Team Highlights, 2011 - The RSPB€¦ · Projeto Albatroz & SAVE Brasil Tatiana Neves, Dimas...
Transcript of Team Highlights, 2011 - The RSPB€¦ · Projeto Albatroz & SAVE Brasil Tatiana Neves, Dimas...
1
ALBATROSS TASK FORCE
Team Highlights, 2011 Introduction
Over half of all pelagic seabird populations are declining, with the albatross family faring the worst within
this group as 17 of the 22 species are now threatened with extinction. The overriding threat to these
graceful ocean wanderers is the accidental, yet deadly, interaction with longline and trawl fisheries that
overlap with their most important foraging grounds. Seabird interactions are typically associated with the
scavenging of baited hooks during setting operations on longline vessels and collisions with trawl warp
cables plus net entanglements in trawl fisheries.
In 2005, the RSPB and BirdLife International established the Albatross Task Force (ATF) as the world’s first
international team of mitigation instructors working directly with fishermen to demonstrate best practice
measures to reduce seabird bycatch. The ATF filled a critical gap that existed in translating knowledge and
regulations on seabird bycatch mitigation to direct action on-board vessels.
The main objective of the Task Force is to reduce bycatch of albatross and petrels in targeted fisheries, and
ultimately to improve the conservation status of threatened seabirds.
To achieve this objective the Task Force works at the frontline of albatross conservation in bycatch hotspots
in southern Africa and South America. This approach continues to be successful, leading to new
breakthroughs in 2011 including the adoption of new fishery regulations in the Brazilian longline fleet and
the use of bird scaring lines by all vessels in Uruguay.
This report provides summary information of these and other significant advances across the Task Force
teams. For each country a brief one-page overview is given of the target fishery, the team objectives, major
areas of progress and future challenges.
The successes of the ATF would not be possible without the membership contributions of The Royal
Society for the Protection of Birds (RSPB) and BirdLife International, significant support from the David
and Lucile Packard Foundation, Volvo, Adessium Foundation, Arrowgrass Capital partners LLP, BBC
Wildlife Fund, The Rufford Foundation, The Whitley Animal Protection Trust, Boston Environmental
Fund, Henry Kenner, David and Christine Walmsley plus many generous private sponsors and donors.
Simple solutions Since seabird mortality due to fishery interactions was first identified in the 1990’s, several simple and
economically viable measures have been developed to mitigate the interaction. These mitigation measures,
once adopted, rapidly reduce interactions without affecting the fishing operation. The measures that have
been identified as Best Practice include:
Bird scaring lines : a physical barrier to prevent seabirds from interacting with fishing gear;
Line weighting : the best way to rapidly sink baited hooks out of the reach of foraging birds;
Night setting : a technique to deploy fishing gear at a time when most seabirds are inactive.
2
Image: Bird scaring lines
adopted in the longline fleet.
ARGENTINA
Aves Argentinas
Leo Tamini & Nahuel Chavez
Argentinean demersal trawl and longline fishery
Target fisheries
Our team in Argentina have been working with two fleets, which together comprise a significant
proportion of industrial fishing effort across the Patagonian shelf. The first is the demersal trawl fishery,
with 33 large factory freezer trawlers accounting for an annual catch of over 195,000 tonnes of hake
Merluccius spp., hoki Macruronus magellanicus and kingclip Genypterus blacodes. Secondly, a small demersal
longline fleet targets toothfish Dissostichus eleginoides off the southern tip of South America, with three
vessels. The major ports for these fleets are Mar del Plata,
Puerto Madryn and Ushuaia.
Team progress
1. Through collaboration with the Ministry of Fisheries
and Aquiculture, the official effort data for the trawl
fishery has been analysed and used to extrapolate a
seabird bycatch estimate for the fleet. As this
information is sensitive we are in the process of
presenting the official bycatch estimate to stakeholders before making this information publicly
available. The findings we have produced will then be published in a peer reviewed scientific journal.
Meanwhile we are working to implement mitigation measures in this trawl fishery;
2. A towed device which improves bird scaring line efficiency once deployed has been fully developed
into a commercial prototype and is currently undergoing long-term durability trials on commercial
trawl vessels in the harsh conditions associated with the Patagonian shelf. This is crucial for the
practical application of bird scaring lines across the fleet;
3. At-sea comparative trials of two bird scaring line designs for the
demersal longline fleet were conducted in late 2010 and early 2011.
The results of the trials identified the most efficient bird scaring line
design which was presented before the Federal Fisheries Council
and is now being used on the three vessels in this small fleet;
4. In 2011 the first trips were made on side-hauling trawl vessels, part
of the 150 strong wet-fish fleet. This fishing technique leaves the nets
floating in the water beside the vessel while the cod-end is brought
on-board and the catch emptied on deck. The peculiar style of
fishing is considered to have significant impact on petrels and
shearwaters and mitigation measures do not currently exist for this
fishery.
Future challenges
The main challenge for the ATF in Argentina is supporting the fleet wide adoption of mitigation measures
in the trawl fishery; the development of a new mitigation measure for side-hauling vessels is an important
new initiative.
Team objectives: Complete annual bycatch estimate for the
trawl fleet;
At-sea durability testing of towed device
Best practice mitigation development for
longline fishery
3
BRAZIL
Projeto Albatroz & SAVE Brasil
Tatiana Neves, Dimas Gianuca,
Kleber Baraldo & Rodrigo Sant’Ana
Brazilian pelagic longline fishery
Target fisheries
In Brazil the team is working with the pelagic long line fishery, a fleet of both large steel hulled vessels and
smaller wooden boats. The fleet operates from southeast Brazil and is based in the ports of Rio Grande,
Itajaí and Santos. While the fleet is changeable, we have regular contact with over 25 vessels in these ports.
Team progress
1. In April 2011 a new law was passed in Brazil which requires any longline vessel fishing below latitude
20° S to use a bird scaring line and line weighting of at least 60 g placed within 2 m from the hook. This
new regulation was based on experimental research conducted by Projeto Albatroz and the ATF in 2009
and 2010;
2. We have contacted all 29 vessels in the pelagic longline fleet to provide or help build bird scaring lines,
of which 10 (34.5 %) are now using this measure;
3. Our at-sea effort continues, working to demonstrate best practice to fishers and to collect seabird
bycatch data. In 2011 over 33,000 longline hooks were observed by ATF instructors on-board vessels
deploying bird scaring lines in combination with alternating line weighting regimes. Not a single bird
was caught while the bird scaring line was deployed;
4. Our experimental effort throughout 2010 and 2011 has shown that placing line weights closer to the
hook has no impact on the target species catch. Resistance from some companies in the fishing
industry is largely based on the assumption that line weighting reduces their profitability. Our work
clearly demonstrates that this is not the case.
5. The Hook Pod is an emerging mitigation measure that has been developed by BirdLife International in
collaboration with a British engineering company, Fishtek Ltd. The Hook Pod is a capsule that protects
the barb of the hook until the fishing gear reaches a target depth, at which point the capsule opens and
releases the hook. The first trials to be conducted in South America were performed in Brazil. No
birds were killed during the experiment and the Hook Pods worked well and fitted easily into the
commercial operation on-board.
Future challenges
The main challenge in Brazil is to achieve 100% implementation of the new mitigation regulation in the
longline fishery. Some resistance has been encountered since the regulations came into force and this will
only be resolved through continued demonstration and the accumulation of sufficient catch and bycatch
data to quell the doubts coming from some sectors within the industry.
Team objectives: Continue demonstration of mitigation measures throughout the fleet; Compare catch rate of target fish species with two line weighting configurations;
Conduct Hook Pod tests on-board a commercial vessel in an area with high seabird abundance.
4
CHILE
CODEFF & ATF Chile
Luis Cabezas & Cristián Suazo
Chilean demersal trawl fishery
Target fisheries
Our work in Chile began with the northern pelagic longline fleet. Thanks to ATF workshops, observers in
this fleet now collect seabird bycatch data in close to 100% of operations and record mitigation measure
compliance for bird-scaring lines, line weighting
and night setting. This allows us to target new
fleets including the trawl and purse seine fisheries.
Team progress
Southern ports in Chile were heavily affected by
the 2010 earthquake and tsunami, including the
port of Talcahuano where the trawl fishery is
based. The tsunami had an enormous impact on
the industry, port infrastructure and the local population. While this affected the logistics of ATF work, the
strong sense of community spirit has been a positive factor. The BirdLife partner in Chile, CODEFF, now
hosts the ATF which was previously managed by the NGO Centro Ballena Azul. This change will help
integrate the team within the BirdLife network.
1. Following the initial preparations in 2010 to start work in the trawl fleet, the ATF team has successfully
initiated on-board observations of seabird interactions with the fishery. This has been possible due to
extremely positive collaboration with a fishery association of trawl vessels (SONAPESCA), the National
Observer Programme and the Ministry of Fisheries;
2. In 2011 at-sea observer effort has accrued a high level of coverage, with over a hundred trawls
observed so far and over 300 hours of seabird interaction data collected. This is an excellent start to
developing the first annual bycatch estimate for this fishery;
3. In addition to monitoring seabird interactions, through agreement with the fishing industry we have
begun experimental trials to compare seabird interactions in the presence and absence of mitigation
measures – in this case we are exporting a tried and tested bird scaring line design from South Africa,
Namibia and Argentina;
4. The first trips were conducted on the purse-seine fleet to identify pink-footed shearwater Puffinus
creatopus and other seabird bycatch. We have already confirmed bycatch exists in this large fleet and we
are now working to develop an annual estimate;
5. Community awareness is an important part of the work programme and an excellent level of news
coverage and community presentations was achieved this year.
Future challenges
Our team in Chile has made a good start at the collection of bycatch and interaction data in the trawl
fishery. The challenge is to maintain the observation effort across all seasons so that a robust estimate can
be produced in 2012. With experimental work on track we should be in a good position to present our
findings to government and industry toward the end of 2012, at which point we would contribute to the
update of the Chilean National Plan of Action Seabirds.
Team objectives: Commence on-board observations in the trawl
fishery;
Initiate mitigation experiments with trawl fleet;
Increase awareness in southern ports and
communities.
5
Fig 1: The median, interquartile rage, minimum and
maximum hake catch when using 450 or 900 g weights.
ECUADOR
Aves y Conservación
Jorge Samaniego & Roberto Medina
Ecuadorian demersal longline fishery
Target fisheries
The ATF in Ecuador is working with the demersal longline fishery that targets hake Merlucius gayi. In
Ecuador, hake was previously caught for conversion into fish meal but now several ports have artisanal
fleets that target hake for human consumption. The main ports are Santa Rosa, Aconcito and San Mateo, all
in the south of Ecuador, close to the main port of Guayaquil. Our work is concentrated in Santa Rosa,
where 25 vessels operate, each setting approximately 400 hooks per line, three to four times per day.
Team progress
In 2010 the ATF in Ecuador documented the first records of Waved albatross being killed in the demersal
longline fishery. The Waved albatross is a Critically Endangered species, and as such this fishery requires
urgent attention. We moved quickly to begin testing line weighting regimes to identify whether a faster
sink rate could prevent albatross bycatch in this fleet.
1. A year of dedicated observation has provided
something of a mystery: there was no seabird
mortality recorded in 2011;
2. Bycatch events are caused by several factors and
we are continuing our work in Ecuador to
investigate and understand inter-annual variation;
3. Our experimental work with line weighting shows
no negative consequences on target species catch
(see Fig) – in fact there is some indication that a
higher proportion of larger hake are caught when
using heavier line weights, with economic benefits;
4. We have achieved a high presence in the main
ports, with 88 port visits and 38 meetings with the
fishing community.
Future challenges
Our challenge in Ecuador is to better understand Waved albatross bycatch and demonstrate mitigation
measures can be effective without affecting fish catch or operation. In order to do so, we will need to
identify the environmental, biological and operational factors that influence bycatch events.
Team objectives: Identify means of mitigating seabird bycatch in the Ecuadorian demersal longline fleet;
Complete comparison of sink rate of the fishing gear under two line weighting regimes;
Compare catch rate of target fish between traditional and modified fishing gear;
Support the implementation of the Waved albatross Action Plan.
6
Fig 2: Two line sink rates – the faster sinking line
(lower line) represents hooks close to stone weights,
the slower sinking line (upper line) represents
hooks at the furthest point between weights.
NAMIBIA
Namibian Nature Foundation &
Ministry of Marine Resource Management
John Patterson & Kaspar Shimooshili
Namibian demersal longline and trawl fisheries
Target fisheries
Our team in Namibia is based in the main fishing port, Walvis Bay, and works with the Namibian demersal
trawl and demersal longline fleets, both targeting
hake. The two fleets constitute 90 vessels which
fish year round with the exception of October,
during which time both fisheries are under closure
to allow the hake stock recruitment.
Team progress
Of the two fleets we are working with, our main
progress has been with the longline fishery as the next steps in the trawl fishery depend largely on
obtaining government adoption of regulations which is a slow but essential process.
1. Based on observations and total fishery effort, around 32,300 (6,453 – 62,408) seabirds are killed in
Namibia each year by the demersal longline fleet;
2. Our experimental mitigation research results indicate that this mortality can be reduced by 86.4 % and
98.2 % through the use of a single tori line or paired tori line respectively;
3. We have identified that fishing gear is sinking slowly in this fleet: baited hooks are still within two
metres of the surface as far as 100 m behind the
vessel (Fig 2). The variability is large, with hooks
close to line weights sinking fast and hooks
between weights sinking slowly. We are
commencing work to identify a weighting system
based on best practice measures in similar fleets;
4. The Namibian government has completed its final
round of stakeholder consultation, and BirdLife
gave presentations to the Ministry of Fisheries and
Marine Resources and the national observer
agency. This is the final step toward adoption of
the NPOA-Seabirds;
Future challenges
In 2010/11 our work with bird scaring lines has shown
that the longline fleet can dramatically reduce seabird
bycatch by using bird-scaring lines. In 2011, our estimate of 32,300 birds being killed per year in the
demersal longline fleet indicates the importance of ensuring uptake of this simple and effective mitigation
measure. However, our 2011 results have also highlighted that the sink rate is too slow. Line weighting
must be improved if seabird bycatch is to be reduced to minimal levels in this fleet. In 2012 we will conduct
line weighting experiments to identify best practice for this fleet.
Team objectives: Lobby for adoption of a Namibian National Plan of
Action-Seabirds;
Complete annual bycatch estimate for trawl fishery;
Identify sink rate of demersal longline gear.
7
SOUTH AFRICA
BirdLife South Africa
Ross Wanless, Bronwyn Maree
& Tshikana Rasehlomi
South African trawl and pelagic longline fisheries
Target fisheries
The South African ATF team focused on two main fisheries in 2011, namely the demersal trawl fishery and
pelagic longline fishery (both the domestic and foreign/joint-venture fleets). The trawl fishery consists of
about 30 active vessels (wet-fish and freezer included) which target hake, mainly along the shelf edge. The
pelagic longline fleet targets swordfish and tuna species. The foreign fleet consisted of 15 active vessels,
while the local fleet has about 10 active vessels.
Team progress
1. Considerable at-sea effort (8 trips) was achieved in the domestic longline fleet to obtain sufficient data
to complete the Safe Lead experiment which commenced in late 2009. Results show that Safe Leads are
a cost-effective and operationally simple alternative to traditional weighted swivels with significant
benefits to crew safety;
2. A total of 18 trawl trips were conducted during 2011, of which nine were dedicated to investigating the
effect of auxiliary (lateral) bird scaring lines used in conjunction with bird scaring lines on trawl vessels.
A student from a local university provided additional at-sea observation effort in this project;
3. The ATF collaborated in drafting and submitting technical improvements to the trawl fishery permit
conditions. These changes were adopted in August 2011;
4. The first multi-year (2006-10) bycatch estimate for the demersal trawl fishery has been completed, with
wide consultation amongst government, fishing industry representatives and statisticians. The latest
figure suggests major reductions in albatross mortalities, but not for the overall number of seabirds
killed. These data will be published in a peer-reviewed scientific journal in mid-2012;
5. The ATF team, together with the local observer agency ensure that all joint-venture (JV) vessels were
briefed on every pelagic longline permit condition before fishing in South African waters. The briefing
takes the format of a workshop and includes a translator. The latest available figure for seabird bycatch
in the JV fleet for 2011 is 0.07 birds/1000 hooks (compared to the NPOA-Seabirds objective of 0.05
birds/1000 hooks).
Future challenges
Our main objectives for 2012 include experimental testing of Hook Pods in the domestic pelagic longline
fleet, continued monitoring of the trawl fishery to implement the amended permit conditions and
observations in the demersal hake longline fishery.
Team objectives: Complete a three-year data set on the effect of heavier line weights (Safe Leads) on catch rate of
target and non-target species in the pelagic longline fishery;
Evaluate the efficiency and practical use of a second mitigation measure in the trawl fishery;
Update the seabird bycatch estimate for the trawl fishery from 2006-2011.
8
URUGUAY
Proyecto Albatros y Petreles - Uruguay
& Aves Uruguay
Andrés Domingo, Sebastián Jiménez & Martin Abreu
Uruguayan pelagic longline fishery
Target fisheries
The ATF team in Uruguay works with the pelagic
longline fleet. This fleet targets swordfish (Xiphias
gladius), tuna (Thunnus spp.) and pelagic sharks
(mainly Prionace glauca and Isurus oxyrinchus) and
operates from the two ports of Montevideo and La
Paloma.
Team progress
During 2011, the main task on-board was
to complete the mitigation research begun in 2009 and 2010 to provide a definitive conclusion on streamer
line efficiency. The main advances in Uruguay in 2011 were:
1. A total of six fishing trips including 60 days at-sea, with bird scaring line research conducted on
49 setting operations;
2. Our data from the last three years show that the seabird bycatch rate in Uruguay is reduced by at least
85% and as much as 92% when using a bird scaring line;
3. Technical modifications to the bird scaring line design have been completed which includes using
stronger materials along the aerial extent and shortening the towed device to prevent entanglements;
4. The sink rate profile of Uruguayan pelagic longline gear was identified, indicating that baited hooks
sink almost twice as fast over the first two metres depth if
line weights are placed 1.0 m instead of 4.5 m from the
hook;
5. The team in Uruguay hosted the ATF instructors
workshop in March 2012, with special guests including
members of industry and relevant government
departments;
6. The team collaborated with the National Observer
Programme (PNOFA) to provide and instruct bird scaring
line use for 100% of Uruguayan and Japanese flagged
vessels fishing in Uruguayan waters. Observer data shows
100% compliance in each fleet.
Future challenges
Two major challenges over the next year include the reduction of bird scaring line entanglements to a
minimum and studying the effect of alternative weighting on the catch of target fish species. We expect to
obtain an improved performance of the bird scaring line following the research we conducted to modify
the design plus incorporating changes in the fishing operation in collaboration with fishing captains.
Team objectives: Complete bird scaring line experimental research
Identify the sink rate profile of pelagic longline gear
in the Uruguayan fleet;
In-port awareness and mitigation provision to the
Japanese longline fleet.
Image: Pelagic longline setting operation with
the Uruguayan bird scaring line deployed.
9
CONCLUSIONS
Action is urgently required on-board longliners and trawlers to halt the dramatic declines in albatross and
petrel populations. The Task Force is delivering the conservation action where it is most needed, in ports
and at-sea shoulder-to-shoulder with the fishing industry.
Advances in mitigation measure development
The Albatross Task Force has made significant progress in 2011, in terms of mitigation research on bird
scaring lines (Argentina, Brazil, Namibia, South Africa, Uruguay) and line weighting regimes (Namibia,
Uruguay) as well as being able to demonstrate the negligible impact of mitigation measures on target fish
catch (Brazil, Ecuador, South Africa).
Our results have been extremely positive across the countries we are working in. In pelagic and demersal
longline fisheries we are showing that a combination of bird scaring lines, line weighting and night setting
significantly reduces seabird bycatch or interactions that lead to bycatch (Uruguay, Brazil and Namibia)
whereas in trawl fisheries we have shown that bird scaring lines deliver dramatic reductions in seabird
bycatch (South Africa, Namibia and Argentina). In 2011 the ATF has also delivered significant results in
terms of seabird bycatch estimates (especially the trawl fisheries in Argentina, South Africa and Namibia)
and testing mitigation for the first time in previously unstudied fisheries (Ecuador and Chile).
Making the link from vessels to regulations
Across all ATF teams, the results we have generated through experimental work on a limited number of
vessels have been backed up by a complementary awareness and education campaign to demonstrate the
techniques across the fleet, both in ports and at-sea. However, achieving fleet-wide adoption of best
practice measures remains our most demanding challenge. With new regulations passed in Brazil in 2011,
we have now managed to support the inclusion of mitigation measures in fishery regulations in three of the
seven countries we are working in (Brazil, Chile and South Africa). Two more countries (Namibia and
Uruguay) are at an advanced stage of having their results incorporated in national legislation through
collaboration with government departments and, in the case of Namibia an update to their National Plan of
Action – Seabirds. Thanks to our input and the cooperation of local industry and government this plan will
be one of the first to be compliant with international best practice advice developed in 2009 by the United
Nations Food and Agricultural Organisation.
International significance
This year we received recognition of the breadth and scope of our work from the Agreement on the
Conservation of Albatross and Petrels (ACAP) following our significant contribution to the Seabird Bycatch
Working Group that took place in Ecuador in August 2011. A letter of appreciation from the ACAP
Executive Secretary and Chair of the Advisory Committee thanked the ATF for having ‘vastly improved our
understanding of seabird bycatch mitigation, particularly in pelagic longline fisheries’ and for the results we
presented from ATF mitigation research which ‘will considerably aid our work in improving the conservation
status of albatrosses and petrels’.
As well as BirdLife’s work through the Albatross Task Force, BirdLife engages at the policy level with
governments and inter-governmental organisations governing global fisheries. Through our work over the
last 8 years with the world’s tuna commissions, we have had major successes in strengthening the bycatch
mitigation requirements for global pelagic longline vessels which overlap with albatross and petrel
distribution. The Albatross Task Force is increasingly providing strong inputs for this policy work with
global fisheries, and this in turn has secured requirements for use of bycatch mitigation measures which
10
strengthen our ability to deliver success in ATF countries. This positive feedback between the ATF and our
policy work is increasing all the time.
Future challenges
The challenge of obtaining significant reductions in bycatch requires full adoption of measures across all
target fleets, high levels of compliance with regulations, and effective monitoring. Our experience has
shown that a lot of work is required to ensure fleet-wide adoption of mitigation measures. We have
achieved important advances in bycatch mitigation research, in demonstrating that dramatic reductions in
seabird bycatch is possible, and in achieving this reduction in some fleets (e.g. South Africa and Chile
pelagic longline), but we must now carry forward that momentum to see the adoption of effective
measures across entire fleets. In order to do so, we must intensify our collaboration with industry and
governmental departments to reach all companies, vessels, captains and crew.