SITUATION ANALYSIS AND RESEARCH PRIORTATION FOR

WATERSHED DEVELOPMENT IN GADAG AND KOPPAL

DISTRICTS

Team of Scientists from UAS, Dharwad

1. Dr. P.L.Patil; Nodal Officer & Professor & Head

Soil Science

2. Dr. G.S.Dasog; Dean (Agri.), AC, Dharwad

3. Dr. B.I.Bidari; Professor, Soil Science,

4. Dr. M. Hebbara; Assoc. Professor, Soil Science,

5. Dr. V.B.Kuligod; Assoc. Professor, Soil Science,

6. Dr. S.S.Gundlur; Soil Physicist, Belvatagi

7. Dr. C.B. Meti; Assoc. Professor Agril. Engg,.

8. Dr. G.N.Kulkarni; Assoc. Professor, Agril. Econ,

9. Dr. S.G.Angadi: Assoc. Professor of Horticulture

10.Dr. G.Somanagoudar: Assoc. Professor, Agron,

ARS, Annigeri

11. Ms. Geeta Channal; SMS, EEU, Gadag

Total Geographical areas • Gadag-4656 Sq.km• Koppal- 5559 sq.km

Gadag Koppal

Sl.no Taluk Areain ha

Taluk Areain ha

1 Gadag 109751(23.52)

Gangavathi132,131(23.91)

2 Mundaragi 88398(18.98)

Koppal136,755(24.75)

3 Naragund 43562(9.3)

Kushtagi135,779(24.57)

4 Ron 129091(27.71)

Yelburga147,830(26.75)

5 Shirahatti 94913(20.3) Total 5,52,495

6 Total 4,65,715

Drainage map

Classification of land and other land details

Gadag Koppal

Sl no Particulars Area in Ha

% to the Totalgeographical area

Area in ha

% to the Totalgeographical area

1 Total geographical area 4,65,715 - 5,52,495 -

2 Area under Forest 32614 7.00 29,451 5.33

3 Barren and uncultivable land 11628 2.50 34080 6.13

4 Land put into non-agriculturaluses

10481 2.25 39003 7.05

5 Cultivable waste 1010 0.21 2568 0.46

6 Permanent pastures and othergrazing lands

2592 0.55 14675 2.65

7 Miscellaneous tree crops andgrooves not included in thenet area sown

263 0.05 210 0.038

8 Current Fallow 18937 4.06 80104 14.49

9 Other Fallow 3459 0.74 0000 ---

10 Net Area Sown* 384731 82.61 369857 66.94

Gross Cropped Area* 558533 119.93 500442 90.57

Cropping intensity (%) 145.20 135.30

Land degradation Classes Area (ha)1. Normal 306244.422. Sheet -erosion (Wsh1) 50835.903. Rills (Wri2) 101486.064. Gullies-severe (Wgu3) 947.255. Surface ponding-slight (Lsp1)  --6. Surface ponding-moderate (Lsp2)  --7. Saline-slight (ssa1) 153.798. Saline-Moderate (ssa2) 360.559. Saline-Severe (ssa3) --10. Sodic-Slight (Sso1) 312.9111. Sodic-Moderate (Sso2) --12. Sodic-Severe (Sso3) --13. Saline Sodic-Moderate (sss2) 49.4814. Saline Sodic-Severe(sss3) 0.0015. Mining (Hmd) 110.2916. Barren Rocky/stony waste (Tbs) 4337.1717. Miscellaneous (Tms) 8.92

18. Industrial effluent affected area (Hie) --19. Brick kiln area (Hbk)  Total Geographical Area (ha) 464846.74Total Degraded land (ha) 158602.30Percent Degraded land 34.12

Climate

Total ; 613 mm

Total ; 572 mm

Irrigation Resources  Sl.no Gadag Koppal

Particulars

Number Net sown area, ha

Value/details Net sown area, ha

Details

1 Canals 18,987 ha irrigation

MRBC 142 km(60 Distributaries)

39,900 112 (km)

2 Tanks 1516 218 62 (nos)

3 wells ---- ----

Open wells 5012 Area under irrigation in ha

887 NA NA

Bore wells 31,028 Area under irrigation in ha

30,341 NA NA

Tube wells NA 72,335 6517 (Nos)

4 Lift irrigation NA 612 10 (Nos)5 Total irrigated

area50,215 ha

(13.06)1,13,065(30.56)

6 Rain fed area 3,34,516(86.94)

2,56,792(69.43)

Major soil types

Sl.No. Soil type Area ( `000 ha)

Gadag

1 Medium black soils 141.2

2 Deep black soils 124.7

3 Shallow black soils 28.3

4 Red and black mixed soils 12.2

5 Red sandy soils 0.1

Koppal

1 Red soil 253.0

2 Medium deep black soil 131.5

Information on Soils of Gadag District

Taluka Soil type Deficient major nutrients

Deficient micro

nutrients

Gadag Deep clay, red gravaley clay

Phosphorous Zinc

Ron Deep clay Nitrogen, Phosphorous Zinc

Nargund Deep clay Nitrogen, Phosphorous Zinc

Mundaragi Red gravaley clay, Deep clay,

Nitrogen, Phosphorous Zinc

Shirahatti Deep clay, red gravaley clay

Phosphorous, Nitrogen, Zinc

Koppal District

Fig.1 :Location of the Study area

Karnataka

India

Bhanapur microwatershed

Soil resources of a micro watershed in Koppal District

Landscape of Bhanapur microwatershed

P5Location: 15023'30.77" N , 76001'15.24" E

Classification : Coarse loamy, mixed, isohyperthermic, Lithic Haplustepts

P8Location: 15023'10.28" N, 7601'44.23" E

Classification : Coarse loamy, mixed, isohyperthermic, medium, Psammantic Haplustalf

P16 Location: 15023'54.18" N 76001'48.49" E

Classification : Fine clayey, montmorillonitic, isohyperthermic, Typic Calciustert

Productivity of important crops (Average of 2007-09)

Sl. No. Crop Productivity (kg/ha)

Gadag Koppal

1 Sorghum 890 1353

2 Greengram 704 --

3 Groundnut 1414 1238

4 Maize 4500 3123

5 Chickpea 710 --

4 Paddy -- 3447

5 Bajra -- 1280

6 Sunflower -- 1014

Horticultural crops t/ha

6 Onion 10.5 --

7 Greenchilli 17.8 --

8 Sapota 10.2 14.1

9 Mango 9.8 12.4

10 Banana 28.7 31.4

11 Pomegranate -- 15.3

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

3000Y

ield

kg

/ha

2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 Mean

Year

Productivity of cros in Gadag District

Paddy

Jowar

Bajra

Maize

Groundnut

Sunflower

Red ram

Black gram

Horse gram

Green gram

Cotton

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

3000

3500

4000

Yie

ld k

g/h

a

2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 Mean

Year

Productivity of crops in Koppal District

Paddy

Jowar

Bajra

Maize

Groundnut

Sunflower

Red ram

Black gram

Horse gram

Green gram

Cotton

Livestock and poultry population (in ‘000)

Sl.no Name of the block

Cattle Buffalo Sheep Goat Poultry pig Total

1 Gadag District

158607(17.94)

80115(9.06)

313616(35.48)

172442(35.48)

158915(17.98)

NA 883695

2

Koppal District

245296(43.25)

108787(19.18)

NA 199671(35.21)

NA 13275(2.34)

567029

Table : Average productivity of crops during 2005 and 2006 in Bhanapur Micro-watershed

Crops Average yield (kg/ha)

2005 2006

Black soils

Maize 3320 2130

Groundnut 700 400

Red gram 250 75

Red soils

Maize 2860 1600

Groundnut 650 300

Bajra 800 200

Red gram 210 50

Total Rainfall (mm) 400.63 264.26

Soil Productivity and constraints

Fig. : Volumetric soil moisture percentage of Bhanapur microwatershed on 28th June 2006

Soil moisture (%) Area (ha)

0-5 249.73

5-10 155.86

10-15 78.66

15-20 38.08

20-25 21.57

> 25 38.06

Total 581.96

Fig. : Volumetric soil moisture percentage of Bhanapur microwatershed on 14th July 2006

Soil moisture

(%)Area (ha)

0-5 432.05

5-10 125.45

10-15 24.28

15-20 0.18

Total 581.96

Fig. : Volumetric soil moisture percentage of Bhanapur microwatershed on 02nd August 2006

Soil moisture (%) Area (ha)

0-5 297.55

5-10 110.72

10-15 42.03

15-20 33.06

20-25 26.88

> 25 71.72

Total 581.96

Soil moisture (%) Area (ha)

0-5 416.82

5-10 71.79

10-15 39.39

15-20 24.22

20-25 10.29

> 25 19.45

Total 581.96

Fig. : Volumetric soil moisture percentage of Bhanapur microwatershed on 18th August 2006

Fig. : Volumetric soil moisture percentage of Bhanapur microwatershed on 06th September 2006

Soil moisture

(%)

Area (ha)

0-5 458.17

5-10 105.71

10-15 18.08

Total 581.96

Soil moisture (%) Area (ha)

0-5 411.44

5-10 110.07

10-15 40.14

15-20 13.77

20-25 5.02

> 25 1.52

Total 581.96

Fig. : Volumetric soil moisture percentage of Bhanapur microwatershed on 22nd September 2006

Physical and fertility constraints

Fig. : Gravel % of soils of Bhanapur microwatershed

Gravel % Area (ha)

Non gravely 247.38

Gravelly 280.53

Very gravelly 40.36

Extremely gravelly 13.69

Total 581.96

119.16

87.18Fine sand

Fine clay

171.08Medium coarse

581.96 Total

Very coarse

Area (ha)Soil texture

154.95

Medium sand

49.59

Fig. : Soil texture of Bhanapur microwatershed

96.49Deep (110+)

232.79Moderate deep (50-100)

581.96 Total

252.68 Shallow (25-50)

Area (ha)Soil depth (cm)

Fig. Soil Depth of Bhanapur microwatershed

Fig. Maximum water holding capacity of soils of Bhanapur microwatershed

106.78High water retention (>50%)

166.74Medium water retention (31-50%)

581.96 Total

308.44Low water retention (0-30%)

Area (ha)Maximum water holding capacity

pH range Area (ha)

Slightly acidic (<6.5) 06.28

Neutral (6.5 – 7.5) 535.36

Alkaline (7.5 – 8.5) 40..32

Total 581.96

Fig. : Soil reaction status of Bhanapur microwatershed

Fig. : Salinity status of Bhanapur microwatershed

EC (dS/m) Area (ha)

Non-saline 571.01

Saline 10.95

Total 581.96

O.C (%) Area (ha)

Low 454.13

Medium 126.83

Total 581.96

Fig. : Organic carbon status of Bhanapur microwatershed

N (kg/ha) Area (ha)

Low 580.42

Medium 1.54

Total 581.96

Fig. : Available nitrogen status of Bhanapur microwatershed

Fig. : Available phosphorus status of Bhanapur microwatershed

P2O5 (kg/ha) Area (ha)

Low 26.71

Medium 555.25

Total 581.96

K2O (kg/ha) Area (ha)

Low 66.00

Medium 365.65

High 150.31

Total 581.96

Fig. : Available potassium status of Bhanapur microwatershed

Fig. : Available sulphur status of Bhanapur microwatershed

S (mg/kg) Area (ha)

Low 417.32

Medium 164.64

Total 581.96

Fe (mg/kg) Area (ha)

Deficient 85.46

Sufficient 61.06

Excess 435.44

Total 581.96

Fig. : Available iron status of Bhanapur microwatershed

Fig. : Available manganese status of Bhanapur microwatershed

Mn (mg/kg) Area (ha)

Excess 581.96

Total 581.96

Fig. : Available zinc status of Bhanapur microwatershed

Zn (mg/kg) Area (ha)

Deficient 232.02

Sufficient 349.94

Total 581.96

Fig. : Available copper status of Bhanapur microwatershed

Cu (mg/kg) Area (ha)

Deficient 232.02

Sufficient 349.94

Total 581.96

Generally, soil productivity of the watershed was low. Important productivity constraints identified are;Low soil moisture, Low soil depth, Gravelly coarse texture Low organic matter andDeficiency of N, P, S, Zn and Cu.

Demographic details:Population :

Gadag Koppal

Sl no Population Values % Population Values %

1 Male 493533 50.78 Male 701479 50.40

2 Female 478302 49.21 Female 689813

49.58

3 Total Population

971835 100.00 Total Population

1391292 100.00

4 Rural 629652 64.79 Rural 1157659 83.20

5 Urban 342183 35.21 Urban 233633 16.80

literacy status

Gadag koppal

Sl no Population % %

1 Male 79.3 74.26

2 Female 52.5 55.78

3 Total 66.1 67.28

RESEARCH PRIORTATION FOR WATERSHED DEVELOPMENT 1.3 Land Resource Inventory and GIS Database for Watershed Planning

Study of natural resources, evaluating soil resources for prioritization of soil and water conservation and assessing suitability of crops.

Identification of various constraints affecting crops productivity and planning for addressing constraints to enhance the productivity of crops.

Priority Research Projects in different components2.1.1 Development and Piloting of Improved Approaches, Tools and Knowledge for Integrated Watershed Management

2.1.2 Adaption of Genomics Derived Drought and Charcoal Rot Resistant rabi Sorghum Varieties and Characterisation of Niche Specific Landraces of Sorghum, Chilli and Chickpea of Gadag and Koppal Districts.2.1.3 Development of Decision Support Tools for Site Selection and for Design of Soil and Water Conservation measures2.1.4. Enhancing crop productivity through Site Specific Management of N,P,S and Micronutrients in micro catchments of Gadag and Koppal districts.2.2. DEVELOPING BEST PRACTICE MODELS FOR IMPROVED HYDROLOGICAL ASSESSMENT AND MONITORING In situ meteorological monitoring at sub-watershed scale in Gadag District2.2.2 Hydrological studies and water budgeting of the selected watersheds in Gadag and Koppal districts2.2.3 Impact of soil and water conservation structures on the groundwater regime of the sub watersheds in Gadag and Koppal districts

Research priorities in terms of Horticulture component

• Perennial Horticultural components such as fruit crops (Mango, Sapota, Tamarind, Custard apple, amla etc) vegetable crops (curry leaf, drumstick) and perennial species may be introduced for utilizing soil moisture from deeper soil horizons apart from conserving soil and rain water

• Mixed dryland orchard systems such as mango/sapota + lime/papaya/custard apple has ample scope in getting early returns with minimum expenditure towards inputs specially labour

• Short duration and intensive horticultural activities such as nurseries, cultivation of short duration vegetables such as green leafy and leguminous vegetables can be adopted under watershed areas through which soil physical and chemical properties will be improved.

• Drought hardy annual (e.g. Gailardia) and perennial (e.g.Jasmine, chrysanthemum) flower crops and medicinal and aromatic can also be adopted.

2.3.3 A.Market information and intelligence – Analysis and dissemination2.4 STRENGTHENING MARKET LINKAGES AND HORTICULTURAL DEVELOPMENTIdentification of Post Harvest Losses, approaches for improving post harvest losses and addressing agro-processing potentials and constraintsAssessment of Status on Socio-Economic and Agro-Technological Dimensions of Agricultural Systems in Watershed Areas of Gadag and Koppal districts

2.4.1 Strengthening Horticultural Producers Cooperative Marketing and Processing Societies

2.3  STRENGTHENING OF VALUE CHAINS AND SUPPORT 2.3.1  Value Addition of Economically Important Crops of Gadag District 2.3.2. Establishing of agro-processing units and value addition for Agricultural, Horticultural, livestock and Non-Timber forest produce

2.5 SUPPORTING CLIMATE SMART AGRICULTURE – ADAPTATION AND MITIGATION2.5.1 Comprehensive synthesis report on climate variability and agriculture production, including monsoon events2.5.2 Adaptive research, development, and field implementation of agro-climate advisory system for farmers, building on ISRO pilot work - research, demonstration in project areas, ICT links2.5.2 Synthesis And Demonstration of Best Farming Practices For Conservation Agriculture2.5.3  Potential for soil carbon sequestration under field and agro-forestry systems to enhance productivity and income through Carbon trade in watershed areas of Gadag and Koppal districts2.5.4 Establishment of Extensive Agroforestry-based Carbon Sinks by Integrating Geo-spatial Information Systems and Participatory Approach to Enhance Productivity and Livelihood in watershed areas of Gadag and Koppal districts2.5.5 Assessment of climate sensitive crop and animal disease/pest risks in Gadag and Koppal districts

Component- 3 INSTITUTIONAL STRENGTHENING Sub-component 3.1 AGRICULTURE INTENSIFICATION AND WATER USE INFORMATION SYSTEMS3.1.1 Production of communication materials, field notes, toolkits, videos, etc for dissemination of information on water use informationSub-component 3.2: Training programs to strengthen extension and watershed management, integration with agriculture and broader program convergence3.2.1 Technical support to prepare training modules3.2.2: Training and support to village level extension agents (Jala Mitras Gopal Mitras, farming facilitators)3.2.3 Training and support to community institutions and farmers on natural resource management, agricultural intensification, soil management, nutrient management, water management and micro-irrigation, conservation agriculture, etc, (through farmer field schools, outreach programs, etc).3.1 Designing and developing need based e- resources to build pro-climate change mitigation understanding among the local communities in the watershed areas of Gadag and Koppal districts

COMPONENT 3: INSTITUTIONAL STRENGTHENING TRAINING PROGRAMMES TO STRENGTHEN EXTENSION AND WATERSHED MANAGEMENT, INTEGRATION WITH AGRICULTURE AND BROADER PROGRAM CONVERGENCE.Empowerment of SHG members through Micro-enterprises in Watershed areas to achieve livelihood security3.2 Survey and reporting of Indigenous Technical Knowledge related to soil and water conservation, agriculture and drought adaptation

Thank You