technical drawing
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Transcript of technical drawing
1
COLEGIO: I.T.E.D
MATRIA: INGLES
MAESTRA: ESTELA ACEITUNO
NOMBRE:
LESTER GIOVANI RAMOS.
GRADO:
5TO DIBUJO VESP.
2
INTRODUCTION
having the base of the above text practical method of
technical drawings below give a line drawing to the
study of q only now learn how to draw and interpret
building drawings for a level.
3
INDICE:
DRAWING AND INTERPRETATION OF PLANS......................................... 3
TIPES OF Paper..........................................................................................4
Perspective caballera ......................................................................7
isometric projection..........................................................................9
Perspective militar ....................................................................... 10
conical perspective........................................................................ 12
.
DIMENSION..................................................................................... 13
graphic projection........................................................................... 15
4
DRAWING AND INTERPRETATION OF PLANS
COMPUTER DRAWING
the design and interpretation of plans we can not learn directly on
the computer need to first learn the technique using drawing tools
one of the many reasons is that the computer will fail to visualize
the whole plane if not just what fits on the screen and if we frame
everything will be too small to see or interpretations, nothing, plus
it will be difficult to learn simultaneously the 2 techniques, and
how to use AutoCAD.
Who designed and built CONSTRUCTIONS
with the knowledge that we acquired with the practical methods
of technical drawing as saber and cut arm and disarm the
drawings now learn how to draw and interpret construction plans
The technical drawing is a graphical representation of various
types of objects, in order to provide sufficient information to
facilitate analysis, design to help develop and enable the future
construction and maintenance. Usually performed with the aid of
computerized or directly on the paper or other media plans.
Is a graphical representation of an object or a practical idea. This
representation is guided by fixed and predetermined rules to
describe accurately and clearly, dimensions, shapes, features and
build what you want to play.
Objects, parts, machines, buildings, urban plans, and so on., Are
usually represented in the plan (top view, top view, ground floor,
deck, etc..), Elevation (front or front and side, at least one ) and
sections (or short break), clearly indicating its dimensions through
dimensions, are needed at least two projections (views of the
object) to provide useful information about the object.
5
The architectural design encompasses a range of graphical
representations with which we carry out the plans for the
construction of buildings, houses, villas, roads, churches, factories
and bridges among others. Draw the project with accurate
instruments, with their respective details, adjustments and
corrections, which shows floor plans, facades, sections,
perspectives, foundations, columns, and other details.
Paper
To translate the drawings into a physical medium of paper formats
used with standardized dimensions. The most commonly used are
the series A of ISO, the main sizes are (measured in millimeters):
A0 - 841 * 1189
A1 - 594 * 841
A2 - 420 * 594
A3 - 297 * 420
A4 - 210 * 297
A5 - 148 * 210
A6 - 105 * 148
A7 - 74 * 105
A8 - 52 * 74
A9 - 37 * 52
A10 - 26 * 37
6
A plant is a representation with no prospect of a body on a
horizontal plane.
The plant is obtained by a parallel projection, projecting
perpendicular to the horizontal. One of the main representations of
dihedral system, along with the elevation. Plant is also called the
representation of the horizontal section of a building, furniture, a
piece or any other object.
In architecture, the plant is a drawing that represents orthogonal
projection and scale, a horizontal section of a building that is the
figure formed by the walls and partitions at a certain height
(usually coinciding with the windows, so they can appreciate).
The plans for a building consisting of at least one plant for each of
the same height or level, including floor coverings, that unlike the
other, not sectioned but the building is shown viewed from above,
as would the overfly, without distortions of perspective.
Accompanying the plants or horizontal sections are also used
vertical section planes (called planes secion or section), and
elevation drawings, showing the appearance of individual building
facades, without sectioning.
There are different types of floor plans based on what you want to
represent. The main ones are:
Plant architecture: show the building's interior walls, doors,
windows and stairs. They are usually limited, and can also score
the surface of each enclosure.
Plant construction: construction details reflect the facade and
interior partitions.
Plants finishes: show the coating materials or finished floors,
ceilings and vertical surfaces in each of the rooms or rooms.
Plant installations: shows the route and location of the various
elements of building facilities. Normally there is a facility
dedicated to each type of facility (electrical, plumbing, sanitation,
7
A flat-rate technical drawing, or architectural, is the flat
representation of the facade of a building, the side of a machine or
an object, using orthogonal geometric projection, regardless of
perspective, maintaining that all its proportions.
The elevation is obtained by parallel projection of the element to
represent, and this is perpendicular to the plane of projection. The
elevation is one of the main representations of the dihedral
system, along with the plant also uses the side elevation, as a
drawing aid.
The elevation, drawn to scale, to check the full extent of all its
elements, is of great use in the representation of architectural
elements and part of the essential documents of any proposed
architecture.
8
Perspective caballera
The cavalier perspective is a representation system that uses
oblique parallel projection, where the projecting frontal plane
dimensions, such as parallel elements to it, are true magnitude.
Cavalier perspective. The semicircle parallel to the frontal plane is
in real size (without deformation). In cavalier perspective, two
dimensions of volume are projected to represent true size (height
and width) and the third (depth) with a reduction coefficient . The
two angular dimensions without distorting their scale lengths are
the width and height (x, z) while the dimension that reflects the
depth (y) is reduced by a certain proportion. 1:2, 2:3 or 3:4 ratios
are usually the most common reduction.
The axes X and Z form an angle of 90 °, and the y axis is usually 45
° (or 135 °) with respect ambos.Se adopted by convention, angles
or multiples of 30 ° and 45 °, setting aside 90 º, 180 º, 270 º and 360
º for obvious reasons.
You can easily draw a volume from a side view or elevation,
drawing from each vertex and parallel lines to reflect the depth of
the volume.
This type of projection is often used for its ease of
implementation, although the final result does not give an image
as real as that obtained with a conical projection.
In Latin America called the cavalier perspective using a 45 ° angle
with respect to the Y-axis X-axis and any cuts.
9
10
isometric projection
An isometric projection is a graphical method of representation,
more specifically, an axonometric [1] cylinder [2] orthogonal. [3] It
is a visual representation of a three dimensional object in two
dimensions, where the top three orthogonal axes, as designed,
angles of 120 °, and the dimensions parallel to the axes are
measured in the same scale.
The term isometric comes from the Greek language: "equal
measure", as the measurement scale is the same in the three
principal axes (x, y, z).
Isometrics is one of the forms of projection used in technical
drawing has the advantage of allowing the representation to scale,
and the disadvantage of not reflecting the apparent decrease in
size, proportional to the distance-as perceived by the human eye.
11
Perspective militar
The military perspective is an oblique parallel projection, a system
of representation by means of three Cartesian axes (X, Y, Z).
In the drawing, the Z axis is vertical, while the other two (X, Y) are
90 ° apart, determining the horizontal plane (floor). Normally, the X
axis is 120 ° of the axis Z, while Y-axis is 150 ° from the axis.
The main advantage is that the distances in the horizontal plane
retain their dimensions and proportions. The circles in the
horizontal plane can be drawn with a compass, because there are
no deformation. The circles on the vertical planes are represented
as ellipses.
To carry out the drawing, applying a reduction factor in the
Cartesian axes. In the military perspective affected axis is the Z
axis, showing a reduction of 2 / 3. The other two axes (X, Y) are
not reduced.
The military perspective is a hypothetical representation system,
because the only way to submit 90 ° along the X and Y, would only
be looking at the body from above.
The use of bevel the z axis is vertical, the x axis makes an angle of
30 ° to the horizontal and the y-axis is perpendicular to the axis x,
ie an angle of 60 ° to the horizontal, then match the characteristics
of bevel, as we see.
Putting a horizontal rule can trace the vertical axis using the bevel
angle, the vertex of 30 ° draw the x-axis and perpendicular to it
with the vertex of 60 ° the y axis
Placing the coordinates of a point on the axis, and drawing parallel
lines appropriate perspective we can see the point as the military
system.
12
13
conical perspective
The conical perspective is graphic representation system based
on a three-dimensional projection on a backup plan projecting
straight lines passing through a point. The result is close to the
vision obtained if the eye was located at that point.
Filippo Brunelleschi was the first who formulated the laws of
conical perspective, showing the construction drawings in plan
and elevation, indicating the lines of flight. It is the most complex
plot, but one of the most commonly used in architecture and
interior volumes to represent buildings. Which is closest to the
real vision, and is equivalent to the image we see when looking at
an object with one eye. It does not allow spatial depth perception
of stereoscopic vision.
Computer programs that perform graphic simulations flat images
generated from algorithms based on this geometric construction.
It is common to combine both the rendering of surfaces and
textures, giving the final image looks photorealistic.
It is frequently used in posters of complex real estate and
buildings under construction, as shown in a realistic manner as
will be the new work. In this way, buyers can get an idea of what
to buy.
14
DIMENSION.
One dimension is the measure of a characteristic of an object,
which must be specified in a technical drawing. The certificate,
also known as height and size, must meet a set of rules to improve
readability and therefore facilitate the construction of a piece. The
COTAS have written in clearly visible characters (not to produce
comprehension questions) in parallel to the corresponding
dimension lines, above them, with a slight separation of 8 or 10
mm and as soon as possible to their half. The coordinates should
never be crossed or separated by any line drawing.
There are different ways to narrow, they are given by the
complexity of this piece (piece as a mechanic) or object.
-The stage directions indicate the way in which the text should be
staged.
Dimensions of size or dimension.
Dimensions of location or position.
Local notes.
General Notes.
The dimension is regulated by ISO 129-1:2004 (International
Organization for Standardization, No. 129, paragraph 1 and its
entry into force dates from 2004)
Dimension Series is necessary to limit a group of elements spaced
a line is drawn only dimension in which to write the number of
times the value is repeated, the multiplicative sign X, repeated
dimension, the sign = and the sum of all dimensions. 12
Dimension by you can narrow by two sets of dimensions with a
common origin is the preferred variant coordinate dimensioning
15
where are the abscissas and the ordinates of the elements in a
table below the drawing.
Dimension tabulate presents the case of having to give the
dimensions of sets or groups of parts or products where the
dimensions can be confused should limit giving rather than literal
values. Next to the drawing indicates the value of the literals for
different products or parts.
Dimension multiple variant of the dimension is the dimension
tabulated multiple, widely used in the drawings for manufacturing.
In the multi-dimension are given on a single drawing, dimensions
and values for parts (see dihedral system).
16
graphic projection
The projection graph is a drawing technique used to represent an
object on a surface. The figure is obtained using auxiliary lines
projecting that, starting from a point called the focus, reflect that
object in a plane, like a shadow.
The main elements of the projection are, as shown in the figures,
the point of view or focus projection (V), the point to be projected
(A), the projected point (A ') projecting line (VAA') and the plane
that is projected, which has different names like projection plane,
picture plane or image plane ().
17
CONCLUSION
q work was presented could be observed some important aspects
referring to technical drawing.