Technical Assistance Consultant’s Report · 2017-12-05 · Mustang and Myagdi Districts Prepared...
Transcript of Technical Assistance Consultant’s Report · 2017-12-05 · Mustang and Myagdi Districts Prepared...
Technical Assistance Consultant’s Report
This consultant’s report does not necessarily reflect the views of ADB or the Government concerned, and ADB and the Government cannot be held liable for its contents. (For project preparatory technical assistance: All the views expressed herein may not be incorporated into the proposed project’s design.
Project Number: 44168-012 Capacity Development Technical Assistance (CDTA) October 2013
Nepal: Mainstreaming Climate Change Risk
Management in Development
(Financed by the Strategic Climate Fund)
District Baseline Reports: Department of Roads (DOR) Mustang and Myagdi Districts Prepared by ICEM – International Centre for Environmental Management
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TA – 7984 NEP
October, 2013
Mainstreaming Climate Change Risk Management in
Development
1 Main Consultancy Package (44768-012)
MUSTANG DISTRICT BASELINE: DEPARTMENT OF ROADS
(DOR)
Prepared by ICEM – International Centre for Environmental Management
METCON Consultants
APTEC Consulting
Prepared for Ministry of Science, Technology and Environment, Government of Nepal
Environment Natural Resources and Agriculture Department, South Asia
Department, Asian Development Bank
Version B
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ABBREVIATION
ADB Asian Development Bank
CC Climate Change
DDC District Development Committee
DfID Department of International Development
DHM Department of Hydrology and Meteorology
DoI Department of Irrigation
DoLIDAR Department of Local Infrastructure and Agricultural Roads
DoR Department of Roads
DRCN District Road Core Network
DTMP District Transport Master Plan
DTO District Technical Office
DWIDP Department of Water Induced and Desaster Prevention
DWSS Department of Water Supply and Sewerage
GiZ German Technical Cooperation
GoN Government of Nepal
LDO Local Development Officer
LRBP Local Road Building P
PCU Passenger Car Units
RCC Reinforced Cement Concrete
RRRSDP Rural Reconstruction and Rehabilitation Sector Development Program
SDC Swiss Development Cooperation
TBSU Trial Bridge Support Unit
VDC Village Development Committee
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
ABBREVIATION ............................................................................................................................. II
1 MUSTANG DISTRICT .......................................................................................................... 4
1.1 Introduction ..................................................................................................................... 4
1.1.1 Location ............................................................................................................................................ 4 1.1.1 Road Network ........................................................................................................................... 4
1.2 District Master Plan .......................................................................................................... 6
1.3 Sector Budgeting and Staff .............................................................................................. 6
1.3.1 Budgeting .................................................................................................................................. 6 1.3.2 Staff ........................................................................................................................................... 6
1.4 Sector Trends and Issues .................................................................................................. 6
1.4.1 Trends ........................................................................................................................................ 6 1.4.2 Issues ......................................................................................................................................... 7
1.5 Past Extremes in the District ............................................................................................ 7
1.6 Linkages to Other Sectors ................................................................................................ 7
1.7 Priority infrastructure in Mustang District ....................................................................... 8
1.7.1 Prioritization process ................................................................................................................. 8
2 MUSTANG: ASSET BASELINE .............................................................................................. 8
2.1 Asset 1: Washed away Road Section at Marpha (km 72) .............................................. 9
2.1.1 Asset Description ....................................................................................................................... 9 2.1.2 Adaptation audit ..................................................................................................................... 12
2.2 Asset 2: Road Damage by Kaligandaki River at Tukuche ............................................... 13
2.2.1 Asset Description ..................................................................................................................... 13 2.2.2 Adaptation audit ..................................................................................................................... 16
2.3 Asset 3: Road Damage by Lanslides at Lete ................................................................... 16
2.3.1 Asset Description ..................................................................................................................... 16 2.3.2 Adaptation audit ..................................................................................................................... 18
ANNEX A: ANNUAL BUDGET OF POKHARA DIVISION ...................................................................... 1
ANNEX B: NAMES & POSITIONS OF POKHARA DIVISION STAFFS ..................................................... 2
ANNEX C: PHOTOGRAPHS ............................................................................................................. 4
ASSET 1: ROAD DAMAGE BY PODKYU KHOLA AT MARPHA ............................................................. 4
ASSET 2: ROAD EROSION AT TUKUCHE .......................................................................................... 8
ASSET 3: LANSLIDES AT LETE ........................................................................................................ 11
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1 MUSTANG DISTRICT
1.1 Introduction
1.1.1 Location
Mustang District is located in Dhawalagiri Zone; Western Development Region bordering with Tibet
at its north. The district, with Jomsom as it's headquarter covers an area of 3,573 km2. According to
2011 census, it has a population of 13,799 with growth rate of -0.82 %. The district straddles the
Himalayas and extends northward onto the Tibetan plateau. It is a hilly district with altitudes ranging
from around 2,000 to over 8,000 metres. Most of the district has rocky landscape and is virtually a
mountain desert, its harsh grandeur broken only by small oases, where villages have grown up
around a water source. The district is very famous for trekking. Out of several trekking routes,
trekking to Lomanthang, Annapurna circuit and Muktinath are few to mention. One of the
uniqueness of the Mustang District is that it lies at the north of Himalaya and hence its climatic
condition is very different from other districts. The most notable consequence is that the rainfall in
the whole district is very low. As per DHM the total rainfall in Mustang in 2008 is 312 mm. This is
about 5 times less than the national average.
The location map of the district is given in Fig. 1.
Fig.1: Location Map
1.1.1 Road Network
The total road network in Mustang District is 207 km. The main road of the district; from Pairothapla-
Jomsom was constructed by the Nepal Army. At present this road is in the form of motorable track.
Condition of the above road and other roads in the district is very poor. It is to be noted that
Pairothapla-Jomsom-Muktinath road section falls within the north-south road corridor (highway)
linking India and China and is classified as future national highway.
There are only three strategic roads in the district. Their details are given in Table 1.
MUSTANG
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Table 1: Road Network in Mustang District.
S.N Name of Road Class Ref
No
Link
Code
BT GR ER Total UC PL
1 Pairothapla-Jomsong FRN F042 F04209 0.00 0.00 59.00 59.00 0.00 0.00
2 Jomsong-Ghoktang1 FRN F042 F04210 0.00 0.00 122.00 122.00 0.00 0.00
3 Kagbeni-Muktinath FRO F166 F16601 0.00 0.00 26.00 26.00 0.00 0.00
Total 0.00 0.00 207.00 207.00 0.00 0.00
1. This road section is not fully operable. Source: Nepal Road Statistics, DoR
The road network in the district is shown in Fig. 2.
Source: Nepal Road Statistics, DoR
Fig 2: Road Network in Mustang District
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1.2 District Master Plan
The strategic roads in the Mustang District fall under the jurisdiction of Pokhara Division of DoR.
Pokhara as well as other 24 divisions of DoR are required to prepare Annual Road Maintenance
Programs (ARMP). GoN/DoR allocates yearly budget to a division only after approval of the plan. The
basic objective of the ARMP is to identify and prioritise and plan the maintenance of the roads in
order to keep them in adequate condition by optimum utilisation of available funds. This will help the
Roads Board and DoR to achieve a need based allocation of scarce resources towards the
maintenance & upkeep of these national assets- the roads.
It is to be noted that the Pairothapla-Jomsong and Jomsong-Ghoktang road sections which lie in
Mustang District are the end sections of one of the north-south road corridor identified by DoR.
Hence GoN is giving high priority for construction of these road sections. As informed by the technical
staffs of Pokhara Division, GoN plans to start the North-South road corridor within 2-3 years.
Similarly, DoR is also planning to upgrade Kagbeni-Muktinath Road.
1.3 Sector Budgeting and Staff
1.3.1 Budgeting
The annual budget of the Pokhara Division for the Financial Years 2010/11 and 2011/12 is
666,668,000 rupees and 687,768,000 rupees respectively. Out of the total, the budget provisioned
for Baglung-Beni-Jomsom Road in FYs 2011/12 and 2012/13 is 4,140, rupees and 64,700 rupees
respectively and is meant for construction of small bridges, cross drainage structures, routine
maintenance and emergency maintenance.
The budget details of Pokhara Division are given in Annex A.
1.3.2 Staff
Pokhara Division Office is headed by a senior divisional engineer (gazetted 2nd
class officer). The other
staffs in the division are: engineers (7 nos.), sub-engineers (6 nos.), account officer (1 no.), section
officer (1 no.) and other support staffs (19 nos.).
The list of Staff working in the division is presented in Annex B.
1.4 Sector Trends and Issues
Pokhara Division is one of the 25 divisions of DoR and covers several districts including Mustang.
Although the main task of the division is to maintain the roads (routine, periodic, emergency,
recurrent etc.) it also executes small to medium road and bridge projects.
1.4.1 Trends
The current trend of the DoR is as follows:
Planning
Planning of works is done by the respective divisions. The division is required to prepare annual road
maintenance plan (ARMP) for each year. After approval of the plan by Ministry/DoR, yearly budget is
provided to divisions. Without ARMP, the division will not be able to receive the yearly budget.
Design
Design works of roads and bridges, in general, are carried out by local consultants. For big projects,
(especially WB, ADB funded) DoR hires foreign consultants.
Construction
Almost all the construction and maintenance works of roads and bridges are done by using
local/national contractors. The present trend in construction has shifted from manual to machines.
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Construction equipments such as excavator, paver, dozer, roller etc. are being used more frequently
at present.
Although Pokhara Division is mainly responsible for the maintenance of roads, it is also handling
medium scale construction works. For example it is executing small bridges along Maldhunga-Beni
section. Similarly, it is rehabilitating/upgrading several roads under its jurisdiction.
Supervision of Works
1. For small works, division staff carryout supervision works;
2. For medium scale works the division hires local consultants also;
3. For large contracts, especially for donor funded contracts, both national and foreign consultants
are hired.
Monitoring
Monitoring is done on the following aspects:
1. Programme
2. Cost
3. Quality
4. Progress
1.4.2 Issues
General
1. Approved Budget funds are not released on time
2. Programmes are not approved on time
3. Very low bids are submitted by the contractors
4. Contractors receive mobilization advance but do not execute the work on time.
Specific
1. The number of projects in budget head 337107 (construction of district roads) is high. The
present work force is not sufficient to execute these works. Therefore, these projects should be
handed over to District Development Committees (DDCs); otherwise quality control work cannot
be maintained.
2. To keep the strategic road networks in good condition, sufficient budget is required for specific
maintenance and road rehabilitation too. The recurrent works at urban area should be executed
by forced account method.
3. Tendering and contract agreement process of Road Sector Development Project (RSDP) of DoR
for periodic reseal works is very slow resulting in time and cost overruns.
1.5 Past Extremes in the District
The past extreme events in the district is presented in Annex C
1.6 Linkages to Other Sectors
The DoR at present is co-operating with the following agencies in the district:
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DDC, Municipalities, DoLIDAR, DoI, DWSS, DWIDP, NT, NEA, Department of Transport (DoT)
1.7 Priority infrastructure in Mustang District
1.7.1 Prioritization process
The key criteria for prioritisation for infrastructure to be included in this project are:
Infrastructure of national strategic importance
Infrastructure of district strategic importance
Infrastructure that has been impacted by past extreme events
Infrastructure located in areas prone to past extreme events
At least one planned new infrastructure
The consultant, in consultation with the division chief, prepared a final list of the priority
infrastructure assets of the district to be included in the baseline study for Mustang following the
above criteria. The priority list is given in the table below.
Table 2: Prioritized Assets
2 MUSTANG: ASSET BASEL INE
All the above assets lie on the Pairothapla-Jomsong section of Sunauli-Pokhara-Beni-Jomsom-
Ghoktan Road, which is identified by GoN/DoR as an important north-south road corridor. The total
length of the road corridor is 473 km and it can be divided into following sections:
Siddhartha Highway (Sunauli-Pokhara): This road section was constructed in mid seventies with the
assistance of Indian Government. Its total length is 181 km. The road is blacktopped and its condition
is good.
ID Name Infrastructure
type
Reason/s for inclusion
1 Road section
damaged by
Podkyu Khola at
Marpha (km 72).
Road In July 2013 there was extensive rain at/ around Marpha
area. The heavy rain caused flooding in Podkyu Khola. The
flood washed away about 250m long road sections. Such
incident will be more with CC and should be properly
studied.
2 Road section
eroded by
Kaligandaki River
at Tukuche (km
65).
Road About 1.5 kilometer of road is located very near to
Kaligandaki River. Due to poor geology, the river is eroding
the road and at one location it has washed away 40m long
section. This issue is very important as substantial road
length falls under this threat. With CC this threat will
aggravate and hence is included for this study.
3 Road damaged
by landslides
near Lete Khola
(km 42)
Road The road sections at both sides of Lete Khola are
frequently blocked due to landslides. Because of weak
geology along major sections, blockage of traffic by
landslides is common. Such incident will more frequent
after CC if not addressed properly.
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Pokhara- Baglung-Beni: The road section between Pokhara and Baglung was constructed with the
assistance of Chinese Government. Its total length is 77 km and was completed in late eighties. The
last road section Baglung (Maldhunga)-Beni was constructed by DoR and was completed few years
ago only. The whole road section from Pokhara to Beni is black topped.
Beni-Jomsom: This section of the road was constructed by Nepal Army and is still in the form of
motorable track. It is an earthen road and its total length is 80km. Out of the total length, 21 km long
section lies in Myagdi District and the remaining 59 kilometer in Mustang District. Few bridges across
Kaligandaki River and other small streams are already constructed along this section.
Jomsom-Ghoktan: This is the last section of the road corridor and is still not fully trafficable. Road
section from Josmsom to Kagbeni (about 10km) was constructed by DDC/local bodies and is operable
at present. Kagbeni -Jhaite Road section which is 38.8 km long was recently upgraded by
DDC/DoLIDAR with assistance of ADB, DFID, GoN and is motorable at present. According to local
people special trucks can reach to Lomathang which is main center of Upper Mustang. The road
length from Jomsom to Lomathang is estimated to be 85 km. The remaining road section from
Lomathang to Ghoktan is still not motorable.
2.1 Asset 1: Washed away Road Section at Marpha (km 72)
2.1.1 Asset Description
In July 2013 there was extensive rain at/ around Marpha area. The heavy rain caused flooding in
Podkyu Khola and washed away about 250 long road sections at both sides of the khola. In the mean
time the flood deposited large amount of debris at/around the road side (see photo and sketch). Due
to such incident the vehicles are unable to cross the Khola from the original road track. At present
they cross the Khola from 400 m downstream. DoR is planning to construct temporary motorable
crossing at the washed away location by constructing vented causeway.
Photo: Overall view of road damage and debris deposition. According to the local people, the Khola
washed away substantial road length at both sides due to heavy flood in July 2013. The flood was
caused by continuous rain for three days, which is a rare incident for that area
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Fig. 3: Schematic diagram showing road damage by the Podkyu Khola
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Watershed Context
Podkyu Khola is a small stream. The length of the river from the origin to the road crossing (or
Kaligandaki River) is about 6 km and the watershed area is 37 sq.km. In general it has small discharge.
The flash flood which happened recently is an exceptional case. The land use map of the Podkyu
Khola is in Fig.3.
.
Fig 4: Land use map of Podkyu Watershed.
As seen from on map, most of the watershed of the stream is barren land, bushes, grass and forest
whereas the area under cultivation area is very few. The detail land use data is given in table 3
Podkyu
Khola
Kaligandaki
River
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Table 3: Land use area of Kaligandaki Watershed at Asset.
Land
Types
Barren
Land
Bush Cliff Cultiv
ation
Forest Grass Orcha
rds
Sand Water
body
Total
Area
(Sq. km.)
15.3 1.46 0.82 0.19 7.81 11.16 0.15 0.25 0.04 37.20
Asset location
The asset is located at km 72 from Beni along Beni-Jomsom Road. It is at a distance of 400m
upstream from the confluence of Podkyu Khola with the Kaligandaki River. The area where the asset
is located is the foothill. In addition to threat by Khola, the adjacent road sections are also vulnerable
to erosion by Kaligandaki River.
The whole area where the asset is located is barren land with little vegetations. The hill at the right
side of the Khola consists of loose soils and is easily erodible by rainfall. Although the left side
(towards Jomsom), the upper part of the hill is rocky and stable the lower portion from where the
road passes is unstable.
Asset condition
About 250 m long motorable track was completely washed away by debris. The condition of the
adjacent road sections (at both sides of the khola) is also poor.
Asset design
The road is in the form of motorable track and has very poor geometry. GoN/DoR is planning to
upgrade the whole road to a national highway.
Past extreme events and impacts
Due to intensive raining for 3 days, there was a high flood in the Podkyu Khola in August 2013. The
flood washed away the road as well as deposited large amount of debris on a very large area (see
above sketch).
The past extreme events in the district are given in Annex C.
Past adaptation responses
There was not any structure before the damage. DoR is planning to construct a temporary crossing
structure of vented causeway before 2014 monsoon.
Design appropriateness
As mentioned earlier, the road is a motrable track. Detail design of road and allied structures is still
not carried out.
2.1.2 Adaptation audit
DoR has not constructed any protection structure after the damage. Hence the vehicles at present
cross the Khola from 500 m downstream of the existing crossing.
DoR is planning to construct ventage causeway as a temporary measure(until the road is upgraded to
national highway). The design of the causeway is provided in a sketch below. The estimate cost of the
vented causeway is 3.0 million rupees.
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Fig 5:Sketch showing layout of adaptation measures at Marpha
The structure as proposed by DoR is temporary. It can withstand normal flood but it is very
vulnerable to intensive rain.
2.2 Asset 2: Road Damage by Kaligandaki River at Tukuche
2.2.1 Asset Description
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About 40m long section at km 65 of Beni-Jomsom Road (motorable track) was completely washed
away in 2010 after 2 year years of its construction. After the incident, DoR realigned the road from
the hill side (at about 10m away from the previous road alignment). There is not any damage to
realigned road section. Photograph and sketch showing eroded section of the road is presented
below.
Photo: The Kaligandaki River washed away about 40m long section of road at this location in July
2010. After the incident the road was realigned at about 10m towards hill side. Two persons can be
seen walking along the realigned road.
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Fig 6: Layout of damaged road at Tukuche
Watershed context
The asset lies inside the watershed of Kaligandaki River. The watershed area of Kaligandaki River at
the asset location is about 3200 sq km. The Kaligandaki watershed receives very small amount of
rainfall and hence the river discharge at this area is not very dependant of rainfall. However, the
river discharge at this area is highly sensitive to snow melting. As a consequence the river discharge
increases during April-June when snow melting will be high. Beside the threat by the river, the asset
is vulnerable to landslide due erodible soils and little vegetations.
Asset location
The asset is located at about km 65 of Beni-Jomsom Road. At this area about 2 km of road lies very
near to Kaligandaki River. Due to poor geology, the right bank of the river from where the road
passes is being eroded by the river and at some locations; they are highly vulnerable to washing
away.
Asset condition
The condition of road at this area is very poor as not a single protection and drainage structures are
constructed. Its condition will improve only after its upgradation when sufficient retaining and
drainage structures will be provided (or when it will be upgraded to national highway).
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Asset design
The road is in the form of motorable track and has very poor geometry. GoN/DoR is planning to
upgrade the whole road as national highway.
Past extreme events and impacts
In July 2010, 40m long section of the road was eroded by the Kaligandaki River. The other past
extreme events in the district is presented in Annex C.
Past adaptation responses
DoR has relocated the road through 10m hill side from the damaged location. There has not been
damage to realigned road section. This indicates that the road should be located further from the
river bank.
Design appropriateness
The road geometry is poor. The road lacks minimum drainage and retaining structures.
2.2.2 Adaptation audit
Adaptation location
After the washing away of the road, the road is realigned at about 10m away towards the hill side.
Adaptation condition
The condition of realigned road section is satisfactory.
Threat description
There is a continued threat of river erosion at/around the assets due to proximity of the road
alignment with the Kaligandaki River and poor geology of the area.
Past extreme events and impacts
Same as in section in 2.2.1.
Adaptation design
Same as in section in 2.2.1.
Adaptation success
The adaptation measure (realignment of road through hill slope) is generally successful but the road
section could be more stable if adequate retaining, drainage and river protection works are provided.
2.3 Asset 3: Road Damage by Lanslides at Lete
2.3.1 Asset Description
About 150 m long road sections at both sides of the Lete Bridge are frequently blocked by landslides
during monsoon period. In monsoon 2013, there were several landslides at his section blocking traffic
for few days. The major reasons of frequent landslides at this location are poor geology, steep slope
and lack of retaining and drainage structures. The main area where the landslide is frequent is shown
below.
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Photo: Overall view of landslide at left bank.
Fig 7: Sketch showing the lay out plan of the landslide area at Lete (asset 3).
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Watershed context
The asset lies in the watershed of Lete Khola. The watershed area of the Khola at this location is 15
sq.km. But the main cause of landslide is not the Lete Khola but the hill slopes of both sides of the
bridge whose slope is very erodible and steep. The surface water accumulated at hill slopes is the
main cause of landslides. Moreover the whole area lacks vegetations. This aspect also is aggravating
landslides.
Asset location
The landslide areas are located at km 42 of Beni-Jomsom Road. The whole area is mountainous with
steep hill slopes. As mentioned above the hill slopes are steep and erodible. In addition to above
there is some probability of toe erosion of the road area by Lete River which is about 20m below the
road level.
Asset condition
The condition of road at this area is very poor as very few protection and drainage structures are
provided. Its condition will improve only after its upgradation when sufficient retaining and drainage
structures will be provided.
Asset design
Same as for Asset 2.
Past extreme events and impacts
The road is frequently blocked by landslides. In July 2013 also the road was closed for few days by
landslides.
Past adaptation responses
DoR is responding promptly when the road is blocked by landslides but has not constructed any
protection works till now.
Design appropriateness
Same as for Asset 2.
2.3.2 Adaptation audit
Adaptation location
There are not adaptation measures. DoR is planning to construct 35 m long breast walls towards Beni
Side from Lete Bridge.
Adaptation condition
Not applicable
Threat description
The road is vulnerable to frequent landslides. In addition to it, the asset is also threatened by the toe
erosion by Lete River. In order to minimize the threat sufficient protection and drainage structures
should be provided at landslide areas.
Past Extreme Events and impacts
Closure of traffic by landslides is common phenomenon. Beside this, there are no extreme events.
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Adaptation Design
There are no adaptation measures until now.
Adaptation Success
Not applicable.
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ANNEX A: ANNUAL BUDG ET OF POKHARA
DIVISION
F O R F Y S 2 0 1 1 / 1 2 A N D 2 0 1 2 / 1 3
S.No. Budget
Head
Activity Budget (NRs'000')
FY 2011/12 FY 2012/13
1 337107 Central roads and roads connecting
two adjacent districts
185,800 112,525
337111 Baglung-Beni-Jomsom Road 4,140 64,700
337123 Local roads 82,950 50,300
337134 Mirdi-Kyakmi-Bhimad Road 9,822 10,000
337135 Putalikhet-Karkineta-Kushma Road 20,280 24,200
337148 Other city roads 41,700 71,000
337157 Bridge construction program 155797 107400
337158 Bridge and culverts maintenance
program
15,000 8,000
337163 Road safety, road encroachment and
road boundary security
0 0
337165 Road Board Nepal (RBN) 105,281 1,171,443
337302 Tourism roads 14,800 32,200
337320 Bridge construction program 31,098 0
337335 Mandalithan-Kebare Bhanjyang-
Chapakot-Garjarkot Road, Syangja
0 36,000
Total Cost (NRs'000') 666,668 687,768
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ANNEX B: NAMES & POS ITIONS OF POKHARA
DIVISION STAFFS
SN Name Position
1 Prabhat Kumar Jha Division Chief
2 Mr. Subir Rai Engineer
3 Mr. Amrit Kumar Shrestha Engineer
4 Mr. Shyam Kumar Yadav Engineer
5 SMr. Kishor Kumar Shrestha Account Officer
6 Mr. Purushottam Kumar Gautam Engineer
7 Mr. Indra Prasad Pudel Engineer
8 Mr. Narendra Kumar Shrestha Engineer
9 Mr. Biswa Vijaya Lal Shrestha Engineer
10 Mr. Tulsi Prasad Baral Section Officer
11 Hum Nath Poudel Sub-Engineer
12 Mr. Gajendra Prasad Raut Sub-Engineer
13 Mr. Sagar Desar Sub-Engineer
14 Mr. Thakur Prasad Bhandari Sub-Engineer
15 Mr. Prakash Bahdur Khadka Sub-Engineer
16 Mr. Surendra Gautam Sub-Engineer
17 Mr. Mohan Raj Khatiwada Accountant
18 Ms. Babita Acharya Typist Nayab Subba
19 Ms. Parbati Thapa Lamichhane Typist Nayab Subba
20 Mr. Kali Das Baral Aa. A
21 Mr. Mani Prasad Regmi Aa. A
22 Mr. Guru Prasad Baral Lab assisstant
23 Mr. Prakash Sharma Kharidar
24 Mr. Shiva Prasad Adhikari Kharidar
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25 Mr. Babu Ram Pahari Lab Assistant
26 Mr. Laxman Lamsal Lab Assistant
27 Mr. Khim Bahadur Malla Driver
28 Mr. Shiva Prasad Sapkota Driver
29 Mr. Nakul Kunwar Driver
30 Mr. Khadka Bahadur Gurung Office Assistant
31 Mr. Aai Bahdur Gurung Office Assistant
32 Mr. Narayan Prasad Sharma Office Assistant
33 Ms. Kopila Kumari Sharma Office Assistant
34 Mr. Karma Prasad Neure Office Assistant
35 Dhruba Sing Khadka Nayab Subba
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ANNEX C: PHOTOGRAPHS
ASSET 1: ROAD DAMAGE BY PODKYU KHOLA AT
MARPHA
Overall view of road damage and debris deposition. According to the local people, the Khola
washed away substantial road length at both sides due to heavy flood in July 2013. The flood was
caused by continuous rain for three days, which is a rare incident for that area.
Right bank of the Khola. As seen the soil is loose and there are very little vegetations. As a result
the road side hill slopes are easily eroded even by small rainfall.
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Photo of left bank This bank is rocky at the top but the soils at lower portion from where the road
passes are loose and are not very stable.
View of the right bank. The whole mountain slope at this bank is made of loose, erodible and
unstable slope.
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Confluence of Podkyu Khola with Kaligandaki River.
Upstream view of Podkyu Khola from the confluence. Roads at both banks can also be seen on
photo.
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Timber bridge along the existing temporary crossing. Due to washing away of the road sections,
DoR opened temporary road crossing at about 60m downstream of the previous road alignment.
View of road towards Jomsom side (left bank). The upper part of the hill is rocky and stable.
However, the area from where the road passes is weathered and hence minor slips are common at
this area.
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ASSET 2: ROAD EROSI ON AT TUKUCHE
The Kaligandaki River washed away about 40m long section of road at this location in July 2010.
After the incident the road was realigned at about 10m towards hill side. Two persons can be seen
walking along the realigned road.
Washed away road section and upstream view of the Kaligandaki River. As seen on photo, the
river is still eroding the bank. During field visit it was found that the 1.5 km of road is vulnerable to
such erosion.
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Spurs and gabion protection works are constructed at about 150m downstream of the washed
away section. Similar protection works will be required at other locations or the road should be
realigned.
About 200m long gabion walls are constructed at downstream of the spurs. These walls are
constructed to protect the apple farm of that area. This shows that the whole section is very
vulnerable to river erosion.
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Photo of washed away road section. The photo was taken from adjacent road section. As seen the
soil is very loose and erodible.
Hill slope at the road damaged area. The whole area from where the road passes is highly
erodible. Hence it is highly vulnerable to landslides also.
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ASSET 3: LANSLIDES A T LETE
Scar of landslide towards Jomsom side from the Lete bridge. According to DoR sub-engineer there
was heavy rain in July 2013 which triggered several landslides at both sides of the Lete Bridge.
Photograph of valleys side of the landslide. The valley side slope is very steep. As seen on photo
the Lete khola is very near to the road and the khola can erode the toe of the slope. A suspension
bridge which was was built for crossing before the construction of motorable bridge can also be
seen.
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Motorable Bridge across Lete Khola. As seen on photo the whole area consists of alluvial soil and
is very vulnerable to landslides.
Carriage way view of the bridge. It is a new Bailey Bridge and its condition is good.
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Downstream view of the Khola from the bridge. DoR is planning to construct 35m long breast wall
at right side (bank) to protect the road.
Overall view of landslide at left bank.
i
TA – 7984 NEP
October, 2013
Mainstreaming Climate Change Risk Management in
Development
1 Main Consultancy Package (44768-012)
MYAGDI DISTRICT BASELINE: DEPARTMENT OF ROADS
(DOR)
Prepared by ICEM – International Centre for Environmental Management
METCON Consultants
APTEC Consulting
Prepared for Ministry of Science, Technology and Environment, Government of Nepal
Environment Natural Resources and Agriculture Department, South Asia
Department, Asian Development Bank
Version B
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
1 MYAGDI DISTRICT ............................................................................................................ 3
1.1 District Sector Master Plan ............................................................................................. 3
1.2 Sector budgeting and staff .............................................................................................. 3
1.3 Sector trends and issues ................................................................................................. 3
1.3.1 Trends ....................................................................................................................................... 3 1.3.2 Issues ........................................................................................................................................ 4
1.4 Asset Inventory ............................................................................................................... 4
1.5 Past extremes in the district ........................................................................................... 4
1.6 Linkages to other sectors ................................................................................................ 4
1.7 Priority infrastructure in Myagdi District ........................................................................ 4
1.7.1 Prioritisation process ................................................................................................................ 4
2 MYAGDI DISTRICT: ASSET BASELINE ................................................................................. 6
2.1 Asset1: Beni – Jomsom Road at Doba (km 17) ................................................................ 6
2.1.1 Asset Description ...................................................................................................................... 7 2.1.2 Adaptation audit ...................................................................................................................... 8
2.2 Asset 2: Road Rehabilitation at Timure Bhir at km 16 on Beni – Jomsom Road............. 9
2.2.1 Asset Description ...................................................................................................................... 9 2.2.1 Adaptation audit .................................................................................................................... 10
2.3 Asset 3: Bridge across the Kaligandaki River near Beni Bazar ...................................... 11
2.3.1 Asset Description .................................................................................................................... 11 2.3.1 Adaptation audit .................................................................................................................... 12
ANNEX A – MAP OF MYAGDI DISTRICT ......................................................................................... 1
ANNEX B: ANNUAL BUDGET ......................................................................................................... 2
ANNEX C: NAMES & POSITIONS OF DISTRICT OFFICERS ................................................................. 3
ANNEX D: ASSET INVENTORY - MYAGDI ........................................................................................ 5
ANNEX E: PHOTOGRAPHS ASSET 1 ................................................................................................ 6
ASSET 2........................................................................................................................................ 8
ASSET 3...................................................................................................................................... 10
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1 MYAGDI DISTRICT
1.1 District Sector Master Plan
All the 25 divisions of DoR are required to prepare Annual Road Maintenance Program (ARMP).
GoN/DoR allocates budget to the division only after the approval of the plan. The basic objective of
divisional ARMP is to identify and priorities/plan maintenance needs of the road assets in order to
bring the road Transport Cost to a minimum by optimum utilisation of available funds. This will help
the RB and DoR for proper and need based allocation of scarce resources towards maintenance & up
keeping of these national assets- the roads.
Following type of works (including road name, volume of works, budget requirement and
completion date etc.) are covered by ARMP.
1. Routine Maintenance
2. Recurrent Maintenance Program
3. Specific Maintenance Works
4. Periodic Maintenance
5. Rehabilitation Works
6. Other Works Programme
6.1 Upgrading
6.2 Emergency Maintenance
6.3 Bio-Engineering
6.4 Road Safety
6.4 Road Inventory/Register
6.5 Bridge Minor Maintenance
1.2 Sector budgeting and staff
Budgeting
The budget of Pokhara Division for FY 2012/13 and 2013/14 (proposed) is presented in a table in
Annex B.
Staff
The list of staff working in the Pokhara Division is presented in Annex C
1.3 Sector trends and issues
Pokhara Division which also looks after the strategic road networks (SRN) of Myagdi District is one
of the 25 divisions of DoR. Beside maintenance activities (routine, periodic, emergency, recurrent
etc.) the division also executes small to medium road and bridge projects.
1.3.1 Trends
The current trend of the divisions is as follows:
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Planning
Planning of works is done by the respective divisions. The division is required to prepare annual road
maintenance plan (ARMP) for each year. After approval of the plan by Ministry/DoR, yearly budget is
provided to divisions. Without ARMP, the division will not be liable to receive the yearly budget.
Design & Construction
Assessment of needs, planning, design and estimation for all type of maintenance works are carried
out by the division staffs. However design works of new roads and bridges in general are carried out
by local consultants.
All the construction and maintenance works of roads and bridges are done by using local
contractors. The present trend in the construction has shifted from manual to machines. For
example at present construction equipment such as excavator, paver, dozer, roller are being used
more frequently.
Pokhara Division beside maintenance of roads and bridges, execute medium scale road and bridge
projects. The division recently completed two bridges along Maldhunga-Beni Road and constructing
two major bridges across Kaligandaki River.
Supervision of works is mainly done by division staffs.
Monitoring
The division mainly carries out the monitoring of : work programme, cost, quality and progress.
1.3.2 Issues
Major issues/difficulties faced by the divisions are as follows:
1. Delay in program approval and budget release timely;
2. Insufficient budget;
3. Very low bid by the contractors;
4. Contractors receive mobilization advance but do not execute in time;
1.4 Asset Inventory
The asset inventory for Myagdi is given in Annex E
1.5 Past extremes in the district
Past extreme events in the district are given in Annex D
1.6 Linkages to other sectors
The DoR at present is cooperating with the following agencies for implementation of RIWs:
DoLIDAR, DoI, DWSS, DWIDP, NT, NEA, Department of Transport (DoT)
Major Organization working in the District
World Bank is providing 10% of the maintenance fund to the division.
1.7 Priority infrastructure in Myagdi District
1.7.1 Prioritisation process
The key criteria for prioritisation include:
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Infrastructure of national strategic importance
Infrastructure of district strategic importance
Infrastructure that has been impacted by past extreme events
Infrastructure located in areas prone to past extreme events
At least one planned infrastructure
The consultant in consultation with the division chief prepared final lists of the priority structures of
the district. The list was prepared following the criteria provided in District Office Report. The
priority list is given in table below
Priority List
ID Name Infrastructure
type
Reason/s for inclusion
1 Beni-Jomsom Road
Section at Doba
(km 17)
Road The road was damaged due to deposition of the large
amount of debris by Sunari Khola in July 2012. It is one of
the unique problem along Beni-Jomsom Road.
2 Timure Bhir along
Beni-Jomsom Road
(km 16)
Road About 50 meter of road section was completely washed
away by the landslide. DoR realigned the road at this
location.
3 Under construction
bridge across
Kaligandaki River
at Dowa
Medium
Bridge
During construction of abutments Kaligandaki River
washed away right bank near the right abutment. At
present , the gap between the right bank and the
abutment is 15m and water also flows through it. Due to
this, the length of the previously designed bridge has
become insufficient.
4 Bridge across
Kaligandaki River
near Beni Bazar
Major Bridge The bridge lies near the Beni Bazar, which is heavily
populated. Several protection measures are provided
at/around the bridge. Similarly houses at/near Benibazar
will be affected if the bridge is damaged.
5 Under construction
bridge across Lasti
Khola
Medium
Bridge
The contractor had erected all the formworks and had
placed all the reinforcements and was ready to concrete
the superstructure within few days. In the mean time an
instantaneous flood washed away all the formworks and
reinforcements.
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2 MYAGDI DISTRICT: ASS ET BASELINE
2.1 Asset1: Beni – Jomsom Road at Doba (km 17)
Damaged section of the road. At present, DoR is constructing gabion wall to prevent the river from
coming to the road.
Sketch Plan of Site
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2.1.1 Asset Description
Beni-Jomsom road is one of the most important roads of Myagdi District. It provides motorable link
to several important areas of the district as well as to Jomsom, the headquarter of Mustang District.
Motorable track of this road was constructed by Nepal Army. Nepal Army handed over this road to
DoR few years ago. At present, DoR is maintaining the road. DoR has still not any major
improvement works and hence the condition of the road is poor.
In July 2012, Sunari Khola which joins the Kaligandaki River at km 17, transported large amount of
debris. The debris obstructed the waterway of the river at right bank. As a consequence, the river hit
the road which located at the left bank and damaged about 80 m long section. DoR, at present is
constructing protection wallsto maintain the vehicular traffic.
Watershed context
The watershed of this road location is Kaligandaki River. Kaligandaki is the main river of the Myagdi
and almost all the rivers/streams of the district join this river at different locations. Several
kilometers of the Beni-Jomsom Road are located along steep bank of Kaligandaki River and hence
the asset is vulnerable to flood and landslides.
Asset location
Road protection works km 17 of Beni-Jomsom Road which is being constructed is considered as
asset for the purpose of this study. The road at this location is constructed by cutting steep rocky
area (see photos). Due to steep rocky slope, the main vegetations are barren land and bushes.
Sunari Khola joins this river at the opposite side of the road. The debris of Sunari Khola is the main
reason of road damage.
The area where the road is located rocky and stable, there is a very little probability of slope failure
Asset condition
DoR is constructing stone masonry, concrete and gabion walls at this location. The condition of
these walls is satisfactory and any major damage to the asset was not observed. However, the
condition of road is poor.
Asset design
Stone masonry and concrete walls are already constructed at this location and about 20 long gabion
walls are under construction and their design is adopted from standard design.
Past extreme events and impacts
In July 2012, the Sunari Khola deposited large amount of debris and obstructed the flow of
Kaligandaki River at right bank. Due to obstruction at right bank, the river damaged the road which is
located at left bank.
As the road is located is frequently damaged by the river especially during high flood.
Past adaptation responses
As the road is newly constructed there were no earlier adaptation responses
Design appropriateness
The adaptation measure seems adequate but it is not clear why the DoR is constructing three
different types of structures (stone masonry, concrete and gabions) to protect of road from the
same problem.
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2.1.2 Adaptation audit
Adaptation location
The various adaptations are situated at different sites along the alignment
Adaptation condition
As the walls, gabions etc are under construction their condition is good
Threat description
The road and the adaptation work are threatened by increasing river levels and flow speeds due to
increased rainfall in the catchment area.
Past extreme events and impacts
The high flood in 2012 caused increased sedimentation which obstructed the flow of the
Kaligandhaki which damaged the road.
Adaptation design
The different types of structure being constructed to protect the road are yet to show their
appropriateness under high flood conditions.
Adaptation success
As the construction of wall is still not complete, it was not possible to assess the adaptation
responses.
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2.2 Asset 2: Road Rehabilitation at Timure Bhir at km 16 on Beni – Jomsom Road
Newly constructed road section at Timure Bhir. The elevation of the previous road alignment is
about 5 meter lower than the existing one at the center of the landslide.
2.2.1 Asset Description
There was a big landslide at Timure Bhir at km 16 of Beni-Jomsom Road in 2012. The landslide
washed away about 50 long section. DoR reconstructed the road by shifting the alignment towards
hill side. However, the new road has steep gradient and DoR is planning to improve it in near future
Watershed context
The watershed of this road location is Kaligandaki River. Kaligandaki is the main river of the Myagdi
and almost all the rivers/streams of the district join this river at different locations. Several
kilometers of the Beni-Jomsom Road are located along steep bank of Kaligandaki River and hence it
is vulnerable to flood and landslides.
Asset location
Timure Bhir lies at km 16 of Beni-Jomsom Road. There are not any man made features such
as walls, drainage structures etc.
The road at this location is constructed by cutting steep slope (see photos). The land area
at/around the Timure Bhir is covered with bushes and trees.
The road is constructed by excavating steep area (of weathered rock) and hence there is
high probability of ground instabilities.
Asset condition
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DoR has just opened the motorable track for traffic movement and requires several improvement
works. It has steep gradient of more than 15 % at both sides and the road width at the gully is less
than the standard width. In addition to it the cut slope is very steep and vulnerable to slope failure.
Asset design
The road track was opened without any detail design.
Past extreme events and impacts
About 50m long road section was washed away at this location in August 2012.
Past adaptation responses
Prior to the flood in 2012 there had not been any adaptations carried out.
Design appropriateness
The design of the road alignment to follow closely the river alignment along the bottom of a very
deep and narrow valley has to be questioned although it has to be accepted that any alternative
alignment would involve very difficult engineering work.
2.2.1 Adaptation audit
Adaptation location
The adaptation is located at the site of a large landslide which occurred in 2012 demolishing 50
metres of road. The adaptation consists of a change of alignment of the road so that the road is
moved up the slope of the mountainside and away from the river.
Adaptation condition
The completed work is in reasonable condition although the alignment is very steep both sides of
the original landslide location.
Threat description
The threat to the road is from future increased floods due to increased rainfall in the catchment area
and subsequent erosion of the hillside beneath the newly aligned road. There is also a threat of
additional landslides from above the road due to increased intense rainfall.
Past Extreme Events and impacts
The only recorded extreme event is the landslide in 2012 which destroyed 50 metres of road.
Adaptation Design
No detailed design was carried out before carrying out the work. The new alignment is very steep
both sides of the central landslide area and then passes through a very steep sided cutting which
increases the likelihood of further landslides in the future as the intensity of rainfall increases.
Adaptation Success
The adaptation is successful in the short term.
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2.3 Asset 3: Bridge across the Kaligandaki River near B eni Bazar
View of the bridge from the upstream left bank. Its condition is satisfactory and there are no
major problems affecting the bridge stability at present
2.3.1 Asset Description
This is one of the most important bridge of the district as it links Myagdi District as well as Beni
Bazzar with other parts of the country. It is a located at km 12+300 of Maldhunga-Beni Road (F133).
The bridge has three spans and its total length is 76.4 meter. The substructures (abutments and
piers) of the bridge are constructed of RCC and all the superstructure members except main beams
of central span (which is constructed of steel) are also constructed of RCC.
DoR has constructed several protection structures at both upstream and downstream of the bridge.
The overall condition of the bridge is good whereas the condition of protection works is satisfactory
except at few locations.
Watershed context
The watershed of this bridge location is Kaligandaki River. Kaligandaki is the main river of the Myagdi
and almost all the rivers/streams of the district join this river at different locations. The bridge as
well as the adjoining areas are vulnerable to flooding by Kaligandaki River.
Asset location
The asset is located near the Beni Bazaar, the headquarter of Myagdi District. The left side of the
bank near the river is steep hills. Main types of vegetation at this side are bushes, forests with and
cultivated land. The right bank of the river is covered by the Beni Bazar. The slope of the bazaar is
relatively gentle in comparison with other bank. Major concern at this sites is that the houses at left
bank are very near to the steep slope and hence may collapse in case of slope failure.
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The ground at both sides of the river near/at the bridge site is stable.
Asset condition
The condition of the bridge is good. There is no damage to superstructure and substructures.
However, the protection works which consist mainly of gabions are in damaged condition at several
locations.
Asset design
The bridge is designed as a simply supported structure of three spans with a total length of 76
metres.
Past extreme events and impacts
There has not been any significant event after the construction of the bridge.
Past adaptation responses
Gabion walls are provided for protection of banks and the bridge. The adaptation responses of these
protection structures are satisfactory.
Design appropriateness
The design of bridge and protection structures is appropriate. The bridge length is sufficient and the
structure does not disturb the hydrological regime of the river. Similarly, circular RCC piers are
designed in order to withstand the boulder impactAdaptation
2.3.1 Adaptation audit
Adaptation location
Gabion protection works are provided to a sufficient length both upstream and downstream of the
bridge.
Adaptation condition
The adaptations of gabion walls are in poor condition in several locations
Threat description
The threat to the bridge and the adaptation work is from increased high flood levels and flows due
to intense prolonged rainfall in the catchment area caused by climate change. The damage to the
gabions increases the threat posed by extreme weather events.
Past Extreme Events and impacts
There have been no recorded extreme events in the recent past.
Adaptation Design
The adaptation design is appropriate for present conditions.
Adaptation Success
The adaptations have succeeded in preventing the possibility of erosion threatening the stability of
the bridge
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ANNEX A – MAP OF MYAGDI DISTRICT
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ANNEX B: ANNUAL BUDGET
Table M-1: Yearly Budget of Pokhara Division for FY (in 1000 rupees)
Budget Head
or Source of
Funding
Activity Allocation for current
fiscal year 2012/2013
in NC
Proposed for next
fiscal year 2013/2014
in NC
RBN Routine Cost 17651 20,694.05
RBN Recurrent Cost 16324 27,065.27
RSDP/RBN Periodic Cost 0.00 55,400.00
RBN Specific Maintenance Cost 16100 84,837.13
RBN Rehabilitation Cost 28000 33,459.41
RBN Reconstruction Cost 0.00 0.00
RBN Upgrading Cost 0.00 23,578.13
RBN Emergency Maintenance 0.00 8,000.00
RBN Bio Engineering Cost 0.00 1,250.00
RBN Road Safety Cost 0.00 5,500.00
RBN Road Inventory/Register Cost 0.00 2,050.00
RBN Bridge Routine Cost 0.00 1,015.76
RBN Bridge Minor Maintenance 0.00 3,204.26
Total Cost (NRs'000 78,075.00 266,054.01
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ANNEX C: NAMES & POSITIONS OF DISTR ICT
OFFICERS
Names and positions of district officers
SN Name Position
1 Prabhat Kumar Jha Division Chief
2 Mr. Subir Rai Engineer
3 Mr. Amrit Kumar Shrestha Engineer
4 Mr. Shyam Kumar Yadav Engineer
5 SMr. Kishor Kumar Shrestha Account Officer
6 Mr. Purushottam Kumar Gautam Engineer
7 Mr. Indra Prasad Pudel Engineer
8 Mr. Narendra Kumar Shrestha Engineer
9 Mr. Biswa Vijaya Lal Shrestha Engineer
10 Mr. Tulsi Prasad Baral Section Officer
11 Hum Nath Poudel Sub-Engineer
12 Mr. Gajendra Prasad Raut Sub-Engineer
13 Mr. Sagar Desar Sub-Engineer
14 Mr. Thakur Prasad Bhandari Sub-Engineer
15 Mr. Prakash Bahdur Khadka Sub-Engineer
16 Mr. Surendra Gautam Sub-Engineer
17 Mr. Mohan Raj Khatiwada Accountant
18 Ms. Babita Acharya Typist Nayab Subba
19 Ms. Parbati Thapa Lamichhane Typist Nayab Subba
20 Mr. Kali Das Baral Aa. A
21 Mr. Mani Prasad Regmi Aa. A
22 Mr. Guru Prasad Baral Lab assisstant
23 Mr. Prakash Sharma Kharidar
24 Mr. Shiva Prasad Adhikari Kharidar
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25 Mr. Babu Ram Pahari Lab Assistant
26 Mr. Laxman Lamsal Lab Assistant
27 Mr. Khim Bahadur Malla Driver
28 Mr. Shiva Prasad Sapkota Driver
29 Mr. Nakul Kunwar Driver
30 Mr. Khadka Bahadur Gurung Office Assistant
31 Mr. Aai Bahdur Gurung Office Assistant
32 Mr. Narayan Prasad Sharma Office Assistant
33 Ms. Kopila Kumari Sharma Office Assistant
34 Mr. Karma Prasad Neure Office Assistant
35 Dhruba Sing Khadka Nayab Subba
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ANNEX D: ASSET INVENTORY - MYAGDI
List of SRN and Bridges in the Districts
List of SRN
S.N Name of Road Class Ref
No Link
Code BT GR ER Total UC PL
1 Myagdi district
border-Beni FRN F042 F04207 10.00 0.00 0.00 10.00 0.00 0.00
2 Beni-Pairothapla FRN F042 F04208 0.00 0.00 21.00 21.00 0.00 0.00
Total 10.00 0.00 21.00 31.00 0.00 0.00
Source: DoR
List of Bridges
S.No. Bridge
Identification
Chainage Name of
Bridge/Khola
Type of
Bridge
Bridge Parameters
1137 49/F042/019 81+093 Dhodino Khola RCC Slab
Bridge
24.00 1
1138 49/F042/020 89+300 Myagdi Khola Steel
composite
deck
60.60 2
1139 49/F042/021 93+966
Galeshor
Raganganga
Khola
steel Truss 38.50 1
1140 49/F042/022 102+815 Beg Khola steel Truss 21.00 1
1141 49/F042/023 106+194 Kaligandaki
Bridge
steel Truss 48.00 1
1142 49/F042/024 106+839 gharamadi
Khola
Timer bridge 5.00 1
1143 49/F042/025 111+021
Pokhare Bagar
kaligandaki
Khola
steel Truss 54.40 1
1144 49/F042/026 117+135 Duwari Khola Timber
bridge
5.50 1
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ANNEX E: PHOTOGRAPHS ASSET 1
At right side of the photo, the heap of gravels and boulders is the debris deposition by Sunari
Khola. This deposition pushed the River towards left bank and is the main cause of the road
damage at this location.
It is very difficult to realign the road towards left side due to very steep rocky slope.
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View of debris deposited by Sunari Khola. According to the district technicians, the bed level of the
Sunari Khola was raised by 2-3 meter after debris deposition.
Photo of reconstructed road section which is protected by stone masonry.
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ASSET 2
The gradient of the road is about 15% at both sides from the main slide area. DoR is planning to
improve the whole road section in near future.
Middle section of the realigned road. Road at this location required huge gully cutting. As seen on
the photo, the side slope on both sides is very steep and may fail if proper protection works are
not provided.
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Previous road alignment. As seen on photo, there is no trace of previous alignment at the steep
(rocky) area as the whole road section was washed away.
The whole soil material excavated during reconstruction of road is dumped at river. The dumped
material is obstructing the river flow. Due to flow obstruction, the regime of the river has been
disturbed and hence there is always possibility of damage at another location. The soil materials
should have been deposited properly at a location.
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ASSET 3
Photo of right bank showing gabion protection works, bus stand and Beni Bazaar. The condition of
the protection works is good except at few locations.
A motorable road track is constructed at the right bank by constructing a very long gabion bank
protection works. In order to construct this road the authorities have excavated the slope at hill
side. This increased vulnerability to the houses located at the top of the slope.
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As mentioned in the photo above, the houses seen on photo are very near the vertical slope. In
case of slope failure, several houses will collapse.
Landless squatters have constructed houses at the left bank near the bridge. These houses may be
damaged if there will be a big flood at Kaligandaki River.