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![Page 1: Teaching Energy Efficiency – My Approach Danny Harvey Department of Geography University of Toronto 17 July 2014.](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022042717/56649e0f5503460f94af930f/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Teaching Energy Efficiency – My Approach
Danny HarveyDepartment of Geography
University of Toronto
17 July 2014
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![Page 3: Teaching Energy Efficiency – My Approach Danny Harvey Department of Geography University of Toronto 17 July 2014.](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022042717/56649e0f5503460f94af930f/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
The textbook considers energy supply efficiency -generation of electricity from fossil fuels -and district energy systemsand end use efficiency in each end use sector:- transportation- buildings- industry- agriculture- municipal services (water supply, waste water treatment, solid waste management, recreational facilities)
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In each supply and end use chapter, there is a common template that covers:
- the breakdown of energy use today in that sector in different world regions- the physics of how energy is used and the physical principles underlying large improvements in energy efficiency- a focus on the integration of options from the device to the system scale and including behavioural factors- best-case examples from around the world- the economics/cost of achieving high efficiency- obstacles and barriers to achieving high efficiency
The book (and my course) conclude with some illustrative integrative scenarios and a broad overview of policy options
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In my course,
• I focus on just two sectors (transportation and buildings) in considerable detail, with a rather extensive Excel-based problem set for each that covers physical principles and economics
• I cover two other sectors (industry and agriculture) more qualitatively, focusing on general principles of efficient use of energy, especially at the system scale
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Course goals:
• To convey an understanding of the techno-economic basis for supporting policies (such as standards and codes) that require stringent (factors of 2-4) reductions in energy use per unit of energy service
• To develop an ability to carry out rough calculations on the magnitude and CCE of various measures
• To gain an appreciation of the combinations of tangibles efficiency and supply-side measures that, in combination with driving forces such as population and per capita income growth, would be required in order to have a good change of achieving the stated goal of limiting global mean warming to no more than 2 C.
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Figs 5.15-5.16 Energy flow in a typical present day car (8.9 litres/100 km, 26.4 mpg) (left) and advanced vehicle (4.0 litres/100 km, 58.4 mpg) (right)
x Engine Thermal Efficiency
x Engine Mechanical Efficiency
xTransmission Efficiency
= 3 loads
- Auxiliaries
Fuel Input
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System-level energy savings opportunities are abundant in the building sector.
One prominent example is fan energy required to move air: Pelec α Q3/(ηmηf)
where Q is the air flow rate, ηm is the fan motor efficiency, and ηf is the fan aerodynamic efficiency.
One could either reduce energy use by a few percent by increasing one of the efficiencies by a few percent, or reduce energy use by a factor of eight (assuming fixed efficiencies, which is not quite correct) by cutting the require airflow in half (which in turn can be done by replacing conventional ventilation – which depends on turbulent mixing and dilution to deal with indoor air pollutants – with displacement ventilation)
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Estimated fuel energy use (largely for heating) in Canadian multi-unit residential buildings
0
50
100
150
200
Fu
el U
se (
kWh
/m2 /y
r)
PassiveHouse Standard
Source: Danny Harvey
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Explosive growth in the number of buildings meeting the Passive House standard in Austria
0
2000
4000
6000
8000
10000
12000
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010
Num
ber
of D
wel
ling
Uni
ts
New during current year
Finished at start of year
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Biotop Office Building, Austria
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Copper mass flow
Stock FabricationSmelting
andRefining
EOL Scrap
Fabrication Scrap
Waste Waste
Primary Materials 𝜂 𝑓𝑎𝑏𝑟
η𝑠𝑚𝑒𝑙𝑡
𝜂𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑦𝑐𝑙𝑒
1−𝜂𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑦𝑐𝑙𝑒
ScrapMelting 1−𝜂𝑠𝑚𝑒𝑙𝑡 𝑙 𝑓𝑎𝑏𝑟
Waste
-Grade 2 Scrap
Dis
card
edSc
rap
CathodeMelting
Grade 1 Scrap
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Mass flow for paper products
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Figure 7.12 Phytomass energy flows in the world food system.
Source: Wirsenius (2003, Journal of Industrial Ecology 7, 47–80)
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Problem Sets