TECHIQUES FOR TEACHING AND REMEDIATING READING PROBLEMSBY:MUHAMMAD ANISMUHAMAD AZWANMUHAMMAD FARIDAZMIDAHSITI NURAFIQAH

BASAL READINGDEFINITON:

The basal reading approach is a method of teaching reading to children. The program's name comes from the word "base" or "basic." It involves using a series of books, or readers, tailored to a specific reading level.

Simply put,this means that the program has been specifically designed to teach skills that have been proven to be helpful in learning to read,such as phonemic awareness,fluency,vocabulary, text comprehension(including decodingandword attack skills) andprosody.This type of program is sometimes referred to as ascientifically-based reading program.

ADVANTAGES OF A BASAL READING PROGRAM

It's systematic and follows a logical sequenceThe levels progress from emergent reader to advanced reader with smooth transitions and consistencyTeachers are provided with the tools they need to evaluate students' knowledge and progress

ADVANTAGES TO BASALSConvenient package of materials, techniques, and assessment devices.Offer varied reading selections, an abundance of practice material, carefully planned units and lessons, and a wealth of follow-up and enrichment activities.Sequenced from grade to grade,providing continuous reading instruction

DISADVANTAGES OF A BASAL READING PROGRAM

Some teachers feel the program is too rigid and doesn't engage students. The stories do not match students interests, making it hard to capture the attention of a reluctant reader. The approach is designed to work best in a group and is often difficult to alter for students who learn better individually or have learning disabilities.

DISADVANTAGE TO BASALSCore of the program is the anthology, workbook and manual to provide a base of materials for all students to move through. Question of pacing and time spent with a selection.Basal selections are presented to the whole class.Selections may lack sufficient challenge for high achievers and will be too hard for those reading below grade level.

PHONIC APROACHDefinition : - anapproachthat teaches the relation of the letters (graphemes) to the sounds (phonemes) they represent to teach reading. (Halvorson 1992)

- teaches children to decode words by sounds, rather than recognizing whole words. The emphasis in early years teaching is on synthetic phonics, in which words are broken up into the smallest units of sound (phonemes).

Phonicsis a method for teachingreadingandwritingtheEnglish languageby developing learners'phonemic awarenessthe ability to hear, identify, and manipulatephonemes,in order to teach the correspondence between these sounds and thespellingpatterns (graphemes) that represent them.The goal of phonics is to enable beginning readers to decode new written words by sounding them out,or in phonics terms,blendingthe sound-spelling patterns.

TYPE OF PHONICS

PHONIC-LINGUISTIC BASALSEmphasis to reinforce phonic elements or linguistic patterns.Tightly controlled vocabulary and are used primarily for struggling readers.Selections are contrived so it is difficult to use context clues. Examples: Reading Mastery and Merrill Linguistic Readers

LINGUISTIC APROACHDEFINITON:Method for teaching reading (decoding skills) which emphasizes use of word families. For example, the child is taught to read and is subsequently taught to decode words such as "cat," "bat," "sat, and "mat,". Early stories adhere strictly to the words which have been taught previously and so may sometimes seem nonsensical, e.g., "Sam sat on a mat. The cat sat on a mat. The cat is fat," etc.

LANGUAGE-EXPERIENCE APPROACHThe language experience approach is an approach to reading instruction based on activities and stories developed from personal experiences of the learner.Students dictate a story based on an experience they have had. The teacher writes the dictated story.

Through discussion, the teacher can help students organize and reflect on their experiences. The stories about personal experiences are written down by a teacher and read together until the learner associates the written form of the word with the spoken

BENEFITS OF THE LANGUAGE EXPERIENCE APPROACHIt brings together writing, reading, art, and language.It extends the learners' creativity in story telling through writing.It helps learners understand that what they think and say can be written.It is learner-centered and demonstrates that the learners' thoughts and language are valued.It provides reading material that is predictable and readable because it uses the learners' natural language.

INDIVIDUALIZED READING WORKSHOPReader's Workshop provides students with a supportive environment that involves them in authentic reading experiences that focus on the strengths and needs of each individual student.Reader's Workshop helps kids develop strong reading skills through the use of a mini-lesson,shared reading, read aloud,conferencing,independent reading,paired reading,literature respons and Reader's Chair.

Preparation: state-of-the-art class conference and a minilesson to present a skill/strategy lesson on predicting, inferences, context clues, etc. Self-Selected Reading and Responding: approx. 30 min. silent reading and meet in literature discussion group, write in journal, work on an extension activityConferences: meet with teacher to discuss the book through questioning

READY TO SEE US IN ACTION?

Read to self Students each have a book box full of "right fit" books that they read from during read to self.

Read to someone Students can practice developing their fluency by reading to someone. This student is holding a cardstock "check" so she remembers to check her partner's understanding.

Work on writing Students work on original stories,lists,poems,letters, etc... during work on writing.The writing area is stocked with idea starters,decorative papers,pens, markers and spelling ideas.

Work on words Students practice weekly spelling and vocabulary words through hands-on activities like Wikki Sticks, using magnets and stamps to make words,dot makers and letter cutouts.They can also practice sight words.

Listen to reading Students use Leap Pads,TAG pens,RAZ-kids.com,CD players and tape players to listen to fluent reading.

Thank you

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