© 2015 Orbital ATK. All Rights Reserved.

Teaching STEM is Rocket Science

Zach Greenberg

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October 7, 2015

© 2015 Orbital ATK. All Rights Reserved.

Introductions: Orbital ATK

New Global Aerospace and Defense Company Established by Merger of Orbital and Alliant

Techsystems in Early 2015

About $4.5 Billion in Pro Forma Revenue Targeted for 2015

Leading Developer and Manufacturer of Innovative, Affordable Products for Government

and Commercial Customers

Launch Vehicles, Propulsion Systems and Aerospace Structures

Missile Products, Defense Electronics, Armament Systems and Ammunition

Satellites, Space Components and Technical Services

12,000 Employees, Including 4,000 Engineers and Scientists

Over $12 billion in Contract Backlog with Strong Near-term Growth Prospects

Strong Revenue Growth, Earnings Accretion and Cash Flow Outlook

Orbital ATK, Inc. - Overview 2

Aerospace Systems

Defense Systems

Innovation… Delivered

© 2015 Orbital ATK. All Rights Reserved.

Core Values and Guiding Principles

For our customers, we will always

act with integrity and responsiveness,

working to earn and maintain their

loyalty every day.

For our investors, we will

manage our business with

discipline and deploy its capital

to enhance long-term returns to

shareholders.

For our employees, we will

encourage the highest levels of

engagement, diligence and

creativity, and reward their

dedication and teamwork.

For our suppliers, we will be

honest and fair, seeking

opportunities for beneficial

collaboration in long-term

alliances.

For our country, we are proudly patriotic and deeply

grateful to those who defend our freedom. In addition, we

are an involved and responsible corporate citizen of the

communities where we live and work. Orbital ATK, Inc. - Overview 3

Our Mission: To conceive, develop and manufacture space, defense

and aviation systems and products that are innovative, reliable and

affordable. By doing so, we assist our customers in protecting the

Unites States and our allies; in providing global transportation,

communications and monitoring; and in conducting space

sciences and exploration missions.

Our Vision: To create the most innovative and

affordable aerospace and defense systems and

products, enabling individuals, business and

governments to be more secure, connected,

informed and inspired.

Our Values: Safety, reliability and

integrity are the three absolutes in

everything we do.

© 2015 Orbital ATK. All Rights Reserved.

Top Customers and Revenue Composition

52%

20%

28%

National Security NASA/Civil

Government

Commercial/

International

Approximate Revenue Distribution Orbital ATK, Inc. - Overview 4

© 2015 Orbital ATK. All Rights Reserved.

David Thompson – President & CEO

Blake Larson – Chief Operating Officer

Garrett Pierce – Chief Financial Officer

Organizational Structure and Leadership

Antonio Elias – Executive Vice

President/Chief Technical Officer

Chris Wolf – Senior Vice President/

Human Resources

Tom McCabe – Senior Vice

President/General Counsel

Flight Systems Group

Scott Lehr – Group President

Ronald Grabe – Senior Advisor

Defense Systems Group

Michael Kahn – Group President

Space Systems Group

Frank Culbertson – Group President

Michael Larkin– Senior Vice President

Propulsion Systems – Charles Precourt

Launch Vehicles – Rich Straka

Antares Program – Mike Pinkston

Aerospace Structures – Steve Earl

Missile Products – Pat Nolan

Defense Electronics – Cary Ralston

Armament Systems – Dan Olson

Ammunition – Kent Holiday

Commercial Satellites – Chris Richmond

Government Satellites – Tom Wilson (Act)

Space Components – David Shanahan

Technical Services – John Pullen

Orbital ATK, Inc. - Overview Feb2015 5

Edward Fortunato - Senior Vice

President/Government Relations

Dave Wise - Vice President/Strategy

and Integration

Greg Jones – Vice President/Business

Development and International

© 2015 Orbital ATK. All Rights Reserved.

More than 12,500 Employees Dedicated to

Aerospace and Defense Customers

4,150 Engineers and Scientists

7,000 Manufacturing and Operations

Specialists

1,000 Management and

Administration Personnel

Facilities in 17 States With Over 19

Million Sq. Ft. of R&D, Manufacturing,

Test, Operations and Office Space

6.1 Million Sq. Ft. Owned

5.3 Million Sq. Ft. Leased

8.1 Million Sq. Ft. Government Owned

Extensive Human and Physical Resources

Orbital ATK, Inc. - Overview Feb2015 6

© 2015 Orbital ATK. All Rights Reserved.

A History of Innovation and Operations Excellence

Flight Systems

First Private Developer and

Operator of Space Launch

Vehicles… More Than 85 Flown

or in Production

Leading Producer of Solid Rocket

Propulsion Systems… Over 16,000

Motors Built to Date

Primary Supplier of Long-Range

Missile Defense Interceptors and

Target Systems… More Than 300

Vehicles Built or Under Contract

Innovator in Advanced Composite

Structures Engineering and

Manufacturing for Aerospace

Applications

7 Orbital ATK, Inc. - Overview Feb2015

Defense Systems

Pioneer in Tactical Missile

Propulsion, Precision-Guided

Munitions and Advanced Weapons

World’s Largest Manufacturer

of Small- and Medium-Caliber

Ammunition… More Than 8

Billion Rounds Produced in

Last 5 Years

Principal Supplier of Medium-

Caliber Gun Systems for U.S.

and NATO… 15,000-Unit

Installed Base

Leading Domestic Armament

Facility Operator and International

Co-Production Partner

Space Systems

Major Builder of Satellites for

Commercial and Government

Customers… Over 165 Delivered

and Another 95 in Production

Pioneer in Human and Robotic In-

Space Satellite Servicing and

Logistics Systems

Industry-Standard Supplier of

Spacecraft Components and

Subsystems… Products on More

Than 800 In-Orbit Satellites

Leading Operator of Small

Research Rockets and High-

altitude Scientific Balloons…

30 Missions Conducted Per Year

© 2015 Orbital ATK. All Rights Reserved.

Three Operating Groups and 12 Product Lines

Flight Systems Group • Space Launch Vehicles

• Rocket Propulsion Systems

• Missile Defense Systems

• Aerospace Structures

Space Systems Group • Commercial Satellites

• Government Satellites

• Spacecraft Components

• Space Technical Services

Defense Systems Group • Tactical Missile Products

• Defense Electronic Systems

• Armament Systems

• Ammunition and Energetics

33%

40%

27%

Approximate Revenue Distribution Orbital ATK, Inc. - Overview Feb2015 8

© 2015 Orbital ATK. All Rights Reserved.

Flight Systems Group Overview

Medium-Class Launch Vehicles Large-Class Launch Vehicle

Propulsion Systems

Strategic Missile

Propulsion Systems

Small-Class Launch Vehicles

Suborbital Targets Commercial Aerostructures Military Aerostructures Missile Defense Interceptors

Annual Sales of About $1.5 Billion

Workforce of Approximately 4,500 People

Major Operations in Arizona, Utah, Virginia,

Ohio, Alabama and Mississippi Orbital ATK, Inc. - Overview Feb2015 9

© 2015 Orbital ATK. All Rights Reserved.

Defense Systems Group Overview

Missile Propulsion Systems Precision-Guided Munitions Aircraft Protection Systems Advanced Tactical Missiles

Advanced Gun Systems Medium-Caliber Systems Small-Caliber Ammunition Light Gunships

Annual Sales of About $1.9 Billion

Workforce of Approximately 4,600 People

Major Operations in Maryland, West Virginia, Virginia,

Missouri, Minnesota, Arizona, Texas, Florida and California Orbital ATK, Inc. - Overview Feb2015 10

© 2015 Orbital ATK. All Rights Reserved.

Space Systems Group Overview

Scientific Spacecraft Human Space Systems National Security Satellites Commercial Satellites

Space Components Space Engineering Services Research Rocket and

Balloon Operations

Advanced Space Systems

Annual Sales of About $1.2 Billion

Workforce of Approximately 2,700 People

Major Operations in Virginia, Maryland, California,

Arizona, Texas and Utah Orbital ATK, Inc. - Overview Feb2015

11

© 2015 Orbital ATK. All Rights Reserved.

Introductions: Zach Greenberg

Education:

Bachelor of Science in Engineering, Aerospace Engineering University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan

− Aircraft, spacecraft, structures, controls, programming, engineering principles, technical communications

Master of Engineering, Space Systems Engineering Stevens Institute of Technology, Hoboken, New Jersey

− Program and project management, human and robotic spaceflight, operations, analysis, modeling and simulation

Work Experience

Launch Vehicles

− Flight Termination and Stage Separation

Space Vehicles

− Propulsion Systems

− Mission Operations

− System Architecture Design and Suitability

− Business Development, Bids, and Proposals

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© 2015 Orbital ATK. All Rights Reserved.

Engineering Is Not A Desk Job

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© 2015 Orbital ATK. All Rights Reserved.

My Context

How I Contribute to Orbital ATK

Roles

− Formerly, Lead Propulsion Analyst

◦ How much propellant is left?

◦ How will the system perform?

− Lead Propulsion Engineer

◦ All elements of cost, schedule, and technical performance

− “Utility” Systems Engineer

◦ Mission operations, business development

Programs

− Cygnus – International Space Station Resupply

◦ Bring supplies to the astronauts aboard ISS

− Commercial Communications Spacecraft

• GEOStar-2 and GEOStar-3

• Direct-to-home communication services

• Data relay and communication services

− National Programs

◦ Support the nation by contributing to advanced, reliable space based capabilities

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© 2015 Orbital ATK. All Rights Reserved.

My Involvement With Education

Many teachers in my family

Volunteering for youth groups

What I’ve Learned

Excellent classroom assembly, disassembly, and relocation skills

Students are highly impressionable, at all levels

There is no such thing as enough planning time

Take every opportunity to help and support education and educators

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© 2015 Orbital ATK. All Rights Reserved.

Engineering Motivation

What’s Next?

Your students in your STEM classes will determine that

Engineering Careers

Technical challenges, innovation, intellectual stimulation

Constant demand, opportunities to contribute across many subject areas

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Image Source: http://www.wikipedia.org

Image Source: http://www.wikipedia.org

© 2015 Orbital ATK. All Rights Reserved.

Problem Solving Activity

Tell me every piece of information about a student that you would need in order to determine if: (1) he/she will be a good student, (2) verify that he/she is a good student once you’ve started to teach him/her, and (3) determine the cause of any problems which may arise over the course of his/her instruction.

Constraints and Outputs:

(1) The student is coming from a school in a foreign country, and that school can only provide you with three pieces of information. Those three pieces of information can either each be a number, or a phrase with no more than five words. What three pieces of information do you request?

(2) The student does not speak the same languages that you do, and is from a culture where gestures and images have significantly different meanings from those in your language and culture. Fortunately, a translator who knows the language and the culture is available. After school each day, the translator will take your lessons and translate them for the student, so he/she receives all of the necessary instruction. Unfortunately, the translator can only be in class with you for one hour each day. This is your only time for assessment and communication directly with this student. It takes six minutes to translate from your language into the student’s, allow time for the student to answer, and then translate back into your language. So, you’ll only be able to ask the student 10 questions in this time each day, with answers that can be no longer than a single sentence. Provide some general methodologies or strategies for handling this unique assessment situation.

(3) For emergencies, the translator will make you a set of three questions in the student’s language, written out with up to four answers each. You may use this any time you wish, point to a question, and the student will point to an answer. What are those three questions and answers?

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© 2015 Orbital ATK. All Rights Reserved.

Problem Solving Activity – Tie In

Tell me every piece of information about a student [spacecraft] that you would need in order to determine if he/she [it] will be a good student [successfully accomplish its mission], verify that he/she [the spacecraft] is a good student [properly accomplishing its mission] once you’ve started to teach him/her [it has launched], and determine the cause of any problems which may arise over the course of his/her instruction [its mission].

Constraints:

This mission will be adapted from a heritage mission, with some overlap, but will operate in a significantly different environment with brand new mission requirements. Only minimal information from this heritage mission is applicable going forward. What elements of heritage can be applied to this new mission?

This mission will fly in a orbit that only provides you with 3 hours of contact with the spacecraft each day. During those contacts, only a limited amount of data can be acquired from the spacecraft. What information do you put on the data channel to verify the spacecraft is performing its mission properly?

If there is a major anomaly, the spacecraft will go into safe mode, providing only critical functions and critical data. What are those critical functions and critical data necessary to keep the spacecraft healthy and to provide the ground controllers with sufficient information to diagnose and fix the problem?

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© 2015 Orbital ATK. All Rights Reserved.

Engineering Careers – Skills and Perspectives

Problem Solving

Understand all of the constraints of a given problem space

Clearly bound the problem with explicit assumptions

Evaluate various methods to solve the problem

Select the best method to solve the problem

Execute the chosen method

Iterate and adapt the methodology as appropriate

Document the methodology and solution

Technical Communication

Present technical information to non-technical people

Present technical information to people who know more about it than you do

Unambiguously communicate assumptions, methodologies, and results

Explain in terms your audience is comfortable with

− I’m a propulsion engineer, if someone is explaining circuits to me, it’s more easily digested if analogies to valves and tubing are used to help the explanation along

Insufficient emphasis in STEM courses, both in primary and secondary education

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© 2015 Orbital ATK. All Rights Reserved.

Effective Technical Communication

Poor Technical Communication

Hydrazine is used in some REA

types, which is stored in tanks with

special PMDs, which make use of

surface tension. Due to the strongest

force in orbit being surface tension,

these hydrazine flow structures are

made to ensure the engines always

have propellant.

Improved Technical Communication

The Hydrazine used by the Rocket

Engine Assemblies (REAs) is stored

in the propellant tanks. Constant

propellant flow is maintained using

surface tension Propellant

Management Devices (PMDs).

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Acronyms (which we love in engineering) are not defined on first use

Excellent way to create issues – no-one wants to have to be the one to ask “what does that stand for”

Technical information is not well organized

Are the REAs stored in tanks, or is the Hydrazine?

Extraneous information is included

“It’s not necessary to prove you’re the smartest one in the room”

Suggested Reference:

“The Elements of Style”, William

Strunk Jr. and E.B. White.

© 2015 Orbital ATK. All Rights Reserved.

Engineering Careers – Skills and Perspectives

Perfection vs. Experimentation Balance

Both of the following are true:

− Aerospace and Defense has no tolerance for mistakes, it has to work the first time

− Aerospace and Defense is a major source of innovations and technology development

Seemingly contradictory

− Innovation requires experimentation, which may succeed or fail

− Critical missions (e.g. manned spaceflight) require perfection, with no room for error

Need to train “technical chameleons” capable of living in both of these worlds

− Apply the right approach at the right time

− Ensure technical solutions are neither over or under constrained

Risk Management

Ability to find all of the “hard” elements of a problem

Don’t shy away from them – figure out how to gain confidence in them

No forward progress without risks

− No forward progress if our risks are continually realized, resulting in failures

Carefully articulated balance – Risk Management is an art and a science

How can risk management be taught in the classroom?

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© 2015 Orbital ATK. All Rights Reserved.

Engineering Careers – Skills and Perspectives

Precision Achievement

A scientist and an engineer are placed in a room with a $1,000,000 check at the other

end. They are told that when they reach the check, they may have it. They are also

told that they may only advance towards the check once per minute, and that each

time they move, they may traverse half the distance remaining to the check. The

scientist becomes furious stating “this is impossible, doing that, I’ll never actually

reach the check!” The engineer smiles and says “that’s OK, after a short while, I’ll be

close enough for all practical purposes.” The scientist would spend infinity trying to

truly reach the check, where the engineer would get within arm’s reach, and grab it.

Significant emphasis on complete achievement, and going above and beyond

Equal emphasis necessary on understanding the practical realities and achieving them

Dimensional Analysis

Anything can be multiplied by 1, but 1 is not always just 1

− 2.20462 lbm / 1 kg = 1; 9 degrees Rankine / 5 degrees Kelvin = 1

One of the most useful analytical tools (and analytical mindsets) I’ve ever learned

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© 2015 Orbital ATK. All Rights Reserved.

Dangerous Mistakes – Check Your Units

Engine Vendor Specification

“Through nominal operations of the

Rocket Engine Assemble (REA),

temperatures of up to 1400 degrees

are observed in test. These

conditions are acceptable for on-

orbit operations.”

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Graph indicates safe engine operation

based upon the vendor information

Or does it?

Inconel is a common aerospace

material used in high-temperature

applications

Melting point: 2460ºF (1350ºC)

Your engine just melted

Engine Vendor Specification

“Through nominal operations of the Rocket Engine Assemble (REA), temperatures of up to 1400 degrees Fahrenheit are observed in test. These conditions are acceptable for on-orbit operations.”

Finding, catching, and correcting imprecise details and missing information is a crucial engineering skill

0

500

1000

1500

0 10 20 Ch

amb

er

Tem

p (

°C)

Time (Minutes)

Max Temp

1375ºC

© 2015 Orbital ATK. All Rights Reserved.

A Word On Accidents (Different from Mistakes)

Rocket Launch Failure

Rocket Failure Seconds into the 5th launch of Antares (4th launch of Cygnus to

the ISS)

Alternate launch vehicle for next launch to ISS

Antares main engine replaced on accelerated schedule

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© 2015 Orbital ATK. All Rights Reserved.

Engineering Careers – Skills and Perspectives

Resiliency

Everything does not always work

There is not always an answer

Accidents and Mistakes are a reality of engineering

Redundancy, backup plans, and recovery plans are critical

Engineer for the best, plan for the worst

Intuition, Creativity and Curiosity

Find new and interesting ways to make things work

Exhaust all possibilities to find the answer

An unanswered question is an opportunity

− It may also be the key to saving a mission or a life

An ability to “understand everything,” even outside of one’s area of expertise

A Strong Demand for Excellence

A Strong Desire to Work On Really Cool Stuff

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© 2015 Orbital ATK. All Rights Reserved.

Orbital Commercial Cargo Program

Under the joint NASA / Orbital Commercial Orbital Transportation Services (COTS) Program, Orbital ATK developed the “Cygnus” Advanced Maneuvering Space Vehicle, Which is Designed to Meet the Stringent Safety Requirements for International Space Station (ISS) Cargo Operations

Developed through Space Act Agreement (2008)

Successful Antares Test Flight Accomplished in April 2013

ISS Demonstration Mission and 2 Operational Missions Completed

Following the COTS Demonstration Mission, Orbital ATK is Providing Cargo Resupply to ISS Under the Cargo Resupply Services Contract

10 Flights Over Period From 2013-2017

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Drawing Upon Its 30 Years Of Satellite And Major Space Systems

Development And Operations Experience, Orbital ATK Embarked On A

Venture To Provide Low Earth Orbit Cargo Transfer Services To NASA’s

ISS Program

© 2015 Orbital ATK. All Rights Reserved.

Cygnus Overview

The Cygnus vehicle is comprised of two modules -

Service Module (SM)

Orbital ATK GEO and LEO missions heritage

with fault tolerant 4 flight computer architecture

Power : 2 Fixed Wing Solar Arrays

Propulsion: 1 engine for major orbit shaping , 3

thruster sets for attitude control and ISS

rendezvous maneuvers

Navigation: GPS, ISS Relative GPS Navigation,

LIDAR

Communication: RF directly to ISS, RF to

TDRSS/Ground Stations, 1553 direct to ISS

(berthed)

Pressurized Cargo Module (PCM)

Heritage: Multi-Purpose Logistics Module (ISS); ATV

Total Payload Mass: 2,000 kg, passive and powered

Pressurized Volume: 18.7 m3

Berthing at ISS: Node 2 Common Berthing Mechanism

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© 2015 Orbital ATK. All Rights Reserved.

Cygnus Mission Control

Cygnus missions are operated from Orbital's state-of-the-art Mission Control Complex in

Dulles, Virginia, in concert with NASA’s Johnson Space Center in Houston, Texas.

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© 2015 Orbital ATK. All Rights Reserved.

Cygnus Service Modules in Final Assembly and Test

at Orbital’s Satellite Manufacturing Facility

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© 2015 Orbital ATK. All Rights Reserved.

Orb-D1 Mission Summary Video

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Available At: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=udhxrpuA_Ys

© 2015 Orbital ATK. All Rights Reserved.

Thank You!

Without the hard work, long hours, and devotion to student achievement characteristic of those devoted to education, none of us would be positioned to accomplish these great engineering feats.

Science, Technology, Engineering, and Math education plays a significant role in shaping our future engineers.

Ensures the state of the art in all technical areas, including space, will continue to advance

Makes certain that the technologies and systems relied upon by those who defend our country and put their lives on the line for our freedom will always be of the highest caliber

Keeps those who risk life and limb for scientific advancement safe, secure, and able to push the boundaries of our knowledge of our world, and the universe around us

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Questions?