on the findings, recommendations will be made to assist building designers and owners in

making informed decisions regarding the efficacy of natural ventilation renovations

2. Software Tools to Aid in the Design of Natural Ventilation Systems

Andrew K. Persily, Ph.D., Member1 and Steven Emmerich, Member1, (1)National Institute of Standards and Technology,

Gaithersburg, MD

There are significant technical challenges in determining when natural ventilation is appropriate for a particular building and in designing systems that

provide required levels of ventilation. NIST has developed software to help fill these gaps, including a climate suitability tool that assesses the feasibility of

using natural ventilation based on thermal loads and climate. Another tool helps size ventilation openings based on design ventilation rates, climate and

system configuration. Thirdly, NIST has developed software to perform coupled energy and airflow analysis, which is essential to predicting the performance

of natural ventilation systems.

3. Estimating the Energy Savings of Hybrid Natural Ventilation/Air Conditioning Systems

Leon Glicksman, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA

In many climates use of natural ventilation alone will not provide comfortable conditions within a building. In those applications, the use of a hybrid system

can provide all season comfort conditions while also saving seasonal energy consumption. When the indoor temperature and humidity conditions exceed

comfort standards, windows are closed and standard air-conditioning systems are used. The code Cool Vent developed at MIT was used to predict detailed

indoor temperature distributions in multizone buildings. Evaluation of energy-saving potential was made for five different standard building types in several

different US climatic zones. In most cases substantial energy savings were observed.



Advances in Measurement and Modeling of Indoor Environmental Quality of Animal Buildings


Room: Beekman

Sponsor: 02.02 Plant and Animal Environment

Chair: J. Patrick Carpenter, P.E., Member, Facility Performance Engineers, Cinnaminson, NJ

Concentrated, large-scale animal feeding operations create significant challenges in controlling air emissions and

maintaining indoor environmental quality. Many ASHRAE members are involved in design and troubleshooting of

environmental quality systems for animal facilities, and research developments in these areas have been ongoing efforts. This

technical paper session, sponsored by ASHRAE TC2.2 Plant and Animal Environment, includes papers related to advances in

measurement, modeling, and mitigation technologies for indoor environmental quality of animal facilities.


1. Provide an overview of how pollutants vary spatially in a mechanically ventilated animal building

2. Design a sampling strategy for evaluating the effectiveness of ventilation systems in an occupied animal building.

3. Explain how an electrostatic precipitator works and define the factors affecting electrostatic precipitator performance

4. Explain why design improvements are needed to collect particulate matter emissions from poultry facilities

1. Quantification of Ventilation Effectiveness for Air Quality Control in Animal Buildings (NY-14-042)

Sheryll Jerez, Stephen F. Austin State University, Nacogdoches, TX

Ventilation effectiveness refers to the efficiency of a ventilation system to provide fresh air to the occupants, and dilute and remove internally generated

contaminants. In ASHRAE Standard 62, it is defined as the fraction of outdoor air delivered to the space that reaches the occupied zone. Standard 62,

however, does not contain practical information on how to evaluate and measure the ventilation effectiveness of the system. This research evaluated the

applicability of contaminant removal effectiveness index in measuring the ventilation effectiveness of a mechanically ventilated animal building. The spatial

distribution of total suspended particulate matter (TSP) mass and ammonia (NH3) volumetric concentrations were measured at multiple locations inside a

mechanically ventilated wean-to-finish swine building during winter and summer seasons. Results of experiments showed that the spatial gradient of

pollutants differed between the seasons due to different airflow patterns in the building. Consequently, in order to obtain more meaningful estimate of the

average pollutant concentrations in the building, the samplers must be spread out crosswise during winter and lengthwise within the building during summer.

Results also showed that the number of samples indoors affected the calculated ventilation effectiveness. At least six samples for TSP and nine for NH3 must

be obtained inside the building to obtain more meaningful estimates of the ventilation effectiveness of a swine building with similar configuration and size.

2. Heat and Moisture Production of Modern Swine (NY-14-043)

Tami M. Brown-Brandl, Ph.D., Associate Member, USDA-ARS-MARC, Clay Center, NE, NE

The heat and moisture production (HP and MP) values that are currently published in the ASHRAE standards are from data collected in either the 1970’s

(nursery piglets) or the 1950’s (growing-finishing pigs). This series of studies, conducted to systematically update the HP and MP standards, includes a series

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of 4 calorimetry studies (nursery, growing finishing gilts, and finishing barrows), and 6 facility level studies (nursery, growing, early finishing, late finishing,

gestating gilts, and farrowing sows and litters). The studies were completed at various temperatures from thermal neutral to hot conditions, demonstrating the

trends that HP decreased, feed intake decreased, and MP increased as environmental temperature increased. Overall, HP was found to be 16 % higher than

current standards. In order to predict MP from the entire facility rather than just the animals, the waste handling systems, sprinkle cooling systems, and non-

vented gas-fired heaters were monitored and found to contribute significantly to the overall MP. Continuous measurements showed a diurnal HP pattern that

was higher during light than dark periods, with peaks just after lights came on and just before lights went off. These updated HP and MP values are essential

in designing new and managing current swine facilities.

3. An Optimized Electrostatic Precipitator for Air Cleaning of Particulate Emissions from Poultry Facilities (NY-14-

044)

Roderick Manuzon, Ph.D., Student Member1, Lingying Zhao, Ph.D., Member1 and Christoper Gecik1, (1)The Ohio State

University, Columbus, OH

Particulate matter (PM) emissions deteriorate indoor air quality of animal facilities and have been associated with human worker and animal health problems.

It also affects ambient air quality and causes various environmental issues. Effective PM mitigation measures need to be developed. This study optimized the

operation of an electrostatic precipitator (ESP) whose design was improved using computational fluid dynamics simulations(CFD). It also evaluated ESP

cleaning performance for PM emissions from poultry facilities. The specific objective of this study are to: (1) determine optimized settings of voltage and air

velocity on ESP PM collection (2) quantify effects of dust concentration, dust type, and operation time on the ESP efficiency, and (3) evaluate the

performance of the ESP in an actual poultry facility. A wind tunnel injected by a metered dust feeder was used to simulate dusty air in barns. PM

concentrations and size counts were measured using real time aerosol monitors. Initial ESP performance was examined using response surface methods which

modeled the effect of voltage (9.6 to 13.6 KV) and air velocity (0.8 to 2.2 m/s) on ESP performance very well (R2=0.8125). The optimized air velocity for the

ESP was found as 1.7 m/s while the optimized voltage was 13.6 KV. ESP performance was greatly affected by the type of dust. PM loading of up to 14

mg/m3 had no effect on ESP performance. The total ESP collection efficiency was 89 ± 7% (lab) and 82 ± 6% (field). The efficiency was 86 ± 8% (lab) and

84 ± 5% (field) for PM10 and was 88 ± 8% (lab) and 86 ± 5% (field) for PM2.5, respectively. These results show that ESP technology is a very promising PM

mitigation solution for poultry emissions.



Performance of Roof Top Units and Centrifugal Fans


Room: Regent

Chair: Wei Zhang, Boeing Commercial Airplanes, Seattle, WA

The performance and advances of RTUs are described in two papers. The papers address the gas-fired, condensing RTU,

evaluating its performance through a field test in one paper and through field monitoring in another. A third paper describes the

process of utilizing impeller replacement to upgrade centrifugal fan performance, exploring identification of the upgrade

through installation and fan commissioning.


1. Understand the complexities of evaluating one heating system verses another in a commercial small office application.

2. Estimate the potential range of energy savings achievable from a condensing RTU retro-fit in a small office application.

3. Recognize the diversity in RTU runtime and gas use for heating a given commercial building. 4. Apply higher efficiency heating RTUs in the most cost effective commercial building applications.

5. Learn the key issues associated with selecting an impeller to upgrade the performance of a centrifugal fan.

6. Learn what factory and field testing is appropriate for a centrifugal fan with impeller replacement upgrade.

1. Evaluating the Performance of a Condensing Roof Top Unit (RTU) in a Small Office Application (NY-14-C083)

Martin Thomas, P.Eng., Member1, A.C.S (Skip) Hayden, P.Eng.1 and Bryan Halliday, P.Eng., Member1, (1)RIES,

CanmetENERGY, Natural Resources Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada

Next time you're coming in for a landing at an airport, take a look down at all the flat roof buildings and you will see the multitude of Roof Top Unit (RTU)

space heaters installed on warehouses, strip malls, big box stores, factories, and office buildings. These products, originally developed to maximise the space

within the conditioned envelope of a building are both common and widespread throughout North America and are used primarily for air conditioning in the

South and both air conditioning and space heating in the North (e.g. Canada). In Canada, the commercial sector energy consumption is of great significance

because it represents approximately 14% of Canada's total secondary energy consumption (e.g. the energy consumed in 2010 was 1,057.3 PJ, of which about

half, 529 PJ, was attributed to space heating*). Historically, the commercial sector load has been growing steadily at an average rate of just over 1% per year

over the last 20 years*. To reverse this trend, we need to introduce replacement space and make-up ventilation air heating systems that have a significant

change in their fuel efficiency level, such as the newly emerging condensing RTU's. New gas-fired, condensing RTUs can operate at steady state efficiency

exceeding 90%; if well designed they can maintain or increase this efficiency over a wide turn-down range (e.g. 15:1). NRCan has installed a fully

condensing, high turn-down, RTU in parallel with the existing non-condensing, two stage, RTU heating system, in a small office application in the Ottawa,

(Ontario, Canada) region. This conference paper describes the installation, the monitoring equipment, some of the technical difficulties encountered & their

solutions, and the results/interpretation of the monitored data.

2. Field Monitoring of Rooftop Unit (RTU) Heating Runtimes and Gas Usage for Selected Commercial Buildings (NY-

14-C084)

Douglas Kosar, Member1, Shawn Scott1, Hillary Vadnal, Associate Member1 and Paul Glanville, P.E., Associate Member1,

(1)Gas Technology Institute, Des Plaines, IL

Over the last few years, smaller heating, ventilating, and air conditioning (HVAC) manufacturers have started to apply condensing combustion technology

into packaged gas heating/electric air conditioning rooftop units (RTUs). As early markets are being defined for these emerging, higher efficiency heating

product lines, a great deal of uncertainty has centered on the runtimes and gas usage assumed for conventional, non-condensing RTUs in net energy savings

calculations. Essential to the initial economic success of condensing RTUs is identifying applications with sufficient heating loads to drive runtimes and

resulting gas usage high enough to pay back installed cost premiums. Also central to the economics is the prospect of gas savings for the condensing RTU

being offset by increased electricity usage for the blower to move supply air through the additional pressure drop of the secondary condensing heat exchanger

– often continuously during HVAC operating schedules for commercial buildings.Further complicating the situation are commercial building benchmark

simulation models from the Department of Energy (DOE) and American Society of Heating Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE) that

can give conflicting heating load results and sometimes under-represent gas use of RTUs. That hinders the establishment of consensus market economics and

can discourage the introduction of energy efficient heating upgrades for RTUs. Over 100 non-condensing, 80% thermal efficiency (TE) RTUs were

instrumented to record burner operations (1st and 2nd stage, as applicable) and supply fan runtimes. This paper presents detailed field monitoring findings.

3. Upgrading Performance of Centrifugal Fans With An Impeller Replacement (NY-14-C085)

Robert Z. Smith, Member, Innerquest LLC, Dowagiac, MI

Replacing impellers in centrifugal fans can be a cost effective approach to upgrading the performance of the fan. This paper explores the process of utilizing

impeller replacement to upgrade fan performance from identifying initial upgrade potential through installation and fan commissioning. The topics covered

are: matching rotors to existing fan housings; meeting structural and aerodynamic performance objectives; demonstrating fan performance prior to delivery of

the upgraded components; typical field modifications and assembly issues; demonstrating fan performance in the field.



Radiant Cooling System Opportunities


Room: Sutton Center

Chair: Peter Simmonds, Ph.D., Stantec, Sherman Oaks, CA

This session presents three papers that identify recent experiences in developing a new methodology on radiant cooling

systems, thermal comfort in a hydronic radiant panel system and a comparison of thermal environmental conditions in a radiant

ceiling and wall panel system for heating.


1. Identify recent experiences in developing a new metholodogy on radiant cooling systems.

2. Become aware of further research and opportunities in this area.

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3. Understand thermal comfort in a hydronic radiant panel system

4. Compare thermal environmental conditions in a radiant ceiling and wall panel systems for heating

1. The Influence on Surface Coverings on the Performance of Radiant Floors for Both Heating and Cooling (NY-14-

C086)


Many questions have arisen regarding the influence of surface coverings on the performance of radiant floors for both heating and cooling. Many questions

have been raised during the design and construction phase of projects as to the influence of different coverings such as tiles or carpet. This paper outlines the

performance of radiant floors with different top surfaces.

2. Experiences on Radiant Cooling Technology in Latin America Country – Mexico (NY-14-C087)

Eric F. Hernandez, P.E., Associate Member, KE Fibertec Mexico, Mexico, Mexico

Radiant cooling technology seems to be a viable alternative to decrease energy consumption in cooling offices and residential buildings. While new

studies are aiming for promote this technology even on humidity climates, due to the feasibility to directly coupling to solar systems and high temperature

cooling. Showing savings of up to 47% compared to conventional HVAC system. This paper describes experiences on radiant cooling technology applied to a

Latin American country, particularly to Mexico. It will try to show-up the potential of the technology on this kind of climate, the problems encountered during

the design and construction process, as well as the end results of the final users experiencing it.

3. Comparitive Analysis of Thermal Comfort in a Hydronic Radiant Ceiling and Wall Panel System for Heating in

South Korea (NY-14-C088)

Sung-Im Kim1, Jae-han Lim, Ph.D.1, Seung-Yeong Song, Ph.D.1, Yong-woon Lee2 and Kwang Woo Kim, P.Eng.3, (1)Ewha

Womans University, Seoul, South Korea, (2)Building & Environment Co., Ltd., Seoul, South Korea, (3)Seoul National

University, Seoul, South Korea

Recently the radiant panel heating and cooling system has been regarded as an alternative of low temperature heating and high temperature cooling by

applying the renewable energy sources to the heating and cooling of buildings. Ty this system can be used as an HVAC system alternatives in super high-rise

buildings for energy saving and thermal comfort. Also it can be possible to reduce the plenum spaces because the minimum ventilation air will be supplied

into the space. This study aims at evaluating thermal comfort in combined hydronic radiant ceiling and wall panel system for heating in a laboratory in South

Korea. In order to evaluate the thermal comfort according to various supply water temperatures, indoor air temperature and vertical air temperatures, supply

and return water temperature difference, panel surface temperatures were measured.



Modelling Thermal Components of Buildings


Room: Sutton South

Chair: Dan Fisher, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK

Building energy simulation programs require accurate thermal component models. This session presents recent advances in

the development and analysis of thermal component models for building energy analysis including dynamic shading, pipe

insulation and sensitivity analysis models.


1. Describe the key parameters affecting the energy performance of Complex Building Shading Systems

2. Analyze Complex Building Shading Systems using the tools and metrics discussed 3. Develop an analytical model for the thermal conductivity of closed-cell pipe insulation systems under both dry and

condensing conditions with moisture ingress

4. Apply the model to different types of closed-cell pipe insulation systems to predict the variation on thermal conductivity with

insulation mean temperature and moisture content

5. Use real weather data files instead of TMY can have a substantial influence on the thermal energy use (our case up to 25%

difference).

6. Identify key input parameters, including set-point and set-back temperatures, plug-load density and schedules, for simulating

healthcare buildings could result in accurate energy estimations close to the metered data.

1. Daylighting and Thermal Assessment of Combined Dynamic Shading Systems on Energy Consumption in

Educational Buildings (NY-14-C089)

Sagar Rao, Associate Member1 and Athanasios Tzempelikos, Associate Member2, (1)Affiliated Engineers, Inc., Madison, WI,

(2)Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN

An earlier study compared the thermal performance of combined dynamic shading systems to that of standard automated roller shades for perimeter spaces. It

showed that with careful selection of fabric properties, for a small increase in heating energy, the combined system helped to reduce cooling loads while

providing better viewing conditions. A key limitation of the analysis was that the effect of daylight-linked lighting controls was not included. This study

presents a holistic energy assessment methodology that includes the interplay between natural lighting, electric lighting and restriction and/or admittance of

solar heat gains into perimeter spaces, specifically for combined dynamic shading systems utilized in educational settings (classrooms). It includes movable

roller shades, overhangs and light-shelves in synchronized operation to reduce the possibility of visual and thermal discomfort in the space through active

control of shading components.

2. An Experimentally Validated Model to Predict the Thermal Conductivity of Closed-Cell Pipe Insulation Systems with

Moisture Ingress

Shanshan Cai, Student Member1 and Lorenzo Cremaschi, Ph.D., Member1, (1)Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK

Mechanical pipe insulation systems are commonly used around cold pipes in HVAC fields to reduce heat loss to the ambient. It is acknowledged that the

thermal behavior of pipe insulation varies with insulation mean temperature under dry, non-condensing conditions. When the pipe insulation is applied to

pipes with temperatures below ambient, such as in chiller applications, water vapor is drawn inside the insulation and condensate that accumulates in the

insulation system can lead to severe degradation of their thermal performance and even failure of the pipe insulation system. In the literature there are several

models that predict the variation on the insulation thermal conductivity with temperature and moisture content but they were mainly developed based on the

behavior of the insulation materials in flat slab configurations or there is a numerical CFD approach that was developed specifically for one pipe insulation

system. The thermal behavior of pipe insulation is quite different from flat slab configurations due to the radial configuration, the presence of joints, joint

sealants, and several means of vapor jackets and vapor barrier seals to prevent moisture ingress. In addition numerical codes are time-consuming and often not

suitable for practical design of pipe insulation system in HVAC&R engineering applications. In this paper, a model was developed for predicting the behavior

of pipe insulation systems in dry conditions and in wet conditions with moisture ingress. The effect of pipe insulation thickness, joint sealant, vapor retarder

and insulation jacketing were accounted for in the developed model.

3. A Sensitivity Analysis of Energy Simulation Accuracy for a Renovated Healthcare Building (NY-14-C091)

Ibrahim W. Alanqar, Student Member1, Mohammad Heidarinejad2 and Dr. Jelena Srebric, Member3, (1)Pennsylvania State

University, State College, PA, (2)The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, (3)Pennsylvania State University,

University Park, PA

The purpose of this study is to enhance accuracy of energy simulation results for a major renovated hospital building to enable accurate prediction of energy

conservation measures (ECMs) for the studied hospital building. Healthcare buildings have been major energy consumers with a significant contribution to

the total annual energy consumption in commercial buildings. Based on Commercial Building Energy Consumption Survey (CBECS), the total energy used

by a typical healthcare building per square-foot is about two times the usage of a typical office building. Therefore, there is a need to provide accurate and

reliable energy simulation models to study feasibility of different renovation strategies that could lead to energy savings. The case study is a nine-story clinical

science building located in Central Pennsylvania that is currently going through the final stage of a three-phase mechanical system renovation. Then, the

ECMs are deployed in the energy model with several different strategies to determine the effect of staging retrofit measures on cost and energy savings.

Renovation included changing the air distribution system from a constant-air volume (CAV) to a variable-air-volume (VAV) system. The building’s facility

manager provided detailed information about the building, including building plans as well as metered electric energy consumption data. This study simulates

the energy consumption of the hospital building using EnergyPlus, and compares the monthly and annual simulated results with the metered data.



Data Center Control and Fire Safety in Tall Buildings


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Room: Mercury

Chair: Bill Dietrich, Member, Daikin Applied, Staunton, VA

Concerns have been raised about the adequacy of fire safety provisions in very tall buildings. Few comprehensive studies

have been reported on the dynamics of room fires in such buildings. One paper will discuss hazards encountered in a very tall

building fire. The following two papers discuss different aspects of Data Center control, from focusing on air movement in the

center to worldwide control strategies.


1. Learn the general aspect of supertall building fires

2. Understand stack effect on smoke movement in supertall buildings

3. Understand the effect of design parameters on the rate of air leakage from the hot aisle containment systems

4. Understand the effect of rate of air leakage from hot aisle containment system on the cooling efficiency of data centers.

5. Explain the advantages of allowing a higher supply air temperature within data centers from the perspective of fan energy,

cooling system energy and server equipment temperature.

6. Describe some of the challenges with adopting supply air control within data centers that are seen around the globe.

1. Fire Safety Concern for Supertall Buildings (NY-14-C092)

W.K. Chow, Ph.D., Member, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, Hong Kong

Many supertall buildings of height over 300 m have been constructed in the Far East. Fire protection systems basically follow only those requirements

specified in current codes. Large quantities of combustibles are stored in the tall buildings of dense cities. High ambient wind speeds through openable

windows or green balconies at the upper levels of supertall buildings supplies sufficient air to burn up all stored combustibles. Post-flashover fires would emit

very high radiative heat fluxes to consume more combustibles. Stack effect would be very significant in the tall staircases. Smoke and even fire can spread to

all levels. Internal fire whirl can be initiated by wind in vertical elevator and ventilation shafts containing architectural opening features. Consequently, a big

fire results due to the high burning rate. A big fire in a supertall building entrains more air for combustion at lower levels, and spreads smoke and fire to

adjacent areas at higher levels. Air, fire and smoke movement not only follow the wind direction, but all other directions too, leading to potentially fast fire

spread to neighouring buildings. Smoke will spread easily to rooms of adjacent buildings through openings such as openable windows, the doors to green

balconies and to refuge floors due to ambient wind and air flow induced by the big building fire. Firebrands arising from the burning of modern synthetic

materials which spread to adjacent buildings through the openings might ignite combustibles insidePeople worry whether fire safety provisions in these

supertall buildings are adequate. However, very few comprehensive studies have been reported on the dynamics of room fires in such tall buildings. Hazards

encountered in a supertall building fire subject to wind action and having a high heat release rate room fire are discussed in this paper.

2. Analysis of Air Leakage From Hot Aisle Containment Systems and Cooling Efficiency of Data Centers (NY-14-C093)

Kishor Khankari, Ph.D., Member, AnSight LLC, Ann Arbor, MI

Air is the primary carrier of heat during the cooling operation in the data centers. Air management in the data center is crucial not only for maintaining

acceptable levels of inlet air temperatures to servers but also for energy efficient operation. Open systems such as cold and hot aisle layouts are prone to

develop recirculation of hot air back into the servers and short circuiting of cold air back to air conditioning systems. Various forms of cold and hot aisle

containment systems are employed to restrict such air recirculation and short circuiting air movements. However, air leakages from such systems can affect

the cooling performance. Air leakage rates and performance of such systems can depend on various design and operational parameters such as type of

containment system (soft versus hard), rack heat load density and distribution of heat loads, width of the hot and cold aisles, and supply airflow rates. This

paper provides insight into the effect of air leakages on the cooling performance of data centers. In addition, effect of these parameters on the inlet air

temperatures to servers is demonstrated.

3. Control Strategies for Data Centers: Trends Around the Globe(NY-14-C094)

Daniel S. Hallett, Arup, New York, NY

Management of data storage and access are a part of every business, with a requirement for data centers and IT facilities common across nearly all business

types around the world. Data Centers provide centralized IT systems, requiring power, cooling and operational requirements above and beyond typical design

parameters. At 2009 figures, their demand for power accounted for approximately 0.5% of total global energy use making them one of the greatest sole

consumers of energy and growing. This large density of power and cooling drives the need for continuous improvements and assessment of best practices in

the industry. One element for the design of data centers is the strategy used to control the conditions at the server racks and within the room. When CRAC

units are used in a traditional arrangement, these can be controlled using return air or supply air control systems, and the monitoring points can be located

around the room or at the racks themselves. The selection of this control strategy leads to marked differences in energy used at the CRAC units and central

chiller or cooling systems. This paper provides a summary of the various methods for controlling data center conditions and compares the energy performance

per system using the Power Utilization Effectiveness (PUE) metric.


SEMINAR 53 (BASIC)

Hospital Building Performance: More for Less


Room: Trianon

Sponsor: 09.06 Healthcare Facilities

Chair: Michael Meteyer, P.E., Member, ERDMAN Company, Madison, WI

Hospital facilities provide a unique environment that must support the heath care functions focused on delivering positive

patient outcomes. As a result, the definition of high performance includes the special IEQ functions along with a priority on

reliability, ease of service and maintenance. In addition to these priorities, the building systems must also do so using less

energy! Come to the presentation to find out actual examples and experience on how some hospitals are making that happen.


1. Learn how to use commissioning to supplement the testing and balancing process for better system efficiency. 2. Learn what the keys steps necessary for training hospital staff for better operations and maintenance. 3. Learn how to find incentive to offset your costs.

4. Learn how to understand, troubleshot, and modify your HVAC control sequences in order to optimize performance including

energy savings.

5. Learn about the effects of the HVAC system control strategies on: Infection control, reliability, comfort, maintenance, and

energy use.

6. Learn about the basic tasks required for a quality acceptance and turnover process that address system deficiencies.

1. Case Study : SUNY New Hospital Project Reducing Energy By +25% Using Advanced Commissioning Techniques

Ronald L. Westbrook, P.E., Member, State University of New York, Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY

Advanced commissioning was part of an incentivized state sponsored program to increase energy efficiency during the construction of the SUNY Upstate

Medical University’s new Golisano Children’s Hospital and bed tower. Energy savings at the 245,000 square foot addition, completed in 2009, exceeded

New York Energy Conservation Construction code by 25%. Among other elements, the incentive program relied on an advanced commissioning program to

fine tune operational parameters and train operating staff to optimize building controls and equipment use to maximize energy savings resulting in an award

winning high performance Hospital.

2. Acceptance and Testing For Operations and Maintenance Turnover

Paul Raschilla, Member, AKF Group, New York, NY

The presentation will address the institution's acceptance of the completed renovation and new construction equipment and system into facilities Operations

for ongoing operation, maintenance, compliance document and periodic performance evaluation.



HVAC&R Paper Seminar: RP-1353 Stability and Accuracy of VAV Box Control at Low Flows



Sponsor: 01.04 Control Theory and Application

Chair: Jin Wen, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA

This seminar presents the research findings from Research Project 1353 (sponsored by TC 1.4). This research project aims

at identifying the major factors that cause the airflow measurement in a variable air volume (VAV) system to be inaccurate and

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unstable, especially at low airflow conditions. VAV systems with direct digital controllers (DDC) have been widely adopted in

HVAC system of commercial, industrial, and large residential buildings, because they provide better energy efficiency and

occupant comfort. However, it has been found that the VAV terminal units often fail to perform as expected at the minimum

airflow ranges (below 500 fpm). This problem results in a series of problems including a lack of ventilation, uneven control of

airflow, reduced damper and operator life, and energy waste. Major factors that cause these inaccuracy and instability issues,

and the relationship between the strong factors and the performance of the airflow sensor, controller, and terminal unit system

are examined in this project through systematically designed laboratory and field tests. The laboratory test included VAV

sensor test, controller test, and system test. In the laboratory test, four VAV boxes from three manufacturers and four

controllers from four manufacturers were tested systematically. Two identical test beds with high accuracy (±0.5%) reference

airflow meters were designed and constructed in the test facility. Three factors, namely, inlet conditions, low VAV damper

positions, and low airflow rates, are identified as the factors that strongly affect the performance of VAV terminal units. It was

also found that the performance of a VAV terminal unit is highly dependent upon on its controller performance. Zeroing and

balancing at a low airflow rate (560 fpm, 200 cfm for 8 in. box) were effective for achieving high system accuracy at low

airflow ranges. In the field tests, five VAV terminal units were tested in real commercial buildings. It was found that system

balancing was not always an effective way to reduce the VAV airflow sensor error in the field due to the uncertainty of

reference airflow measurement methods commonly adopted in the field testing and balancing process. Two journal papers

summarizing the detailed research findings of this project have been accepted by HVAC&R (Liu R, Wen J, Zhou X and

Klaassen C, “Stability and Accuracy of VAV Box Control of Low Flows Part 1: Laboratory Test Setup and VAV Sensor Test”,

HVAC&R Research, Accepted, 2013. Liu R, Wen J, Zhou X, Klaassen C, and Regnier A, “Stability and Accuracy of VAV Box

Control at Low Flows Part 2: Controller Test, System Test, and Field Test”, HVAC&R Research, Accepted, 2013.).


1. Explain the energy and comfort impact of inaccurate VAV airflow measurement under low flow conditions

2. Describe the key factors associated with the VAV box that could affect the VAV airflow measurement accuracy based on the

ASHRAE project 1353 findings

3. Describe the key factors associated with the VAV controller that could affect the VAV airflow measurement accuracy based

on the ASHRAE project 1353 findings

4. Describe the airflow measurement accuracy improvement resulted from on-site airflow calibration based on the ASHRAE

1353 laboratory test 5. Describe the solutions suggested by the ASHRAE project 1353 laboratory tests to solve the VAV airflow measurement

accuracy issues 6. Describe the potential accuracy problems associated with using field available airflow measurement calibration tools, such as

flowhood, powered flowhood, and pitotubes

1. Stability and Accuracy of VAV Box Control At Low Flows: Laboratory Test Setup and VAV Sensor Test

Ran Liu, Ph.D., Student Member, Iowa Energy Center, Ankeny, IA

This presentation describes the laboratory test setup and summarizes the VAV sensor test results from ASHRAE RP 1353. From the VAV sensor test, three

factors, namely, inlet conditions, low VAV damper positions, and low airflow rates, are identified as the factors that strongly affect the performance of VAV

terminal units.

2. Stability and Accuracy of VAV Box Control at Low Flows: Controller Test, System Test, and Field Test

Ran Liu, Ph.D., Student Member, Iowa Energy Center, Ankeny, IA

This presentation summarizes the findings of ASHRAE research project 1353, especially the controller, system, and field tests. It was found that the

performance of a VAV terminal unit is highly dependent upon on controller performance. Zeroing and balancing at a low airflow rate were effective for

achieving high system accuracy at low airflow ranges. It was found that system balancing was not always an effective way to reduce the VAV airflow sensor

error in the field due to the uncertainty of reference airflow measurement methods commonly adopted in the field testing and balancing process.


FORUM 1 (INTERMEDIATE)

Value for Smart Meters for Building Operation and Consumers


Room: Sutton North

Sponsor: 07.05 Smart Building Systems

Chair: J. Carlos Haiad, P.E., Member, Southern California Edison, Irwindale, CA

Smart meters are a key element of the smart grid by providing a better connection to consumers and to their energy usage

information. As of today, 45 million smart meters have been deployed by utilities across the USA. Energy efficiency standards

in a few states and leading professional organizations are starting to expect building designers to take into consideration how

building systems can leverage the connection and information from the smart meters. The forum discusses and seeks input in

the impact of the smart meter on: building design and commissioning, energy management and control, and operational

strategies and costs.

No submitted Learning Objectives

Wednesday, January 22, 11:00 AM-12:30 PM


Application of Dynamic Optimization to Smart Building Systems


Room: Beekman

Sponsor: TG1 Optimization

Chair: Christopher Laughman, Ph.D., Associate Member, Mitsubishi Electric Research Laboratories, Cambridge, MA

Smart building systems hold much promise on the path to creating high performance buildings, but maintaining that

performance over years and through changes in building occupancy and utilization can be a major challenge. The use of

optimization methods that can compensate for the effect of time-varying conditions in these smart building systems is one

important way that the performance of a building can be maintained at a high level over the building's lifetime. This seminar

reviews the use of these techniques in both the creation of control strategies, as well as in the online control of building energy

systems.


1. Define some of the specific challenges faced by contemporary buildings that can be addressed by the use of optimization

techniques.

2. Explain how new computing paradigms and technologies can enable the development of new building energy management

strategies. 3. Describe some of the different uses of optimization in the design of control algorithms for equipment and buildings.

4. Explain how building control systems can use data collected from a wide variety of sources to improve the building's

performance.

5. Provide an overview of some of the benefits that the application of optimization methods have to smart building systems. 6. Understand some of the requirements and tradeoffs to be considered in the implementation of different optimization

techniques in smart building systems.

1. Initial Exploration of Demand Responsive Cooling with TABS

Alex Niswander1 and P.R. Armstrong, Ph.D., Member2, (1)Masdar Institute, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates, (2)Masdar

Institute of Science and Technology, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates

In general, the response to the electricity provider's expected demand is provided for in the supervisory control strategy by a time-of-use (TOU) pricing

system. This speaker presents a demand responsive Thermally Active Building System (TABS)/Heat Pump scheme that is economical, provides good storage

efficiency, has high specific energy, and good controllability. The system departs from conventional TABS in its use of heat recovery mode to actively

discharge TABS during brief peaking periods. The results show that heat recovery mode is optimal during periods of high peak pricing and achieves better

cooling efficiency on most days with significant cooling loads.

2. Assessment of Alternative Approaches for Model Predictive Control in Multi-Zone Buildings

James Braun, Ph.D., Fellow ASHRAE, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN

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Simulation-based performance assessments of dynamic control strategies for building cooling were performed for a case study involving a 20-zone

representation of Building 101, located at the Navy Shipyard in Philadelphia. Alternative approaches were considered for determining supervisory control

trajectories, including centralized optimization, distributed optimization, and heuristic control. The resulting trajectories were evaluated in terms of energy

costs and occupant thermal discomfort over the summer cooling season. Results indicate potential savings in energy costs and better occupant comfort are

possible using model predictive control strategies when compared to conventional control. Additionally, the benefits and implementation issues of each

algorithm are highlighted.

3. Simulation and Optimization Based Derivation of Simple Controllers for Building Systems

Brian Coffey, Ph.D., Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratories, Berkeley, CA

Optimization-based controls can improve the performance of a wide variety of building systems, but their cost and implementation complexity make them

difficult to market. However, with cloud computing platforms now providing cheap and easy access to vast computing power, virtual optimization-based

controllers can be sampled over a wide variety of conditions and the results interpolated to produce cheap and simple near-optimal controllers. New software

to enable this process with existing building simulation tools is presented, along with some case studies.

4. Development of a Control Strategy with Multiple Continuous Outputs

Kyle Gluesenkamp, Ph.D., Student Member1 and Vikrant Aute, Ph.D., Member2, (1)Oak Ridge National Laboratories,

Knoxville, TN, (2)University of Maryland, College Park, MD

This talk describes a systematic approach that was used to derive a control strategy for a prototype adsorption chiller. The control strategy takes ambient

temperature, expected cooling load, and desired chilled water temperature as inputs, and it returns the durations of the cyclical adsorption phase and cyclical

heat recovery phase. It was successfully implemented in physical experiments on the adsorption prototype with varying load and temperatures. The talk

focuses on the use of Kriging metamodeling and tools from optimization in the derivation of the control strategy, with an effort to generalize the method

formulation for wider applicability.



Impact of Unvented Combustion on Indoor Air Quality


Room: Sutton Center

Sponsor: SSPC 62.2, Environmental Health Committee

Chair: David Delaquila, Member, AHRI, Arlington, VA

As new home construction methods and weatherization programs strive to tighten the building envelope to conserve energy,

concerns for achieving acceptable indoor air quality (IAQ) continue to be an important topic of discussion and debate.

Emissions from the use of unvented combustion space heating and cooking appliances are a few of the top concerns for

impacting acceptable IAQ. This seminar seeks to present the results from relevant research and offer the perspective from both

advocates and critics alike.


1. Describe the primary emissions of concern from unvented combustion devices, i.e., carbon monoxide, nitrogen dioxide and

water vapor.

2. Provide an overview of the results from the relevant research conducted on the emissions from unvented combustion

appliances.

3. Distinguish the various levels of the primary emissions of concern adopted by various national and world health

organizations and understand what the health risks are.

4. Explain the ventilation effectiveness of various types of exhaust hoods used with unvented cooking appliances.

5. Describe the safety devices and the level of allowable emissions from the product safety standards for unvented space heating

appliances.

6. Describe the national model building code requirements and the importance of providing adequate combustion, ventilation

and make up air for the proper operation of unvented combustion appliances.

1. Product Safety and IAQ from Industry Experience

Donald W. Denton, Vent-Free Gas Products Alliance Section of AHRI, Townsend, TN

This presentation covers operational, performance and safety characteristics of unvented gas heating products, particularly related to common misconceptions

on input, sizing, usage patterns, house tightness, etc. It shares IAQ results from relevant research that has been conducted along with actual field experience.

It also highlights the industry's product liability record and compares it to what the research shows.

2. Indoor Pollutant Concentrations from Using Unvented Space Heaters

Paul W. Francisco, Member, University of Illinois, Champaign, IL

Unvented gas fireplaces emit carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, nitrogen dioxide, and water. As a result, there has been a lot of controversy over the indoor air

quality implications of their use. This session presents research results from field measurement in 30 homes which use these appliances, ranging in age from

brand new to 15 years old. Comparisons to published standards and guidelines are provided.

3. Ventilating Combustion Indoors? Why and How We Should

Shelly L. Miller, Ph.D., Member, University of Colorado at Boulder, Boulder, CO

The presentation provides a summary of the need for ventilation of combustion appliances. It focuses on kitchen exhaust for cooking, but also discusses

exhaust for fireplaces. Data from field studies of emissions is presented as well as health data from epidemiological studies of exposure to combustion

pollutants.

4. Impact of Vent-Free Gas Heater on IAQ from a Toxicologist's Perspective

Gary K. Whitmyre, toXel, LLC, Gainesville, VA

The presentation addresses current issues of concern relating to the use of vent-free gas fireplaces and heating devices, including use patterns, toxicology of

combustion products, and available indoor air quality modeling studies and monitoring studies. It includes a discussion on the results from probabilistic

modeling studies on the contribution of vent-free gas heating appliances to indoor levels of relative humidity as well as NO2 in "tight" homes (<0.35 ACH50).



Lessons Learned from Storm Recovery


Room: Sutton North

Sponsor: 01.12 Moisture Management in Buildings

Chair: Lew Harriman III, Fellow ASHRAE, Mason Grant, Portsmouth, NH

The persistent and excessive dampness from floods and hurricanes creates severe indoor air quality problems and sometimes

health risks for building owners and occupants. To reduce such risks, architects and engineers in New York City share valuable

and hard-learned lessons from the difficult recovery from Hurricane Sandy. Experts in other climate zones share equally useful

lessons from recovering from tropical storms. These presentations provide practical, actionable suggestions specific to New

York City, as well as suggestions learned that are applicable to other coastal storm regions.


1. Understand the changes made to New York City building codes as a result of lessons learned from recovery from Hurricane

Sandy.

2. Understand the major changes made to the 1% flood zone in the New York City area as a result of the unexpectedly high

flood levels of Hurricane Sandy.

3. Understand what changes to standard HVAC design practice will probably be prudent based on the higher probability of

extreme weather events in coastal areas, including NYC.

4. Compare the lessons learned from Hurricane Sandy with lessons learned from storms in hot and humid climates.

5. Understand what changes to standard architectural design practice will probably become prudent based on the higher

probability of extreme weather events in coastal areas, including NYC.

6. Describe what worked well and what did not when the NYC building professional community responded to the challenge of

water damage from Hurricane Sandy.

1. NYC Code Changes Based on Lessons Learned from Hurricane Sandy

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Mark Ginsberg, Curtis & Ginsberg Architects, LLP, New York, NY

The problems of recovery from the flooding and persistent dampness caused by Hurricane Sandy prompted an in-depth review of local laws and building

codes. This presentation briefly describes some of the more important (and some unexpected) lessons learned and the changes to local codes that have resulted

from these lessons.

2. What We Know Now: Changes to the 1% Flood Map for the NYC Region

Lesley Patrick, Institute for Sustainable Cities Hunter College, City University of New York, New York, NY

Hurricane Sandy changed forever the assumptions of designers and building owners in the New York City Region. Among the baseline assumptions of all

development, both commercial and residential, is the probability of flooding in the areas planned for development. The 1% flood map for the NYC region is

now considerably different than in the past, as a result of lessons learned for Hurricane Sandy. This fact has important implications for how (and where)

buildings will be built in the NYC region in the future.

3. Lessons Learned from Recovery from Tropical Storms

George Dubose, Member, Liberty Building Forensics Group, Zellwood, FL

In tropical climates, dampness, high winds, and frequent rain can and must be assumed to be common and persistent. Consequently, many lessons learned

over the last 30 years provide simple but important suggestions for designers and owners of buildings in coastal areas.

4. Lessons Learned from International Storm Recovery

Norman Nelson, P.E., Member, CH2M Hill, Portland, OR

In the international environment, local infrastructure is not always as robust as that of developed countries. This fact strongly suggests a less-than-obvious

approach to HVAC and architectural designs, so that recovery time from storms can be more economical and less disruptive to building operations. This

presentation highlights lessons learned from 30 years of experience designing, operating and repairing hotels in international locations.



Using System EER/COP to Reasonably Model GSHP System Performance


Room: Trianon

Sponsor: 06.08 Geothermal Heat Pumps and Energy Recovery Applications

Chair: Cary Smith, Member, Sound Geothermal Corp., Sandy, UT

Design of renewable and net-zero building systems depends on accurately predicting system performance. Cost effective

system options are sometimes tabled because available tools and rules of thumb don’t accurately account for the system

performance, especially for innovative hybrid, multi-stage, or VFD-driven heat pump systems; GSHP systems are a prime

example. Heat pumps and chillers unit ratings often fall short of predicting overall performance. This is especially true for

government and utility programs for predictions used in paying rebates and incentives. This seminar explores the use of a more

holistic System EER or COP to provide a more accurate “reality check” and performance model. Methods, metrics, and cases

studies are presented.


1. Calculate simple system COP and EER

2. Describe and understand the Government and Utility perspective on performance incentives and performance ratings.

3. Explain the impact of ancillary (pumps, fans, etc.) equipment on system performance. 4. Understand how load diversity can increase the system performance above the unit EER/COP. 5. Explain why the design engineer must look at total system performance rather than just unit performance. 6. Explain why GSHPs may be an ideal selection for district distributed energy systems.

1. Converting Imaginary (a.k.a. Rated) Efficiency to Real Efficiency

Steve Kavanaugh, Ph.D., Fellow ASHRAE, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL

2009 “High Performance Buildings”: LEED buildings, “…are using significantly more energy than predicted…” and owners “…are unwilling to (publish

measured energy performance) because the numbers don’t look so good.” Energy models use rated values for equipment efficiency, typically calculated at

serene conditions. Auxiliary equipment loads are minimized. Models for GSHP systems are complicated by the ground loop. Discussion includes conditions

used for computing rated EER and COPs. Procedures are provided to convert rated efficiencies to system efficiencies at full and part load performance for

realistic operating conditions and results used by designers to ensure GSHPs achieve full energy savings potential.

2. GSHP System Cop: Design Choices Beyond the Borefield

Scott P. Hackel, P.E., Associate Member, Energy Center of Wisconsin, Madison, WI

Ground source heat pumps are made efficient through the use of the near constant temperature ground as a heat source/sink. But there are other energy

drivers, including the ability to redistribute energy throughout a building and the ability to use zone-level control. These benefits depend on system

design inside the building; whether GSHPs achieve high performance depends on all components involved. This seminar discusses how overall system

performance (System COP) is impacted by design choices beyond the borefield. Through case studies and analysis, the seminar illustrates energy impacts,

simulation results, and the interaction of system decisions and actual building design.

3. Utility Management of Summer Peak Demand: Geothermal Heat Pump Advantages

Keith Swilley, Member, Gulf Power Company, Pensacola, FL

Utilities face challenges with peak demand management. Building efficiency and electrical demand directly affect transformer sizing and overall facilities to

serve customer’s present and future needs. Often, when actual project documents are evaluated, kW demand is much greater than what had been assumed for

the HVAC system. This seminar compares, from a utility company’s view, examples of actual HVAC system efficiencies and how electrical demand is

affected. And, since geothermal heat pumps exchange energy with the earth, they have a distinct advantage which could have a major impact on reducing both

energy and demand if more systems were installed nationally.



Project Delivery from Design to Operation: The Good, the Bad, and the Ugly



Sponsor: 07.03 Operation and Maintenance Management, 07.08 Owning and Operating Costs

Chair: Sonya Pouncy, Member, Walker-Miller Energy Services, Detroit, MI

Turnover to maintenance may mean different things depending on which hat you are wearing—owner, design engineer, or

contractor. How do differing perspectives on this concept impact the facility team tasked with maintaining a building? What

role does project delivery methodology play in the turnover process? In this seminar, we will probe these questions in an effort

to characterize ideal turnover. We will discuss the concept of design for maintenance and the influences that both project

delivery method and turnover have on future maintenance efforts. The session will conclude with best practices for maximizing

building life cycle performance.


1. Describe what aspects of building design affect maintenance.

2. Explain key elements required for successful project turnover and operation.

3. Understand how the choice of project delivery method impacts project turnover and operations.

4. Cite lessons learned of both good and poor project turnover.

5. Explain why one should care about building maintenance and operations.

6. Define the three major project delivery methods.

1. Designing For Maintenance: The Owner's Perspective

Steven Pataki, Member, Toronto Cricket Skating And Curling Club, Toronto, ON, Canada

When project budgets are approved based on an Architect’s preliminary design without starting with an OPR, costs can escalate during construction and

commissioning. This can result in ‘value engineering' - elements are dropped, cheaper elements are substituted, and compromises made to design. When

commissioning is done properly from the onset, it helps make for a smooth post construction/occupancy turn over, happy maintenance personnel and reduced

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life cycle costs. This presentation discusses these factors and includes examples of construction projects that were not designed for maintenance, including

safety/maintenance considerations.

2. The Ideal Project Turnover Process: Striving for Successful Operation

Gary Bloom, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN

This seminar examines the "Transition to Operations” process in an Integrated Project Delivery methodology to ensure facilities maximize the energy

efficiency of new and complex building operations. This comprehensive approach enables facility managers to maintain cutting-edge building systems

designed for energy efficiency at peak performance to reduce the overall energy consumption at the lowest possible operating expense. This process includes

the design team, the contractor, and the facility owner/operator in developing a readiness evaluation process to ensure that operators understand system

principles, are involved in the building operating guidelines, and are trained on systems to maximize the building performance.

3. How Project Delivery Method Impacts Project Turnover & Operations

Matthew Mullen, P.E., Member, EMCOR Services New England Mechanical, Coventry, CT

The performance of a building is completely dependent upon people for it’s design, construction, and proper operation. Many times the people involved with

these three roles do not interact sufficiently to ensure the original building performance criteria. The type of project delivery system can have a significant

effect on the type and level of communication required to ensure a properly operating building. This presentation highlights the building turnover issues

inherent in project delivery systems and actual examples (good and bad) found in building’s my firm has operated and maintained.



What You Need to Know about the Energy Standard for Buildings: ASHRAE/IES Standard 90.1-

2013


Room: Mercury

Sponsor: SSPC90.1

Chair: Bing Liu, P.E., Member, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA

ASHRAE Standard 90.1, Energy Standard for Buildings Except Low-Rise Residential Buildings (ANSI Approved; IESNA

Co-sponsored), has been a benchmark and national model code for commercial buildings for over 35 years and indispensable

for engineers and other professionals involved in the design of buildings and building systems. Now, with well over 100

addenda incorporated since the 2010 edition, Standard 90.1-2013 will significantly change the way buildings are built as these

new modifications find their way into the world's energy codes. This session highlights some of the major changes that you can

expect to see in building envelope, mechanical system and lighting requirements. In addition, the results of those changes on

building energy efficiency since 2004 will be shown. This session is for anyone who wants advanced insight into the new

standard’s expected impacts on the industry.


1. Provide an overview of the major requirements of the 90.1-2013 Standard that are of interest to engineers, designers,

architects, contractors and policy makers. 2. Understand the significant changes in the Envelope, Mechanical, and Lighting Sections of Standard 90.1-2013 versus the

2010 edition. 3. Provide insights into appropriate application of the major new requirements. 4. Receive a better understanding of the design changes needed to meet the new requirements. 5. Understand the methodology and approach to estimate the energy savings from 90.1-2013 versus the previous editions. 6. Provide the energy and cost impacts savings from 90.1-2013

1. Envelope Improvements in 90.1-2013

Len Sciarra, Member, Gensler, Chicago, IL

Significant improvements and upgrades have been made to the building envelope requirements in the 2013 edition of ASHRAE IES Standard 90.1. These

include changes to the envelope criteria tables in Chapter 5, modifications to Appendix A for various envelope assemblies that can be used to show

compliance and significant revisions to Appendix C to permit more effective use of the envelope tradeoff calculations to demonstrate compliance. This

presentation discusses some of the requirements for building envelopes, highlighting the major changes made between the 2010 and 2013 editions.

2. Mechanical System Improvements in 90.1-2013

Ned Heminger, P.E., Member, HAWA Inc, Columbus, OH

Significant improvements and upgrades have been made to the building mechanical system requirements in the 2013 edition of ASHRAE IES Standard 90.1.

This presentation discusses some of the requirements for mechanical systems, highlighting the major changes made between the 2010 and 2013 editions.

3. Lighting System Improvements in 90.1-2013

Eric Richman, Member, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA

Significant improvements and upgrades have been made to the building lighting system requirements in the 2013 edition of ASHRAE IES Standard 90.1.

This presentation discusses some of the requirements for lighting systems, emphasizing the major changes made between the 2010 and 2013 editions.

4. Energy and Cost Impacts of 90.1-2013

Michael Rosenberg, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA

ASHRAE/IES 90.1-2004 has been used as a baseline to determine savings for future generations of the 90.1 Standard. This presentation shows how the

analysis has been performed to determine the savings between the 2004 and 2013 editions. With over 100 changes between just the 2010 and 2013 editions

this represents a significant effort and thousands of computer simulation runs. Among other things, the result will be used to determine how quickly this new

edition of the Standard will be adopted into energy codes that you will be using in the future.



Using Smart Meters to Charge Up Building Energy Efficiency


Room: Sutton South

Sponsor: 07.05 Smart Building Systems, 07.06, 04.07 Energy Calculations

Chair: Ram Narayanamurthy, Member, Electric Power Research Institute, Palo Alto, CA

Utility Smart Meters have brought in a new era to building energy management by providing continuous time series data on

building energy use. This time series data can be disaggregated to understand how the various loads in a building operate, both

residential and commercial. Using this data, one can ascertain whether the equipment in a building is operating efficiently and

whether the operating schedule is set correctly. Knowing this data enables improving energy efficiency of the buildings, as well

as providing utilities with a measure of the demand reduction capability.


1. Define types of utility data and how it can be used for energy efficiency and demand response

2. Understand how the data can be used by 3rd party providers while still managing privacy considerations of utility customers

3. Understand how remote residential audits are conducted 4. Understand the energy savings from residential remote audits and the evaluation methodology

5. Understand how demand response is verified by utilities and the accuracy of using smart meter data for demand response

verification

6. Understand how remote audits are conducted in commercial facilities

1. Using Home Energy Reports to Reduce Residential Energy Use

Steve Blanc, P.E., Member, Pacific Gas and Electric, San Francisco, CA

Since August 2011, PG&E has sent Home Energy Reports to residential customers. The HERs compare customer’s energy usage to an average of similar

homes’ energy usage and to an average of the most efficient 20% of similar homes’ energy usage. Customers receive a periodic letter from PG&E charting

their energy use and guiding them on energy reduction strategies. Several utility studies of HER experiments have shown a typical program impact of 1-3%

of annual energy cost. The initiative was implemented in waves, the latest being launched in February 2012. Each wave included a randomly-drawn,

representative control group for use in savings estimation.

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2. Using Smart Meter Data to Verify Residential Participation in Demand Response

Chris Holmes, P.E., Electric Power Research Institute, Knoxville, TN

Residential demand response programs have historically had difficulty tracking program participation as the only available data was the monthly bills.

However, with the advent of smart meters which 15 minute to utilities, it becomes possible to verify program participation with programs for example, that

cycle the air conditioner during times of peak demand. Accurate demand response verification will reduce free ridership and reduce cost of program

deployment for utilities and reduces the program participation benefits to customers. This presentation discusses results from an analytical evaluation of the

accuracy of smart meter data in verifying demand response participation by residential customers.

3. Using Utility Billing Data to Identify Energy Efficiency and Demand Response Opportunities in Commercial

Buildings

Domenic Armano, Associate Member, First Fuel, Boston, MA

Recent advances in data analytics are opening avenues to better understand customer energy usage. By better understanding how commercial building use

energy, it is possible to identify low hanging opportunities to reduce energy use and cost of building operation. Data analytics offers an opportunity to replace

expensive building audits with low cost remote audits. This reduces barriers to energy efficiency retrofits and can help shift more funding to actual measures.

The session discusses how the remote audits are conducted and the evaluated results, with a focus on commercial office buildings and utility

retrocommisioning programs.



Working with R-22 Replacement High Glide Blends


Room: Regent

Sponsor: 03.01 Refrigerants and Secondary Coolants

Chair: Christopher Seeton, Ph.D., Member, Shrieve, The Woodlands, TX

Recent regulations phasing out R-22 have changed the landscape of the HVAC&R field with respect to appropriate R-22

replacements refrigerants. Unfortunately, there is not a direct replacement for R-22 and the industry realizing that refrigerant

blends must be utilized. These blends, when used as drop-in or near drop-in, exhibit a temperature glide that makes charging

and servicing more challenging.


1. Describe a high glide refrigerant blend

2. Explain how to use the bubble and dew point to evaluate superheat and subcooling.

3. Identify when an oil change may or may not be required.

4. Describe when a new refrigerant may require modifications to valves or controls

5. Acknowledge that the US EPA has recently aggressively increased the phase-out of R-22

6. Explain applications where each one of the refrigerant manufacturers' blends would be most preferred over another's

1. Fractionation and Temperature Glide: Why it Happens and How to Handle it

Robert W. Yost, Member, National Refrigerants, Rosenhayen, NJ

Refrigerant blends, made up of two or more pure refrigerants, have the potential to separate through the process of fractionation. By understanding how

fractionation occurs, it becomes easier to avoid unwanted fractionation when handling refrigerant blends. In addition, temperature glide is caused by

fractionation locally within a heat exchanger and can affect the way the system operates. This presentation reviews the basic processes of fractionation and

temperature glide and generally show how blends behave differently from R-22.

2. Technology Issues Regarding Refrigerant Blends

Gustavo Pottker, Member, Honeywell - Buffalo Research Laboratory, Buffalo, NY

Blends such as R407F are used to replace R22 in commercial refrigeration systems in order to provide reduction of the GWP while keeping similar

performance. Most recently, new blends are being developed to replace R404A allowing further reduction of the GWP. However, as R407F, these blends are

characterized by moderate glides. This presentation covers topics related to the design of systems operating with moderate-glide blends such as: 1) sizing of

components (compressor, condenser); 2) handling fractionation in leak events; and 3) setting high and low-side controls, superheat, subcooling. All of these

are supported by theoretical analysis and experimental data.

3. Practical Differences in Working with Low and High Glide Blends and Implications for Retrofitting

Gus Rolotti, Member1 and Stephen Spletzer, Member2, (1)Arkema, King Of Prussia, PA, (2)Arkema Inc, King of Prussia, PA

The pending phase out of R-22 is putting equipment owners in a position of choosing either to replace existing equipment or to retrofit this equipment for a

non-ozone depleting refrigerant such as R-427A. Unlike R-22, which is a single-component refrigerant, these replacements are typically refrigerant blends

with varying levels of glide. This presentation covers the measurement of superheat and subcooling, an explanation of glide, the effect of glide in a system,

the advantages and disadvantages of glide, how to adjust the system controls when retrofitting to a high glide blend, charging and topping off of a system, and

fractionation issues.

4. Retrofit Experience with Alternative Refrigerant R-438A in R-22 Air-Conditioning and Refrigeration Systems

Stefanie Kopchick, Member1 and Curtis Lawson, Member1, (1)DuPont, Wilmington, DE

With the phase out of R-22 underway, equipment owners and service contractors must develop a plan for operating, retrofitting, or replacing their R-22

refrigeration, air conditioning, and heat pump systems. Retrofitting the equipment to an alternative refrigerant is a viable, cost effective option for the

equipment owner. This presentation reviews retrofit experience with R-438A, a non-ozone depleting hydrofluorocarbon (HFC) refrigerant blend, in existing

R-22 direct expansion air-conditioning and refrigeration equipment. An overview of the recommended conversion process, key learnings developed from

actual system retrofits, impact of leaks and fractionation, and system performance results are highlighted.

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