Teaching Knowledge Test (TKT) Young Learners (YL) · TKT Module 1 TKT Mod ule 2 TKT Module 3 TKT:...

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*2589198370* © UCLES EMC//Y 9 781906 438968 ISBN 978-1-906438-96-8 Teaching Knowledge Test (TKT) Young Learners (YL) Handbook for teachers https://www.teachers.CambridgeESOL.org/ts/teachingqualifications/tktyl University of Cambridge ESOL Examinations Hills Road Cambridge CB EU United Kingdom Tel + email [email protected] www.CambridgeESOL.org

Transcript of Teaching Knowledge Test (TKT) Young Learners (YL) · TKT Module 1 TKT Mod ule 2 TKT Module 3 TKT:...

Page 1: Teaching Knowledge Test (TKT) Young Learners (YL) · TKT Module 1 TKT Mod ule 2 TKT Module 3 TKT: CLIL TKT: KAL TKT: Practical TKT: YL CELTA ICELT Delta Module One Delta Mod le wo

*2589198370*

© UCLES 2010 EMC/6583/0Y08

9 7 8 1 9 0 6 4 3 8 9 6 8

ISBN 978-1-906438-96-8

Teaching Knowledge Test (TKT)

Young Learners (YL)

Handbook for teachers

https://www.teachers.CambridgeESOL.org/ts/teachingqualifications/tktyl

University of CambridgeESOL Examinations1 Hills RoadCambridgeCB1 2EU United Kingdom

Tel +44 1223 553997email [email protected]

www.CambridgeESOL.org

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1TKT: YL HANDBOOK | CONTENTS

Contents

Preface

This handbook is intended for course providers who are, or intend to become, involved in preparing

candidates for the TKT: Young Learners module.

For further information on any of the Cambridge ESOL examinations and teaching awards,

please contact:

Cambridge ESOL Information, 1 Hills Road, Cambridge, CB1 2EU, United Kingdom

Tel: +44 1223 553997, Fax: +44 1223 460278, email: [email protected]

www.CambridgeESOL.org

2 Introduction

5 An overview of TKT: YL

6 General description and syllabus

10 Preparing for the TKT: YL module

12 Sample test

21 TKT: YL test administration

21 Grading and results

22 Special Circumstances

23 Test production

23 Support for candidates and course providers

24 Frequently asked questions and answers

24 Sample test answer key

25 Sample OMR answer sheet

26 References

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Introduction■ Introduction to Cambridge ESOL

TKT: Young Learners is designed and produced by University

of Cambridge ESOL Examinations (Cambridge ESOL), a

department of the University of Cambridge and part of the

University of Cambridge Local Examinations Syndicate, which

has provided examinations in English for speakers of other

languages since 1913. Cambridge ESOL offers an extensive

range of examinations, certificates and diplomas for learners

and teachers of English, taken by over 3 million people a year,

in more than 130 countries.

■ Introduction to TKT: Young Learners – a test ofprofessional knowledge for English language teacherswho teach English to young learners

How young is a young learner?

The term young learner is interpreted differently around the

world. TKT: Young Learners defines a young learner as a child

who is in their first six years of formal education, from the age

of 6 to 12. The reason for this choice is that the lower limit of

6 roughly corresponds to the start of formal schooling in many

countries, while the upper age of 12 approximates to a time

when many children have begun to experience significant

cognitive and emotional changes. This definition is also

broadly in line with Cambridge ESOL’s own definition of 7-12

for its Starters, Movers and Flyers exams for young learners.

How is teaching English to young learners differentfrom teaching English to adults?

There are of course similarities between teaching young

learners and teaching adults. Teachers of adults and teachers

of young learners may need many of the same skills in

planning, teaching and classroom management, for example.

They need good language proficiency. Depending upon the

educational and cultural context in which they are working,

the aims of their teaching may often be similar. Both, for

example, may be concerned with helping learners to

understand and communicate, and to develop learning

strategies which help them to learn independently of the

teacher.

Like adults, young learners are individuals with their own

characteristics, likes, dislikes and beliefs. It is therefore

difficult to generalise about teaching them. However, four key

differences between teaching young learners and adults are

summarised in the following section.

1. Unlike many adults, young learners are stilldeveloping cognitively, linguistically, socially,emotionally and physically. To a far greater extent than adults, young learners aged 6-12

are developing their thinking skills, their first language

systems, discovering rules for interacting with others,

understanding their own reactions to others and to events,

and learning to develop hand-eye coordination and other

motor skills. Smith (1995) summarises by describing young

learners as ‘products in process’. The breadth, volume and

speed of this early development also means that there are

significant differences in the abilities, interests and

characteristics of children within the 6-12 age range. There

can, for example, be significant learner variables between say,

children aged 8-9, and children aged 10-11 (Cephe and Teflik

2001).

2. Unlike many adults, young learners often have noobvious reason for learning English.Many adults choose to learn English for specific job-related or

personal purposes. Learners at secondary school are often

motivated to learn English in order to pass an exam, get a job,

or go to university. Young learners, by contrast, are generally

conscripts in language classes (even in private language

classes), and may have no obvious reasons for learning

English. They generally do not need, for example, to order a

meal in English, give directions, or discuss the weather (Clark

1990), all typical focuses of an adult early language learning

class. However, the lack of a clear reason for learning English

may not worry the young learner, who will very often bring

goodwill, energy and curiosity to learning.

3. Unlike many adults, young learners may notalways have well-developed literacy skills to supporttheir learning of English. Many children at the younger age of the 6-12 spectrum may

not be able to read and write in their own language, or may be

starting to read and write L1, sometimes in a different script,

in parallel with learning to read and write in English. It is

often the case, therefore, that children up to the age of about 9

may not be able to use an ability to read or write to support

their learning in a foreign language. Cameron (2001:108) refers

to this phenomenon as a ‘literacy skills lag’. This means that

in many young learner classrooms talk is the main medium of

input, as children may not yet have the skills to decode

meaning from text.

TKT: YL HANDBOOK | INTRODUCTION2

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professional development. However, it is likely that centres

and other institutions will offer preparation courses for the

TKT: YL module. These may include practical issues arising

from specific young learner contexts and some teaching

practice. It should be noted that TKT: YL tests knowledge of

teaching young learners rather than teaching ability.

The TKT: YL module offers candidates a step in their

professional development as teachers. As a result of the global

need for language learning, candidates who are language

teachers can add TKT: YL to their existing qualifications.

The TKT: YL module can be taken at any stage in a teacher’s

career. It is suitable for pre- or in-service teachers of English

or classroom assistants who work with young learners of

English. It is intended for international candidates who may

either be non-first language or first language teachers. It is

suitable for general young learner teachers who already teach

other curriculum subjects in their first language, specialist

young learner teachers who teach only English, or teachers of

older learners or adults who also teach young learners. This

module forms part of a framework of teaching awards and

tests for teachers offered by Cambridge ESOL. This includes

the Teaching Knowledge Test (TKT); TKT: Content and

Language Integrated Learning (CLIL); TKT: Knowledge about

Language (KAL); TKT: Practical; CELTA (Certificate in English

Language Teaching to Adults); ICELT (In-service Certificate in

English Language Teaching); and the three Delta (Diploma in

English Language Teaching to Adults) modules. These are

based on the following content areas: language knowledge,

pedagogical knowledge, pedagogical content knowledge and

knowledge of context. A summary of the entry requirements

and content of Cambridge ESOL’s teaching awards and tests

for teachers can be found on page 4.

4. Unlike many adults, young learners often learnslowly and forget quickly.The popular belief that somehow young learners find it much

easier to learn than adults is attractive, but not supported by

evidence from classroom contexts where children learn

English as a foreign language in their own country for a few

lessons a week. From the rather limited evidence available,

research tends to show that older learners (from 13 or so and

up) may have advantages in terms of remembering grammar

and vocabulary (Aitchison 2003, Snow and Hoefnagel-Hohle

1978), possibly due to advantages over younger learners in

learning skills and cognition. In addition, given similar

conditions, older learners’ pronunciation may not differ

significantly from that of younger learners over time (Snow

and Hoefnagel-Hohle 1977).

■ Why teach English to young learners?

Though there may not necessarily be immediate linguistic

benefits in teaching English to young learners, there are good

attitudinal, intercultural, personal and academic reasons for

doing so. Most crucially, positive early experiences of learning

a foreign language may help young learners to develop self-

esteem and positive attitudes to learning English. This will

equip them to study English with greater confidence when

they are older and can bring more developed learning and

cognitive skills to the more formal and abstract learning they

may experience in secondary school.

Intercultural benefits may derive from the realisation that

other countries have a language with sounds and rules which

are different from their own. As they realise that there are

similarities as well as differences between English-speaking

people and them, they may also be able to learn values of

tolerance, empathy and curiosity. These values will be useful

in their later life and for the society in which they live. They

may gain academic benefits from learning English, too:

generic concepts such as time, number and changes in the

season can be consolidated through learning English, as can

learning skills such as planning, organising and checking

work. For more on the benefits of early start English, see

Read (2003).

■ TKT: YL is an additional module of the TeachingKnowledge Test (TKT).

It tests knowledge of teaching English to young learners. It

tests knowledge of concepts related to young learner learning

and development, knowledge about planning young learner

lessons and knowledge of teaching strategies, practice

activities and resources used to support and challenge young

learners’ language learning. It also tests knowledge of

informal classroom assessment of young learners’ work.

TKT: YL is designed to offer maximum flexibility and

accessibility for candidates and therefore does not test

context-specific knowledge nor does it include compulsory

teaching practice. It is intended to be a platform for

TKT: YL HANDBOOK | INTRODUCTION 3

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Cambridge ESOL teaching awards and tests for teachers

Note: Cambridge ESOL also offers IDLTM and the Young Learner Extension to CELTA. IDLTM is an educational management qualification.Entry for the Young Learner Extension to CELTA is conditional on candidates having completed CELTA.

TKT Module 1TKT Module 2TKT Module 3

TKT: CLIL TKT: KAL TKT: Practical TKT: YL CELTA ICELT Delta Module One

Delta Module Two

Delta Module Three

Teachingexperience

not essential not essential not essential required not essential not required required recommended required recommended

Previousqualifications / training

not essential not essential not essential not essential not essential qualificationswhich allowaccess tohigher

education

local requirements

apply

an initialteaching

qualification

an initialteaching

qualification

an initialteaching

qualification

Suggestedlanguagelevel

minimum ofCouncil of Europe B1

minimum ofCouncil of Europe B1

minimum ofCouncil of Europe B2

minimum ofCouncil of Europe B1

minimum ofCouncil of Europe B1

minimum ofCouncil of

Europe C2/C1

minimum ofCouncil ofEurope B2

minimum ofCouncil of

Europe C2/C1

minimum ofCouncil of

Europe C2/C1

minimum ofCouncil of

Europe C2/C1

Teaching agegroup

primary,secondary or adults

primary,secondary or adults

primary,secondaryor adults

primary,secondaryor adults

children aged 6 - 12

adults (16+) primary, secondary or adults

primary, secondary or

adults

primary, secondary or

adults

primary, secondary or

adults

Can be takenpre-service

yes yes yes no yes yes no not recommended

no not recommended

Courseattendance

not required not required not required not required not required yes yes not required yes not required

Assessedteachingpractice

no no no yes no yes yes no yes no

Continuousassessment

no no no no no yes yes no yes no

Involvescoursework

no no no no no yes yes no yes no

Written test /examination

yes yes yes no yes no no yes no no

TKT: YL HANDBOOK | INTRODUCTION4

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An overview of TKT: YoungLearners■ The aims of TKT: YL

• to test candidates’ knowledge of

- concepts related to young learner learning and

development

- planning and preparing young learner lessons

- the practice of teaching young learners

- the practice of assessing young learner work in the

classroom

• to provide an easily accessible test about teaching young

learners to speakers of other languages which is

prepared and delivered to international standards, and

could be used by candidates to access further training,

and to enhance career opportunities

• to encourage teachers in their professional development

by providing a step in a developmental framework of

awards for teachers of English.

■ TKT: Young Learners candidature

TKT: YL is suitable for:

• teachers who teach young learners aged 6-12

• teachers who will teach this age group in the future

• classroom assistants who work with young learners

aged 6-12

• classroom assistants who will work with this age group

in the future.

Candidates taking TKT: YL will normally have some experience

of teaching English to speakers of other languages. TKT: YL

may also be taken by:

• pre-service teachers

• teachers involved in training programmes

• candidates studying for teaching qualifications who may

have non-native learners in their classrooms.

To access TKT: YL, teachers need at least an intermediate level

of English – Level B1 of the Council of Europe’s Common

European Framework of Reference for Languages (CEFR) – e.g.

PET or IELTS band score of 4. However, candidates are not

required to have taken any English language examinations.

Candidates taking the TKT: YL module are expected to be

familiar with the language of teaching as represented in the

separate TKT glossary. Candidates are not required to take

any other modules of TKT or to fulfil any specific entry

requirements for the TKT: YL module. Successful candidates

are likely to have some experience of teaching English to

young learners.

■ Test format

The TKT: Young Learners module consists of 80 questions in four

parts. Candidates are required to answer the questions by

selecting a letter for the correct answer. As the module tests

candidates’ knowledge related to teaching young learners rather

than proficiency in the English language or performance in

classroom situations, candidates are not required to listen,

speak or produce extended writing when taking TKT: Young

Learners.

■ Approaches to teaching and learning

A range of approaches to teaching and learning may be covered

in the test material. Approaches which might bias against

candidates from particular backgrounds or teaching contexts are

avoided. Knowledge of communicative and other approaches to

teaching is expected, as is familiarity with common ELT

terminology.

■ Sources and text types used in TKT: YL

Extracts, original or adapted, from the following sources may

feature in the TKT: YL module:

• young learner coursebooks, activity books or

supplementary materials including young learner

materials found on the web

• articles relating to young learners from journals,

magazines and the internet

• diagrams and other visuals

• descriptions of classroom situations.

TKT: YL HANDBOOK | AN OVERVIEW OF TKT: YL 5

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GENERAL DESCRIPTION

Examination format TKT: YL consists of four parts.

Timing 1 hour 20 minutes

Number of items 80

Task types 3-option multiple choice; 1-1

matching; 3/4/5-option

matching; odd one out.

Answer format For all parts of this module,

candidates indicate their

answers by shading

the correct lozenges on their

answer sheets.

Candidates should use a pencil

and mark their answers firmly.

Candidates should use an eraser

to rub out any answer they wish

to change.

Marks Each item carries one mark.

TKT: YL HANDBOOK | GENERAL DESCRIPTION AND SYLLABUS6

TKT: Young Learners

SYLLABUS

TKT: YL is an examination for teachers and classroom

assistants who teach or will teach English to young

learners. It tests knowledge of concepts related to young

learner learning and development, and knowledge of

young learners from a teaching perspective: the planning,

teaching and assessment of young learners’ work.

PART 1 Title Knowledge of young learners and

principles of teaching English toyoung learners

Number of items 13

Areas ofknowledge

• children’s characteristics aslanguage learners (theory-focused)

• developing children’s learningstrategies through languagelearning

• developing children’s cognitivestrategies through languagelearning

• developing children’scommunication strategies throughlanguage learning

Task types 3-option multiple choice;1-1 matching; 3/4/5-option matching; odd one out

PART 2 Title Planning and preparing young

learner lessons

Number of items 21

Areas ofknowledge

• lesson plans – components /headings

• providing support and challengewhen selecting and usingcoursebooks and supplementarymaterials

• additional resources – selecting,adapting and supplementing

Task types 3-option multiple choice;1-1 matching; 3/4/5-option matching; odd one out

PART 3 Title Teaching young learners

Number of items 33

Areas ofknowledge

• scaffolding children’sunderstanding of language and useof language through teacherlanguage and teaching strategies

• using practice activities toconsolidate children’s languagelearning

• managing young learners in class

Task types 3-option multiple choice;1-1 matching; 3/4/5-option matching; odd one out

PART 4 Title Assessing young learner learning

through classroom-basedassessment

Number of items 13

Areas ofknowledge

• purposes of different types ofclassroom-based assessment

• focus of different types ofclassroom-based assessment

• acting on classroom-basedassessment evidence

Task types 3-option multiple choice;1-1 matching; 3/4/5-option matching; odd one out

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TKT: YL HANDBOOK | GENERAL DESCRIPTION AND SYLLABUS 7

■ Part 1

This part of the TKT: YL module tests candidates’ knowledge ofchildren’s characteristics as language learners and knowledge of howlanguage learning can help young learners to develop learningstrategies, cognitive strategies and communication strategies.

■ Syllabus area Knowledge of Young Learners and

Principles of Teaching English to

Young Learners

■ Possible testing focus

• Children’s characteristics as language learners

(theory-focused)

- capacity for play and fun

- capacity for indirect learning: tendency to respond to

meaning and the situation rather than to language

- need to feel relaxed/safe

- learning from social interaction (with peers and teacher)

- using chunks

- using limited language at their disposal creatively

- some children may already be able or be beginning to

understand abstracts, generalise and systematise

- characteristics which vary between children: e.g. learning

styles, previous learning experience, L1 background,

motivation, personality, attention spans (depending on

activity and topic)

• Developing children’s learning strategies through

language learning

- planning learning

- setting learning objectives

- selecting activities

- organising learning

- reviewing learning

- remembering language or information about language

- using reference resources

- developing hypotheses about language rules

- comparing

- contrasting

- self assessment

- self correction

• Developing children’s cognitive strategies through

language learning

- predicting

- skimming

- scanning

- identifying

- matching

- categorising

- deducing meaning from context

- risk-taking

- sequencing

- ranking

• Developing children’s communication strategies

through language learning

- asking for an object (Can I have…?)

- asking for clarification or help (Can you help me?/ How

can I…?)

- asking for information (What’s a dragon? / How do

you…?)

- asking for permission (Can I go/take/use/work with…?)

- attracting someone’s attention (Miss!)

- clarifying (Yes, a blue one.)

- describing routines or states (I go to bed at…/ It lives in

the jungle.)

- describing a personal experience (We went to the park.)

- describing an action (He’s singing.)

- describing appearance (It’s green.)

- expressing a reason (Because I found it.)

- expressing agreement/disagreement (OK/I don’t

think so...)

- expressing an intention (I’m going to draw a house.)

- expressing an opinion (I like cats.)

- giving instructions (Open it! Don’t do that!)

- narrating (The king said…)

- offering something (Do you want some?)

■ Part 2

This part of the TKT: YL module tests candidates’ knowledge ofplanning and preparing language lessons for young learners.

■ Syllabus area Planning and preparing young

learner lessons

■ Possible testing focus

• Lesson plans (components/headings)

- learning outcomes

- personal teaching aim

- previous learning

- resources needed

- interaction patterns (plenary, groups, pairs, individual)

- procedure

- possible problems and solutions

- differentiation

- assessment evidence

- syllabus fit

- follow up suggestions

- lesson evaluation

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8 TKT: YL HANDBOOK | GENERAL DESCRIPTION AND SYLLABUS8

• Providing support and challenge when selecting and

using coursebooks and supplementary materials

Adding to, omitting from and adapting coursebooks and

supplementary materials to support and challenge

children’s learning:

- adding visual support

- adding word banks

- adding possible answers

- omitting unnecessary detail

- simplifying language

- personalising content

- changing layout

- adapting tasks

• Additional resources – selecting, adapting and

supplementing

Planning and sequencing lessons involving coursebooks

and supplementary materials through the use and

adaptation of:

- stories

- games (e.g. physical response, guessing, memory,

categorisation games)

- puppets

- realia

- flashcards, pictures and drawings

- blackboard/whiteboard

- art and craft materials and activities (e.g. making and

designing mini-books, origami animals, personal

dictionaries, masks, puppets, weather charts, cards for

special occasions)

- action rhymes, songs and chants

- ICT

- DVD clips (both commercial and class-made)

■ Part 3

This part of the TKT: YL module tests candidates’ knowledge ofstrategies for teaching language to young learners.

■ Syllabus area Teaching young learners

■ Possible testing focus

• Scaffolding children’s understanding of language and use

of language through teacher language

- using language at children’s level

- adjusting language to children’s level: repeating, rephrasing,

allowing wait time after asking a question

- asking appropriate questions: closed, open, divergent,

convergent

- supporting language with gestures and actions (facial

expressions, making sounds, pointing, nodding)

- correcting: reformulating, recasting, ignoring error

- using L1 when appropriate

• Scaffolding through teaching strategies (see Moon,

2000)

- creating a clear or familiar context for an activity

- creating a clear purpose for an activity which makes

sense from a child’s perspective

- providing language models or prompts for an activity or

topic (e.g. through puppets, drawings)

- revising language needed for an activity or topic

- demonstrating through a model and/or example how to

do an activity

- moving from known to unknown in an activity

- focusing on visible objects, actions and information

- using practical activities in which language is supported

by action

- supporting meaning with visuals and/or objects (e.g.

puppets, mascots)

- creating opportunities for learning through different

senses

- relating activities to children’s personal experiences

- use of word banks, language frames, substitution tables,

sentence starters, speech bubbles, different kinds of

charts, diagrams and grids to support both input and

output

• Using practice activities to consolidate children’s

language learning

- stirrers and settlers

- competitive and cooperative activities

- listen and do (physical response), listen and make, listen

and draw, listen and say

- dictation

- visualisation

- brainstorming

- drills

- chants

- dialogue

- songs

- role-play

- stories

- surveys

- information-gap activities

- guessing activities

- memory activities

- categorisation activities

- problem-solving activities

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TKT: YL HANDBOOK | GENERAL DESCRIPTION AND SYLLABUS 9

• Managing young learners in class

- getting and keeping children’s attention

- checking understanding

- correction strategies (recasting, reformulating, ignoring

errors, plus a limited focus on direct correction techniques)

- using and managing individual, pair, group and whole

class work

- establishing routines to develop responsible behaviour and

help children to feel safe

- giving children practical responsibilities

■ Part 4

This part of the TKT: YL module tests candidates’ knowledge ofassessing young learner learning in the classroom, and knowledge ofhow to respond to the information provided by classroom assessment.

■ Syllabus area Assessing young learner learning

through classroom-based assessment

■ Possible testing focus

• Purposes of assessing learning

- identifying progress in language, learning strategies, use ofskills

- identifying achievement in language, learning strategies,use of skills

- diagnosing strengths and weaknesses in language, learningstrategies, use of skills, gaining feedback on learningobjectives of lesson or of syllabus

- identifying children’s likes and dislikes

• Focuses of assessing learning

- language

- behaviour

- learning strategies

- cognitive strategies

• Acting on assessment evidence

- providing oral and written formative feedback in class

- adjusting teaching materials

- adjusting task types

- adjusting classroom management

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TKT: YL HANDBOOK | PREPARATION

■ Become fully familiar with the exam format and task types

for TKT: Young Learners. See page 7 for details of the

number of sections the test contains, the number of tasks

in each section and the task types that could be used in

each section. Look too at the sample paper on pages 12-20

of this handbook. The task types used are:

– 1-1 matching (See the first task on page 13 for an

example.)

– 3/4/5-option matching (See the second task on page 13 for

an example.)

– 3-option multiple choice (See the second task on page 17

for an example.)

– odd one out (See the second task on page 18 for an

example.)

Notice the instructions for each task, read them carefully

and always do as instructed.

■ Check that you can complete the questions in the given

time limit (80 minutes) and make sure you know how to

record your answers on the answer sheet. (See page 25 for a

sample answer sheet.) Remember that all answers must be

given on the answer sheet by lozenging the correct letter.

Preparing for the TKT: YLmodule

General ■ TKT: YL is concerned with teaching English as a foreign

language to young learners. Teachers may therefore be able

to use their own teaching situation as a means of preparing

for the test.

Before a lesson, teachers could:

– look at the language demands of the lesson and decide

what kind of support is needed so that learners can

understand and produce the language in spoken and

written English

– notice any particular difficulties and include additional

support for the less able young learners

– think about providing additional challenge for the more

able young learners

– provide young learners with an opportunity to reflect on

what they have learned at the end of the lesson.

While teaching a lesson, teachers could:

– note any common strengths and problems young learners

have in understanding and using key language

– monitor and take note of young learners’ ability to work

effectively at different stages of the lesson.

After a lesson, teachers could:

– consider possible reasons for young learners’ success or

difficulty in understanding and using key language

– consider possible reasons for the effectiveness or

ineffectiveness of different lesson stages

– consider what changes, if any, they might make in their

future lesson with their young learners class.

■ Become familiar with supplementary materials for teaching

English to young learners. When looking at these materials

it is useful to think about how the learner can access them

by asking questions such as:

– Is the topic appropriate for my young learners?

– Is the language load manageable and relevant for my

young learners?

– What will I need to adapt, omit or add to in the materials?

10

Page 12: Teaching Knowledge Test (TKT) Young Learners (YL) · TKT Module 1 TKT Mod ule 2 TKT Module 3 TKT: CLIL TKT: KAL TKT: Practical TKT: YL CELTA ICELT Delta Module One Delta Mod le wo

TKT: YL HANDBOOK | PREPARATION

By part■ Part 1: Knowledge of young learners and principlesof teaching English to young learners

Candidates can consider, discuss or read about:

• young learners’ characteristics as language learners

• how language learning can help young learners to

develop learning strategies, cognitive strategies and

communication strategies.

■ Part 2: Planning and preparing young learnerlessons

Candidates can consider, discuss or read about:

• what needs to be planned before teaching a young

learner lesson or series of lessons

• different ways of providing support and challenge in

young learner materials

• the use of additional classroom resources in young

learner lessons.

■ Part 3: Teaching young learners

Candidates can consider, discuss or read about:

• scaffolding young learners’ understanding and use of

language

• using practice activities in young learner lessons

• managing young learners in class.

■ Part 4: Assessing young learner learning throughclassroom-based assessment

Candidates can consider, discuss or read about:

• purposes of and focuses for assessing young learners’

work in class

• ways of responding to the information classroom

assessment provides.

11

Page 13: Teaching Knowledge Test (TKT) Young Learners (YL) · TKT Module 1 TKT Mod ule 2 TKT Module 3 TKT: CLIL TKT: KAL TKT: Practical TKT: YL CELTA ICELT Delta Module One Delta Mod le wo

TKT: YL HANDBOOK | SAMPLE TEST12

!

Cen

tre N

umbe

r C

andi

date

Num

ber

C

andi

date

Nam

e

U

NIV

ERSI

TY O

F C

AM

BR

IDG

E ES

OL

EXA

MIN

ATI

ON

S

Engl

ish

for S

peak

ers

of O

ther

Lan

guag

es

TEA

CH

ING

KN

OW

LED

GE

TEST

006

YOU

NG

LEA

RN

ERS

Sam

ple

Test

1

hour

20

min

utes

A

dditi

onal

mat

eria

l:

Ans

wer

she

et

TIM

E 1

hour

20

min

utes

INST

RU

CTI

ON

S TO

CA

ND

IDA

TES

Do

not o

pen

this

que

stio

n pa

per u

ntil

you

are

told

to d

o so

.

Writ

e yo

ur n

ame,

Cen

tre

num

ber a

nd c

andi

date

num

ber o

n yo

ur a

nsw

er s

heet

if th

ey a

re

not a

lread

y th

ere.

R

ead

the

inst

ruct

ions

for e

ach

part

of th

e pa

per c

aref

ully

.

Ans

wer

all

the

ques

tions

.

Rea

d th

e in

stru

ctio

ns o

n th

e an

swer

she

et.

Mar

k yo

ur a

nsw

ers

on th

e an

swer

she

et.

Use

a p

enci

l.

You

mus

t com

plet

e th

e an

swer

she

et w

ithin

the

time

limit.

At t

he e

nd o

f the

test

, han

d in

bot

h th

e qu

estio

n pa

per a

nd th

e an

swer

she

et.

INFO

RM

ATI

ON

FO

R C

AN

DID

ATE

S

Th

ere

are

80 q

uest

ions

on

this

pap

er.

Eac

h qu

estio

n ca

rrie

s on

e m

ark.

Th

is p

aper

con

sist

s of

14

prin

ted

page

s an

d 2

blan

k pa

ges.

P

V7

©

UC

LES

201

0 TK

T: Y

oung

Lea

rner

s

Sample test

Page 14: Teaching Knowledge Test (TKT) Young Learners (YL) · TKT Module 1 TKT Mod ule 2 TKT Module 3 TKT: CLIL TKT: KAL TKT: Practical TKT: YL CELTA ICELT Delta Module One Delta Mod le wo

Sample test

TKT: YL HANDBOOK | SAMPLE TEST 13

2 Fo

r que

stio

ns 1

� 6

, mat

ch th

e te

ache

r�s c

omm

ents

on

her a

ppro

ach

to le

arni

ng w

ith th

e yo

ung

lear

ner n

eeds

and

cha

ract

eris

tics

liste

d A

� G

. M

ark

the

corr

ect l

ette

r (A

� G

) on

your

ans

wer

she

et.

Th

ere

is o

ne e

xtra

opt

ion

whi

ch y

ou d

o no

t nee

d to

use

.

Youn

g le

arne

r nee

ds a

nd c

hara

cter

istic

s

You

ng le

arne

rs li

ke to

hav

e:

A

rout

ines

in th

e cl

assr

oom

B

pe

rson

alis

ed fe

edba

ck o

n th

eir l

angu

age

C

oppo

rtuni

ties

to re

spon

d to

and

use

lang

uage

cre

ativ

ely

D

ch

ance

to h

ave

fun

as a

who

le c

lass

E

help

with

und

erly

ing

lang

uage

pat

tern

s

F

phys

ical

mov

emen

t/act

ivity

G

enou

gh ti

me

to c

ompl

ete

thei

r wor

k

Teac

her�s

com

men

ts

1

Th

ey�re

ofte

n sl

eepy

in th

e af

tern

oons

so

we

gene

rally

do

som

e gr

oup

proj

ect w

ork

whe

re

they

�re m

easu

ring

or d

oing

som

ethi

ng li

ke a

sci

ence

exp

erim

ent.

2

Th

ey w

orry

abo

ut th

eir s

pelli

ng s

o, e

ach

wee

k, w

e ch

oose

a v

owel

sou

nd a

nd b

rain

stor

m

all t

he w

ords

we

can

thin

k of

. The

n w

e lo

ok a

t how

they

�re s

pelt

and

cate

goris

e th

em.

3

O

ne o

f the

thin

gs m

y pu

pils

like

mos

t is

to le

arn

a ch

ant a

nd th

en tr

y to

say

it fa

ster

and

fa

ster

but

stil

l kee

p in

tim

e. T

hat p

art�s

real

ly h

ard!

4

A

t the

sta

rt of

the

less

on, t

wo

pupi

ls g

ive

out t

he b

ooks

and

ano

ther

writ

es th

e da

te o

n th

e bo

ard.

5

W

e of

ten

do v

isua

lisat

ions

. The

y cl

ose

thei

r eye

s an

d I a

sk th

em q

uest

ions

abo

ut a

sto

ry:

who

�s in

it?

whe

re a

re th

ey?

wha

t hap

pens

? Th

en th

ey d

raw

a p

ictu

re a

nd w

rite

a fe

w

sent

ence

s ab

out i

t.

6

I�v

e go

t a b

ank

of w

orks

heet

s at

the

back

of t

he ro

om fo

r fas

t fin

ishe

rs s

o th

at th

ey d

on�t

get b

ored

wai

ting

for e

very

one

else

.

3

Turn

ove

r !

For q

uest

ions

7 �

13,

mat

ch th

e te

ache

rs� i

nstru

ctio

ns w

ith th

e m

ain

cogn

itive

stra

tegi

es th

ey a

re

help

ing

to d

evel

op li

sted

A �

D.

Mar

k th

e co

rrec

t let

ter (

A �

D) o

n yo

ur a

nsw

er s

heet

.

You

will

nee

d to

use

som

e of

the

optio

ns m

ore

than

onc

e.

M

ain

cogn

itive

str

ateg

ies

A

ca

tego

risin

g

B

pr

edic

ting

C

rank

ing

D

infe

rrin

g

Teac

hers

� ins

truc

tions

7

Look

at t

he m

onst

ers

in th

ese

pict

ures

. Whi

ch o

ne�s

nau

ghty

? H

ow d

o yo

u kn

ow?

8

Look

at t

hese

lette

rs a

nd th

en tr

y to

find

the

anim

al w

ord

I�m th

inki

ng o

f. Ar

e yo

u re

ady?

Fi

rst w

ord:

D �

O �

, Nex

t wor

d: S

� N

� �

, nex

t one

: C �

A �

9

Cut

out

the

five

pict

ures

of f

ood.

Stic

k yo

ur fa

vour

ite o

ne h

ere

at th

e to

p an

d w

rite

the

nam

e un

der i

t. Th

en p

ut y

our n

ext f

avou

rite

one

unde

r it,

and

so o

n.

10

Li

sten

to th

ese

peop

le�s

voi

ces.

Whi

ch p

erso

n so

unds

hap

py?

11

On

this

pap

er y

ou�v

e go

t tw

o ci

rcle

s. In

this

circ

le, d

raw

two

thin

gs y

ou o

nly

wea

r in

win

ter

and

in th

e ot

her,

circ

le tw

o th

ings

you

onl

y w

ear i

n su

mm

er.

12

On

the

boar

d th

ere

are

pict

ures

of S

ue, a

sho

e an

d a

zoo.

Lis

ten

to th

is w

ord

and

tell

me

whi

ch p

ictu

re to

writ

e it

unde

r. N

ow li

sten

to th

ese

wor

ds.

13

Her

e ar

e pi

ctur

es o

f 10

thin

gs to

take

on

holid

ay. I

n pa

irs, c

hoos

e th

e fiv

e m

ost i

mpo

rtant

fo

r you

.

Page 15: Teaching Knowledge Test (TKT) Young Learners (YL) · TKT Module 1 TKT Mod ule 2 TKT Module 3 TKT: CLIL TKT: KAL TKT: Practical TKT: YL CELTA ICELT Delta Module One Delta Mod le wo

TKT: YL HANDBOOK | SAMPLE TEST14

Sample test5

Turn

ove

r !

Mem

ory

Gam

e Le

sson

pla

n

Te

ache

r com

men

ts

Voca

bula

ry fo

cus

14ki

tche

n, k

nife

, for

k, s

poon

, pla

te, c

up,

bow

l, fru

it, v

eget

able

s

Good

: the

y�re

doin

g he

alth

y ea

ting

in s

cien

ce.

B

efor

e cl

ass

Cop

y th

e vo

cabu

lary

wor

kshe

et o

f pi

ctur

es a

nd w

ords

, and

cut

them

in

to fl

ashc

ards

.

15

One

gro

up o

f ch

ildre

n ca

n�t r

ead

it, s

o I�

ll m

ake

a

set

of m

atch

ing

pict

ures

for

the

m.

16

Grea

t! Ch

ildre

n co

uld

mak

e th

eir

own

gam

e se

ts t

o ke

ep a

nd p

ract

ise

with

.

! In

cla

ss

Rev

iew

the

topi

c of

voc

abul

ary.

! 17

Impo

rtan

t, b

ecau

se t

his

gam

e m

ight

be

new

for

so

me

child

ren.

Exp

lain

the

gam

e by

exa

mpl

e, w

ith

your

self

as o

ne p

laye

r, an

d th

ree

mor

e ch

ildre

n.

G

ame

rule

s

18Ex

plai

n th

at t

hey

mus

t pa

y at

tent

ion

to r

emem

ber

wher

e th

eir

word

s ar

e.

! M

ix th

e ca

rds,

and

put

the

wor

d ca

rds

face

dow

n on

the

tabl

e, in

four

ro

ws

of tw

o, a

nd th

e pi

ctur

es fa

ce

dow

n on

the

othe

r sid

e of

the

tabl

e,

also

in fo

ur ro

ws

of tw

o.

19

! A

sk a

chi

ld to

turn

ove

r a c

ard

from

th

e pi

ctur

e si

de a

nd to

say

the

wor

d,

and

to d

o th

e sa

me

for a

car

d on

the

wor

d si

de.

I�ll

know

if t

hey

have

lear

ned

som

ethi

ng if

the

y us

e En

glis

h ra

ther

tha

n L1

for

pic

ture

car

ds.

! If

the

pict

ure

and

wor

d ca

rds

are

the

sam

e ob

ject

, the

chi

ld k

eeps

the

two

card

s. If

the

pict

ure

and

wor

d do

not

m

atch

, the

chi

ld p

uts

the

two

card

s fa

ce d

own

agai

n.

20

!

The

next

chi

ld c

ontin

ues

in th

e sa

me

way

.

I m

ust

try

to li

sten

to

all t

he p

airs

thi

s ti

me.

! Th

e ga

me

is o

ver w

hen

all t

he p

ictu

res

and

wor

ds h

ave

been

mat

ched

.

4 Fo

r que

stio

ns 1

4 �

20, m

atch

the

teac

her�s

not

es o

n a

voca

bula

ry le

sson

pla

n fro

m a

reso

urce

boo

k w

ith th

e le

sson

pla

n he

adin

gs li

sted

A �

H.

Mar

k th

e co

rrec

t let

ter (

A �

H) o

n yo

ur a

nsw

er s

heet

.

Ther

e is

one

ext

ra o

ptio

n w

hich

you

do

not n

eed

to u

se.

Le

sson

pla

n he

adin

gs

A

A

ssum

ptio

ns

B

Ass

essm

ent e

vide

nce

C

Diff

eren

tiatio

n

D

E

xten

sion

act

ivity

E

Inte

ract

ion

patte

rns

F

S

ylla

bus

fit

G

P

erso

nal t

each

ing

aim

H

P

roce

dure

Page 16: Teaching Knowledge Test (TKT) Young Learners (YL) · TKT Module 1 TKT Mod ule 2 TKT Module 3 TKT: CLIL TKT: KAL TKT: Practical TKT: YL CELTA ICELT Delta Module One Delta Mod le wo

TKT: YL HANDBOOK | SAMPLE TEST 15

Sample test

7

Turn

ove

r !

For q

uest

ions

28

� 34

, cho

ose

the

best

opt

ion

(A, B

or C

) to

com

plet

e ea

ch s

tate

men

t abo

ut u

sing

ad

ditio

nal r

esou

rces

. M

ark

the

corr

ect l

ette

r (A

, B o

r C) o

n yo

ur a

nsw

er s

heet

.

28

I ofte

n us

e ac

tion

rhym

es w

ith m

y cl

ass

beca

use

____

____

____

hel

p th

e ch

ildre

n to

as

soci

ate

wor

ds w

ith m

eani

ngs.

A

the

wor

ds th

at rh

yme

B

the

mov

emen

ts

C

the

tune

s

29

I fin

d co

mpu

ter g

ames

whe

re c

hild

ren

put s

ente

nces

in th

e rig

ht o

rder

to m

ake

a st

ory

can

be u

sefu

l bec

ause

chi

ldre

n ge

t ___

____

____

_.

A

imm

edia

te fe

edba

ck o

n th

eir a

nsw

ers

B

the

chan

ce to

inve

nt in

tere

stin

g st

orie

s

C

pl

enty

of l

iste

ning

pra

ctic

e

30

Mak

ing

orig

ami a

nim

als

in c

lass

is p

artic

ular

ly u

sefu

l for

pra

ctis

ing

____

____

____

.

A

th

e w

ords

for d

iffer

ent a

nim

als

B

liste

ning

for g

ist

C

follo

win

g in

stru

ctio

ns

31

Wor

dsea

rch

puzz

les

can

be a

use

ful w

ay o

f ___

____

____

_.

A

prac

tisin

g re

adin

g co

mpr

ehen

sion

B

im

prov

ing

lear

ners

� wor

d st

ress

C

re

view

ing

a le

xica

l set

32

Whe

n I�m

sho

win

g a

DV

D c

lip fo

r the

firs

t tim

e, I

som

etim

es tu

rn th

e so

und

dow

n an

d as

k th

e ch

ildre

n to

___

____

____

_ w

hat t

he c

hara

cter

s ar

e sa

ying

.

A

repe

at

B

imag

ine

C

trans

late

33

I lik

e m

akin

g a

vide

o of

my

clas

ses

actin

g ou

t litt

le s

torie

s be

caus

e th

ey _

____

____

___.

A

re

alis

e th

eir p

ronu

ncia

tion

is n

ot v

ery

good

B

w

ant t

o pr

actis

e un

til th

ey c

an d

o it

real

ly w

ell

C

can

see

who

se a

ctin

g sk

ills

are

parti

cula

rly g

ood

34

I fin

d th

at fl

ashc

ards

are

par

ticul

arly

use

ful f

or il

lust

ratin

g __

____

____

__.

A

conc

rete

voc

abul

ary

item

s

B

le

xica

l chu

nks

C

wor

ds th

at a

re h

ard

to tr

ansl

ate

6 Fo

r que

stio

ns 2

1 �

27, m

atch

the

prob

lem

s te

ache

rs h

ave

with

mat

eria

ls w

ith th

e w

ays

of

supp

lem

entin

g or

ada

ptin

g th

ose

mat

eria

ls li

sted

A �

H.

Mar

k th

e co

rrec

t let

ter (

A �

H) o

n yo

ur a

nsw

er s

heet

.

Ther

e is

one

ext

ra o

ptio

n w

hich

you

do

not n

eed

to u

se.

Teac

hers

� pro

blem

s

Way

s of

ada

ptin

g th

e m

ater

ials

21

Ther

e w

as a

text

in th

e co

urse

book

abo

ut p

ets.

I w

asn�

t sur

e if

my

lear

ners

wou

ld k

now

the

diffe

renc

e be

twee

n ha

mst

ers

and

guin

ea p

igs

and

budg

ies

and

cana

ries.

So

I

22

The

child

ren

wer

e ke

en to

find

out

mor

e ab

out a

new

fil

m w

hich

cam

e ou

t rec

ently

. I fo

und

a go

od re

view

in

a n

ewsp

aper

and

alth

ough

the

lang

uage

was

ab

ove

thei

r lev

el, I

kne

w th

ey w

ould

find

it a

ll re

ally

in

tere

stin

g. S

o I

23

The

cour

sebo

ok h

ad a

reci

pe fo

r som

ethi

ng th

at is

n�t

popu

lar a

mon

g ch

ildre

n in

our

cou

ntry

. I th

ough

t it

wou

ld b

e m

ore

usef

ul fo

r the

m to

stu

dy th

e la

ngua

ge

in a

reci

pe fo

r som

ethi

ng th

ey li

ke. S

o I

24

I got

som

e in

form

atio

n ab

out c

hoco

late

from

a lo

cal

fact

ory

but I

wan

ted

the

child

ren

to re

ad o

nly

abou

t ho

w it

is m

ade

and

not a

bout

the

hist

ory

of c

hoco

late

m

akin

g. S

o I

25

The

reco

rdin

g fro

m th

e co

urse

book

abo

ut th

e fe

stiv

als

was

real

ly in

tere

stin

g. B

ut I

wan

ted

the

child

ren

to d

o so

met

hing

mor

e co

mm

unic

ativ

e th

an

just

list

en a

nd a

nsw

er th

e co

mpr

ehen

sion

que

stio

ns.

So

I

26

I wan

ted

my

clas

s to

dra

w a

Ven

n di

agra

m o

f the

si

mila

ritie

s an

d di

ffere

nces

bet

wee

n ca

mel

s an

d gi

raffe

s. I

knew

they

wou

ldn�

t thi

nk o

f eno

ugh

thin

gs

to m

ake

a ve

ry c

ompl

ete

diag

ram

. So

I

27

The

stor

y in

the

cour

sebo

ok w

as w

ritte

n as

one

long

pa

ragr

aph

in v

ery

smal

l prin

t and

was

har

d to

read

. S

o I

A

B

C

D

E F G H

pers

onal

ised

the

cont

ent.

omitt

ed s

ome

unne

cess

ary

deta

ils.

adap

ted

the

task

.

adde

d a

trans

crip

t.

chan

ged

the

layo

ut.

gave

them

som

e po

ssib

le a

nsw

ers.

adde

d so

me

visu

al s

uppo

rt.

sim

plifi

ed th

e la

ngua

ge.

Page 17: Teaching Knowledge Test (TKT) Young Learners (YL) · TKT Module 1 TKT Mod ule 2 TKT Module 3 TKT: CLIL TKT: KAL TKT: Practical TKT: YL CELTA ICELT Delta Module One Delta Mod le wo

TKT: YL HANDBOOK | SAMPLE TEST16

Sample test9

Turn

ove

r !

For q

uest

ions

42

� 48

, mat

ch th

e ex

ampl

es o

f wha

t fas

t fin

ishe

rs d

o in

cla

ss w

ith th

e sc

affo

ldin

g st

rate

gies

for c

halle

ngin

g th

em li

sted

A, B

and

C.

Mar

k th

e co

rrec

t let

ter (

A, B

or C

) on

your

ans

wer

she

et.

Y

ou w

ill n

eed

to u

se s

ome

of th

e op

tions

mor

e th

an o

nce.

Scaf

fold

ing

stra

tegi

es fo

r cha

lleng

ing

fast

fini

sher

s

A

C

hild

ren

chec

k th

eir o

wn

wor

k.

B

Chi

ldre

n he

lp o

ther

chi

ldre

n w

ho h

ave

not f

inis

hed

yet.

C

Chi

ldre

n do

an

exte

nsio

n ac

tivity

.

Wha

t fas

t fin

ishe

rs d

o

42

Writ

e th

e na

me

of fi

ve o

bjec

ts w

hich

are

usu

ally

red.

43

Com

pare

thei

r ans

wer

s to

a c

ompr

ehen

sion

task

abo

ut a

sto

ry w

ith th

e an

swer

key

at t

he

back

of t

heir

cour

sebo

ok.

44

Exp

lain

in L

1 ho

w to

do

a se

quen

cing

task

to a

gro

up h

avin

g pr

oble

ms

doin

g th

e ta

sk.

45

D

raw

a p

ictu

re to

illu

stra

te th

e ch

ant t

hey

have

writ

ten.

46

Pro

ofre

ad th

eir s

hort

desc

riptio

n of

a ty

pica

l day

in th

eir l

ife b

efor

e th

ey g

ive

it to

the

teac

her.

47

Cho

ose

a gr

aded

read

er fr

om a

read

ing

box

the

teac

her k

eeps

in th

e cl

assr

oom

.

48

Ans

wer

ano

ther

chi

ld�s

que

stio

ns a

bout

the

mea

ning

of s

ome

wor

ds in

a s

urve

y th

e cl

ass

are

prep

arin

g.

8 Fo

r que

stio

ns 3

5 �

41, m

atch

the

teac

her c

lass

room

lang

uage

in th

e ex

ampl

es w

ith th

e st

rate

gies

for

scaf

fold

ing

child

ren�

s un

ders

tand

ing

and

lang

uage

use

list

ed A

� H

. M

ark

the

corr

ect l

ette

r (A

� H

) on

your

ans

wer

she

et.

Th

ere

is o

ne e

xtra

opt

ion

whi

ch y

ou d

o no

t nee

d to

use

.

Stra

tegi

es fo

r sca

ffold

ing

child

ren�

s un

ders

tand

ing

and

lang

uage

use

A

re

form

ulat

ing

B

prom

ptin

g

C

ec

ho c

orre

ctin

g

D

de

finin

g

E

givi

ng a

n ex

ampl

e

F

dem

onst

ratin

g

G

igno

ring

erro

r

H

as

king

an

open

que

stio

n

Te

ache

r cla

ssro

om la

ngua

ge

35

Chi

ld:

W

hat d

oes

�ani

mal

� mea

n?

Teac

her:

Cat

s an

d ho

rses

are

ani

mal

s.

36

Chi

ld:

Th

is M

artin

�s p

en.

Teac

her:

OK

. Wel

l can

you

giv

e it

back

to h

im, p

leas

e.

37

Chi

ld:

La

st S

atur

day

my

aunt

ie ta

ke m

e to

the

cine

ma.

Te

ache

r: Ta

ke?

38

Chi

ld:

S

orry

. I d

on�t

unde

rsta

nd.

Teac

her:

Put

you

r cha

ir lik

e th

is. T

hen

you

can�

t see

Sam

�s p

ictu

re.

39

Chi

ld:

Th

is d

inos

aur i

s m

ore

big.

Te

ache

r: O

K, t

his

dino

saur

�s b

igge

r.

40

Chi

ld:

W

hat�s

an

inse

ct?

Teac

her:

It�s

an a

nim

al w

ith s

ix le

gs.

41

Chi

ld:

I c

an�t

rem

embe

r the

nam

e of

the

colo

ur.

Teac

her:

Pur

Chi

ld:

P

urpl

e.

Page 18: Teaching Knowledge Test (TKT) Young Learners (YL) · TKT Module 1 TKT Mod ule 2 TKT Module 3 TKT: CLIL TKT: KAL TKT: Practical TKT: YL CELTA ICELT Delta Module One Delta Mod le wo

TKT: YL HANDBOOK | SAMPLE TEST 17

Sample test

11

Turn

ove

r !

For q

uest

ions

55

� 60

, cho

ose

the

best

opt

ion

(A, B

or C

) to

com

plet

e ea

ch s

tate

men

t abo

ut th

e us

es

of c

lass

room

pra

ctic

e ac

tiviti

es.

Mar

k th

e co

rrec

t let

ter (

A, B

or C

) on

your

ans

wer

she

et.

55

B

rain

stor

min

g vo

cabu

lary

bef

ore

a ta

sk

A

mak

es u

se o

f chi

ldre

n�s

own

expe

rienc

e an

d m

emor

ies

of th

e to

pic.

B

he

lps

child

ren

dedu

ce m

eani

ng fr

om c

onte

xt.

C

crea

tes

an in

form

atio

n-ga

p ac

tivity

.

56

R

ole-

play

can

pro

vide

chi

ldre

n w

ith th

e op

portu

nity

to

A

prac

tise

writ

ing

skill

s.

B

do ji

gsaw

list

enin

g.

C

cons

olid

ate

lang

uage

chu

nks.

57

S

ettli

ng a

ctiv

ities

aim

to

A

crea

te a

com

petit

ive

clas

sroo

m a

tmos

pher

e.

B

calm

and

focu

s ch

ildre

n af

ter a

per

iod

of a

ctiv

ity.

C

prov

ide

grou

p pr

actic

e of

targ

et la

ngua

ge.

58

Vis

ualis

atio

n ac

tiviti

es in

volv

e ch

ildre

n in

A

us

ing

min

d m

aps

to re

cord

voc

abul

ary.

B

cl

osin

g th

eir e

yes

and

liste

ning

to th

e te

ache

rs.

C

look

ing

at p

ictu

res

in g

roup

s.

59

Tota

l Phy

sica

l Res

pons

e ac

tiviti

es in

volv

e m

ainl

y

A

child

ren�

s w

ritin

g sk

ills.

B

ch

ildre

n�s

read

ing

skill

s.

C

child

ren�

s lis

teni

ng s

kills

.

60

P

robl

em-s

olvi

ng a

ctiv

ities

con

solid

ate

child

ren�

s la

ngua

ge le

arni

ng b

y

A

activ

atin

g th

eir c

ogni

tive

skill

s.

B

pres

entin

g ne

w la

ngua

ge.

C

high

light

ing

the

impo

rtanc

e of

acc

urat

e pr

onun

ciat

ion.

10

For q

uest

ions

49

� 54

, mat

ch th

e de

scrip

tions

of a

ctiv

ities

with

the

type

s of

pra

ctic

e ac

tivity

list

ed

A �

G.

Mar

k th

e co

rrec

t let

ter (

A �

G) o

n yo

ur a

nsw

er s

heet

.

Ther

e is

one

ext

ra o

ptio

n w

hich

you

do

not n

eed

to u

se.

Ty

pes

of p

ract

ice

activ

ity

A

br

ains

torm

B

in

form

atio

n-ga

p

C

vi

sual

isat

ion

D

gues

sing

E

mem

ory

activ

ity

F

ro

le-p

lay

G

dr

ill

Des

crip

tions

of a

ctiv

ities

49

Chi

ldre

n cl

ose

thei

r eye

s w

hile

the

teac

her r

emov

es o

ne o

f the

sto

ry s

ente

nces

from

the

boar

d. T

hey

open

thei

r eye

s, th

en s

ay w

hich

one

is m

issi

ng.

50

The

teac

her s

ays

the

sent

ence

�I g

ave

her a

ban

ana�

, the

n sh

ows

pict

ures

of e

.g. a

littl

e gi

rl, a

man

, a m

othe

r and

fath

er, a

cat

, etc

. Chi

ldre

n ha

ve to

say

the

sent

ence

with

the

corr

ect p

rono

un fo

r eac

h.

51

Afte

r rea

ding

the

stor

y, th

e te

ache

r cho

oses

diff

eren

t chi

ldre

n to

act

it o

ut.

52

The

teac

her t

ells

the

child

ren

they

are

goi

ng to

trav

el in

a s

pace

ship

to a

noth

er p

lane

t. In

gr

oups

, the

y m

ake

a lis

t of t

hing

s th

ey w

ant t

o ta

ke w

ith th

em.

53

Eac

h ch

ild h

as a

diff

eren

t ver

sion

of a

pic

ture

to th

eir p

artn

er.

With

out l

ooki

ng a

t eac

h ot

her�s

pic

ture

, the

y ta

ke tu

rns

to d

escr

ibe

wha

t the

y se

e in

ord

er to

find

five

diff

eren

ces.

54

The

teac

her a

sks

the

child

ren

a se

ries

of q

uest

ions

abo

ut a

n im

agin

ary

day

out s

uch

as,

�Whe

re a

re y

ou g

oing

?, W

ho�s

with

you

? W

hat�s

the

wea

ther

like

?� C

hild

ren

sit q

uiet

ly w

ith

thei

r eye

s cl

osed

, thi

nkin

g ab

out t

he a

nsw

ers.

Page 19: Teaching Knowledge Test (TKT) Young Learners (YL) · TKT Module 1 TKT Mod ule 2 TKT Module 3 TKT: CLIL TKT: KAL TKT: Practical TKT: YL CELTA ICELT Delta Module One Delta Mod le wo

TKT: YL HANDBOOK | SAMPLE TEST18

Sample test13

Turn

ove

r !

For q

uest

ions

68

� 73

, loo

k at

the

inco

mpl

ete

stat

emen

ts a

bout

ass

essi

ng c

hild

ren

in c

lass

and

the

thre

e op

tions

for c

ompl

etin

g th

em li

sted

A, B

and

C.

Two

of th

e op

tions

com

plet

e th

e st

atem

ents

cor

rect

ly.

One

of t

he o

ptio

ns d

oes

NO

T .

Mar

k th

e le

tter (

A, B

or C

) whi

ch d

oes

NO

T co

mpl

ete

the

stat

emen

t cor

rect

ly o

n yo

ur a

nsw

er s

heet

. 68

To

ass

ess

thei

r cog

nitiv

e sk

ills,

the

teac

her a

sks

the

child

ren

to

A

answ

er tr

ue/fa

lse

ques

tions

abo

ut th

eir f

avou

rite

type

s of

food

.

B

pu

t pic

ture

s of

food

into

two

grou

ps: f

ood

they

like

and

food

they

don

�t lik

e.

C

sequ

ence

the

pric

es o

f diff

eren

t foo

ds fr

om th

e ch

eape

st to

the

mos

t exp

ensi

ve.

69

To a

sses

s th

eir a

bilit

y to

use

lang

uage

cre

ativ

ely,

the

teac

her a

sks

the

child

ren

to

A

liste

n to

and

per

form

a ja

zz c

hant

in p

airs

.

B

ta

ke p

art i

n a

role

pla

y in

pai

rs.

C

talk

abo

ut th

eir l

ast h

olid

ay in

pai

rs.

70

To a

sses

s th

eir l

iste

ning

com

preh

ensi

on s

kills

, the

teac

her a

sks

the

child

ren

to li

sten

and

A

m

ime

the

wor

ds in

a s

ong.

B

fo

llow

a te

xt w

ith th

e w

ords

of a

son

g.

C

answ

er s

ome

ques

tions

abo

ut a

son

g.

71

To a

sses

s th

eir s

pelli

ng, t

he te

ache

r ask

s th

e ch

ildre

n to

look

at p

ictu

res

and

A

fill i

n a

cros

swor

d pu

zzle

usi

ng th

e pi

ctur

es a

s cl

ues.

B

us

e th

e w

ords

in a

sub

stitu

tion

drill

.

C

la

bel t

he it

ems

in th

e sp

ace

prov

ided

.

72

To a

sses

s th

eir a

bilit

y to

revi

ew th

eir l

earn

ing,

the

teac

her a

sks

the

child

ren

to th

ink

abou

t th

e le

sson

and

to

A

deci

de w

hat t

hing

s th

ey w

ere

good

at.

B

list t

he w

ords

they

und

erst

ood.

C

sa

y w

hich

act

iviti

es th

ey li

ked.

73

To

ass

ess

thei

r abi

lity

to re

mem

ber l

angu

age,

the

teac

her a

sks

the

child

ren

to

A

fill i

n th

e ga

ps in

a te

xt a

bout

diff

eren

t typ

es o

f clo

thes

.

B

m

atch

wor

ds re

latin

g to

clo

thes

to p

ictu

res

of d

iffer

ent c

loth

es.

C

liste

n to

a s

ong

abou

t diff

eren

t clo

thes

.

12

For q

uest

ions

61

� 67

, mat

ch th

e te

ache

r�s c

omm

ents

with

the

area

s of

man

agin

g th

e cl

ass

to s

uppo

rt ch

ildre

n�s

lang

uage

lear

ning

list

ed A

� D

. M

ark

the

corr

ect a

nsw

er (A

� D

) on

your

ans

wer

she

et.

Y

ou w

ill n

eed

to u

se s

ome

of th

e op

tions

mor

e th

an o

nce.

Are

as o

f man

agin

g a

clas

s

A

ge

tting

chi

ldre

n�s

atte

ntio

n

B

ch

ecki

ng u

nder

stan

ding

C

co

rrec

ting

lang

uage

D

es

tabl

ishi

ng ro

utin

es to

dev

elop

resp

onsi

ble

beha

viou

r

Teac

her�s

com

men

ts

61

V

ery

good

try

Mar

tha,

but

rem

embe

r to

chan

ge th

e or

der o

f the

wor

ds to

mak

e a

ques

tion.

62

O

k, th

ank

you

ever

yone

. Are

you

read

y to

mov

e on

to th

e ne

xt ta

sk n

ow?

63

W

here

sho

uld

I put

usu

ally

on

our l

ist?

Is it

nea

rer t

o al

way

s or

to n

ever

?

64

Yes

, I c

an h

ear a

lot o

f peo

ple

who

kno

w th

e rig

ht a

nsw

er b

ut if

I do

n�t s

ee a

ny h

ands

up,

I do

n�t k

now

who

to a

sk.

65

Five

sec

onds

to fi

nish

, and

four

, thr

ee, t

wo,

one

exc

elle

nt. N

ow le

t�s w

atch

the

next

par

t.

66

It�s

a lo

vely

sun

ny d

ay, s

o te

ll m

e w

hich

of t

hese

clo

thes

I do

n�t n

eed

to w

ear �

sho

rts,

glov

es, a

sca

rf, a

T-s

hirt.

67

No,

he

said

fifte

en c

hoco

late

s, n

ot fi

fty.

Page 20: Teaching Knowledge Test (TKT) Young Learners (YL) · TKT Module 1 TKT Mod ule 2 TKT Module 3 TKT: CLIL TKT: KAL TKT: Practical TKT: YL CELTA ICELT Delta Module One Delta Mod le wo

TKT: YL HANDBOOK | SAMPLE TEST 19

Sample test14

Fo

r que

stio

ns 7

4 �

80, m

atch

the

exam

ples

of t

each

er fe

edba

ck w

ith th

e m

ain

focu

s of

the

feed

back

lis

ted

A, B

and

C.

Mar

k th

e co

rrec

t let

ter (

A, B

or C

) on

your

ans

wer

she

et.

Y

ou w

ill n

eed

to u

se s

ome

of th

e op

tions

mor

e th

an o

nce.

Mai

n fo

cus

of fe

edba

ck

A

ch

ildre

n�s

use

of le

arni

ng s

trate

gies

B

ch

ildre

n�s

use

of la

ngua

ge

C

child

ren�

s be

havi

our

Exam

ples

of t

each

er fe

edba

ck

74

O

K: i

s it he

or she

for y

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TKT: YL HANDBOOK | SAMPLE TEST20

Sample test16

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21TKT: YL HANDBOOK | TEST ADMINISTRATION

BAND A candidate at this level demonstrates

1 limited knowledge of Young Learners content areas

2 basic, but systematic knowledge of Young Learners content areas

3 breadth and depth of knowledge of Young Learners content areas

4 extensive knowledge of Young Learners content areas

Our trialling research indicates that for a candidate to achieve

Band 3, a score of at least 45 – 50 marks (out of 80) is required.

The reporting of results for all TKT modules is subject to

ongoing research. Further guidance on the interpretation of

results will be issued in the future.

■ Notification of results

Candidates receive a certificate for TKT: YL. Certificates are

despatched to Centres approximately two weeks after receipt

of answer sheets by Cambridge ESOL. Please note that

despatch of candidates’ results will be delayed if they need

special consideration or are suspected of malpractice (see

page 22).

Enquiries on results may be made through Cambridge ESOL

Centre Exams Managers within a month of the issue of

certificates.

■ Appeals procedure

Cambridge ESOL provides a service to enable Centres to

appeal, on behalf of candidates, against assessment decisions

that affect grades awarded to candidates, e.g. decisions

relating to results and decisions relating to irregular conduct.

Candidates should first contact their Cambridge ESOL Centre

Exams Manager for advice. Further information about the

appeals procedure can be found at

www.CambridgeESOL.org/support

Grading and results■ Grading

Each question carries one mark, so the maximum mark for

the YL module is 80. Candidate performance is reported using

four bands.

TKT: Young Learners testadministration

■ Entry procedure

Candidates must enter through an authorised Cambridge

ESOL Centre. A list of Cambridge ESOL Examination Centres is

available from Cambridge ESOL from the address on page 1.

Institutions wishing to become Cambridge ESOL Examination

Centres should contact the Centre Registration Unit at

Cambridge ESOL.

The TKT: Young Learners module is available throughout the

year and Centres contact Cambridge ESOL to arrange a test

date. Candidate details must be submitted to Cambridge ESOL

at least six weeks prior to running the session. Please note

that more notice may be necessary if candidates have special

requirements and therefore need special arrangements (see

page 22).

Copies of the Regulations and more details on entry

procedure, current fees and further information about this and

other Cambridge ESOL examinations can be obtained from the

Cambridge ESOL Centre Examinations Manager in your area,

or from the address on page 1.

■ Answer sheet completion

Candidates mark all their answers on OMR (Optical Mark

Reader) answer sheets, which are scanned by computer in

Cambridge. There is one answer sheet, and candidates must

fill in all their answers within the time allowed for the test.

A sample OMR answer sheet can be found on page 25, and it is

useful for candidates to practise filling in an OMR sheet before

taking the examination so that they are familiar with the

procedure.

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22 TKT: YL HANDBOOK | SPECIAL CIRCUMSTANCES

Special CircumstancesSpecial Circumstances cover three main areas: special

arrangements, special consideration and malpractice.

■ Special arrangements

These are available for candidates with disabilities. They may

include extra time, separate accommodation or equipment,

Braille versions of question papers, etc. If you think you may

need special arrangements, you must contact the Cambridge

ESOL Centre Exams Manager in your area as soon as possible

so that the application can be sent to Cambridge ESOL in time

(usually 8 – 12 weeks before the examination, depending on

what is required).

■ Special consideration

Cambridge ESOL will give special consideration to candidates

affected by adverse circumstances before or during an

examination. Special consideration can be given where an

application is sent through the Centre and is made within 10

working days of the examination date. Examples of acceptable

reasons for giving special consideration are cases of illness or

other unexpected events.

■ Malpractice

The Malpractice Committee will consider cases where

candidates are suspected of copying, collusion or breaking the

examination regulations in some other way. Results may be

withheld because further investigation is needed or because of

infringement of regulations. Centres are notified if a

candidate’s results are being investigated.

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23TKT: YL HANDBOOK | TEST PRODUCTION

The production of TKT: Young LearnersCambridge ESOL is committed to providing examinations of

the highest possible quality. This commitment is underpinned

by an extensive programme of research and evaluation, and by

continuous monitoring of the marking and grading of all

Cambridge ESOL examinations. Of particular importance is the

rigorous set of procedures which are used in the production

and pretesting of question papers.

The production process for TKT: YL is the same as that for the

Cambridge ESOL language examinations. It begins with the

commissioning of materials and ends with the printing of

question papers.

There are five main stages in the production process:

• commissioning

• pre-editing and editing

• pretesting

• analysis and banking of materials

• question paper construction

■ Question paper production cycle

Pretesting of TKT: YL test material provides Cambridge ESOL

with valuable information about candidates’ performance on

particular tasks. Pretesting is also useful for Centres or

institutions as it gives candidates the opportunity to

familiarise themselves with the standard task-types under

test conditions and to receive feedback on areas of strength

and weakness.

If your Centre or institution would like to be involved in the

pretesting of materials for the TKT: Young Learners module,

please contact the Pretesting Unit TKT Administrator on

+ 44 (0) 1223 558454 or [email protected]

Support for candidates andcourse providersGeneral information on TKT: Young Learners, including

administration details and downloadable versions of this

Handbook, the Sample Test and other support materials, can

be found by visiting

https://www.teachers.CambridgeESOL.org/ts/

teachingqualifications/tktyl

Support material for teacher trainers will be available on the

Teaching Resources website

www.CambridgeESOL.org/teach/TKT

Further support is also available in the form of seminar

programmes in different countries. Contact Cambridge ESOL

Information for further details by emailing

[email protected]

Commissioning of material for question papers

Pre-editing and editing of material

Pretest construction

Pretesting

Revision Rejection

Item analysis

Question paperconstruction

< <

Live materials bank

<<†

††

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TKT: YL HANDBOOK | FAQS AND SAMPLE TEST ANSWER KEY

1 F

2 E

3 D

4 A

5 C

6 G

7 D

8 B

9 C

10 D

11 A

12 A

13 C

14 F

15 C

16 D

17 A

18 H

19 B

20 G

21 G

22 H

23 A

24 B

25 C

26 F

27 E

28 B

29 A

30 C

31 C

32 B

33 B

34 A

35 E

36 G

37 C

38 F

39 A

40 D

41 B

42 C

43 A

44 B

45 C

46 A

47 C

48 B

49 E

50 G

51 F

52 A

53 B

54 C

55 A

56 C

57 B

58 B

59 C

60 A

61 C

62 A

63 B

64 D

65 A

66 B

67 C

68 A

69 A

70 B

71 B

72 C

73 C

74 B

75 C

76 A

77 A

78 B

79 C

80 A

What kind of teaching terminology will be tested in TKT: Young

Learners?

See syllabus guidelines on pages 6 - 9. Candidates are also

expected to be familiar with the contents of the TKT glossary

www.CambridgeESOL.org/assets/pdf/tkt_glossary.pdf

Sample test answer key

Frequently asked questions andanswersCan candidates make notes on the question paper?

Candidates may write on the question paper during the

examination, but their notes will not be marked. Candidates

must complete an answer sheet, which is then scanned.

Does it matter if candidates write in pen or pencil?

Candidates must use a pencil to mark their answers on the

answer sheet. Answer sheets marked in pen cannot be read by

computer.

Is the use of dictionaries allowed?

No.

What is the mark allocation?

One mark is given for each correct answer.

Do candidates have to take the other TKT modules?

No. The Young Learners module is free-standing. Candidates are

not required to take TKT Modules 1, 2 and 3 in addition to TKT:

Young Learners.

What is the pass mark?

Results are reported in four bands. There is no pass or fail. All

candidates receive a certificate stating which band has been

achieved.

What is the date of the TKT: YL examination?

Dates are set by Centres in consultation with Cambridge ESOL,

taking into account local needs and conditions.

Where can candidates enrol?

Your Cambridge ESOL Centre Exams Manager can give you

information about Centres where the examination is taken.

Candidates enrol through local Centres, and not through the

Cambridge ESOL office in Cambridge. Fees are payable to the

local Centre.

How do candidates get their results?

Certificates for TKT: YL candidates are issued to Centres

approximately two weeks after receipt of answer sheets by

Cambridge ESOL.

Do candidates need to have taken a particular English language

examination before taking TKT: YL?

No. However, it is advisable for candidates to have a minimum

language level of Council of Europe Framework level B1.

24

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TKT: YL HANDBOOK | SAMPLE OMR ANSWER SHEET 25

TKT: Young Learners sample OMR answer sheet

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TKT: YL HANDBOOK | REFERENCES26

ReferencesAitchison, J (2003) Trickles, Bangs, Spurts, or Whimpers?

Profiling the Development of the Lexicon Teaching English to

Young Learners Second International TEYL Research Seminar York:

University of York.

Cameron, L (2001) Teaching Languages to Young Learners

Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Cephe, P and Teflik, G (2001) Learner variables in learning

English MET vol 10/1 57-62.

Clark, J (1990) Teaching children: is it different?

JET October 1990.

Moon, J (2000) Children Learning English Oxford: Macmillan

Heinemann.

Read, C (2003) Is younger better? English Teaching Professional

Issue 28, Modern English Publishing.

Smith, K (1995) Assessing Young Learners. Can we? Should we?

Testing and Young Learners Special Interest Group (IATEFL).

Snow, C and Hoefnagel-Hohle, M (1977) Age differences in the

pronunciation of foreign sounds Language and Speech

20 357-365.

Snow, C and Hoefnagel-Hohle, M (1978) The Critical Period for

Language Acquisition: Evidence from Second Language

Learning Child Development 49 1114-28.