Teaching Pronunciation - Exploring the Phonemes of English 08 … · 2020. 9. 8. · •...

Exploring the Phonemes of English

TAFE QUEENSLAND

Teaching Pronunciation

RTO 0275 CRICOS 03020E

Word cloud from http://teachingpronunciation.weebly.com/pronunciation‐links.htmlEleanor Kettle

HEADING• Phonemes

• identifying and describing the phonemes of English• PronPack Sound Charts

• consonants• vowels

• Pronunciation Activities• Pronunciation Practice Activities• Ship or Sheep (Third edition)

• THRASS Word Picture Sheets• link spelling choices with vowel and consonant sounds

• use with PronPack Sound Charts• Other resources

Teaching Pronunciation: Exploring the Phonemes of English

RTO 0275 CRICOS 03020Ehttps://pixabay.com/illustrations/book‐read‐lesson‐2814026/

https://pixabay.com/illustrations/question‐speech‐bubbles‐speech‐1828268/

HEADINGLinguistics

ELICOS

Curriculum and Materials Development / Language and Literacy Education

LLNP / SEE / AMEP and TESOL

Teaching Pronunciation: My Journey


https://pixabay.com/vectors/arrow‐blue‐curve‐curved‐fancy‐158377/; https://pixabay.com/photos/trip‐voyage‐journey‐directions‐map‐2203682/

HEADINGWhat is a phoneme?

• ‘the minimal unit in the sound system of a language’(Crystal, 2008: 361)

Phonemes


https://pixabay.com/illustrations/question‐mark‐note‐duplicate‐2110767/


• ‘the minimal unit in the sound system of a language’

• we can identify individual phonemes with minimal pairs:‘pat’ vs ‘bat’ ‘run’ vs ‘rung’‘bad’ vs ‘bed’

Phonemes




• ‘the minimal unit in the sound system of a language’

• we can identify individual phonemes with minimal pairs:‘pat’ vs ‘bat’ ‘run’ vs ‘rung’‘bad’ vs ‘bed’

• no two languages have the same phonemic system

• languages may have as few as 15 phonemes, or as many as 80(Crystal, 2008: 361‐362)

Phonemes




• ‘the minimal unit in the sound system of a language’(Crystal, 2008: 361)

Compare:• grapheme: ‘smallest unit in a writing system that represents a speech sound’ eg. ‘sip’ and ‘ship’(https://www.oxfordlearnersdictionaries.com/definition/english/grapheme?q=grapheme)

• morpheme: ‘smallest unit of meaning that a word can be divided into’ eg. ‘un‐like‐ly’ and ‘small‐er’ ‘cat‐s’(https://www.oxfordlearnersdictionaries.com/definition/english/morpheme?q=morpheme )

Phonemes



Phonemes

Consonants Vowels

A Dictionary of Linguistics and Phonetics, pp. 103, 517, and https://www.oxfordlearnersdictionaries.com/definition/english/vowel?q=vowel

Consonants• airflow is blocked or restricted

Phonemes

Vowels



Phonemes

Vowels• mouth is open, air flows over tongue



• voicing• place of articulation• manner of articulation

Phonemes




• voicing• place of articulation• manner of articulation

Phonemes



• length and quality• position of lips• height and position of tongue

HEADINGHow many phonemes in English?

• Consonants …?• Vowels …?

Phonemes



How many phonemes in English?• Consonants 24• Vowels 20

Phonemes



HEADINGHow many phonemes in English?

• Consonants 24• Vowels 20

Only 26 letters in the alphabet

Phonemes



https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_phonology

HEADING‘The PronPack Sound Chart’ is from the PronPack series by Mark Hancock.

• Infographic: The PronPack Sound Charthttp://pronpack.com/the‐pronpack‐sound‐chart/

PronPack Sound Chart


HEADINGAlternate Versions

RTO 0275 CRICOS 03020Ehttp://pronpack.com/the‐pronpack‐sound‐chart/

HEADINGPronPack Sound Chart: Consonants

RTO 0275 CRICOS 03020Ehttp://pronpack.com/the‐pronpack‐sound‐chart/

PronPack Sound Chart – Consonants

http://pronpack.com/the‐pronpack‐sound‐chart/

Consonants – Voicing

Voiceless (purple)

Voiced (blue)

Consonants – Manner of Articulation

Stop (pink)

Nasal (red)

Friction (blue)

Stop + Friction (yellow)

Vowel‐like (green)(semi‐vowel)

Consonants – Place of Articulation

1. top lip2. tip of the tongue3. bottom lip4. nose5. top teeth6. bottom teeth

Ship or Sheep? Third Edition, p. 79

7. roof of the mouth8. throat9. back of the tongue10. front of the tongue11. side teeth12. sides of the tongue

What’s the consonant?

Ship or Sheep? An intermediate pronunciation course (Third edition), pp. 81, 85


Ship or Sheep? An intermediate pronunciation

course (Third edition), pp. 131, 151, 168


Ship or Sheep?An intermediate

pronunciation course (Third edition), pp. 172, 176

HEADING


PronPack Sound Chart: Vowel Sounds


PronPack Sound Chart – Vowels


Vowels – Length and Quality

Short vowels (yellow)Short vowels never end a word.

Long vowels (blue)

Diphthongs (pink)(two vowels)

Weak vowel ‘schwa’ (green)Only in unstressed syllables.

Vowels – Jaw and Lip Position

Closed, wide (orange)Closed, round (aqua)Relaxed (green)Open, relaxed (yellow) Open, wide (red)Mid, wide (purple)

Vowels – Tongue PositionHigh, front (orange)High, back (aqua)Mid, central (green)Low, central (red)Mid, wide (pink)Front, low (blue)Back, low (purple)Mid, back (yellow)

‘Correcting particular vowels’, Pronunciation Practice Activities, pages 42‐43

Vowels


‘smiling’/i:/ teeth

rounded and forward/u:/ boot

open/æ/ hand

rounded and open/ɔː/ fork

relaxed and neutral/ɜː/ bird

rounded and wide open/ɑː/ arm

Vowels – Lip Shape

Adapted from Pronunciation Practice Activities, pp.42‐43

HEADING‘Correcting particular vowels’, Pronunciation Practice Activities, pages 42‐43

Vowel sounds


front and high

/i:/ teeth

front and mid

/e/ leg

front and low

/æ/ handback and high

/u:/ boot

back and mid

/ɔː/ fork

back and low

/ɒ/ sock

Vowels – Tongue Position

Adapted from Pronunciation Practice Activities, pp.42‐43

Vowel Chart – Tongue Position

Adapted from https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:RP_vowel_chart_(monophthongs).gif and PronPack Sound Chart

teeth

bird

footchin

leg

hand

boot

armsock

duck

fork

Close

Close‐mid

Open‐mid

Open

Front Central Back

Communicating with single vowel sounds

Adapted from Pronunciation Practice Activities, p. 59

Meaning Vowel Written Example

1. Now I understand! /aː/ ah ‘It’s not plugged in!’‘Ah, of course.’2. That hurts. /aʊ/ ow! ‘Ow, I’ve cut myself!’

3. I’m disappointed. /əʊ/ oh ‘Sorry, she’s already left.’‘Oh, what a pity.’4. I’m thinking about what to say. /ɜː/ er

‘What do you want to do now?‘Er, I’m not sure.’

5. I’m looking forward to something. /uː/ ooh

‘Shall we go out for a meal?’‘Ooh, that would be nice!’

6. Angrily getting someone’s attention. /ɔɪ/ oi ‘Oi! Get off my bike!’

Diphthongs – two vowel sounds togetherFirst vowel sound is l‐o‐n‐g‐e‐r and LOUDER• /ɪə/ ear = eat + ago• /ɔɪ/ coin = more + eat• /əʊ/ nose = ago + moon• /aʊ/ cow = am + moon• /aɪ/ bike = arm + eat• /eɪ/ face = end + eat• /eə/ hair = end + ago• /ʊə/ lure = moon + ago

Vowels – Diphthongs

Adapted from Pronunciation Practice Activities, p.44

Vowels – Diphthongs

Ship or Sheep? An Intermediate Pronunciation Course (3rd Edition) and https://www.phon.ucl.ac.uk/courses/spsci/iss/week5.php

Fronting diphthongsmove to /ɪ/

Centring diphthongsmove to /ə/

Backing diphthongsmove to /ʊ/

/eɪ/ face

/ɔɪ/ coin

/aɪ/ bike

/ɪə/ ear

/eə/ hair

/ʊə/ (no image)lure

/əʊ/ nose

/aʊ/ cow

HEADINGTHRASS (Teaching Handwriting, Reading and Spelling Skills) 120 cards – each card highlights a spelling choice for one sound

• Vowel Cards:

• Consonant Cards:

THRASS Resources: Word Picture Sheets

RTO 0275 CRICOS 03020EFree download at https://www.thrass.com.au/wp‐content/uploads/2017/07/THRASS‐Colour‐Pics.pdf


• Vowel Cards:60 cards for 20 vowel sounds

• Consonant Cards:




• Vowel Cards:60 cards for 20 vowel sounds

• Consonant Cards:60 cards for 24 consonant sounds



HEADINGVowel Cards

THRASS Resources: Vowel Cards


HEADINGConsonant Cards

THRASS Resources: Consonant Cards


HEADINGTHRASS Picture Cards for:

• the consonant sound /s/ as in ‘sun’:

• the vowel sound /ɔː/ as in ‘fork’:

• the vowel sound /ʊə/ as in ‘lure’:(this sound is missing from the PronPack Sound Chart)

THRASS Resources

RTO 0275 CRICOS 03020Ehttps://www.thrass.com.au/wp‐content/uploads/2017/07/THRASS‐Colour‐Pics.pdf

Consonants: Sound Chart and THRASSStop + Friction Consonants• chair 2• jam 4

Vowel‐like Consonants• leaf 2• rat 3• watch 3• year 1

Stop Consonants• pen 2• bin 2• toe 2• door 2• key 5• girl 2Nasal Consonants• man 3• note 3• ring 2

Friction Consonants• fish 3• vest 2• think 1• there 1• sun 5• zip 5• shoe 3• television 1• hat 1

Match the spelling choices on theTHRASS cards to the Sound Chart.

Check answers, then practise pronunciation

Consonants: Sound Chart and THRASSStop Consonants• pen panda , hippo• toe tap , letter• key cat , kitten , duck , school , queen • bin bird , rabbit• door dog , ladder• girl gate , eggNasal Consonants• man mouse , hammer , lamb• note net , dinner , knee• ring king , ink

Consonants: Sound Chart and THRASSFriction Consonants• fish fish , coffee , dolphin• think thumb• sun sun , dress , horse , city , ice• shoe shark , station , chef• hat hand

• vest voice , sleeve• there feather • zip zip , fizz , sneeze , laser , cheese• television treasure

Consonants: Sound Chart and THRASSStop + Friction Consonants• chair chair , watch• jam jam , giant , cage , bridge

Vowel‐like Consonants (semi‐vowels)• leaf leg , bell• rat rain , cherry , wrist• watch water , wheel , quilt• year yawn

Vowels: Sound Chart and THRASS CardsShort Vowels• chin 2• foot 2• duck 2• sock 2• hand 1• leg 2Long Vowels• teeth 5• boot 3• bird 4• fork 5• arm 2• hair 2

Weak vowel (schwa)• /ə/ 9teacher, collar, doctor, measure, zebra, garden, fossil, lion, circus

Diphthongs (two vowels together)• ear 2• coin 2• nose 4• cow 2• bike 4• face 4

missing /ʊə/ lure

Match the spelling choices on theTHRASS cards to the Sound Chart.

Check answers, then practise pronunciation

Vowels: Sound Chart and THRASS CardsShort Vowels• chin tin , pyramid • foot book , bull• duck bus , glove• sock frog , swan• hand ant• leg bed , bread

Vowels: Sound Chart and THRASS CardsLong Vowels• teeth me , beach , tree , key , pony• boot moon , screw , glue• bird fern , shirt , worm , fur• fork fork , ball , saw , sauce , door• arm banana , car• hair hair , square

Vowels: Sound Chart and THRASS CardsDiphthongs (two vowels together)• ear ear , deer• coin coin , toy• nose nose , boat , note , snow• cow cow , house • bike tiger , kite , light , fly• face baby , tape , snail , tray

Vowels: Sound Chart and THRASS CardsWeak vowel (schwa)(only in unstressed syllables)• /ə/ teacher , collar , doctor , measure ,

zebra , garden , fossil , lion , circus

Extra Sound(missing from Sound Chart)• /ʊə/ lure

‘Appendix 1: Sound to spelling correspondences for British English’, Understanding and Teaching English Spelling: A Strategic Guide, pages 279‐283

Sound‐Spelling Correspondences


‘Appendix 1: Sound‐to‐spelling correspondences for British English’, Understanding and Teaching English Spelling: A Strategic Guide, pages 279‐283




Sound‐Spelling Correspondences – selected consonants



Sound‐Spelling Correspondences – selected vowels


HEADINGPronunciation: Online Resources


• Oxford Learner’s Dictionaries , Cambridge Learner’s DictionaryPronunciation available in both UK and US English for dictionary entries.

• YouGlish: Authentic examples of English pronunciation in context from YouTube videos (US, UK and Australian English available)

Not pronunciation, but useful for the English language classroom:

• Google Ngram Viewer: explore the frequency of usage of phrases from a corpus of English texts over time (from 1800‐2019).

• The Affixes Dictionary: an online dictionary of affixes, with more than 1,250 entries, and 10,000 examples.

• Etymonline: an online etymology dictionary

https://books.google.com/ngrams/graph?year_end=2019&year_start=1800&content=voiceless+consonant%2C+unvoiced+consonant&smoothing=3&corpus=26&direct_url=t1%3B%2Cvoiceless%20consonant%3B%2Cc0%3B.t1%3B%2Cunvoiced%20consonant%3B%2Cc0#t1%3B%2Cvoiceless%20consonant%3B%2Cc0%3B.t1%3B%2Cunvoiced%20consonant%3B%2Cc0

https://youglish.com/pronounce/annastacia%20palaszczuk/english?

HEADING• Baker, Ann (2006) Ship or Sheep? An intermediate pronunciation course (Third Edition). Cambridge:

Cambridge University Press.

• Brown, Adam (2019) Understand and Teaching English Spelling: A Strategic Guide. New York: Routledge.

• Crystal, David (2008) A Dictionary of Linguistics and Phonetics (Sixth Edition). Oxford: Blackwell Publishing.

• Hancock, Mark (2017) Pronpack 1: Pronunciation workouts. Chester: Hancock McDonald. Hancock, Mark (2017) Pronpack 2: Pronunciation puzzles. Chester: Hancock McDonald. Hancock, Mark (2017) Pronpack 3: Pronunciation pairworks. Chester: Hancock McDonald. Hancock, Mark (2017) Pronpack 4: Pronunciation poems. Chester: Hancock McDonald. Site: http://pronpack.com/

• Hewings, Martin (2004) Pronunciation Practice Activities. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

• Ritchie, Denyse and Alan Davies (2018) THRASS Word Picture Sheets. Osborne Park: THRASS Institute.Site: https://www.thrass.com.au/resources/thrass‐teacher‐resources/

• UCL Division of Psychology and Language Sciences (2018) PALS1004 Introduction to Speech Science: Vowels. Retrieved from https://www.phon.ucl.ac.uk/courses/spsci/iss/week5.php on 03/09/2020.

References

https://pixabay.com/vectors/book‐books‐library‐books‐reading‐2022464/

TELLS Library - Pronunciation Resources

HEADING• International Phonetic Association homepage• IPA Chart online• Interactive IPA Chart with pronunciation samples• ‘How to remember the IPA Consonant Chart’ and ‘How to

remember the IPA Vowel Chart’ blog posts from All Things Linguistic• Phoible phoneme inventories and data for every phoneme in every

language (with data available)• Glottolog comprehensive catalogue of the world’s languages,

language families and dialects• Free "Tudoring" and a Moist Owlet: The 5 Different T Sounds in

English (a blog post on All Things Linguistic about the allophones of /t/ in English)

• Crash Course – Linguistics on YouTube (coming soon) ‘If you’ve been meaning to learn introductory linguistics concepts in a more systematic manner, or you want an easy way to share your interest in linguistics with other people, Crash Course Linguistics is a great way to do that!’16 full‐length videos will be released over the next few months.

Further Notes


https://www.internationalphoneticassociation.org/sites/default/files/IPA_Kiel_2015.pdf

HEADING• Because Language (previously ‘Talk the Talk’) – a podcast about linguistics,

the science of language. Hosted by linguists Daniel Midgley and Hedvig Skirgård, with Ben Ainslie.

• Lingthusiasm ‐ a podcast that’s enthusiastic about linguistics. Hosted by linguists Gretchen McCulloch and Lauren Gawne.

• Accentricity – a podcast about people and how they talk. Hosted by linguist Sadie Ryan.

• The Allusionist – stories about language and the people who use it. Hosted by Helen Zaltzman.

• Lexicon Valley – a podcast about language (mainly English). Hosted by linguist John McWhorter.

• For more suggestions, go to https://www.superlinguo.com/post/158448074588/linguistics‐and‐language‐podcasts and https://allthingslinguistic.com/ .

Linguistics Podcasts


https://pixabay.com/illustrations/podcast‐popular‐shows‐announcement‐2665179/

Teaching Pronunciation - Exploring the Phonemes of English 08 … · 2020. 9. 8. · •...

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