Teamwork and Project Management Karl A. Smith University of Minnesota ksmith@umn
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Transcript of Teamwork and Project Management Karl A. Smith University of Minnesota ksmith@umn
Teamwork and Project Management
Karl A. SmithUniversity of Minnesota
[email protected]/~smith
January 2005
Engineers Leadership InstituteMinnesota Society for
Professional Engineers
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Teambuilding and Project Management Perspectives
• Capitalizing on individual differences• Leading a team to consensus; the importance
of buy-in• Expanding a team’s capabilities• Perspectives on the role of project manager• Key components to project and/or team
success• Project coordination
. . . Tomorrow’s corporation is a “collection of projects”
. . . Everyone needs to learn to work in teams with multiple independent experts--each will be dependent upon all the others voluntarily giving their best.
. . .The new lead actor/boss--the Project Manager--must learn to command and coach; that is, to deal with paradox.From Eight Commandments for Project Managers Tom Peters
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In the new economy, all work is project work. And you are your projects! Here’s how to make them all go Wow!
Tom Peters – The Wow Project (Fast Company, 24, 116)
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Project
A project is a temporary endeavor undertaken to create a unique product, service, or result
-- Project Management Body of Knowledge (PMBOK), 2004
A project is a combination of human and nonhuman sources pulled together in a temporary organization to achieve a specified purpose.
-- Cleland and Kerzner, 1985
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What is a project?(Cleland and Kerzner, 1985; Nicholas, 1990)
• … a combination of human and nonhuman sources pulled together in a temporary organization to achieve a specified purpose.
• Features– Definable purpose with established goals– Cost, time and performance requirements– Multiple resources across organizational lines– One-time activity– Element of risk– Temporary activity– Process with phases/ project life cycle
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The Project ManagementBody of Knowledge is thesum of knowledge withinthe profession of projectmanagement
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Performance, Cost, and Time Project Targets
Project Success: Quadruple Constraint
Characteristics of ‘Effective’ Project Managers?
1.Formulate your response to the question individually
2.Share your answer with a neighbor3.Listen carefully to your neighbor's answer4.Work together to Create a new answer
through discussion
What is takes to be a good project manager--Barry Posner (1987)
Communications (84% of the respondents listed it)
ListeningPersuading
Organizational skills (75%)PlanningGoal-settingAnalyzing
Team Building Skills (72%)EmpathyMotivationEsprit de Corps
Leadership Skills (68%)Sets ExampleEnergeticVision (big picture)DelegatesPositive
Coping Skills (59%)FlexibilityCreativityPatiencePersistence
Technological Skills (46%)ExperienceProject Knowledge
Skills necessary for effective project managers -Pinto and Kharbanda (1995):Planning• Work breakdown• Project scheduling• Knowledge of PM software• Budgeting and costingOrganizing• Team building• Establishing team structure and reporting assignments• Define team policies, rules and protocolsLeading• Motivation• Conflict management• Interpersonal skills• Appreciation of team members' strengths and weaknesses• Reward systemsControlling• Project review techniques• Meeting skills
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Project Life Cycle?
1. Wild enthusiasm
2. Disillusionment
3. Total confusion
4. Search for the guilty
5. Punishment of the innocent
6. Praise and honors for the non-participants
The prevailing view of the project life cycle is that projects go through distinct phases, such as:
• Conceiving and defining the project• Planning the project• Implementing the plan• Completing and evaluating the project• Operate and maintain project
A typical construction project has the following seven phases (Kerzner, 1998):
1. Planning, data gathering, and procedures2. Studies and basic engineering3. Major review4. Detail engineering5. Detail engineering/construction overlap6. Construction 7. Testing and commissioning
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The Project 50 – Tom Peters
Traditional• Create – 10%• Sell – 0%• Implement – 90%• Exit – 0%
The Project 50
• Create – 30%• Sell – 30%• Implement – 30%• Exit – 10%
Project Manager’s Role Over the Project Life Cycle:
• Planning• Organizing• Staffing• Directing• Controlling
See Smith (2004) p. 67-68
Project Planning
Projects typically start with at Statement of Work (SOW) provided by the client. The statement of work is a narrative description of the work required for the project. A Project Charter is often developed. Planning starts with the development of a Work Breakdown Structure (WBS). A WBS is ‘a deliverable-oriented grouping of project elements which organizes and defines the total scope of a project’ (PMBOK, 1996). There are typically three to six levels in WBSs -- program, project, task, subtask, etc. Developing a work breakdown structure is important for scoping a project, i.e., determining the specific tasks that have to be completed, choosing appropriate groupings for these activities, and setting precedence and interdependence (what has to follow what and what can be going on at the same time).
www.lewisinstitute.com
Creating a Project Charter1. Write an Overview of the Project Scope2. Determine the Team’s Boundaries for Creating the
Deliverables3. Define the Customer’s Criteria for Acceptance4. Determine the Required Reviews and Approvals5. Establish Risk Limits6. Select the Project Leader and Team Members7. Set Deadlines for Delivery of the Final Deliverables8. Set Limits on Staffing & Spending9. Create a List of Required Reports10.Identify Organizational Constraints & Project Priorities.11.Assemble a Project Charter Martin, P. & Tate, K. 1997. Project Management Memory Jogger. GOAL/QPC.
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Office Remodeling Project
The following activities must be accomplished to complete an office remodeling project:
Activity Estimated Duration (Days)
Procure Paint 2
Procure New Carpet 5
Procure New Furniture 7
Remove Old Furniture 1
Remove Old Carpet 1
Scrub Walls 1
Paint Walls 2
Install New Carpet 1
Move in New Furniture 1
Office Remodeling Project - WBS
ProcureProcure PaintProcure New CarpetProcure New Furniture
PrepareRemove Old FurnitureRemove Old CarpetScrub Walls
InstallPaint WallsInstall New CarpetMove in New Furniture
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Simple Approach for Creating the WBS
• Gather Project Team
• Provide Team Members with Pad of Sticky-Notes
• Team Members Write Down all Tasks They can Think of.
• Sticky-Notes Placed and Arranged on Wall
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Post-It Note Project Planning
Statement of Work (SOW) – Office Remodeling
Activities Needed to Complete Office Remodeling
1. One activity per Post-It note, include name, description andestimated duration (Initial each Post-It).
2. Arrange Post-Its on chart paper
3. Work together to rearrange Post-Its
4. Draw arrows to indicate precedence
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Bus Shelter Construction Example
Job Name Duration Resources Predecessor(s)
1 Shelter Slab 2 2 5
2 Shelter Walls 1 1 1
3 Shelter Roof 2 2 2,4
4 Roof Beam 3 2 2
5 Excavation 2 3
6 Curb and Gutter 2 3 5
7 Shelter Seat 1 2 4,6
8 Paint 1 1 7
9 Signwork 1 2 2,6
Scheduling Problem - CPM
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Bus Shelter ConstructionCritical Path Method Results
ACT NAME DUR RES EARLY LATE FLOAT CURstart
CRITPATH
ST FN ST FN TOT FREE
1 Shelter Slab 2 2 2 4 2 4 0 0 2 YES
2 Shelter Walls 1 1 4 5 4 5 0 0 4 YES
3 Shelter Roof 2 2 8 10 8 10 0 0 8 YES
4 Roof Beam 3 2 5 8 5 8 0 0 5 YES
5 Excavation 2 3 0 2 0 2 0 0 0 YES
6 Curb andGutter
2 3 2 4 6 8 4 1 2 NO
7 Shelter Seat 1 2 8 9 8 9 0 0 8 YES
8 Paint 1 1 9 10 9 10 0 0 9 YES
9 Signwork 1 2 5 6 9 10 4 4 5 NO