technical data - Tripac · PDF filetechnical data contents • steel flange bolt chart...

TECHNICAL DATA

CONTENTS

• STEEL FLANGE BOLT CHART

• MECHANICAL JOINTS T-HEAD BOLT CHART • FLANGE THICKNESS CHARTS PAGES 1 & 2

• GASKET DIMENSIONS • WRENCH SIZE CHARTS • DECIMAL CONVERSION CHART • INSUSTRY STANDARDS • HEX BOLTS AND NUTS • HEAVY HEX BOLTS AND NUTS • WASHERS PAGES 1 & 2 • WATER WORKS T-HEAD BOLTS • OVAL NECK TRACK BOLTS • A325 BOLTS • COATINGS • PROPER FLANGE BOLTING PAGES 1 & 2

475 KLUG CIRCLE • CORONA, CA 92880-6406 (951) 280-4488 • FAX: (951) 272-4445

A D I V I S I O N O F T R I P A C MA R K E T I N G , I N C .

STEEL FLANGE BOLT CHART

PIPE DIAMETER

QTY OF BOLTS BOLT SIZE PIPE

DIAMETER QTY OF BOLTS BOLT SIZE

1" 4 1/2 - 13 x 1 3/4" 1" 4 5/8 - 11 x 2 1/2" 1 1/4" 4 1/2 - 13 x 2" 1 1/4" 4 5/8 -11 x 2 1/2" 1 1/2" 4 1/2 - 13 x 2" 1 1/2" 4 5/8-11 x 2 3/4"

2" 4 5/8 - 11 x 2 1/4" 2" 8 5/8 - 11 x 2 3/4" 2 1/2" 4 5/8 - 11 x 2 1/2" 2 1/2" 8 3/4 - 10 x 3 1/4"

3" 4 5/8 - 11 x 2 1/2" 3" 8 3/4 - 10 x 3 1/2" 4" 8 5/8 - 11 x 3" 3 1/2" 8 3/4 - 10 x 3 1/2" 5" 8 3/4 - 10 x 3" 4" 8 3/4 - 10 x 3 3/4" 6" 8 3/4 - 10 x 3 1/4" 5" 8 3/4 - 10 x 4" 8" 8 3/4 - 10 x 3 1/2" 6" 12 3/4 - 10 x 4"

10" 12 7/8 - 9 x 3 3/4" 8" 12 7/8 - 9 x 4 1/2" 12" 12 7/8 - 9 x 4" 10" 16 1 - 8 x 5 1/4" 14" 12 1 - 8 x 4 1/4" 12" 16 1 1/8 - 7 x 5 1/2" 16" 16 1 - 8 x 4 1/2" 14" 20 1 1/8 - 7 x 6" 18" 16 1 1/8 - 7 x 4 3/4" 16" 20 1 1/4 - 7 x 6 1/4" 20" 20 1 1/8 - 7 x 5" 18" 24 1 1/4 - 7 x 6 1/2" 22" 20 1 1/4 - 7 x 5 1/2" 20" 24 1 1/4 - 7 x 6 3/4" 24" 20 1 1/4 - 7 x 5 1/2" 24" 24 1 1/2 - 6 x 7 3/4" 30" 28 1 1/4 - 7 x 6 1/4" 30" 28 1 3/4 - 5 x 8 1/2" 36" 32 1 1/2 - 6 x 7" 36" 32 2 - 4.5 x 9 1/2" 42" 36 1 1/2 - 6 x 7 1/2" 42" 36 2 - 4.5 x 10 1/4" 48" 44 1 1/2 - 6 x 7 3/4" 48" 40 2 - 4.5 x 10 3/4" 54" 44 1 3/4 - 5 x 8 1/2" 60" 52 1 3/4 - 5 x 8 3/4" 72" 60 1 3/4 - 5 x 9 1/2" 84" 64 2 - 4.5 x 10 1/2" 96" 68 2 1/4 - 4.5 x 11 1/2"

108" 72 2 1/2 - 4 x 14"

CLASS 150 LB

CLASS 300 LB

Chart may be used for: C110 DIP/DIP E4 x E4 E4 x (valve) in some cases Table 6 F x F


A D I V I S I O N O F TR I P A C M A R K E T I N G , I N C .

TRIPAC FASTENERS IS A MEMBER OF THE AWWA AND HAS THE TECHNICAL EXPERTISE TO ASSIST YOU IN SELECTING THE PROPER MATERIALS FOR YOU NEEDS. CALL OR FAX FOR QUOTES, ADITIONAL INFORMATION, SPECIAL ORDERS OR FOR TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE.

AWWA C110 MECHANICAL JOINTS

T-HEAD BOLTING CHART

NOM PIPE SIZE

NO. BOLTS

DIAMETER & LENGTH

2” 2 5/8 X 3

3” 4 5/8 X 3

4” 4 3/4 X 3 1/2

6” 6 3/4 X 3 1/2

8” 6 3/4 X 4

10” 8 3/4 X 4

12” 8 3/4 X 4

14” 10 3/4 X 4 1/2

16” 12 3/4 X 4 1/2

18” 12 3/4 X 4 1/2

20” 14 3/4 X 4 1/2

24” 16 3/4 X 5

30” 20 1 X 6

36” 24 1 X 6

42” 28 1 1/4 X 6

48” 32 1 1/4 x 6


A DIV IS ION OF TR IPAC MARKET ING, INC.

FLANGE THICKNESS CHARTS Steel Pipe Flanges For Waterworks Service

125/150

NOM PIPE SIZE

BOLT SIZE NO. BOLTS

TABLE 2 TABLE 4 TABLE 5 ANSI SLIP ON FLANGE

TABLE 2 TABLE 3

CLASS D

CLASS E

CLASS E

CLASS B

CLASS B

CLASS D

1 1/2 4 — — — 0.563 — — — 1 1/2 1/2 4 — — — 0.688 — — —

2 5/8 4 — — — 0.750 — — — 2 1/2 5/8 4 — — — 0.875 — — —

3 5/8 4 — — — 0.938 — — — 4 5/8 8 0.625 0.938 1.125 0.938 0.625 0.500 0.500 5 3/4 8 0.625 0.938 1.188 0.938 0.625 0.562 0.562 6 3/4 8 0.688 1.000 1.313 1.000 0.688 0.562 0.562 8 3/4 8 0.688 1.125 1.500 1.125 0.688 0.562 0.562

10 7/8 12 0.688 1.188 1.563 1.188 0.688 0.688 0.688 12 7/8 12 0.812 1.250 1.750 1.250 0.688 0.688 0.688 14 1 12 0.938 1.375 1.875 1.375 0.688 0.750 0.750 16 1 16 1.000 1.438 2.000 1.438 0.688 0.750 0.750 18 1 1/8 16 1.062 1.562 2.125 1.562 0.688 0.750 0.750 20 1 1/8 20 1.125 1.688 2.375 1.688 0.688 0.750 0.750 24 1 1/4 20 1.250 1.875 2.625 1.875 0.750 1.000 1.000 30 1 1/4 28 1.375 2.125 2.875 2.125 0.875 1.000 1.000 36 1 1/2 32 1.625 2.375 3.125 2.375 1.000 1.125 1.125 42 1 1/2 36 1.750 2.375 3.125 2.375 1.125 1.250 1.250 48 1 1/2 44 1.875 2.750 3.500 — 1.250 1.375 1.375 54 1 3/4 44 2.125 3.000 3.750 — 1.375 1.375 1.375 60 1 3/4 52 2.250 3.125 3.875 — 1.500 1.500 1.500 66 1 3/4 52 2.500 3.375 4.250 — 1.625 1.500 1.500 72 1 3/4 60 2.625 3.500 4.375 — 1.750 1.500 1.500 84 2 64 2.875 3.875 4.750 — 2.000 1.750 1.750 90 2 1/4 68 3.000 4.250 5.125 — 2.250 2.000 2.000 96 2 1/4 68 3.250 4.250 5.125 — 2.250 2.000 2.000

102 2 1/2 72 3.250 — 5.500 — 2.500 — — 108 2 1/2 72 3.375 — 5.500 — 2.500 — — 120 2 3/4 76 3.500 — 5.875 — 2.750 — — 144 3 1/4 84 4.125 — 6.750 — 3.250 — —

* Table 4 may be used for valve thickness calculation in some cases

* Information extracted from AWWA C207-94



NOM PIPE SIZE

BOLT SIZE NO. BOLTS

BLIND FLANGES AWWA C110 DUCTILE AND GRAY

IRON FITTINGS CLASS B CLASS D CLASS E

3 5/8 4 — — — 0.75 ± .12 in. 0.60 ± .12 in. 4 5/8 8 0.625 0.625 1.125 0.94 ± .12 in. 0.63 ± .12 in. 6 3/4 8 0.688 0.692 1.313 1.00 ± .12 in. 0.63 ± .12 in. 8 3/4 8 0.688 0.805 1.500 1.12 ± .12 in. 0.70 ± .12 in.

10 7/8 12 0.688 0.947 1.563 1.19 ± .12 in. 0.75 ± .12 in. 12 7/8 12 0.752 1.110 1.750 1.25 ± .12 in. 0.81 ± .12 in. 14 1 12 0.835 1.127 1.875 1.38 ± .19 in. 0.87 ± .19 in. 16 1 16 0.941 1.258 2.000 1.44 ± .19 in. 0.90 ± .19 in. 18 1 1/8 16 1.013 1.326 2.125 1.56 ± .19 in. 0.93 ± .19 in. 20 1 1/8 20 1.108 1.442 2.375 1.69 ± .19 in. 0.96 ± .19 in. 24 1 1/4 20 1.275 1.657 2.625 1.88 ± .19 in. 1.00 ± .19 in. 30 1 1/4 28 1.530 2.003 2.875 2.12 ± .25 in. 2.12 ± .25 in. 36 1 1/2 32 1.834 2.369 3.344 2.38 ± .25 in. 2.38 ± .25 in. 42 1 1/2 36 2.084 2.725 3.789 2.62 ± .25 in. 2.62 ± .25 in. 48 1 1/2 44 2.341 3.067 4.246 2.75 ± .25 in. 2.75 ± .25 in. 54 1 3/4 44 2.634 3.431 4.776 — — 60 1 3/4 52 2.892 3.774 5.236 — — 66 1 3/4 52 3.139 4.132 5.674 — — 72 1 3/4 60 3.399 4.476 6.137 — —

AWWA C153 DUCTILE IRON

COMPACT FITTINGS

FLANGE THICKNESS CHARTS Steel Pipe Flanges For Waterworks Service

125/150

250/300 NOM PIPE

SIZE BOLT SIZE NO. BOLTS TABLE 6 BLIND FLANGES CLASS F CLASS F

1 5/8 4 — 0.688 — 1 1/2 3/4 4 — 0.813 —

2 5/8 8 — 0.875 — 2 1/2 3/4 8 — 1.000 —

3 3/4 8 — 1.125 — 4 3/4 8 1.130 1.250 1.125 5 3/4 8 1.210 1.375 — 6 3/4 12 1.310 1.438 1.316 8 7/8 12 1.310 1.625 1.316

10 1 16 1.500 1.875 1.534 12 1 1/8 16 1.630 2.000 1.730 14 1 1/8 20 1.940 2.125 1.938 16 1 1/4 20 2.140 2.250 2.139 18 1 1/4 24 2.250 2.375 2.294 20 1 1/4 24 2.330 2.500 2.401 24 1 1/2 24 2.690 2.750 2.799 30 1 3/4 28 3.150 — 3.419 36 2 32 3.460 — 4.017 42 2 36 3.810 — 4.450 48 2 40 4.500 — 4.991

ANSI SLIP ON FLANGES


A D I V I S I O N O F TR I P A C M A R K E T I N G , I N C .

ANSI GASKET DIMENSIONS

ANSI GASKET SIZE CL 125/150

Flange Size

RING ID

RING OD

FULL FACE ID

FULL FACE OD

2” 2 3/8 4 1/8 2 3/8 6

2 1/2” 2 7/8 4 7/8 2 7/8 7

3” 3 1/2 5 3/8 3 1/2 7 1/2

4” 4 /2 6 7/8 4 1/2 9

5” 5 9/16 7 3/4 5 9/16 10

6” 6 5/8 8 3/4 6 5/8 11

8” 8 5/8 11 8 5/8 13 1/2

10” 10 3/4 13 3/8 10 3/4 16

12” 12 3/4 16 1/8 12 3/4 19

14” 14 17 3/4 14 21

16” 16 20 1/4 16 23 1/2

18” 18 21 5/8 18 25

20” 20 23 7/8 20 27 1/2

24” 24 28 1/4 24 32

30” 30 34 3/4 30 38 3/4

36” 36 41 1/4 36 46

42” 42 48 42 53

48” 48 54 1/2 48 59 1/2



WRENCH SIZE CHARTS

BOLT AND NUT DIAMETER WRENCH SIZE

1/4 7/16 0.4375

5/16 1/2 0.5000

3/8 9/16 0.5625

7/16 5/8 0.6250

1/2 3/4 0.7500

9/16 13/16 0.8125

5/8 15/16 0.9375

3/4 1 1/8 1.1250

7/8 1 5/16 1.3125

1 1 1/2 1.500

1 1/8 1 11/16 1.6875

1 1/4 1 7/8 1.8750

1 3/8 2 1/16 2.0625

1 1/2 2 1/4 2.2500

1 5/8 2 7/16 2.4375

1 3/4 2 5/8 2.6250

1 7/8 2 13/16 2.8125

2 3 3.000

2 1/4 3 3/8 3.3750

2 1/2 3 3/4 3.7500

2 3/4 1 1/8 4.1250

3 4 1/2 4.5000

3 1/4 4 7/8 4.8750

3 1/2 5 1/4 5.2500

3 3/4 5 5/8 5.6250

4 6 6.0000

This chart may be used for

HEX Bolts & Nuts A307 Gr. A, Gr. 5, ASTM F593/F594 Type 304 & 316

BOLT AND NUT DIAMETER WRENCH SIZE

1/2 7/8 0.8750

5/8 1 1/16 1.0625

3/4 1 1/4 1.2500

7/8 1 7/16 1.4375

1 1 5/8 1.6250

1 1/8 1 13/16 1.8125

1 1/4 2 2.0000

1 3/8 2 3/16 2.1875

1 1/2 2 3/8 2.3750

1 5/8 2 9/16 2.5625

1 3/4 2 3/4 2.7500

1 7/8 2 15/16 2.9375

2 3 1/8 3.1250

2 1/4 3 1/2 3.5000

2 1/2 3 7/8 3.8750

2 3/4 4 1/4 4.2500

3 4 5/8 4.6250

3 1/4 5 5.0000

This chart may be used for

HEAVY Hex Bolts & Nuts A307 Gr. B, A325, A193 B7, B8 (304), B8M (316) Stainless



DECIMAL CONVERSION CHART

FRACTIONS DECIMALS FRACTIONS DECIMALS FRACTIONS DECIMALS

1/64 .015625 23/64 .359375 45/64 .703125

1/32 .03125 3/8 .3750 23/32 .71875

3/64 .046875 25/64 .390625 47/64 .734375

1/16 .0625 13/32 .40625 3/4 .7500

5/64 .078125 27/64 .421875 49/64 .765625

3/32 .09375 7/16 .4375 25/32 .78125

7/64 .109375 29/64 .453125 51/64 .796875

1/8 .1250 15/32 .46875 13/16 .8125

9/64 .140625 31/64 .484375 53/64 .828125

5/32 .15625 1/2 .5000 27/32 .84375

11/64 .171875 33/64 .515625 55/64 .859375

3/16 .1875 17/32 .53125 7/8 .8750

13/64 .203125 35/64 .546875 57/64 .890625

7/32 .21875 9/16 .5625 29/32 .90625

15/64 .234375 37/64 .578125 59/64 .921875

1/4 .2500 19/32 .59375 15.32 .9375

17/64 .265625 39/64 .609375 61/64 .953125

9/32 .28125 5/8 .6250 31/32 .96875

19/64 .296875 41/64 .640625 63/64 .984375

5/16 .3125 21/32 .65625 1 1.000

21/64 .328125 43/64 .671875

11/32 .34375 11/16 .6875


A D I V IS ION OF T RIPAC MARKET ING , INC .

MECHANICAL PROPERTIES When strength requirements are moderate, low-carbon steel is used. High-strength fasteners are made from medium-high carbon or alloy steels and are heat treated to develop desired properties.

Most fasteners are covered by specifications that define required mechanical properties such as tensile strength, yield strength, proof load and hardness.

• Tensile Strength : The maximum tensile stress in pounds per sq in. which a material is capable of sustaining, as developed by a tension test.

• Yield Strength : The stress at which a material exhib-its a specified deviation from the proportionality of stress to strain. The deviation is expressed in terms of strain, and in the offset method, usually a strain of 0.2% is specified.

• Proof Load : The point to which a material may be stressed without evidence of permanent deforma-tion.

• Hardness : The resistance of a material to plastic deformation. Usually measured in steels by the Brinell, Rockwell, or Vickers indentation-hardness test methods.

HEAT PROPERTIES Heat treatment covers various techniques that may be used to develop certain end-product characteristics. Customary procedures for fasteners include:

• Stress Relieving : A thermal cycle involving heating to a suitable temperature, usually 1000/1200°F, holding long enough to reduce residual stresses from either cold deformation or thermal treatment, and then cooling slowly enough to minimize the development of new residual stresses.

• Annealing : A thermal cycle involving heating to and holding at a suitable temperature and then cooling at a suitable rate, for such purposes as reducing hardness, improving mechinability, facilitating cold working, producing a desired microstructure, or obtaining desired mechanical or other properties.

• Case Hardening : A term descriptive of one or more processes of hardening steel in which the outer portion, or case, is made substantially harder than the inner portion, or core.

• Quenching and Tempering : Quenching is a thermal process used to increase the hardness and strength of steel. Tempering improves ductility and tough-ness but reduces the quenched hardness.

ASTM & SAE HEAD MARKINGS FOR BOLTS

A307 AA307 A ASTM—A307

GR A • Low or Medium Carbon Steel

A307 BA307 B ASTM—A307 GR B

• Low or Medium Carbon Steel

• Medium Carbon Steel Quenched & Tempered

B 7B 7 ASTM—A193

GR B7 • Chrom-Moly Steel

Quenched & Tempered

A325A325 ASTM—A325 Type 1

• Medium Carbon Steel Quenched & Tempered

B 8B 8 ASTM—A193 Gr B8

• Solution Treated 304 - 304L Stainless Steel

B8MB8M ASTM—A193

GR B8M • Solution Treated 316 - 316L

Stainless Steel

ASTM—T 304 or

ASTM F 593

• “300” Series Stainless Steel • Either Marking May Appear

TT--304304 oror

F 593F 593 C or D C or D

18-8 18 Chromium

8 Nickel

• “300” Series Stainless Steel Same Material as T-304

ASTM—T 316 or

ASTM F 593

• “300” Series Stainless Steel • Either Marking May Appear

TT--316316 oror

F 593F 593 G or H G or H

INDUSTRY STANDARDS

ASTM—J429 GR 5



HEX BOLTS & NUTS This chart may be used for A307 Grade A, SAE J429, and ASTM F593 Type 304 & 316 Stainless

Below 6” : 2x Dia. + 1/4 = T.L. Above 6” : 2x Dia. + 1/2 = T.L.

NOMINAL SIZE OR BASIC BOLT DIA

E F G H R LT (REF)

BODY DIA

WIDTH ACROSS FLATS

WIDTH ACROSS CORNERS

RADIUS OF FILLET

THREAD LENGTH

FOR BOLT LENGTH < 6 IN.

FOR BOLT LENGTH > 6 IN. MAX BASIC MAX MIN MAX MIN BASIC MAX MIN MAX MIN

1/4 .2500 0.260 7/16 0.438 0.425 0.505 0.484 11/64 0.188 0.150 0.03 0.01 0.750 1.000 5/16 0.3125 0.324 1/2 0.500 0.484 0.577 0.522 7/32 0.235 0.195 0.03 0.01 0.875 1.125

3/8 0.3750 0.388 9/16 0.562 0.544 0.650 0.620 1/4 0.268 0.226 0.03 0.01 1.000 1.250 7/16 0.4375 0.452 5/8 0.625 0.603 0.722 0.687 19/64 0.316 0.272 0.03 0.01 1.125 1.375

1/2 0.5000 0.515 3/4 0.750 0.725 0.866 0.826 11/32 0.364 0.302 0.03 0.01 1.250 1.500 5/8 0.6250 0.642 15/16 0.938 0.906 1.083 1.033 27/64 0.444 0.378 0.06 0.02 1.500 1.750

3/4 0.7500 0.768 1 1/8 1.125 1.088 1.299 1.240 1/2 0.524 .0455 0.06 0.02 1.750 2.000 7/8 0.8750 0.895 1 1.312 1.269 1.516 1.447 37/64 0.604 0.531 0.06 0.02 2.000 2.250

1 1.0000 1.022 1 1/2 1.500 1.450 1.732 1.653 43/64 0.700 0.591 0.09 0.03 2.250 2.500 1 1/8 1.1250 1.149 1 1.688 1.631 1.949 1.859 3/4 0.780 0.658 0.09 0.03 2.500 2.750

1 1/4 1.2500 1.277 1 7/8 1.875 1.812 2.165 2.066 27/32 0.876 0.749 0.09 0.03 2.750 3.000 1 3/8 1.3750 1.404 2 2.062 1.994 2.382 2.273 29/32 0.940 0.810 0.09 0.03 3.000 3.250

1 1/2 1.500 1.531 2 1/4 2.250 2.175 2.598 2.480 1 1.036 0.902 0.09 0.03 3.250 3.500

HEIGHT

Hex Nuts and Hex Jam Nuts ASTM A563/F594


F G H H1 RUNOUT OF BEARING SURFACE-FIR

WIDTH ACROSS FLATS


THICKNESS HEX NUTS

THICKNESS HEX JAM NUTS

HEX NUTS WITH SPECIFIED PROOF LOADS LESS THAN

150,000 PSI AND ALL HEX JAM NUTS

HEX NUTS WITH SPECIFIED PROOF LOADS EQUAL TO

150,000 PSI AND GREATER

BASIC MAX MIN MAX MIN BASIC MAX MIN BASIC MAX MAX MAX

1/4 .2500 7/16 0.438 0.428 0.505 0.488 7/32 0.22 0.21 5/32 0.164 0.015 0.010 5/16 0.3125 1/2 0.500 0.489 0.577 0.557 17/64 0.27 0.25 3/16 0.195 0.016 0.011 3/8 0.3750 9/16 0.562 0.551 0.650 0.628 21/64 0.33 0.32 7/32 0.227 0.017 0.012

7/16 0.4375 11/16 0.688 0.675 0.794 0.768 3/8 0.38 0.36 1/4 0.260 0.018 0.013

1/2 0.5000 3/4 0.750 0.736 0.866 0.840 7/16 0.44 0.42 5/16 0.323 0.019 0.014 9/16 0.5625 7/8 0.875 0.861 1.010 0.982 31/64 0.49 0.47 5/16 0.324 0.020 0.015 5/8 0.6250 15/16 0.938 0.922 1.083 1.051 35/64 0.55 0.53 3/8 0.387 0.021 0.016 3/4 0.7500 1 1/8 1.125 1.088 1.299 1.240 41/64 0.66 0.61 27/6 0.446 0.023 0.018

7/8 0.8750 1 5/16 1.312 1.269 1.516 1.447 3/4 0.77 0.72 31/6 0.510 0.025 0.020 1 1.0000 1 1/2 1.500 1.450 1.732 1.653 55/64 0.88 0.83 35/6 0.575 0.027 0.022

1 1/8 1.1250 1 1.688 1.631 1.949 1.859 31/32 0.99 0.93 39/6 0.639 0.030 0.025 1 1/4 1.2500 1 7/8 1.875 1.812 2.165 2.066 1 1.09 1.03 23/3 0.751 0.033 0.028

1 3/8 1.3750 2 1/16 2.062 1.994 2.382 2.273 1 1.20 1.13 25/3 0.815 0.036 0.031 1 1/2 1.5000 2 1/4 2.250 2.175 2.598 2.480 1 1.31 1.24 27/3 0.880 0.039 0.034

MIN

0.150 0.180 0.210 0.240

0.302 0.301 0.363 0.398

0.458 0.519 0.579 0.687

0.747 0.808

Hex Bolts UNC 2A ANSI/ASME B18.2.1 • UNC 2B ANSI/ASME B18.2.2

HEAVY HEX BOLTS & NUTS

Below 6” : 2x Dia. + 1/4 = T.L. Above 6” : 2x Dia. + 1/2 = T.L.

This chart may be used for A307 Grade B, A193 B7, B8 (304), and B8M (316) Stainless


E F G H R LT (REF) BODY DIA

WIDTH ACROSS FLATS

WIDTH ACROSS CORNERS HEIGHT THREAD LENGTH

FOR BOLT LENGTH < 6 IN.

FOR BOLT LENGTH > 6 IN. MAX BASIC MAX MIN MAX MIN BASIC MAX MIN MAX MIN

1/2 0.5000 0.515 7/8 0.875 0.850 1.010 0.969 11/32 0.364 0.302 0.03 0.01 1.250 1.500 5/8 0.6250 0.642 1 1/16 1.062 1.031 1.227 1.175 27/64 0.444 0.378 0.06 0.02 1.500 1.750 3/4 0.7500 0.768 1 1/4 1.250 1.212 1.443 1.383 1/2 0.524 0.455 0.06 0.02 1.750 2.000 7/8 0.8750 0.895 1 7/16 1.438 1.394 1.660 1.589 37/64 0.604 0.531 0.06 0.02 2.000 2.250

1 1.0000 1.022 1 5/8 1.625 1.575 1.876 1.796 43/64 0.700 0.591 0.09 0.03 2.250 2.500 1 1/8 1.1250 1.149 1 1.812 1.756 2.093 2.002 3/4 0.780 0.658 0.09 0.03 2.500 2.750 1 1/4 1.2500 1.277 2 2.000 1.938 2.309 2.209 27/32 0.876 0.749 0.09 0.03 2.750 3.000 1 3/8 1.3750 1.404 2 3/16 2.188 2.119 2.526 2.416 29/32 0.940 0.810 0.09 0.03 3.000 3.250 1 1/2 1.5000 1.531 2 3/8 2.375 2.300 2.742 2.622 1 1.036 0.902 0.09 0.03 3.250 3.500 1 3/4 1.7500 1.785 2 3/4 2.750 2.662 3.175 3.035 1 5/32 1.196 1.054 0.12 0.04 3.750 4.000

2 2.0000 2.039 3 1/8 3.125 3.025 3.608 3.449 1 1.388 1.175 0.12 0.04 4.250 4.500 2 1/4 2.2500 2.305 3 1/2 3.500 3.388 4.041 3.862 1 1/2 1.548 1.327 0.19 0.06 4.750 5.000 2 1/2 2.5000 2.559 3 7/8 3.875 3.750 4.474 4.275 1 1.708 1.479 0.19 0.06 5.250 5.500 2 3/4 2.7500 2.827 4 1/4 4.250 4.112 4.907 4.688 1 1.869 1.632 0.19 0.06 5.750 6.000

3 3.0000 3.081 4 5/8 4.625 4.475 5.340 5.102 2 2.060 1.815 0.19 0.06 6.250 6.500

RADIUS OF FILLET


F G H H1 RUNOUT OF BEARING SURFACE-FIR

WIDTH ACROSS FLATS


THICKNESS HEAVY HEX NUTS

THICKNESS HEAVY HEX JAM NUTS

HEX NUTS WITH SPECIFIED PROOF LOADS LESS THAN 150,000 PSI AND ALL HEX JAM NUTS

HEX NUTS WITH SPECIFIED PROOF LOADS EQUAL TO

150,000 PSI AND GREATER

BASIC MAX MIN MAX MIN BASIC MAX MIN BASIC MAX MAX MAX 1/4 .2500 1/2 0.500 0.488 0.577 0.556 15/64 0.25 0.21 11/64 0.188 0.017 0.011 5/16 0.3125 9/16 0.562 0.546 0.650 0.622 19/64 0.31 0.28 13/64 0.220 0.020 0.012 3/8 0.3750 11/16 0.688 0.669 0.794 0.763 23/64 0.37 0.34 15/64 0.252 0.021 0.014 7/16 0.4375 3/4 0.750 0.728 0.866 0.830 27/64 0.44 0.40 17/64 0.285 0.022 0.015 1/2 0.5000 7/8 0.875 0.850 1.010 0.9691 31/64 0.50 0.46 19/64 0.317 0.029 0.022 9/16 0.5625 15/16 0.938 0.909 1.083 1.037 35/64 0.56 0.52 21/64 0.349 0.031 0.024 5/8 0.6250 1 1.062 1.031 1.227 1.175 39/64 0.63 0.58 23/64 0.381 0.033 0.027 3/4 0.7500 1 1/4 1.250 1.212 1.443 1.382 47/64 0.75 0.71 27/64 0.446 0.035 0.030 7/8 0.8750 1 1.438 1.394 1.660 1.589 55/64 0.88 0.83 31/64 0.510 0.029 0.022

1 1.0000 1 5/8 1.625 1.575 1.876 1.796 63/64 1.01 0.95 35/64 0.575 0.031 0.024 1 1/8 1.1250 1 1.812 1.756 2.093 2.002 1 1.13 1.07 39/64 0.639 0.033 0.027 1 1/4 1.2500 2 2.000 1.938 2.309 2.209 1 1.25 1.18 23/32 0.751 0.035 0.030 1 3/8 1.3750 2 2.188 2.119 2.526 2.416 1 1.37 1.31 25/32 0.815 0.038 0.033 1 1/2 1.5000 2 3/8 2.375 2.300 2.742 2.622 1 1.50 1.43 27/32 0.880 0.041 0.036 1 5/8 1.6250 2 2.562 2.481 2.959 2.828 1 1.63 1.55 29/32 0.944 0.044 0.038 1 3/4 1.7500 2 3/4 2.750 2.662 3.175 3.035 1 1.75 1.67 31/31 1.009 0.048 0.041 1 7/8 1.8750 2 2.938 2.844 3.392 3.242 1 1.88 1.80 1 1.073 0.074 0.064

2 2.0000 3 1/8 3.125 3.025 3.608 3.449 1 2.01 1.92 1 1.138 0.081 0.070 2 1/4 2.2500 3 1/2 3.500 3.388 40.41 3.862 2 2.25 2.15 1 1.251 0.080 0.075 2 1/2 2.5000 3 7/8 3.875 3.750 4.474 4.275 2 2.50 2.40 1 1.505 0.094 0.081 2 3/4 2.7500 4 1/4 4.250 4.112 4.907 4.688 2 2.75 2.64 1 1.634 0.074 0.064

3 3.0000 4 5/8 4.625 4.475 5.340 5.102 2 3.01 2.89 1 1.763 0.081 0.070 3 1/4 3.2500 5 5.000 4.838 5.774 5.515 3 3.25 3.12 1 1.876 0.087 0.075

MIN 0.156 0.186 0.216 0.247 0.277 0.307 0.337 0.398 0.458 0.519 0.579 0.687 0.747 0.808 0.868 0.929 0.989 1.050 1.155 1.401 1.522 1.643 1.748

Heavy Hex Nuts and Hex Jam Nuts ASTM A563 & A194 2H

Heavy Hex Bolts UNC 2A ANSI/ASME B18.2.1 • UNC 2B ANSI/ASME B18.2.2



NOMINAL SIZE ACTUAL ID

ACTUAL OD

THICKNESS GAUGE

3/16 1/4 9/16 18 (3/64) 1/4 5/16 3/4 16 (1/16)

5/16 3/8 7/8 14 (5/64)

3/8 7/16 1 14 (5/64)

7/16 1/2 1 1/4 14 (5/64)

1/2 9/16 1 3/8 12 (7/64)

9/16 5/8 1 1/2 12 (7/64)

5/8 11/16 1 3/4 10 (9/64)

3/4 13/16 2 9 (5/32)

7/8 15/16 2 1/4 8 (11/64)

1 1 1/16 2 1/2 8 (11/64)

1 1/8 1 1/4 2 3/4 8 (11/64)

1 1/4 1 3/8 3 8 (11/64)

1 3/8 1 1/2 3 1/4 7 (3/16)

1 1/2 1 5/8 3 1/2 7 (3/16)

1 5/8 1 3/4 3 3/4 7 (3/16)

1 3/4 1 7/8 4 7 (3/16)

1 7/8” 2 4 1/4 7 (3/16)

2 2 1/8 4 1/2 7 (3/16)

2 1/4 2 3/8 4 3/4 5 (7/32)

2 1/2 2 5/8 5 4 (15/64)

2 3/4 2 7/8 5 1/4 3 (1/4)

3 3 1/8 5 1/2 2 (17/64)

USS Steel Flat Washers Commonly used with carbon steel bolting and all thread studs, such as A307 Grade A or B.

Fender Washers Fender washers have a larger outside

diameter than other steel washers.

NOMINAL SIZE ACTUAL OD

THICKNESS GAUGE

1/8 1 .062/.080

3/16 1 .062/.080

3/16 1 1/8 .062/.080

3/16 1 1/4 .062/.080

1/4 1 .062/.080

1/4 1 1/4 .062/.080

1/4 1 1/2 .062/.080

5/16 1 1/4 .062/.080

5/16 1 1/2 .062/.080

3/8 1 1/4 .062/.080

3/8 1 1/2 .062/.080

3/8 2 .096/.116

1/2 1 1/2 .062/.080

1/2 2 .062/.080

1/2 2 .096/.116

NOMINAL SIZE ACTUAL ID

ACTUAL OD

THICKNESS GAUGE

6 (1/8) 5/32 3/8 18 (3/64)

8 (5/32) 3/16 7/16 18 (3/64)

10 7/32 1/2 18 (3/64)

12 1/4 9/16 18 (3/64)

1/4 9/32 5/8 16 (1/16)

5/16 11/32 11/16 16 (1/16)

3/8 13/32 13/16 16 (1/16)

7/16 15/32 59/64 16 (1/16)

1/2 17/32 1 1/16 13 (3/32)

9/16 19/32 1 3/16 13 (3/32)

5/8 21/32 1 5/16 13 (3/32)

3/4 13/16 1 1/2 10 (9/64)

7/8 15/16 1 3/4 10 (9/64)

1 1 1/16 2 10 (9/64)

1 1/8 1 3/16 2 1/4 10 (9/64)

1 1/4 1 5/16 2 1/2 9 (5/32)

1 3/8 1 7/16 2 3/4 9 (5/32)

1 1/2 1 9/16 3 9 (5/32)

SAE Steel Flat Washers SAE washers have smaller inside and outside diameters and are commonly used with carbon steel bolts and studs.

Washers are intended for general use with bolt, nut, and stud applications to provide increased bearing surface, spacing and to prevent galling. Unless otherwise specified, the washers are furnished with dimensions conforming to ANSI B.18.22.1.

* ASTM Designation: F844-90, page 265, 1.2-1.3 * Available in plain, zinc plated, HDG, Tripac 2000 Blue Coating System

WASHERS



WASHERS ASTM F436 (A325) Washers

Commonly used with alloy steel, high strength bolting and studs,

such as ASTM A193B7, SAE J429 & Grade 8, A325 & A490.

NOMINAL SIZE

ACTUAL ID

ACTUAL OD

THICKNESS GAUGE

A B T

1/4 9/32 5/8 .051/.08

5/16 11/32 11/16 .051/.08

3/8 13/32 13/16 .051/.08

7/16 15/32 59/64 .051/.08

1/2 17.32 1 1/16 .097/.17

5/8 11/16 1 5/16 .122/.17

3/4 13/16 1 .122/.17

7/8 15/16 1 3/4 .136/.17

1 1 1/8 2 .136/.17

1 1/8 1 1/4 2 1/4 .136/.17

1 1/4 1 3/8 2 1/2 .136/.17

1 3/8 1 1/2 2 3/4 .136/.17

1 1/2 1 5/8 3 .136/.17

1 3/4 1 7/8 3 3/8 .178/.28

2 2 1/8 3 3/4 .178/.28

2 1/4 2 3/8 4 .24/.34

2 1/2 2 5/8 4 1/2 .24/.34

2 3/4 2 7/8 5 .24/.34

3 3 1/8 5 1/2 .24/.34

3 1/4 3 3/8 6 .24/.34

Stainless Steel Washers With Large and Small I.D./O.D. Commonly used with stainless steel bolts and studs such as

ASTM F593, A193, B8 & B8M.

B

A

T

Washers are intended for general use with bolt, nut, and stud applications to provide increased bearing surface, spacing and to prevent galling. Unless otherwise specified, the washers are furnished with dimensions conforming to ANSI B.18.22.1.

NOMINAL SIZE

ACTUAL ID

ACTUAL OD

THICKNESS GAUGE

A B T

1/4 .281 5/8 .050

5/16 .343 3/4 .050

3/8 .406 7/8 .050

3/8 .406 1 .050

7/16 .500 1 1/8 .062

1/2 .531 1 1/4 .062

5/8 .687 1 5/16 .078

5/8 .687 1 1/2 .078

3/4 .812 1 1/2 .109

3/4 .812 1 3/4 .109

3/4 .812 1 7/8 .109

7/8 .937 1 3/4 .109

7/8 .937 1 7/8 .109

1 1.062 2 .125

1 1.062 2 1/4 .125

1 1.062 2 1/2 .125

1 1/8 1.187 2 1/4 .125

1 1/8 1.187 2 1/2 .125

1 1/4 1.312 2 1/4 .125

1 1/4 1.312 2 3/4 .125

1 1/2 1.562 2 3/4 .140

1 1/2 1.562 3 1/4 .140

1 3/4 1.812 3 1/2 .140

2 2.125 3 3/4 .187

2 2.125 4 .187



WATER WORKS T-HEAD BOLTS ANSI/AWWA C111/A21.11.95

ANSI/ASME B1.1 CLASS 2A, B1.2 CLASS 2B

DIMENSIONAL INFORMATION

± 0.05

UN THREADED SHANK

+ 0.030 - 0.074

+ 0.25 - 0.06

THREAD LENGTH

+ .015 - 0.03 NUT

THICKNESS NUT WIDTH ACROSS

FLATS

A B C D E F G H

5/8 - 11 x 3 1.50 0.625 3.0 2.00 0.625 0.312 0.625 ± 0.04 1.062 ± 0.00 - 0.04

5/8 - 11 x 5 1.75 0.625 5.0 2.00 0.625 0.312 0.625 ± 0.04 1.062 ± 0.00 - 0.04

3/4 - 10 x 3 1/2 1.75 0.750 3.5 2.50 0.750 0.375 0.750 ± 0.06 1.250 ± 0.00 - 0.06

3/4 - 10 x 4 1.75 0.750 4.0 3.00 0.750 0.375 0.750 ± 0.06 1.250 ± 0.00 - 0.06

3/4 - 10 x 4 1/2 1.75 0.750 4.5 3.00 0.750 0.375 0.750 ± 0.06 1.250 ± 0.00 - 0.06

3/4 - 10 x 5 1.75 0.750 5.0 3.00 0.750 0.375 0.750 ± 0.06 1.250 ± 0.00 - 0.06

3/4 - 10 x 5 1/2 1.75 0.750 5.5 3.00 0.750 0.375 0.750 ± 0.06 1.250 ± 0.00 - 0.06

3/4 - 10 x 6 1.75 0.750 6.0 3.00 0.750 0.375 0.750 ± 0.06 1.250 ± 0.00 - 0.06

3/4 - 10 x 6 1/2 1.75 0.750 6.5 3.50 0.750 0.375 0.750 ± 0.06 1.250 ± 0.00 - 0.06

3/4 - 10 x 7 1.75 0.750 7.0 4.00 0.750 0.375 0.750 ± 0.06 1.250 ± 0.00 - 0.06

3/4 - x 9 1.75 0.750 9.0 5.00 0.750 0.375 0.750 ± 0.06 1.250 ± 0.00 - 0.06

1 - 8 x 5 2.25 1.000 5.0 3.00 1.000 0.500 0.100 ± 0.08 1.625 ± 0.00 - 0.08

1 - 8 x 6 2.25 1.000 6.0 3.00 1.000 0.500 0.100 ± 0.08 1.625 ± 0.00 - 0.08

1 1/4 - 7 x 6 2.50 1.250 6.0 3.50 1.250 0.625 0.125 ± 0.08 2.000 ± 0.00 - 0.08

1 1/4 - 7 x 6 1/2 2.50 1.250 6.5 3.50 1.250 0.625 0.125 ± 0.08 2.000 ± 0.00 - 0.08

SIZE

Available in: • T-316 Stainless • ASTM A242 Weathering Steel (Atmospheric corrosion resistant steel)

Tripac 2000 Blue can be applied upon request



OVAL NECK TRACK BOLTS ANSI/ASME B18.10

NOMINAL DIAMETER OVER

THREAD

HEAD NECK LENGTH UNDER HEAD

THREAD LENGTH

MIN

A H R1 R2 O R P R3 V L I

1/2 - 13 x 2 3/4 7/8 5/16 11/16 9/32 5/8 19/32 5/16

1/2 body diam. of bolt

Same as

body diam.

of bolt

Under 7 in. by

steps of 1/4 in.

From 7 to 10 in. by steps of 1/2

in.

1 1/8

5/8 - 11 x 3 1/4 1 5/64 25/64 59/64 23/64 13/16 25/32 3/8 1 1/4

5/8 - 11 x 4 1/2 1 5/64 25/64 59/64 23/64 13/16 25/32 3/8 1 1/4

5/8 - 11 x 6 1 5/64 25/64 59/64 23/64 13/16 25/32 3/8 1 1/4

5/8 - 11 x 8 1 5/64 25/64 59/64 23/64 13/16 25/32 3/8 1 1/4

5/8 - 11 x 9 1/2 1 5/64 25/64 59/64 23/64 13/16 25/32 3/8 1 1/4

5/8 - 11 x 10 1 5/64 25/64 59/64 23/64 13/16 25/32 3/8 1 1/4

5/8 - 11 x 10 1/2 1 5/64 25/64 59/64 23/64 13/16 25/32 3/8 1 1/4

5/8 - 11 x 15 1 5/64 25/64 59/64 23/64 13/16 25/32 3/8 1 1/4

3/4 - 10 x 5 1 9/32 15/32 1 5/32 7/16 1 1/16 1 1/32 7/16 1 3/4

7/8 - 9 x 5 1 31/64 35/64 1 25/64 33/64 1 7/32 1 3/16 1/2 2

1 - 8 x 3 1/2 1 11/16 5/8 1 5/8 19/32 1 3/8 1 11/32 9/16 2 1/4

1 1/8 - 7 x 4 1 57/64 45/64 1 55/64 43/64 1 17/32 1 1/2 5/8 2 1/2

1 - 8 x 5 1/2 1 11/16 5/8 1 5/8 19/32 1 3/8 1 11/32 9/16 2 1/4

1 - 8 x 6 1/2 1 11/16 5/8 1 5/8 19/32 1 3/8 1 11/32 9/16 2 1/4

DIMENSIONAL INFORMATION

* Information obtained from the Industrial Fasteners Institute, “Fastener Standards, Sixth Edition” Page C-58



A325 BOLTS Heavy Hex Structural Bolts UNC 2A ANSI/ASME B18.2.1

I

NOMINAL SIZE AND

THREADS PER INCH

WIDTH ACROSS FLATS

WIDTH ACROSS CORNERS HEIGHT THREAD

LENGTH NUT

THICKNESS

MAX MIN MAX MIN MAX MIN BASIC MAX MIN

1/2 - 13 0.875 0.850 1.010 0.969 0.323 0.302 1.00 0.504 0.464

5/8 - 11 1.062 1.031 1.227 1.175 0.403 0.378 1.25 0.631 0.587

3/4 - 10 1.250 1.212 1.443 1.383 0.483 0.455 1.38 0.758 0.710

7/8 - 9 1.438 1.394 1.660 1.589 0.563 0.531 1.50 0.885 0.833

1 - 8 1.625 1.575 1.876 1.796 0.627 0.591 1.75 1.012 0.956

1 1/8 - 7 1.812 1.756 2.093 2.002 0.718 0.658 2.00 0.139 1.079

1 1/4 - 7 2.000 1.938 2.309 2.209 0.813 0.749 2.00 1.251 1.187

1 3/8 - 6 2.188 2.119 2.526 2.416 0.878 0.810 2.25 1.378 1.310

1 1/2 - 6 2.375 2.300 2.742 2.622 0.974 0.902 2.25 1.505 1.433

F G H LT I

This chart is used for A325 high strength structural bolting to be used with A194 2H Nuts



COATINGS Zinc Plating Process

HOT ALKALINE CLEANER

WATER RINSE

HYDROCHLORIC ACID

WATER RINSE

WATER RINSE

ZINC PLATE

WATER RINSE

BLACK CHROMATE

CLEAR CHROMATE

YELLOW CHROMATE

WATER RINSE

HOT WATER

HOT AIR DRY

Galvanizing Process

SURFACE PREPARATION

− Abrasive blasting − Alkaline cleaning − Acid Cleaning

GALVANIZING

− Immersion into molten zinc from 1 to 5 min.

− Finish process in clean zinc bath

FINISHING

− Removal of excess zinc − Quenching − Inspection

Hot Dip Galvanized Galvanizing is the practice of coating clean, oxide-free iron or steel with a thin layer of zinc to protect the surface against corrosion. ASTM A153 specification applies to coated fabricated products such as nuts, bolts, washers and anchor bolts. ASTM A123 specification applies to coated fabricated products such as fittings, pipe hangers, channel & pipe supports.

• Shields the base metal from the atmosphere because zinc gives cathodic or sacrificial protection

• Hot Dip Galvanized process provided by Atlas Galvanizing, LLC, Los Angeles, CA

Electroplated ASTM specifications B633 electroplating is an electrochemical process used to deposit a metallic coating on the base material of an object by immersing it in an electrically charged solution so that a suitable low voltage flows through it, causing the metallic coating to be attracted to the object being plated.

• Inexpensive • Sacrificial protection against corrosion • Commonly used on nuts, bolts, washers,

anchor bolts, fittings, pipe hangers, pipe supports, etc.

• Commercial zinc plate .0002 thickness • Zinc Plating process provided by Sonic Plating Co., Inc., Santa Fe Springs, CA



PROPER FLANGE BOLTING Flanges

In theory, if it were possible to have two perfectly mated flanges with total effective contact at all points, a gasket would not be required to effect a seal. Obviously since this is not possible, a gasket is required and its function is to seal two imperfect surfaces. There are limits on the degree of flange surface imperfections that can be sealed successfully with a gasket. Large nicks, dents and gouges must be avoided, since a gasket cannot seal against them properly. Also, a gasket cannot seal improperly aligned flanges. Another problem is waviness in the flanges and warped or bowed flanges. This can be caused by heat during the manufacturing or welding process, internal stress and excessive bolt loads during installation. See figure 1. To obtain a satisfactory seal, it is necessary that basic procedures are followed during installation. These procedures are of fundamental importance for a successful operation no matter what style of gasket or type of bolting materials are used. While these flange installa-tion procedures may seem elementary, they are extremely important and should be carefully followed.

A - Bowing of flange due to too high bolt load

Flange Installation Procedures 1. Inspect the flanges. Check for tool marks,

dents, scratches or corrosion. Look for pitting and any other defects which would make sealing impossible. Repairs must be made before bolting.

2. Inspect the gasket. Verify to be sure the gasket is of the proper material and style. Look for defects or damage.

3. Inspect and clean bolts, nuts and washers. Verify to be sure they are of the specified material.

4. Lubricate the bolt threads and the nut contact surfaces. This cannot be overstressed. The use of an anti-seize compound should be considered to facilitate subsequent disassembly. The better the lubricant, the more consistent the actual achieved bolt stress at installation will be.

5. Center the gasket on the flange. This is extremely vital when raised faced flanges are used.

6. Tighten the bolts approximately 30% to the final torque following the sequence shown in Figure 2 (shown on next page). If the correct tightening sequence is not followed, the flanges can be misaligned, making it impossible to have uniform seating of the gasket. Numbering the bolts may be helpful in following the bolt sequence.

7. Repeat step 6, elevating the torque to 50 to 60 percent of the final torque.

8. Continue tightening in the recommended sequence until the final torque value is reached. Each bolt normally has to be tightened more than once.

9. All gaskets relax after seating. Retightening is recommended 24 hours after installation to compensate for the relaxation. On high-pressure or high-temperature applications, it is recommended that the flanges be retorqued to the required stress after 24 hours at operating pressure and temperatures to compensate for any relaxation.



PROPER FLANGE BOLTING Gaskets

Gaskets are used to create a static seal between two flanges and to maintain that seal under operating conditions. Proper gasket selection is critical and must be considered during the design and engineering process of any system. Once the type of material and style of gasket is determined, proper installation is critical to achieve “seating” of the gasket. A seal is effected by compressing the gasket material and causing it to flow into the imperfections on the flanges so that intimate contact is made preventing leaking of the joint. The most common method of effecting a seal on a flange joint is through compression force applied by bolting.

Bolting A bolt is a spring. It is an elastic member which has been stretched to develop a load by elongating its length. It must not be over-elongated (over-strained), or the elastic limit of the steel will be exceeded. The bolt then deforms and with continued loading (stressing) will quickly fail. To avoid such problems with bolt tightening, the use of a torque wrench is recommended. The designer of the flange system normally specifies the torque required to achieve a proper seal. The inch-per-inch relationship demonstrates that the longer the bolt, the more it must be strained to yield a desired load; thus, the more follow-up or comeback there will be in actual inches. This is highly desirable, since most gasketing materials tend to remold, to relax, to take a permanent set. This is called the creep-relaxation phenomenon. The more follow-up of spring provided by the bolt, the better the retention of stress on the gasket to maintain a leakproof joint. In the same respect, a smaller diameter bolt must be strained more to develop the same load. With the smaller diameter bolt, there is a serious danger that it may be over-strained and stressed beyond the elastic limit, and finally broken. The smaller bolt, within its elastic limit, could give the same additional follow-up

as the larger diameter bolt of greater length.

Torque Torque is a twisting force. When applied to a bolt it is generally expressed in foot pounds. The formula for torque is T = R x S where: R = radius or length of lever S = pounds pull on scale Properly fastened studs and bolts achieve their holding power from the tension (or torque) that is derived from the mating of the external and internal threads subject to the elastic limit of the material.

Bolting Patterns Regardless of the number of bolts, this circular bolt pattern with modification, will provide the correct tightening sequence.

Circular Multi-Bolt Installation Pattern

What torque to apply is a generally asked question, but the answer depends on the variables of material, threads, and lubrication, if any. As previously stated the designer of the flange system normally specifies the required torque.

Figure 2

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