“Teaching” by Sharleen L. Kato

Chapter 6

Early History of Education

1

22

http://quizlet.com/4549058/

33

Apprentice

• someone who learns a skilled trade by watching and helping someone in that trade.

3

44

Dame School

in early America, schools run by women in their own homes, and Parents paid a fee for their children to attend.

4

55

Hornbook

a flat wooden board with ahandle. A sheet of paper—usuallycontaining the alphabet, a prayeror two, and Roman numeralswas pasted on the board. A thin, flat piece of clear animal horn wasAttached to cover and protect the paper. Used during the Colonial

Period.

5

66

Common Schools

public schools

available to children

from all levels of

Society.

6

77

Normal Schools

schools that preparedmen and women withthe necessary skills to

become teachers.

______________________The caption on this photo reads, "Junior Class,"

and is identified as "Texas Normal School for Negroes." Probably taken at Prairie View Normal Institute (now Prairie View A&M University), date unknown. A normal school trained teachers and provided the rough equivalent of today's high schools. Prairie View was founded in 1879. Prints and Photographs Collection, Texas State Library and Archives Commission.

7

8

McGuffey Readers

the first widely used textbooks published during the American Common School Period that included moral lessons along with science, grammar, and other subjects.

88

99

Progressives

members of a reform movement that

began in the late 1800s who believed that

education should be more individualized and

teach students the skills that would improve

the ills of society.

9

10

Montessori Method

the teaching principles developed by Maria

Montessori, an Italian doctor, emphasizing

self-directed learning through sensory

experiences.

1010

11

Career & Technical Education

Courses of study that prepare students for careers related to a

specific trade or occupation.

It was established by the Smith-Hughes Act of 1917.

1111

12

Disposable Income

income beyond that needed for basic

necessities, allowing people to buy or do

things that they want.

1212

1313

Quotas

immigration laws set limits for people

coming to the United States from other

countries.

13

1414

The American Colonial Period

1600-1776

14

1515

Main point about education during the American Colonial Period

Europeans came to a new land seeking

economic opportunity, religious freedom,

and a better society. Options for education

differed by location. Most education took

place in the home.

15

16

Schools that did exist were primarily

for elementary grades. A few universities

and colleges were founded during this

period. Most older children worked on family

farms or businesses. Some learned

skills through apprenticeships.

1616

1717

The role of teachers was

a. to teach

b. be role models

c. act as examples of moral behavior

17

1818

The school curriculum focused on

Basic reading, writing, simple math, and religion. Some training was available for trades.

Those in the South also studied astronomy for navigationand plantation management skills.

Girls learned sewing and other home management skills.

Hornbooks were used.

18

1919

Vocabulary ReviewQuizlet 10 minutes

http://quizlet.com/4549058/

20

The Role of the Teacher-1872

1. Teachers each day will fill lamps, clean chimneys.

2. Each teacher will bring a bucket of water and a scuttle of coal for the daily' session.

3. Make your pens carefully. You whittle nibs to the individual taste of the pupils.

4. Men teachers may take one evening each week for courting purposes, or two evenings a week if they go to church regularly.

5. After ten hours in school, the teachers may spend the remaining time reading the Bible or other good books.

6. Women teachers who marry or engage in unseemly conduct will be dismissed.

7. Every teacher should lay aside from each pay a goodly sum of this earnings for his benefit during his declining years so that he will not become a burden on society.

8. Any teacher who smokes, uses liquor in any form, frequents pool or public halls, or gets shaved in a barber shop will give good reason to suspect his worth, intention, integrity and honest.

9. The teacher who performs his labor faithfully and without fault for five years will be given an increase of twenty cents per week in his pay, providing the Board of Education approves. Read more at http://www.snopes.com/language/document/1872rule.asp#SHdMsmyFiJRWTAeQ.99

20

21

Assignment:The Hornbook

• The hornbook was used by school children. The hornbook consisted of a wooden paddle with lessons tacked on and covered by a piece of transparent horn.

21

2222

The American Early National Period

1776-1840

22

2323

Main Points about education during the American Early National Period

America was still primarily a Rural nation.

Schools were seen as a vehicle for making a better society.

Teaching skills were focused on teaching skills to helpstudents enter fields such as agriculture, business,

and shipping.

23

2424

The Role Benjamin Franklin Played

He began the first public library.

He worked to expand educational opportunities to anyone who could pay the tuition and attend, regardless of their Religious beliefs.

He influenced schools to teach Good citizenship and a wide variety of subjects.

24

2525

The role Thomas Jefferson Played

If common people were well educated, they could take part in democratic government, and it would thrive.

He introduced legislation to divide counties into smaller districts that were responsible for a public system of education.

He wanted to make sure that elementary schools were available without cost. He also established the University of Virginia.

25

2626

The Role of Teachers

a. Be positive models of good citizenship.

b. Expected to be involved, making the community a better place through both church participation and involvement in community issues.

26

2727

The School Curriculum Focused On

Basics of reading, writing, and math, along with Christian principles and

citizenship.

Students learned Greek, Roman, English & American history.

Wealthy boys went on to study Greek, Latin, and English grammar plus

advanced math, geography, literature, and science.

If girls received additional education, it was often through a tutor at

home or in schools specifically for girls.

Education was mainly limited to those of European ancestry.

27

2828

The American Common School Period

1840-1880

28

2929

Main Points about Education during the American Common School Period

Labor-saving devices gave people more

time for other interests and pursuits.

Americans realized the injustice of slavery

and worked to end it.

The freeing of slaves

altered American life. By the end of the

period, free public education for many was

more widely available.

29

3030

The Role Horace Mann Played

The first public state-supported

schools were established, giving the

same education to people from

different levels of Society.

He established teacher training

schools and free libraries. He

increased state funding for public

schools by using state taxes to pay

for education.

He believed schools should be

nonsectarian and not teach any

specific belief system.30

3131

African American Education during this Period was

Often done in secret.

Former slaves in the North faced social and economic obstacles.

Quaker schools allowed African American students to attend.

Educated African Americans set up schools.

The First African American colleges were founded.

Most schools remained strictly segregated.31

3232

The Role of Teachers was

to usually teach all grades

32

3333

Video:Little House on the Prairie

• Country Girls…Season 1 / Episode 2Chapter 2…12.11

Mean Nellie Oleson snubs Laura and Mary for wearing homespun dresses on their first day at school and, when Laura later complains, Caroline reminds her to be kind to Nellie

to win her friendship. But Caroline forgets her own wise words, loses her temper with Nellie's haughty mother, store owner Harriet Oleson, and impulsively buys dress fabric

she can barely afford. Later, Laura struggles to write an essay for the Visitors' Day program and Caroline must decide what to do with the expensive fabric. When Visitors'

Day arrives, their love for each other helps both mother and daughter solve their problems.

3434

Video:Little House on the Prairie

• Country Girls…Season 1 / Episode 2Chapter 2…14.59

35

Education Quotes• Activity B / Chapter 6

Those who dare to teach never cease to

learn.John Cotton Dana

3636

The School Curriculum Focused on

How subjects were taught rather than which

subjects were taught.

Kindergartens were established in public schools.

McGuffey Readers were used and the Morrill Act

of 1852 was passed.

36

3737

Kindergarten

Friedrich Froebel developed the idea for

kindergarten. He believed that young children

learned best through play. The first

Kindergarten classes were intended to help

poor children succeed in school.

Today, educational programs

for young children are still based on play

and social interaction.

37

3838

McGuffey Reader

Textbooks became more widely available.

McGuffey readers, which taught moral

lessons along with reading, spelling, and

other subjects were used in so many

schools that they contributed to the

standardization of American education.

38

3939

The Morrill Act

Also known as the Land-Grant College Act gave federal land to establish

colleges in every state. These colleges provided practical education in

agriculture, home economics, and other useful professions to people from all

social classes. These colleges made higher education available to Americans

nationwide.

Land-grant institutions are often categorized as 1862, 1890, and 1994

institutions, based on the date of the legislation that designated most of them

with land grant status.

Texas Land Grant Colleges/University• Prairie View A&M University, Prairie View

• Texas A&M University, College Station

39

40

Land-Grant College/UniversityPrairie View A&M University

• Prairie View A&M University, the first state supported College in Texas for African Americans, was established during the Reconstruction Period after the Civil War.

• The University had its beginnings in the Texas Constitution of 1876, which, in separate articles, established an "Agricultural and Mechanical College" and pledged that "Separate schools shall be provided for the white and colored children, and impartial provisions shall be made for both."

• As a consequence of these constitutional provisions, the Fifteenth Legislature established "Alta Vista Agricultural and Mechanical College of Texas for Colored Youth" on August 14,1876.

Names Given to the University - 1998

• August 14,1876 - established "Alta Vista Agriculture & Mechanical College of Texas for Colored Youth";

• April 19, 1879 - established "Prairie View State Normal School" in Waller County for the Training of Colored Teachers;

• in 1887 attached the Agriculture & Mechanical Department to Prairie View Normal School;

• in 1899 changed the name to "Prairie View State Normal & Industrial College";

• June 1, 1945 changed the name to "Prairie View University";

• August 27, 1973, the name of the institution was changed to Prairie View A&M University, and its status as an independent unit of the Texas A&M University System was confirmed.

41

Land-Grant College/UniversityTexas A&M University

• Texas A&M is the state's first public institution of higher education.

• Texas A&M owes its origin to the Morrill Act, approved by the United States Congress on July 2, 1862. This act provided for donation of public land to the states for the purpose of funding higher education, whose "leading object shall be, without excluding other scientific and classical studies, and including military tactics, to teach such branches of learning as are related to agriculture and mechanic arts."

• The State of Texas agreed to create a college under the terms of the Morrill Act in November 1866, but actual formation didn't come until the establishment of the Agricultural and Mechanical College of Texas by the Texas state legislature on April 17, 1871. A commission created to locate the institution accepted the offer of 2,416 acres of land from the citizens of Brazos County in 1871, and instruction began in 1876. Admission was limited to white males, and, as required by the Morrill Act, all students were required to participate in military training.

42

• Texas A&M underwent many changes in the 1960s under the presidency of Gen. James Earl Rudder. Under his tenure the college diversified and began admitting women and minorities.

• Participation in the Corps of Cadets was also made voluntary.

• In 1963 the Texas state legislature officially renamed the school to Texas A&M University, with the "A" and "M" being a symbolic link to the school's past but no longer officially standing for "Agricultural and Mechanical".

43

4444

The American Progressive Period

1880-1921

44

4545

Main Points about Education during the American Progressive Period

• Women were gaining more rights.

• European immigrants poured into the cities.

• The Industrial Revolution changed the nature of both work and society.

• It was a time of business expansion and reform. Members of this movement called themselves Progressives.

They wanted to make America a better and safer place to live, and education was part of that.

Many children worked in the cities, limiting their educational opportunities.

Schools were overcrowded. Progressives fought for reducing the hours children could work in factories. By 1920, all states had laws requiring children to attend elementary school.

4646

Schools Were Segregated

African American children attended separate publicschools that received less funding. Educationalmaterials were scarce and inferior, often thecast-offs from the “white” schools. African American teachers could only teach in African Americanschools.

4747

The role of teachers was:

• considered to be professional.

• Teacher preparation programs in colleges replaced normal schools.

• There was more emphasis on educational theories.

• Many teachers were unhappy with the emphasis on standardization. They wanted more freedom in the classroom.

• The first teachers’ labor union was formed.

• The union fought to improve the pay, status, and working conditions of teachers.

• Many women becameteachers.

Women achieved the right to vote.

4848

The school curriculum focused on

• Students more as individuals.• Students were encouraged to think critically and

independently, rather than simply memorizeinformation and accept facts.

• Progressives believed that citizens trained to think and question would work to clean up corrupt

city governments and improve working and living conditions.

• Thousands of public high schools were opened.

4949

The role John Dewey Played

• John Dewey believed that classrooms were too rigid and inflexible.

• He believed that schools should place a greater emphasis on the development of problem-solving and critical-thinking skills.

• He promoted the link between learning and experience. He believed social interaction aided learning.

• Educators, influenced by his work, began focusing on the role of the teacher as guiding learning.

5050

The Role Maria Montessori Played

• Maria Montessori tried to find ways to help children who had difficulty learning.

She believed that young children are capable of great discovery and motivated to explore the world.

• She believed that sensory experiences should come

before learning to read and write.

• Her method considers all of a child’s needs, not just intellectual needs.

• The classroom provides stimulating environments. Children direct their own learning with teachers as their partners.

5151

The 1920s & the Great Depression Era

1921-1940

5252

Main Points about Education During the 1920s & the Great Depression

• The influence of the Progressive movement in education continued.

• Economic prosperity continued until

• the Great Depression.

5353

The Economy Impacted the Schools because

• Schools expanded during the good economic times of the 1920s.

• During the Great Depression, schools faced a shortage of cash, since many people were unable to pay their taxes. Some schools closed.

• Teacher pay was cut or eliminated.

• Course offerings were cut back to basic subjects.

• Many children went to work. The federal government provided funds to hire teachers and purchase supplies. Schools offered free hot lunches for children. As a part of the program to employ others, better schools were built.

• Schools were working to recover.

5454

“Dick & Jane” readers were significant

• The books taught basic reading skills with simple stories about a

family.

• Their widespread use helped standardize education.

55

Dick & Jane

1. Read a story from the Dick & Jane Reader

2. Dick & Jane Background Information

3. Create your own Dick & Jane book

55

56

• RM 6-6…The Early History of Education in America

• Test…Early History in America (from Quizlet)

56