Teaching Objective

Unit 2 Capital Cities

Teaching Objectives

Key Points

Vocabulary

Master the key words and structures, and learn something about the capital cities in the world. Help the students to find out the noticeable characteristics of the capital cities of some countries.

associate characteristic connectiondecay empire imagineintimate reputation wonderall but be worthwhile doing by no means for the sake of have an advantage over lay out make lawspeak of … as take pride in thanks to


Key Points

Structures

Reading Skills

As…, so…It is +adj. +to do…

How to find the main idea of a paragraph

Teaching Procedures

Lead-in; Reading of the Text; Exercises; Listening and Speaking; Phonetics; Use the Right Word; Grammar Tips; Hands-on Exploration; Practical Reading; Practical Writing


Text Study

Lead In

Language Application

Listening and Speaking

Consolidation

Drills for PRETCO Test


Lead In 1. Beijing2. London

3. Washington D. C.4. Paris

5. Topic-related Words and Phrases


Text Study

1. Global Reading

2. Detailed Reading

Questions and Answers Text Analysis


Consolidation

1. Dictation

2. Words and Phrases

3. Listening Practice

4. Group Discussion


2. Speaking

Listening and Speaking

1. Listening

3. Phonetics


Practical Reading

Language Application

Practical WritingMinutes1. Language Points

2. Basic Patterns

3. Do It Yourself


Drills for PRETCO Test

1. Listening Comprehension

2. Vocabulary and Structure

3. Translation


Beijing


As the ancient capital of several dynasties in China’s history, Beijing , also known as Peking by the Western world before 1949, first served as the capital city for Yan Kingdom over 3,000 years ago. On October 1st, 1949, Chairman Mao Zedong proclaimed in Tian’anmen Square the establishment of the People’s Republic of China, with Beijing as its capital. Situated in the northeastern part of China as an independently administered municipal district, Beijing has a whole area of 16,808 sq km, with 18 districts and counties. Population in Beijing is more than 13 million. The climate in Beijing is of the continental type, with cold and dry winters and hot summers. It is not only a political but also a cultural, commercial, economic and financial center.


London

London, the capital of the United Kingdom and of England, is recognized as one of the key “world cities”. The word “London” can be used in different senses for administrative purposes: the City of London refers to the original nucleus, while Greater London refers to an urban area made up of the City of London and 32 London boroughs.


Today London generates over 17% of the GDP of the UK’s economy, the world’s fourth largest, and is a major financial center along with New York and Tokyo. For several centuries, London has been one of the most influential powers in politics, finance, arts and fashion and remains so today. London is also a major port, 65km from the mouth of the River Thames.


Washington D. C. Washington D.C. is the capital of the United States, coextensive with the District of Columbia, on the Potomac River. The city is the center of a metropolitan area extending into Maryland and Virginia. Washington is the legislative, administrative, and judicial center of the United States but has little industry; its business is government. The city is also a major tourist attraction and a cultural center.


Paris Capital of France, on the Seine River, Paris is the commercial and industrial focus of France and a cultural and intellectual center of international renown. Known worldwide as the “City of Light”, Paris has been a major tourist destination for centuries. The city is renowned for the beauty of its architecture, its urban perspectives and avenues, as well as the wealth of its museums.


Paris is also regarded as the heart of the French-speaking world and has retained a strong international position, hosting the headquarters of the OECD and the UNESCO among others. This, combined with its financial, business, political, and tourism activities, have turned Paris into one of the major transportation hubs on Earth, and Paris is seen as one of a handful of “world cities”.


Topic-related Words and Phrases

city center: the main shopping or business area in a city,

called “downtown” in American Englishcity fathers: the group of people who govern a citycity planning: the study of the way cities work, so

that the roads, houses, services, etc. can be provided effectively. City planning is getting more and more important with the development of economy and society. Now the government of almost any big city has a department of city planning.


Questions and AnswersDirections: Skim the paragraphs for

answers to the following questions.

The capital city of a country is not necessarily the greatest city of the country, but it is certainly the most important city in the country. Usually the capital city is the political center because the central government is there.

Paragraph 1:

Question:

Answer:

What can we conclude about the capital city of a country?


Paragraph 2:

Cities rise and fall like empires, but a city may still be there after the empires owning it have vanished.

Question:

Answer:

Why is it that the existence of a city is often longer than that of an empire?

Earthquakes, fires, wars and diseases can make some famous cities in the world decay and disappear.

Question:

Answer:

What can make some famous cities in the world decay and disappear?


Paragraph 3:

Like man, cities also have their own peculiar qualities and characteristics.

Question:

Answer:

In what respects does a city resemble a man?

Every city, whether it is a capital or not, acquires some peculiar characteristics as it grows and develops.

Question:

Answer:

Do other cities have their own peculiar characteristics?


Since the capital is the center of government and political power, it attracts large numbers of ambitious people. Their efforts in various fields make the capital a busy center of human activities.

Paragraph 4:

What advantages does a capital city have over other cities?

Answer:

Question:

The city’s layout is usually very carefully planned so that magnificent buildings and parks can be built to make the city worthy of its rank as the capital.

In what way is the capital city made worthy of its rank as the capital?

Answer:

Question:


It remains a subject for discussion whether it is a good thing to have only one such center in a nation, or whether it would be better to have other cities imitate the capital.

Paragraph 5:

What is still a subject for discussion regarding the central status of the capital?

Answer:

Question:

It implies that the population in the capital city may increase too fast to be under control.

What does the last sentence of the paragraph imply?

Answer:

Question:


Text Analysis

Main Ideas

The concept of a capital.

The long history of some cities.

Some peculiar qualities of cities.

Para.1Para.2

Para.3

Paragraphs

The advantages of a capital city. Para.4

The problems concerning capital cities.

Para.5


Most capital cities are well-known for their special characteristics. A variety of activities and an interestingly mixed population mean they have advantages over other cities. However, some capital cities are facing a population explosion. But is overpopulation the only hazard?

Reading


Capital Cities

Every country has its capital, which is its chief city and usually its seat of government, though sometimes, as in the U.S.A., the political capital may not be the greatest city. Washington D.C., where the laws are made, is much smaller than New York, the commercial capital of the country. Canberra, the capital of Australia, is perhaps the youngest, as well as the smallest, of the world’s important cities, but every thing is being done to make it the most beautiful.


Cities, like empires, rise and fall, but the existence of a city is often longer than that of the empires of which it is the capital. It is difficult to imagine that Rome, Athens, Paris, or London can decay and disappear as some of the world’s famous cities have done. Earthquakes, fires, wars and diseases, have all had their share in the destruction of what were once among the wonders of the world; but nothing yet has prevented the above-mentioned four capitals from continuing to be centres of civilization.


Rome, where Shelley said “That ages, empires, and religions there / Lie buried in the ravage they have wrought”, is full of the glory of the past; the seven hills upon which it stood in olden times are all but levelled now; beneath its ancient temples, today carefully guarded and protected from further decay, history goes down deep. And yet, when one arrives in the city by rail or air, and motors along broad avenues past tall modern buildings to a first-class hotel, it is not the influence of the past but of the present and the future that makes itself felt.


As with men, so with cities: they have their own peculiar qualities, their characteristics, which are sometimes those of the people who live in them. Paris is gay, and we think of it as a city of pleasure and gaiety, though at many times in the past it has been the very opposite of this. London, thanks to the English climate, has gained the reputation of being foggy, in spite of the fact that really thick fogs are by no means frequent. New York is spoken of as a city of skyscrapers. With Vienna we associate good music. But something of the sort might be said about every city, whether a capital or not: as it grows and develops we come to recognize its peculiar characteristics.


ambitious, and these, by their efforts in various directions — in the arts, in the professions, in trade — make it a more important centre for human activities than any ordinary city in the country can be. Theatres, banks, libraries, government buildings, museums, universities, great churches, business offices, etc., are built; public parks are laid out; and great pride is taken in making the city worthy of its rank as capital. Ideas also come in from outside.

A capital city has special advantages over others. Being the centre of government and power, it attracts large numbers of people, many of them


The representatives of foreign governments, business men and tourists from abroad, all help to swell the population, and to influence the life of the city. And it is this connection with other countries, largely due to the presence of so many men and women of other nations, that makes a capital city international. Whether it is a good thing to have only one such centre in a nation, or whether, for the sake of better understanding, it would be worthwhile encouraging other cities to imitate the capital, is still a subject for discussion. Meanwhile, a more serious problem is how to prevent the city population from increasing beyond reasonable limits.


characteristic: n. a special and easily recognized quality of someone or something 特征，特性

A useful characteristic of the cat is its ability to catch and kill mice.The newly invented device has the following characteristics.

e.g.


advantage: n. a favorable circumstance 优势

e.g. As we all know, computers have both advantages and disadvantages.

disadvantage

Antonym:

take advantage of

Collocation:

These are the advantages of radios over TV.


explosion: n. 1) (a loud noise caused by) an act of exploding 爆炸 ; 爆炸声e.g. population explosion 人口爆炸

information explosion 信息爆炸

e.g. explosions of great anger 勃然大怒 explosions of loud laughter 一下子哄堂大笑

explode, explosiveExtended words:

2) a sudden bursting out (of the stated feeling or its expression) 发出（感情或表达该感情的言语）


hazard: 1. n. a danger 危险

e.g. a hazard to health 对健康有危险

e.g.He hazarded all his money in stocks.

hazardous Extended word:

2. v. risk; put in danger 冒险；置身危险中


a famous university and seat of learning Paris is the seat of the French government.

seat: n. a place of a particular power or activity; center 中心 ; 所在地e.g.


commerce, commercialize

commercial: a. of, related to or used in commerce 商业的；商务的e.g. Industrial and Commercial Bank of China

This singer only makes commercial records.Nowadays, commercial banks and state-owned banks coexist and compete with each other.

Extended words:


imagine: v. form a picture of sb. or sth. in mind 想象；假设e.g. It is hard to imagine what life would be like in

2050. I can imagine the scene clearly in my mind.Can you imagine George cooking the dinner?

Extended words: imagination, imaginative, imaginary


existence: n. the state of existing 存在

e.g. Mary doesn’t believe in the existence of God. The new country came into existence in 1918. The new country has been in existence since 1918. I’ve never heard anything so silly during my whole existence!


a share in: a part in （起）一份作用

e.g.

I had no share in this trick: I had nothing to do with it. If you want a share in/of the pay, you’ll have to do your fair share of the work.


ravage

ravage: n. the damage caused by something (often used in the plural) （遭破坏的）残迹；灾害

e.g. We visited an old building that has survived the ravages of time.the ravages of war/fire


all but

all but: almost, nearly

e.g. The game was all but over by the time we arrived.He all but died of the serious wounds.


Cities, like empires, rise and fall, but the existence of a city is often longer than that of the empires of which it is the capital.

Paraphrase:

Like empires, cities also flourish and decline, but the history of a city is often longer than that of the empires owning it.


… than that of the empires of which it is the capital

e.g. Mary’s handwriting is far better than that (=the handwriting) of Tony’s.The mass of the sun is much larger than that (=the mass) of the earth.

that is a substitute for the word existence


… have all had …

“…, have all had their share in the destruction…”

Paraphrase:

…, have all contributed to the destruction…


decay: v. 1) (cause to) go through destructive chemical changes or go bad （使）腐败，腐烂e.g.

Sugar can decay teeth. Her decayed tooth had to be taken out.2) fall to a lower or worse state; lose health, power,

activity, etc. 衰败，衰落e.g.

History sometimes seems to teach us that all nations decay in the course of time.After the birth of a new civilization, it may flourish, culminate and then start decaying.

n. the action or state of decayinge.g.

That university has fallen into decay in the last 100 years.


“… history

“…, history goes down deep.”

Paraphrase:

…, history lies deep underground in some cities.


“…it is not the

“…, it is not the influence of the past but of the present and the future that makes itself felt.”

Paraphrase:

…, what is impressive is not the influence of the past but that of the present and the future.


as…so…

as…, so…: 如同…的情况一样，如同…一样e.g. As you sow, so will you reap.

As food nourishes the blood, so does reading nourish the mind.


thanks to

thanks to: because of; owing to; on account of 因为，由于e.g. It was thanks to your stupidity that we lost

the game.Thanks to the policy of reform and opening, the country has undergone fast development.


peculiar

peculiar: a. belonging to the individual 特有的，独特的

e.g. This style of cooking is peculiar to the southwest of the country.This food has a peculiar taste.

Extended word: peculiarity


reputation

reputation: n. the opinion people have of a person or

thing 名誉，名声e.g. He has the reputation of being a coward.She has a reputation for being amusing.


by no means

by no means: not at all

e.g. I am by no means pleased with his behavior.

These goods are by no means satisfactory.


associate

associate: v. 1) connect in one’s mind 联想e.g. People usually associate politics with war.

What do you associate with a heavy snow?

2) (cause to) join as friends or partners in business （使）结交或合伙e.g. If we can associate the two firms, we will be

much stronger.He associates with criminals.

Extended word:association


Paris is gay...

Paris is gay, and we think of it as a city of pleasure and gaiety, though at many times in the past it has been the very opposite of this.

Paraphrase:

Paris is a lively and cheerful city, and we regard it as a place where we can find pleasure and gaiety, though at many times in the past it had not been like this.


With Vienna we

With Vienna we associate good music.

Paraphrase:

When Vienna is mentioned, we seem to hear all the beautiful music created or played there.


attract

attract: v. get the attention of; arouse interest or pleasure in 吸引

e.g. Her beauty attracted his attention.Since its opening to visitors, the Forbidden City has attracted tourists from home and abroad.

Extended words: attractive, attraction, distract, distraction


ambitious

ambitious: a. showing ambition; having a strong desire for success, power, wealth, etc. 有雄心的；有野心的

e.g. What an extraordinary idea! I’m simply in awe of your ambitious initiative. He is ambitious to succeed in politics.

Extended word: ambition


profession 1

profession: n. a job that needs special training or a particular skill 职业；专业

e.g. He is a lawyer by profession.The teaching profession claims to be badly paid.There is a big demand for IT professionals nowadays, and many graduates have entered the profession since the 1990s.

Extended words:

professional, unprofessional, professionalism, professor

Related words: career, occupation, job, vocation


profession2

cf. career: n.

a job or profession for which one is trained and which one intends to follow for the whole of one’s life 职业；谋生之道

e.g. Now that I have chosen teaching as my career, I will devote myself to it.

e.g. Teaching children ought to be a vocation as well as a way of earning money.

vocation: n. a job which one does because one thinks one

has a special fitness or ability to help other people （胜任且适合志趣的）工作；职业


lay out

lay out: arrange or spread out 布置（场地、花园等）；设计；排放

e.g.The goods were attractively laid out in the shop window.The garden is laid out in a formal pattern.


… and great pride

… and great pride is taken in making the city worthy of its rank as the capital.

Paraphrase:

… and people feel proud of their success in making the city worthy of its role as the capital.


worthy of

worthy of: deserving 值得，配be worthy of sth. be worthy to be donee.g. I don’t think this problem is worthy of

serious consideration.This new movie is worthy of praise.

Extended words: worth, worthwhile cf. be worth doinge.g. This novel is worth reading.

Don’t lock the door; it isn’t worth the trouble.It is worth making an effort.be worthwhile doing

e.g. It is worthwhile helping the old lady.


swell

swell: v. 1) increase the size or amount of 增大；增多e.g. He took a job to swell his pocket.

We asked the students to come to the meeting to swell the numbers.

2) to increase in fullness and roundness 肿胀

e.g. Her ankle swelled up after the fall.


due to

due to: because of; caused by 因为，由于

e.g. Their increase in profits is due largely to their innovative market strategy.All the flights having been cancelled due to the heavy fog, they had to take the train.


for the sake of/for

for the sake of/for sb’s sake: for the good or advantage of 为…（利益、好处）着想

e.g. If you don’t do it for your own sake, then do it for my sake.For both our sakes, please do as I ask.


imitate

imitate: v. follow the example of 模仿；效法e.g. You should imitate his way of doing things.

The little boy imitated the way his grandfather walked.

Extended words: imitation, imitative, imitator


Meanwhile a more

Meanwhile, a more serious problem is how to prevent the city population from increasing beyond reasonable limits.

Paraphrase:

At the same time, a more serious problem is how to keep the city population under control.


reasonable

reasonable: a. 1) (of a person or his behavior) sensible, having good sense 合情合理的；懂道理的

e.g. This is a reasonable thing to do.Don’t be afraid to approach Prof. Smith―he is a very reasonable man.

2) (esp. of prices) fair, not expensive （价钱等）合理的，不贵的e.g. The price is reasonable and the location is perfect.

Extended words: reason, unreasonable, reasonably


Dictation1

Dictation Directions: Listen to the passage and fill in the blanks. A capital is the seat of the government in a

country, its size and history. Although some great capital cities such as Rome, Athens, etc. have a very long history, it is their present and future, rather than their , that have given them importance the people. Capital cities, just like other cities, have their own that help them. Furthermore, other cities in the country, the capital city is often a more important center of , and is better known internationally,

identify ___________

glorious past__________________

regardless of __________________

in the eyes of ___________________

features ___________

compared with ___________________

human activities_______________________


Dictation2

which is a result of more careful and closer relationship with other nations. Nevertheless, people are questioning whether they should have just one such center or a few such centers in a country. They are also the problem of overpopulation that most capital cities in the world are now .

city planning _________________

worried about ____________________

facing________


Words and Phrases1

decline in power, wealth, beauty, etc.

a person acting in place of one or more others

connect in one’s mind

the opinion people have of a person or thing because of what has happened in the past

Words and Phrases

Directions: Fill in each blank with one word or phrase according to the meaning given below.

Section A

representative____________________

decay_________

associate_____________

1.

2.

3.

4.

reputation______________


Words and Phrases2

only belonging to (someone) or existing in (some place)

follow the example of

very great honor

the relationship between things

become larger

an occupation requiring a great deal of education

imitate___________

peculiar to________________

connection_______________

5.

6.

7.

8.

9.

10.

swell________

profession_______________

glory_________


Words and Phrases3

Directions: Complete the sentences with the proper forms of the words given in parentheses.

Words and Phrases Section B

1. The bomb (explosion) only about a mile ahead of the train.2. All the characters in this book are

(imagine), that is, they are not real.3. His (imitate) of that singer is perfect.4. I am working in (associate) with

another person.5. Their (glory) deeds in battle have been

spread throughout the country.

exploded____________

imaginary______________

imitation____________

association_______________

glorious___________


The representative of the top ten computer companies in the country are all (presence) at the meeting.There is a (possible) that his wish to become a doctor will come true.Fred lacks (confident). I’ve never known anyone who is so unsure of himself.One of his (ambitious) is to become a Chief Executive Officer.Pennsylvania Avenue is an avenue that (connection) the White House and the Congress.

Words and Phrases4

6.

7.

8.

9.

10.

present____________

Words and Phrases

possibility______________

confidence______________

ambitions_____________

connects _____________


Words and Phrases5

lay out imitate for the sake of thanks to have an advantage over wonder worthwhile associate take pride in rank

Directions: Fill in the blanks with words and phrases chosen from the following box. Change the form where necessary.

Section CWords and Phrases

Would you please give up smoking your health?They invited an architect to the interior of the building.

1.

2. lay out __________

for the sake of ____________________


Words and Phrases6

He thought it was spending such a large sum of money on this antique vase. a good teacher, she passed the English examination before graduation.Many people tried to the handwriting of Chairman Mao.National currencies always private currencies.People naturally Darwin with the theory of evolution.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

worthwhile_______________

have an advantage over ________________________________

Thanks to _____________

imitate___________


associate _____________


Words and Phrases7

She her performance in the play.Our company caters for everyone regardless of age or social .It is a you recognized me after all these years.

8.9.

10.

rank_______

takes pride in __________________


wonder__________


True or False Questions:

Directions:Listen to the following passage. And decide whether the following sentences are true (T) or false (F).

Key

T

1. Beijing has been the capital of China since 1421.

2. It wasn’t until 1949 that it was called by the

name Beijing.3. Beijing has developed itself into a political

and cultural center of China since 1949.

F T F

FT

Listening Practice

Script


4. The Forbidden City, the Great Wall, and the Summer Place are World Cultural and Natural Heritage approved by the United Nations.

5. Beijing has successfully held the 2008 Olympic Games, which has promoted its own development.

T F

Key

FT


Evidence of historical record and excavated relics has proved that the city of Beijing has stood on its current site for well over 3,000 years. The city has gone by the names of Ji, Zhongdu, Dadu, and finally Beijing when the Ming Dynasty Emperor Chengzu chose the name in 1421.

With the founding of People’s Republic of China on October 1st, 1949, Beijing became the capital of the new republic and has since developed itself into a political and cultural center of China and international exchange hub. Cultural relics in Beijing like the Forbidden City, the Great Wall, Zhoukoudian Peking


Man Relics, the Temple of Heaven, the Summer Place and the Ming Tombs are World Cultural and Natural Heritage approved by the United Nations. There are a total of 7,309 historical relic sites in Beijing among which 60 are classified as national cultural heritages and another 234 are Beijing cultural heritages. Beijing has successfully held the 2008 Olympic Games. The three main themes of the 2008 games “Green Olympics,” “High-tech Olympics,” and “People’s Olympics,” Beijing will surely develop much faster.


Directions:Listen to the following passage and then discuss the following questions in small groups. After that, some students representing their groups will report their discussion to the whole class. The following pictures, words and expressions are for your reference.

Group Discussion


1.

2.

The traffic in Beijing is a headache for many people. What will you do to solve the problems caused by too many traffic jams?Would you like to live in the city or in the countryside?

Group Discussion

To find a good job, many people live in a city and have to put up with many disadvantages such as crime, a high density of traffic, and pollution.


Group Discussion

Reference words and expressions

Script

However, it is now possible to enjoy a higher quality of life in the countryside and still enjoy some of the advantages of living in the city.


to build a highway; to issue strict traffic regulations; to give training to drivers; to persuade people to observe traffic regulations and not to cross the street when the red light is on; light highway ( 轻轨 ) ； subway/metro; one-way lane ( 单行道 ) ； rush hour ( 高峰时刻 ) ； elevated road ( 高架路 ) ； a state of bicycle ( 自行车王国 ) ；heavy traffic; air-conditioned bus ( 空调车 ) ； housing shortage; population explosion; pollution; crime; unemployment; stress and pressure; convenient; supermarket; shopping mall

Reference words and expressions:


Once upon a time, there were two mice ― cousins. One lived in the city and the other in the country. The city mouse was a very superior mouse, who thought that living in the city was far better than living in the country. So one day, he invited his country cousin to stay with him in his city house and experienced the civilized lifestyle of the city.

City mouse or country mouse?


They sat down to a meal, which to the country mouse was a feast. “Goodness me,” he said. “If I was in the country, I would be having only simple bread and cheese in the quiet of my peaceful home.” Suddenly, there was a loud noise at the door. “Don’t worry,” said the city mouse, “that’s just my neighbor ― the dog, he wants to join us for dinner.” The country mouse ate a little faster. Another noise was heard outside, even louder this time. “Oh dear,” said the city mouse, “the cat who lives opposite my house wants to join us too.” Quickly eating the last of his meal, the country mouse said, “thank you, but I think I


will return to the peace and quiet of my own house after all!” Then he ran back home as fast as his legs could carry him. This simple tale (taken from Aesop’s famous stories) shows that what may be a good place to live for one person, may not be good for another. The 18th Century marked the beginning of the Industrial Revolution, the depopulation of the countryside and the move to cities. Cities became places of mass employment. Today, however, many city dwellers wish to reverse this trend and return to a slower pace of life in the country. Yet, country life has its problems: poor


transport, lack of access to hospitals and education, and other services found in cities such as large shops, banks and entertainment.


1. Listening

Listen to the recordings and fill in the blanks with what you hear.

Dialogue

M: Hey, Lucy, ?W: , but I was so tired.M: Did you get to the top of the Eiffel Tower?W: Yes, that was the first thing we did. We to the top. There were visitors from all over the world taking photos there.M: ?

how was your trip to Paris___________________________________

It was wonderful_______________________

went all the way ______________________

What else did you see____________________________

Unit 2 Capital CitiesW: Art galleries, cathedrals, statues, , bistros, there’s really too much to say.M: You must .W: Yes, at the beginning we were all excited and had . However, on the third day of traveling in the city, I felt sick. I think I had something bad to eat, but it passed by the evening.M: Yes, you need to be careful with what you eat when you’re abroad. Sometimes new food might you.W: On the fourth day, we went to taste . That was really fantastic! And no stomach problems.

fountains, palaces_________________________

have had a great time_____________________________

lots of fun______________

disagree with __________________

the French cuisine________________________


M: That is great. Everyone says .W: You’ll have to try for yourself some day.

French food is wonderful_________________________________


1. Listening

Listen to the recording and choose the right answers to the following questions.

Script

1. Why London is famous for its fogs?

A. Air is polluted.

C. There is plenty of rain.D. It is cold all the year round.

Key

B. It is not far from the sea.


B. There was only a driver in the buses and cars.

C. The buses and cars were full of people.D. The buses and cars were moving quickly.

2.

Key

What happened to the buses and cars in such heavy traffic due to the thick fog?

A. There weren’t any people in the buses and cars.


A. The cause of the fogs.B. Fogs lead to death.C. The good thing about

fogs.

3. Key

What was this passage mainly about?

D. The bad effect of fogs.


Listening Scripts Being not far from the sea, London is famous for its fogs. The worst of them happened on December 4, 1952. All movement in the town came to a stop. It was almost impossible to drive or ride in anything. The streets which lead into the centre were filled with buses that moved two miles an hour. Soon, however, the traffic was stopped. Left by their drivers, the buses and the cars stood empty in the streets. Many who traveled by buses took underground. But there were so many people there that the gates had to be closed. Caught in


the fog, people felt their way along the walls of the houses with one hand, while they put out the other in front of them so as not to knock against something or somebody. It was a terrible fog, indeed, and as many as 4,000 people in London lost their lives.


Useful ExpressionsWhich city would you like to visit now? I’d like to go to Beijing, the capital of China.Do you really want to leave for Shenzhen?Yes, I hope I can work in different cities.Is there any city you want to visit?I want to visit London, the capital of the UK.Are you hoping to live in Sydney? I wish I could.

2. Speaking

Read and get familiar with the following expressions.


Read the dialogues and pay attention to the underlined expressions.

Dialogue 1M: Where do you want to go, Beijing or Shanghai?W: It’s up to you. Wherever you want to go is all right with me.M: Let’s go to Beijing.W: That’s fine.M: Should we invite Shelley to come with us?W: Invite whomever you want. It doesn’t make any difference to me.M: How do you want to get there? By train or by air?W: Whatever you want. I don’t really care.

Unit 2 Capital CitiesM: Do you want to stay at the Beijing Hotel? Never mind, I know the answer. Wherever I want to stay is fine with you.W: No, I’d really like to stay at the Beijing Hotel. See, I can make up my own mind about something! Are you surprised?


Dialogue 2W: So, tell me, which city do you want to work in after you graduate?M: Well, I’m hoping to find a job in Guangzhou, the capital city of Guangdong Province. W: Guangzhou is a nice city. But what do you actually wish to do there?M: I’d like to be a product designer.W: That sounds nice. I hope everything works out O.K. for you.M: Yeah. I hope so, too.


Work with your partners and act out the following situations.

Situation 1 You are at an English corner talking about your favorite city. Tell your partners which city you want to visit.

Situation 2 You and your best friend are talking about where you want to work after graduation. Tell each other what you want to do and where you want to go.


Incomplete Plosion When a plosive consonant is followed by another plosive consonant, or an affricate, or a fricative, or a nasal consonant, the first plosive is incomplete. This is called incomplete explosion, e.g. actor, black tea, a good child, topmost.

3. Phonetics

Read and get a clear idea of the following concept.


Listen and repeat, paying special attention to the incomplete plosion in each sentence.

1. What do you want me for? 2. Would you like to help?3. We need much more than that. 4. These bandits robbed cars deep in night.5. They played all the latest pop music.


Phonetics3

Listen and practice, paying special attention to the incomplete plosion in the following passage.

Washington, D. C. is about 200 miles south of New York City. It’s not a city that has grown up accidentally as most big cities have done. It was carefully planned as the nation’s capital by a Frenchman, Pierro L’Enfant. The city was named after George Washington, the much-loved, much-admired, and much-respected first president of the United States. In 1791 he himself arranged to buy the land on which it stands.

Unit 2 Capital CitiesGrammar: 定于从句（二）

• 五．限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句• 限制性定语从句非限制性定语从句

形式上不用逗号和主句隔开

用逗号和主句隔开

意义上是先行词不可缺少的定语，不能删除是对先行词的补充说明

删除后意思仍完整

译法上翻译成先行词的定语，“…的…”

通常翻译成主句的并列句


• 限制性定语从句举例： (1) The teacher told me that Tom was the only person that I could depend on. (2) China is a country which has a long history. 非限制性定语从句举例： (1) His mother, who loves him very much, is strict with him. (2) China, which was founded in 1949, is becoming more and more powerful. 要注意区分以下几个句子的不同 (1) His brother who is now a doctor always to college. 他那当医生的哥哥常鼓励他要考上大学。（他还有其他的哥哥） (2) His brother, who is now a doctor, always encourages him to go to college. 他的哥哥是当医生的，常鼓励他要考上大学。（他只有一个哥哥）

•


• （一）定语从句中的几个特殊的用法• 一）限制性定语从句只能用 that 的几种情况

1 ．当先行词是 anything, everything, nothing (something 除外 ), few, all, none, little, some 等代词时，或者是由 every, any, all, some, no, little, few, much 等修饰时 (1) Have you taken down everything that Mr. Li has said? (2) There seems to be nothing that seems impossible for him in the world. (3) All that can be done has been done. (4) There is little that I can do for you. 注意：当先行词指人时，偶尔也可以用 who (4) Any man that/.who has a sense of duty won’t do such a thing.


• 2. 当先行词被序数词修饰 (1) The first place that they visited in London was the Big Ben. 3. 当先行词被形容词最高级修饰时 (1) This is the best film that I have seen. 4. 当形容词被 the very, the only 修饰时 (1) This is the very dictionary that I want to buy, (2) After the fire in his house, the old car is the only thing that he owned. 当先行词指人时，偶尔也可以用 who (3) Wang Hua is the only person in our school who will attend the meeting/


• 5. 当先行词前面有 who, which 等疑问代词时 (1) Who is the man that is standing there? (2) Which is the T-shirt that fits me most? 6. 当先行词既有人，也有动物或者物体时 (1) Can you remember the scientist and his theory that we have learned?


• 二）注意用 which 不用 that 的情况• 1. 在非限制性定语从句中• (1)She made great progress and won a prize, w

hich gave us a surprise.• 2. 在介词 + 关系代词引导的定语从句，必须

用 which.• (1) This is the knife with which John hurt someb

ody.• 3. 当关系词后面有插入语时• (1) Here is the ALD which, as I have told you, is

a great help to you.


• 三）在下列情况下，只许用关系代词 who ，而不用 that:

• 1. 先行词为 those, one, ones, anyone, people 等时

• (1) Those who are from Qingdao come this way.2. 当先行词后有较长的后置定语时，或定语从句被

分隔时。 (1)A teacher will come tomorrow who will teach you German.

• 3. 当先行词是用 -body 或 -one 构成的不定代词时，关系代词多用 who

• (1) Is there anybody else who should be invited.


• 3. 当先行词是集体名词时，如果着眼于集体，使用 that/which ；如果着眼于个体，则使用 who

• (1)Our team, which took the second place last year, played better this year.

• (2)Our team, who are all under the age of twenty, will do well in the final match.


• 4 ．当非限制性定语从句为否定句时，常用 which 引导。 (1)Mr Zhang usually criticizes Mary in public, which she doesn’t like at all.

• 5. 当非限制性定语从句的谓语是一个复合结构时，常用 which 引导。

• (1) Little Bob always tells a lie, which his parents find strange.

• 6. 当 as 在从句中作主语时，后面的谓语动词常常使用被动语态，如果从句中是主动语态，一般多使用 which

• (1) She has been late again, as was expected.• (2) Tom great progress in Chinese, which made us deli

ghted.


• （三）以 the way 为先行词的定语从句通常由 in which, that 引导，而且通常可以省略。

(1) The way in which/ that/./ he answered the question was surprising. ( 四 ) but 有时也可以做关系词引导定语从句 (1) There are very few but understand his idea. ( but= who don’t


• ( 五 ) 区分定语从句和同位语从句 1 ．定语从句修饰先行词，它和先行词是修饰关系；同位语从句说明先行词的具体内容，是补充说明的关系 (1) The plane that has just taken off is for London. 定语从句 (2) The fact that he has been dead is clear. 同位于从句 2 ．定语从句由关系代词或者关系副词引导，关系词在句中充当成分，有时可以省略；同位语从句主要由 that 引导，在句中一般不做成分；句子也可以由 when, where, how, why, whether, what 等词引导，充当成分 (1) The news he told me is true. (2) The news that he has just died is true. (3) The problem that we are facing now is how we can collect so much money. 定语 (4) The problem how we can collect so much money is difficult to solve.


• 3. 同位语从句和先行词一般可以用 be 动词发展成一个完整的句子，而定语从句不可以 (1) The idea that we could ask the teacher for advice is wonderful. 同位语 (2) The idea was that we could ask the teacher for advice. (3) The fact that the earth moves around the earth is known to all. (4) The fact is that the earth moves around the earth.


Practical Writing

1. 语言运用讲究高度准确、概括、简洁、通俗、规范。2. 在写会议纪要的全过程中，尤其要注意单词的拼写、语法及标点符号；应避免重复使用同一句型。3. 应明确表明与会者对议题的态度。4. 英语会议纪要的写作应用一般过去时。5. 对会议讨论的议题应用阿拉伯数字依顺序排列。

Language Points


Basic Patterns

1) The following agreement was made.达成以下协议。

2) Next meeting will be held on Oct. 6, 2005 at 9:00 am.下一次的会议将于 2005 年 10 月 6 日上午 9 ： 00 举行。

3) Chairman expressed concern over the serious situation the company was faced with.

会议主席表达了对公司目前面临的严重局面的关注。4) Through negotiation and discussion, both parties have reached an agreement and made the following decisions.经过协商、讨论，双方达成了一致的认识。会议决定

如下事项。


5) The sixth national seminar on International Business English Teaching was held from Oct. 22 to Oct. 24 in Hunan University.第六届全国国际商务英语教学研讨会于 2004 年 10月 22 日至 24 日在湖南大学召开。

6) People present discussed and concluded the performance

of the company of last year.与会代表讨论并总结了公司去年的业绩。

7) Mr. Jones was concerned that pupils were not allowed to eat snacks in the school during breaks. 琼斯先生对不允许学生课间休息时在学校吃点心之事表示关切。


8) Mr. Jones requested that governors discuss the issue without delay.

琼斯先生要求学校管理会成员就此事立即进行讨论。9) The Board members were sad to learn about the

gas explosion in the mine and concerned about

what had been done to compensate.得知矿井瓦斯爆炸，董事会成员很难过，对补偿措施表示关切。

10) Mr. Taylor stated that the third furnace had gone well.泰勒先生表示三号高炉运作良好。


Do It Yourself

Directions:

The Minutes of the Board Meeting of GM (Shanghai)

（于 2005年 12月 10日上午 8∶30在公司 3楼会议室举行）

This part is to test your ability to do practical writing. You are required to fill in a reservation letter according to the following information in Chinese. You should include all points in the following table.

held at the meeting room on the third floor of the administration building of the company on Dec. 10, 2005 at 8:30 am.

_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________


Subject: (赛欧车无法启动是否与香草冰激凌有关 )Attendance: Micheal Hauffman (CEO) Huang Honglei (General Manager) Tom Johnson (Sales Manager) Henry Li (Salesman Representative)Discussion: A customer has sent letters complaining

(他每次开着新买的赛欧车去超市买香草冰激凌，停车后，车子都无法再启动 ), but it’s ok whenever he buys other ice

whether the failure to restart sails is caused by Vanilla ice-cream ___________________________________________________________

whenever he went to the supermarket in his newly bought Sails to buy vanilla ice cream, it was impossible to restart his car after he stopped it,

_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________


creams. It seems that the car is sensitive to vanilla ice creams. (工程部经理建议派一个技术过硬的技术员作现场调查 ).Decision: 1. CEO thought it was a good idea and agreedto send one or two technicians to see whether there existed some technical problems.2. It was agreed by theboard meeting that they would have another meeting oneweek later, on Dec. 17, 2005 at 8:00am.

Engineering Manager suggested sending a highly qualified technician to make some on-the-spot investigation.

_____________________________________________________________________________________________

(签名 ) _____________ ____________ Micheal Hauffman Huang Honglei

_____________ ____________ Tom Johnson Henry Li


Task

Directions:

Practical Reading

Read the given passage carefully. Then judge whether the following statements are true (T) or false (F).


Santa Barbara Bird Club will meet at 6.30p.m. on the first Wednesday of the Month. It is a social occasion for bird lovers and owners alike to get together with their birds and meet other people. Where: Santa Barbara Humane Society. Information: Nancy Kaplan (President) Phone: (805)569-0514. Science & Engineering Council will give a luncheon party every second Thursday of the month. Time: 12:00-1:30 p.m.; Elephant Bar Restaurant, 521 Firestone Road; cost: $12 SEC Members, $15 Non-Members; Reservations appreciated, but not required. Information: contact Barbara Keaney at 684-4927.


Christian Businessmen’s Club Breakfast Meeting: Breakfast followed with a talk by a Christian Businessman dealing with issues in his business and personal life. Moby Dick Restaurant, 7:00 a.m. Stearns Wharf Santa Barbara. Further information: contact Roy Doty (805) 957-4525. Comedy Sports is the nationally acclaimed, live, improvisational comedy show. The show is fast, clean, hysterical and appropriate for all audiences. Every Friday at 9:00 a.m. and Saturday night at 8:00 p.m. Fess Parker's Doubletree Resort. For reservations and information call 967-4679. Fridays 7:30-10:30 p.m. Dance Away is an alternative to the club scene. It is open to all ages, it is smoke and


alcohol free, has no dress code and no partners are necessary. Children are welcome when accompanied by an adult. Unitarian Society Parish Hall, 1535 Santa Barbara Street. $4.00 Adults / $1.00 Children. For further information, contact Dorothy 967-5241.


T F 1. At the Dance Away, people don’t have to wear suits and dresses. T F 2. Comedy Sports is not appropriate for children.T F 3. Participants are required to make reservations

for the Science and Engineering Council Luncheon

Party.T F 4. In the Santa Barbara Bird Club, there will be a

talk dealing with issues in business and personal

life.T F 5. Non-members have to pay more money than members to take part in the luncheon meeting

of Science and Engineering Council.

√

√√

√

√


Section A Directions: This section is to test your ability

to understand short dialogues. There are 5 recorded dialogues in it. After each dialogue, there is a recorded question. Both the dialogues and the questions will be spoken only once. When you hear a question, you should decide on the correct answer from the choices marked A), B), C) and D).

Listening Comprehension


A) At 9: 00.B) At 10: 00. C) At 8: 45.

1.

Key

Script W: Could you tell me the starting time for both performances?M: The first begins at 7: 45 and will last for one and a half hours. The second follows immediately after the first one.Q: What time does the second show start?

D) At 9: 15.


Listening Comprehension3

2.

A) He didn’t like any ice cream.

B) He wanted chocolate ice cream. C) He wanted strawberry ice cream.

D) He did not want to have any ice cream now.

Key

W: What kind of ice cream would you like, chocolate or strawberry?M: Neither, Thank you. I like them both, but right now all I want is some water.Q: What did the man say?

Script


Key

3.

D) $ 60.

B) $ 240.C) $ 180.

A) $ 120.

W: How much will it cost for my daughter and me to go to New York?M: It’s $120 full-fare for you and half-fare for your daughter since she’s under 12.Q: How much will it cost for the fare of the daughter?

Script


4.

Key

D) To eat breakfast.

B) To fix the button.C) To wait for the bus.

A) To prepare breakfast.

M: Will you please fix the button for me, dear?W: Oh, I am so busy now. I have to prepare the breakfast for the children.Q: What is the woman going to do?

Script


Key

5.

A) He can't sleep. B) He doesn't know the time.

C) He has to finish his homework. D) He doesn't want to sleep.

W: Why don't you go to bed, Bob? You look so tired.M: I have to finish this assignment first. It's giving me a hard time.Q: Why doesn’t Bob go to bed?

Script


Section B Directions:

This section is to test you ability to understand short conversations. There are 2 recorded conversations in it. After each conversation, there are some recorded questions. Both the conversations and the questions will be spoken two times. When you hear a question, you should decide on the correct answer from the four choices marked A), B), C) and D).


Conversation 1

M: Hi, Nancy. It’s Terry. I’m calling to ask if you’d like to join us for a picnic next week.W: Yes, I’d love to. When is it?M: It’s Saturday, 15th.W: All right. When and where shall we get together?M: Please be at my place by 8:30.W: Sure. Oh, tell me your address, will you? M: It’s No. 1480, Fall Street. W: By the way, who else will join us?M: Jane and her boyfriend.


W: That’s good. I’d love to see them. Thanks for the invitation.M: It’s a pleasure. See you next Saturday.W: See you.


6.

Key A) To go shopping.

C) To go hiking. B) To have a picnic.

D) To call Jane.

Q: What does the man invite the woman to do?

Script


7.

Key A) No.1418, Fall Street. B) No.4080, Fall Street.

D) No.4018, Fall Street. C) No.1480, Fall Street.

Q: Where does the man live? Script


8.

Key

C) 2. B) 3.

D) 5.

A) 4.

Q: How many people will there be for the picnic?

Script


Conversation 2W: Bank of China. Can I help you?

M: Yes. Is Mr. Wang Xin available, please?W: I’m sorry. He is not in the office at the moment. Can I take a message?M: Yes. I’m his brother. Can you tell him I’m staying at the Park Hotel, Room 1914? The hotel’s phone number is 6356-7700.W: Certainly. Do you want him to call you back?M: Yes, please. This evening if he can ― after 9:00.W: All right. Anything else?


M: No, that’s all. Thanks.W: Don’t mention it. Goodbye. M: Goodbye.


Q: Who is the man? 9

.Scrip

t

Key A) The woman’s boyfriend.

B) Mr. Wang Xin’s best friend.

D) Mr. Wang Xin’s brother. C) A customer of the Bank of China.


Q: What does the man ask the woman to do?

10. Script

Key

B) To take a message for him. A) To call him this evening.

C) To have dinner with him.

D) To open an account for him.


Listening Comprehension16

Section C

Directions:

This section is to test your ability to comprehend short passages. You will hear a recorded passage. After that you will hear 5 questions. Both the passage and the questions will be read two times. When you hear a question, you should complete the answer to it with a word or short phrase (in no more than 3 words).

Script


How does Linda go to the swimming pool every day?

Script

What have all the family done to ensure Linda ten hours' sleep at night?

Script

11.

13.

12.

her there.

They .

Her parents drive _______________

have stopped watching TV_______________________

Harry runs every day. 40,000 to 50,000 meters _____________________

How many meters does Harry run every day?

Script


Script

Harry is .a long-distance runnerWho is Harry?

___________________

Script

Because they know thattraining is important__________________.Why do Linda and Harry train themselves so hard?15.

14.


Linda is a swimming wonder. She is only 17. But she holds five world-swimming records. Training is very important. And Linda swims between 15 and 20 kilometers a day. Her father drives her to the swimming pool at five a.m. He collects her again at seven-thirty to take her to school. In the afternoon, it is her mother's turn to take her to the swimming pool and she has to have supper ready too for all her children. All the family have stopped watching television so that Linda can have ten hours' sleep at night.


Harry is 22 and a long-distance runner. He holds his country's record for the 5,000 and 10,000 meters. His time for the 5,000 meters is 15 seconds faster than the world record five years ago. In order to run as fast as this, he has to train himself much harder than those athletes did then. He runs 40 to 50 kilometers every day; Linda and Harry do what most top athletes do and so much training is necessary if they hope to win international races.


Vocabulary and Structure1

Section ADirections: In this section, there are five

incomplete sentences. You are required to complete each one by deciding on the most appropriate word or words from the four choices marked A), B), C) and D).

Vocabulary and Structure


16. Gold is similar color brass.

A) in… toB) with… in C) on… to

D) to… on

此句考察 be similar to sth. 的结构，就某一方面进行比较时用介词 in ，因此正确答案为 A ）。

A _____ _____


Vocabulary and Structure3

17. The little boy does nothing play all day.

A) so B) thatC) but D) than

C

与 nothing搭配的是 but ，构成 nothing… but 结构，表示“除了…没有… ,仅仅”，因此正确答案为C) 。

______


18. How long does it to travel from Leeds to

London?

A) allow B) takeC) spend D) make

It takes sb. some time to do sth. 做某事花了某人多久时间。正确答案为 B) 。

B_______


19. Watching TV is the most popular leisure

in Japan.A) deed B) eventC) manner D) activity

“在日本，看电视是最受欢迎的休闲活动。” deed “ ”意思是行为， event “是事”件，manner “ ”是方式， activity “ ”是活动，正

确答案为 D) 。

D_______


20. my permission, you can’t go out in the evening.

A) Having B) WithC) Without D) Unless

该句意思应为“没有我的允许，你晚上不能出去”。主句为否定句，因此前面表示条件的短语也应该是否定意思，而 A) 、 B)选项均为肯定意思，不合题意。选项D) Unless 是连词，后面要接句子，而不是一个短语。正确答案为 C) 。

C_______


Section B Fill in each blank with the proper

form of the word given in the brackets.

Directions:

21. Three students were caught (cheat) in the final examination.

cheating

期末考试中有三个学生作弊被抓住。22. Every professor who has taught Jimmy thinks

(high) of him.每一位教过吉米的教授都对他赞赏有加。

highly

写完那本书时，他有很强的成就感。

_______

23. He had a great sense of (fulfill) when he finished writing the book.

fulfillment _______________

___________


我不记得曾经有人很粗鲁地跟我讲话。我的同学和老师总是对我很友善。

24. I cannot recall ever (speak) to rudely. All my classmates and teachers have always treated me kindly.

being spoken

25. Statistics show that the gap between poverty and

wealth has (wide) over the years.widened ___________

统计数字表明，这几年贫富差距在扩大。26. Don’t hesitate (ask) for help if you

have any problem in your study.

to ask________

如果你在学习中有困难，就请求帮助，不要犹豫。

__________________

Unit 2 Capital Cities27. They made a (suggest) at the meeting that an assistant be appointed to help Mr. Green.

suggestion ______________

会上他们建议给格林先生配个助手。28. With his physical condition (improve)

day by day, the patient’s mood has changed visibly.

improving

随着身体状况日渐好转，病人的情绪也发生了明显的变化。

____________

29. The county government has taken various measures to encourage local economic (develop).development ________________

县政府已采取各种措施鼓励当地经济发展。30. The air crash brought about 109 deaths, but she

(miracle) remained alive. miraculously _______________

大约有 109 人在空难中丧生，但是她却奇迹般地幸免于难。


Directions:

Translation

This part, numbered 31 through 35, is to test your ability to translate English into Chinese. After each of the sentences numbered 31 to 34, you will read four choices of suggested translation. You should choose the best translation. And write your translation of the paragraph numbered 35 in the corresponding space.


Key

31.

A) 我两年前的收入是现在的两倍。

My income is now twice as much as I used to earn two years ago.

B) 我现在的收入是两年前的两倍。C) 我两年前的收入比现在高两倍。D) 我现在的收入比两年前高两倍。


Key

32. A) 这令人非常迷惑不解。

This is more than a little puzzling.

B) 这只有一点令人迷惑不解。 C) 这一点也不令人迷惑不解。D) 这将会令人迷惑不解。


Translation4

Key

33.

A) 虽然把票忘在家里了，可我仍然去了剧院。

I got to the theater only to find that I had left the ticket at home.

B) 由于把票忘在家里了，我就没去剧院。C) 我到了剧院，却发现把票忘在家里了。 D) 我到了剧院还没发现把票忘在家里了。


Key

34.

A) 当她是个十分讨人喜欢的姑娘时，她很难与人共事。

While she is a likeable girl, she can be extremely difficult to work with.

C) 虽然她是个十分讨人喜欢的姑娘，但她很难与人共事。 B) 她很难与人共事，同时又是个十分讨人喜欢的姑娘。

D) 一会儿她是个十分讨人喜欢的姑娘，一会儿她又很难与人共事。


A job description should give details of the performance that is required for a specific job, and a job specification should give information about the behavior, knowledge and skills that are expected of an employee who works in it.

Key 工作说明应当给出从事某项特定工作的具体要求，而工作详细计划书则应明确从事该项工作的雇员应有的表现，应了解的知识及应掌握的技能。

35.

Teaching Objective

Documents

Transcript of Teaching Objective