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Chapter 5.

Justifying the Tea Partyand the Intolerable Acts

ild war hoops pierced the night air as a troop of 150 Boston men made-upto look like Native Americans paraded down the street. They were armedwith knives, tomahawks and clubs. The mob wound its way toward the

docks. Unopposed, they attacked three British ships carrying a cargo of tea valued at£18,000. Taking care not to damage the other goods on board, the "Native Americans"lifted all 342 chests of tea from the ships' holds, broke them open and emptied their con-tents into Boston Harbor. The ocean turned into a gigantic cup of tea as the disguised Bos-tonians retreated.

This act of destruction enraged King George and his ministers. Laws to punish thecolonists were passed with hardly a dissenting voice in Parliament. Boston Harbor would beclosed until the colonists paid for the tea. Local government in Massachusetts was sus-pended. British officials henceforth would be given trials in England rather than in Americafor crimes committed against colonists.

The colonists never paid for the tea and the American Revolution followed quickly onthe heels of the laws designed to punish them. This chapter examines the issues underlyingthe tea party and these 'Intolerable Acts.'

The Tea Act

By 1773 England had all but given up its attempts to tax the colonists. The StampAct had been repealed in 1766 before a single stamp was purchased. The Townsend duties,a revenue tariff levied on glass, tea, paints, and certain other articles, was repealed in 1770following pressures similar to those responsible for the repeal of the Stamp Act. Parliamenthad maintained but one tax, a tax on tea, to demonstrate its right to tax the colonies.

To avoid paying the tax, patriotic colonists did not drink the tea imported from Eng-land. They either drank no tea at all, or they drank tea smuggled from Holland. The smug-gled brew was cheaper because the East India Company was not permitted to sell directly tothe colonies. Under provisions of the Navigation Acts, the Company was required to ship itsgoods to England where they were sold at auctions. American and British merchants boughtthe tea in England and then sent it to the colonies. With the tax, the extra handling chargesand the profits for several middlemen, the legal tea was much more expensive than the teasmuggled from Holland.

The boycott on its tea hurt the East India Company and brought it to the verge ofbankruptcy while 7,000,000 pounds of tea lay rotting, unsold, in its warehouses. The Britishgovernment was determined this large corporation would not be run out of business. TheEast India Company represented the bulk of England's investment in India. Besides, manymembers of Parliament had staked their family fortunes with the Company. To keep the In-dia Company from bankruptcy, Parliament passed the Tea Act in 1773. This law in effect

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repealed part of the Navigation Acts and permitted the Company to ship its tea directlyfrom India to the colonies. By thus avoiding the costly trip to England and the numerousmiddlemen, the Company could pay the tea tax and still undersell its illegal competitors inAmerica. The Tea Act was thus designed to accomplish several purposes:

1. to save the East India Company.2. to stop smuggling tea from Holland.3. to accustom the colonies to paying their taxes.

Colonial Opposition

As in other cases, Parliament underestimated the opposition to her rules and regula-tions. The Tea Act united merchant and middlemen opposed to the monopoly granted theEast India Company with patriots who objected to the principle of paying any tax imposedby England. Patriots, calling themselves the Sons of Liberty, organized to spread oppositionto the Tea Act. In Philadelphia, they denounced the act in a series of resolutions:

* There can be no property in that which another can, of right, take from uswithout our consent; the claim of Parliament to tax America is a claim to levytaxes on us at pleasure.

* The duty imposed by Parliament upon tea is a tax on Americans without theirconsent.

* The purpose for which the tax is levied, namely, for the support of govern-ment, administration of justice, and defense of his Majesty's dominions inAmerica, has a direct tendency to make our assemblies useless and to causetyranny and slavery.

* Opposition to this plan of governing America is absolutely necessary to main-tain even the shadow of liberty in America and is a duty that every freemanowes to his country.

* A committee should be immediately chosen to wait on the gentlemen ap-pointed to receive and sell the tea and request them immediately to resigntheir appointment.1

The Tea Party

Faced with overwhelming resistance in every port city, the British never unloaded thetea in the colonies. In most cases, the ships carrying tea were ordered back to England.However, this was not the case in Boston where Governor Thomas Hutchinson vowed to en-force the Tea Act. On November 27, 1773 the Dartmouth arrived in Boston Harbor with itscontroversial cargo. She remained peacefully at anchor for weeks while Hutchinson rejectedall pleas to return the tea. A mass meeting was held on December 16th and after it becameclear that the governor would not yield, the colonists took matters into their own hands. 1Quoted in John Braeman, ed., The Road to Independence, New York, New York: CapricornBooks, 1963, pp. 191-192 (with slight alterations.)

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The account reprinted below describes how Sam Adams and 150 Massachusetts mendisposed of the tea:

Just before the end of the protest meeting, a number of brave men, dressed as Indi-ans, approached the door of the assembly, gave the war-whoop, which rang throughthe house and was answered by some in the galleries. The Indians as they werecalled, trooped to the wharf where the ships lay that had the tea on board and werefollowed by hundreds of people to see the event. They, the Indians, immediatelyboarded Captain Hall's ship, where they hoisted out the chests of tea, and, whenupon deck, opened the chests and emptied the tea overboard. Having cleared this

ship, they proceeded to CaptainBruce's and then to CaptainCoffin's brig. Within three hoursthey broke up 342 chests, andemptied their contents into thedock. When the tide rose, it floatedbroken chests and the tea, fromthe south part of town toDorchester Neck. There was thegreatest care taken to prevent thetea from being stolen by thepeople. One or two being detected

in trying to pocket a small quantity were very roughly handled. Such attention to pri-vate property was observed, that a small 2padlock belonging to the captain of one ofthe ships being broke, another was foundand sent to him. The town was very quiet during the whole evening and thenight following. Those persons who were from the country returned with amerry heart; and the next day joy appeared in almost every face, some be-cause of the destruction of the tea, others because the quietness with which itwas done. One of the Monday's papers says, that the masters and owners arewell pleased that their ships are thus cleared of the tea.3

While crates of tea and even the ships in which they were carried were destroyed inNew Jersey and Maryland, it was the Boston Tea Party that provoked England's anger withthe results that are described below.

The Intolerable Acts

Even the colonists' friends in England were shocked by the destruction of £18,000worth of property and saw it as a "wanton and unprovoked insult." The British could not un-derstand why the colonists, for the sake of some obscure principle, refused to buy teacheaper than any sold in England. The issue, according to the British, was no longer taxationand representation. The issue was whether England possessed any authority in the colonies.In order to establish its authority and to punish both Massachusetts and Boston for their

2dc-mrg.english.ucsb.edu/ WarnerTeach/E172/3op. cit. pp. 194-195 quoting Massachusetts Gazette, D. 23, 1773

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lawlessness, Parliament passed four separate laws known as the Intolerable or the CoerciveActs. Their key provisions are summarized below:

1. On June 1, 1774 the port of Boston will be closed to all shipping until payment ismade for the destroyed tea.

2. The government of Massachusetts will be re-organized as follows:a. Hence forth, the King will appoint the governor's council.b. The governor and not the assembly will appoint all judges to the colony'scourts.c. Only one town meeting may be held each year and that for the sole pur-pose of electing officials to run the town.d. Customs officers and other British officials accused of serious crimes willbe brought to trial in England or in a colony other than where the allegedcrime was committed.

To carry out these new laws, General Thomas Gage replaced Thomas Hutchinson asgovernor of Massachusetts. The colonists responded by arming and drilling local militia unitsto defend their rights should the need arise. With an outraged and self-righteous England onone side and a defiant and rebellious colony on the other, the stage was set for further es-calation.

Activity: Determining whether an Event is Justified

Your teacher will assign you to write or outline an essay arguing why the Boston TeaParty or the Intolerable Acts were or were not justified. Be sure that your effort covers thefollowing:

1. Is the cause just? 2. Was there a less violent or inconveniencing alternative to achieving the aim?

3. Did the protest accomplish the desired result?•

• You may wish to argue that the Tea Party was justified because no one should pay taxesunless they are represented; there were no effective less violent ways of protesting the tax;and the desired end was accomplished. Or you may wish to argue that it is wrong to destroysomeone else’s property; there were less objectionable ways to protest the Tea Act; andthe result of the Tea Party was a more oppressive set of laws.

You may wish to argue that the Intolerable Acts were justified because the colonistsdeserved to be punished for destroying the tea; they would not understand less harsh pen-alties; and the result was that they had been taught a lesson. Or you may wish to argue thatit was wrong to punish a whole town for the acts of a few conspirators; there were less ob-jectionable ways of responding to the Tea Party; and the result of the Intolerable Acts wasto drive the colonists to even greater opposition to British laws.

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The Issue Today: Should the Bill of Rights Stop at the Schoolhouse Gate?

While the Vietnam War raged in Southeast Asia during the 1960’s, many Americansbegan demonstrating against a war they thought was morally wrong and could not be won.Among those planning to protest were Mary Beth Tinker, age 13 and her brother John, age15 of Des Moines, Iowa. With their parents’ approval, Mary Beth and John decided to wearblack armbands to school in order to show their opposition to the war in Vietnam. They wereto be joined by a friend, Christopher Eckhardt on December 16th and 17th, 1965.

Two days before the planned demonstration, Des Moines’s school principals got wordof the intended protest and met to decide how to prevent the disruption it might cause.They agreed to prohibit students from wearing armbands and suspend students who brokethis rule. However, they did not and had not forbidden students from wearing campaign but-tons or the Iron Crosses (a Nazi Party symbol) which had been worn on previous occasionswithout administrative response.

Mary Beth, John and Chris arrived at school wearing the offending armbands and allthree were suspended for refusing to remove them. They did not return to school until theban was lifted.

In defending their decision the Tinkers and Chris Eckhardt claimed their right to protestwhat they believed was an unjust war. The principals defended their rule by claiming thearmbands would ‘materially disrupt class work.’ A finding of the Supreme Court only partiallysupported this contention:

“Detailed testimony by some [teachers and students] shows their armbandscaused comments, warnings by other students, the poking of fun at them and awarning by an older football player that other, non protesting students had bet-ter let them alone. There is also evidence that a teacher of mathematics had hislesson period practically ‘wrecked’ chiefly by disputes with Mary Beth Tinker” An-other Supreme Court finding reported that the armbands “caused discussionsoutside the class room but no interference with work and no disorder.’4

Your Verdict

Protesting colonists destroying the tea in Boston Harbor were, like the Tinkers andtheir friend Chris, practicing civil disobedience at a different time and in a different way.

1. Applying the same criteria used with the Tea Party and Intolerable Acts (was the CAUSEjust, were there less violent ALTERNATIVES, and were intended RESULTS obtained) decidewhether the Tinker’s protest of the war or the principal was justified.2. Research the Supreme Court’s decision in the Tinker case and explain the decision. Dis-cuss whether you agree with the majority opinion by Justice Fortas or the minority opinionby Justice Black.

4 Tinker et al. v. Des Moines, Independent Community School District et al No. 21393 U.S. 503