Teaching Demo (HGP)
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Transcript of Teaching Demo (HGP)
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HUMAN GENOME PROJECT
Prepared by:
LJ Silvestre
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Genes and the HGP
Genes are often described as the biological blueprints or recipes for
life and are found in the DNA, carrying the genetic information from
one generation to the next. Many people are convinced that genes
are special, that they contain a person's essence, which has
enormous spiritual and commercial value. We are who we are because of our genes.
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Genes and the HGP
The Human Genome Project is the process of sequencing/mapping
of our genome.
The sequence of our genome will ultimately allow us to discover
the secrets of life's processes, the biochemical basis of our senses
and our memory, our development and our aging, our similaritiesand individual differences.
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Genes and the HGP
The genome project itself offers no promises of cancer cures or
quick fixes for Alzheimer's disease, and no detailed understanding
of genius or schizophrenia.
But this is the start to possibly prolonging our lives and even
creating synthetic life.
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Ethical Concerns
Thanks to the sequencing of the genome, we are able figure out
what sort of sicknesses we may have in the future. If this
information were made public, there could be genetic
discrimination.
The question about employers knowing which kind of people not tohire based on the work conditions (but how about the welfare of
the would-be employee?)
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Ethical Concerns (raised in class)
HGP reveals the whole identity of the subject, thus no more
privacy
Creates uncertainty about the definition of what it is to be normal
The safety of the mutants from the normal and vice versa
Might pave a way for bio weapons and bio terrorism (Nemesis T-
type is no longer a fantasy)
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Gene Therapy Procedure
The technology of gene therapy is based on the effective
delivery of the corrective genes and to do this, scientists have
developed gene delivery vehicles called vectors. These vectors
encapsulate therapeutic genes for delivery into the target
cells. Many of the vectors currently in use are based onattenuated or modified versions of viruses.
Plasmids, which are circular pieces of DNA extracted from
bacteria, are also used as vectors.
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Ex Vivo
There are methods of inserting genes, such as
addition of chemicals to allow the large DNA
molecules in solution to pass through the cell
membrane. This requires that the cells be removedfrom the body and treated in a laboratory, making it
suitable for treatment of easily transplantable tissues
such as blood and bone marrow. This type of gene
therapy is referred to as ex vivo, as the cell to beimplanted are harvested from the patient, modified
and then replaced.
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In Vivo
A technique that involves direct insertion of
the vector into the patient is referred to as in
vivo gene therapy.
There are also other techniques, which
include laser micropuncture of the cell
membrane, electroporation and biolistics
(using high velocity tungsten microprojectilesto insert DNA)
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Some Ethical Concerns
To treat a pre-embryo that carries a seriousgenetic defect before implantation into themother (this requires the use of in vitro
fertilization techniques) To treat the germ cells (sperm or egg cells) of the
afflicted adults so that their genetic defectswould not be passed on to their offspring. This
approach requires the technical expertise toremove the defective genes and insert a properlyfunctioning replacement.
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Stem Cell Research
Stem cells are a class of undifferentiated cells that are able to
differentiate into specialized cell types. Commonly, stem cells come
from two main sources:
Embryos formed during the blastocyst phase of embryological
development (embryonic stem cells) and Adult tissue (adult stem cells)
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Adult Stem Cells
Adult or somatic stem cells exist throughout the body after
embryonic development and are found inside of different types of
tissue.
These stem cells have been found in tissues such as the brain, bone
marrow, blood, blood vessels, skeletal muscles, skin, and the liver. They remain in a quiescent or non-dividing state for years until
activated by disease or tissue injury.
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Embryonic Stem Cells
Embryonic stem cells are derived from a four- or five-day-old
human embryo that is in the blastocyst phase of development. The
embryos are usually extras that have been created in IVF (in vitro
fertilization) clinics where several eggs are fertilized in a test tube,
but only one is implanted into a woman. When extracting embryonic stem cells, the blastocyst stage signals
when to isolate stem cells by placing the "inner cell mass" of the
blastocyst into a culture dish containing a nutrient-rich broth.
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Lacking the necessary stimulation to differentiate, they begin to
divide and replicate while maintaining their ability to become any
cell type in the human body.
Eventually, these undifferentiated cells can be stimulated to create
specialized cells.
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Stem Cell Cultures
Stem cells are either extracted from adult tissue or from a dividing
zygote in a culture dish.
Once extracted, scientists place the cells in a controlled culture that
prohibits them from further specializing or differentiating but
usually allows them to divide and replicate. The process of growing large numbers of embryonic stem cells has
been easier than growing large numbers of adult stem cells, but
progress is being made for both cell types.
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Ethical Issues in Stem Cell
Research The debates surrounding stem cell research primarily are driven by
methods concerning embryonic stem cell research. The main
critique of this research is that it required the destruction of a
human blastocyst. That is, a fertilized egg was not given the chance
to develop into a fully-developed human. People also take issue with the creation of chimeras. A chimera is
an organism that has both human and animal cells and tissues.
Often in stem cell research, human cells are inserted into animals
(like mice or rats) and allowed to develop. This creates the
opportunity for researchers to see what happens when stem cellsare implanted. Many people, however, object to the creation of an
organism that is "part human".
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Xenotransplantation
Xenotransplantation is the transplantation of living cells, tissues or
organs from one species to another.
These cells, tissues or organs are called xenografts or
xenotransplants
Xenotransplants could save thousands of patients waiting fordonated organs.
The animal organ, probably from a pig or baboon could be
genetically altered with human genes to trick a patients immune
system into accepting it as a part of its own body.
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Donors?
Pigs are currently thought to be the best candidates for organ
donation.
The risk of cross-species disease transmission is decreased because
of their increased phylogenetic distance from humans.
They are readily available, their organs are anatomically comparablein size, and new infectious agents are less likely since they have
been in close contact with humans through domestication for many
generations.
Current experiments in xenotransplantation most often use pigs as
the donor, and baboons as human models.
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Ethical Concerns
Animal rights groups against the idea of
harvesting animal organs for experimentation.
Crossing the species border (having a pig
heart, etc.)
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This Could Save Your Life
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Activity
Pair up
On a sheet of paper, list down at least 3
ethical concerns connected with HGP and the
Germ line therapy
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References
http://www.ndsu.edu/pubweb/~mcclean/plsc431/students99/rothe.htm
http://sgugenetics.pbworks.com/w/page/38231663/The%20Human%20Genome%20Project
http://www.montegen.com/Montegen/Nature_of_Business/The_Library/Genomics/Germ_Line_Gene_Th
erapy/germ_line_gene_therapy.htm
http://www.angelfire.com/hi3/germline/
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XuUpnAz5y1g&list=LL1S6I6KafLSwEVE2lkHjYeA&index=1&feature=plp
p_video (Human Genome Project)
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=N4i6lYfYQzY&list=LL1S6I6KafLSwEVE2lkHjYeA&index=1&feature=plpp
_video (How to Sequence a Genome: Introduction)
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EfXK50Bxod8&feature=related (Gene Therapy Example)
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ce8ZVyUqY-I&feature=relmfu (Craig Venter)
http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/info/stem_cell/
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mUcE1Y_bOQE&feature=player_embedded (Stem Cells)
http://www.ndsu.edu/pubweb/~mcclean/plsc431/students99/rothe.htmhttp://sgugenetics.pbworks.com/w/page/38231663/The%20Human%20Genome%20Projecthttp://www.montegen.com/Montegen/Nature_of_Business/The_Library/Genomics/Germ_Line_Gene_Therapy/germ_line_gene_therapy.htmhttp://www.montegen.com/Montegen/Nature_of_Business/The_Library/Genomics/Germ_Line_Gene_Therapy/germ_line_gene_therapy.htmhttp://www.angelfire.com/hi3/germline/http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XuUpnAz5y1g&list=LL1S6I6KafLSwEVE2lkHjYeA&index=1&feature=plpp_videohttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XuUpnAz5y1g&list=LL1S6I6KafLSwEVE2lkHjYeA&index=1&feature=plpp_videohttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=N4i6lYfYQzY&list=LL1S6I6KafLSwEVE2lkHjYeA&index=1&feature=plpp_videohttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=N4i6lYfYQzY&list=LL1S6I6KafLSwEVE2lkHjYeA&index=1&feature=plpp_videohttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EfXK50Bxod8&feature=relatedhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ce8ZVyUqY-I&feature=relmfuhttp://www.medicalnewstoday.com/info/stem_cell/http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mUcE1Y_bOQE&feature=player_embeddedhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mUcE1Y_bOQE&feature=player_embeddedhttp://www.medicalnewstoday.com/info/stem_cell/http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ce8ZVyUqY-I&feature=relmfuhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ce8ZVyUqY-I&feature=relmfuhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ce8ZVyUqY-I&feature=relmfuhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EfXK50Bxod8&feature=relatedhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=N4i6lYfYQzY&list=LL1S6I6KafLSwEVE2lkHjYeA&index=1&feature=plpp_videohttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=N4i6lYfYQzY&list=LL1S6I6KafLSwEVE2lkHjYeA&index=1&feature=plpp_videohttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XuUpnAz5y1g&list=LL1S6I6KafLSwEVE2lkHjYeA&index=1&feature=plpp_videohttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XuUpnAz5y1g&list=LL1S6I6KafLSwEVE2lkHjYeA&index=1&feature=plpp_videohttp://www.angelfire.com/hi3/germline/http://www.montegen.com/Montegen/Nature_of_Business/The_Library/Genomics/Germ_Line_Gene_Therapy/germ_line_gene_therapy.htmhttp://www.montegen.com/Montegen/Nature_of_Business/The_Library/Genomics/Germ_Line_Gene_Therapy/germ_line_gene_therapy.htmhttp://sgugenetics.pbworks.com/w/page/38231663/The%20Human%20Genome%20Projecthttp://www.ndsu.edu/pubweb/~mcclean/plsc431/students99/rothe.htm -
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