tea paper 2.pdf

Advances in Environmental Biology, 8(10) June 2014, Pages: 142-149

AENSI Journals

Advances in Environmental Biology ISSN-1995-0756 EISSN-1998-1066

Journal home page: http://www.aensiweb.com/aeb.html

Corresponding Author: Maral Moraditochaee. Department of Agriculture, College of Agricultural Science, Takestan

Branch, Islamic Azad University, Takestan, Iran.

E-mail: [email protected]

An Analysis of Energy use, CO2 Emissions and Economic Indices of Tea Industry

in Iran Country 1Ebrahim Azarpour,

2Maral Moraditochaee,

3Hamid Reza Bozorgi

1Young Researchers and Elite Club, Rasht Branch, Islamic Azad University, Rasht, Iran 2Department of Agriculture, College of Agricultural Science, Takestan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Takestan, Iran 3Young Researchers and Elite Club, Rasht Branch, Islamic Azad University, Rasht, Iran

A R T I C L E I N F O A B S T R A C T

Article history:

Article History

Received 22 March 2014 Received in revised form 25 April

2014

Accepted 17 May 2014 Available online 7 June 2014

Key words: Green house gases, Economic indices,

Energy indices, Energy balance

indices, Tea.

Background: The energy efficiency and economic benefits are key issues with respect

to their actual sustainability as sound agricultural practices as well as to their potential

for further development. Objective: In this study, evaluation Investigation life cycle assessment emission, energy and economic indices under rain fed farming tea in north

of Iran (Guilan province) was investigated. Data were collected from 36 farms by used

a face to face questionnaire method during 2013 year in Guilan province. By using of consumed data as inputs and total production as output, and their concern equivalent

energy, energy balance and energy indices were calculated. Results: Energy efficiency

(energy output to input energy ratio) for rain fed farming tea production in this study was calculated 0.25, showing the affective use of energy in the agro ecosystems tea

production. Energy balance efficiency (production energy to consumption energy ratio)

for rain fed farming tea production in this study was calculated 2.58, showing the affective use of energy in the agro ecosystems tea production. Results showed the

benefit to cost ratio in the studied farms was calculated to be 1.07. Also, Results

showed the Green house gases emissions in the studied farms were calculated to be 684.26 kgCO2eqha-1. Conclusion: The farmers should be trained with regard to the

optimal use of inputs, especially, fertilizers and electricity as well as employing the new

production technologies. The local agricultural institutes in the region have an important role in these cases to establish the more energy efficient and environmentally

healthy production systems in the region.

2014 AENSI Publisher All rights reserved.

To Cite This Article: Ebrahim Azarpour, Maral Moraditochaee, Hamid Reza Bozorgi., An Analysis of Energy use, CO2 Emissions and

Economic Indices of Tea Industry in Iran Country. Adv. Environ. Biol., 8(10), 142-149, 2014

INTRODUCTION

Tea is one of the most common drinks in all over the world, which is produced from the leaves of a shrub

Camellia sinensis (Dufresne and Farnworth, 2001). About 98% of people drink tea as the first among all

beverages available to use [1]. The 75% of the estimated 2.5 million metric tons of desiccated tea that are

produced annually is processed as black tea which is used by many countries [12]. About 1820 billion cups of tea are consumed daily in the world [2]. The history of tea culture in Iran started at the end of the 15th century.

Before that coffee was the main beverage in Iran. However, most of the coffee producing countries were located

far from Iran, making shipping very difficult. With a major tea producing country, China, located on a nearby

trading path, "the silk road", and the shipping of tea was much easier. This was a major reason for tea becoming

popular in Iran. As a result, the demand for tea grew, and more tea needed to be imported to match Iran's

consumption. Iran failed in their first attempt to cultivate tea in their own country in 1882 with seeds from India.

In 1899 Prince Mohammad Mirza known as "Kashef Al Saltaneh" who was born in Lahijan, imported Indian tea

and started its cultivation in Lahijan. Kashef, who was the first mayor of Tehran and an Iranian ambassador to

India under British rule, knew that the British would not allow him to learn about the secrets of tea production,

as it was their biggest business in India at the time. So being fluent in French, the prince pretended to be a

French laborer and started to work in the tea plantations and factories to learn how to produce tea. Ultimately his

plan was to take back some samples of this tea to Iran to cultivate. He was successful in this endeavor only

because of his diplomatic immunity which stopped the British from searching his secretly stashed sample. At the

time, Kashef brought 3000 saplings into his country from the Northern part of India, Kangra. He started the

cultivation in the region of Gilan, south of the Caspian Sea. The climate there was well suited for tea cultivation,

and the tea industry quickly expanded in Gilan and Mazanderan region. Kashefs mausoleum in Lahijan is now

143 Maral Moraditochaee et al, 2014 Advances in Environmental Biology, 8(10) June 2014, Pages: 142-149

part of "Iran's National Tea Museum". Iran is a tea-producing country and relies on substantive imports to

supplement its production to satisfy the considerable consumption needs. Iranians hold one of the highest per

capita rates in tea consumption in the world, (about1.6 kg per capita consumption in the period of 20052007), [18]. Approximately 34 thousand hectares of lands in Guilan and Mazandaran provinces have been cultured for

tea, almost half of the dry tea interior production and the remainder comes from imports. Most important source

of nutrient uptake by leaf tea is from the medium [2].

Energy is one of the most important material bases for the economic growth and social development of a

country or region. Scientific forecasts and analysis of energy consumption will be of great importance for the

planning of energy strategies and policies [13]. Energy has an influencing role in the development of key sectors

of economic importance such as industry, transport and agriculture. Energy use is one of the key indicators for

developing more sustainable agricultural practices. The amount of energy used in agricultural production,

processing and distribution is significantly high. Energy use in agriculture has been increasing in response to

increasing population, limited supply of arable lands, and a desire for higher standards of living [9]. Sufficient

supply of the right amount of energy and its effective and efficient use are necessary for an improved

agricultural production [14]. The enhancement of energy efficiency (EE) not only helps in improving

competitiveness through cost reduction but also results in minimized energy-related environmental pollution,

thus positively contributing towards sustainable development [16]. Energy use in agriculture has become more

intensive in response to increasing population, limited supply of arable land, and a desire for higher standards of

living. Efficient use of energy in agriculture is one of the principal requirements for sustainable agricultural

production. The development of energy efficient agricultural systems with low input energy compared to the

output of food can reduces the greenhouse gas emissions from agricultural production systems [6].

The purpose of this research is studying energy consumption in tea production and evaluation green house

gases, energy, energy balance and economic indices of tea production in North of Iran.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Materials:

Giulan province is one of suitable areas to farming tea, due to existing climate conditions. In order to gather

the required data in this research, Data on tea production was collected from the farmers by using a face to face

questionnaire performed in during 2013 production year. Seventy-two farmers were randomly selected to use

from the simple random sampling bottom Equation [19]:

222

22

)1(

tsN

tsdNn

In the formula, n is the required sample size, s is the standard deviation, t is the t value at 95% confidence

limit (1.96), N is the number of holding in target population and d is the acceptable error.

In the formula, n is the required sample size, s is the standard deviation, t is the t value at 95% confidence

limit (1.96), N is the number of holding in target population and d is the acceptable error.

Method to Calculate the Energy:

The amount of inputs used in tea production (human labor, chemical fertilizers and poison fertilizers) were

calculated per hectare and then, these data were converted to forms of energy to evaluate the output-input

analysis. In order to calculate output and input energy, these input data and amount of output yield were

multiplied with the coefficient of energy equivalent. Energy equivalents of inputs and output were converted

into energy on area unit. The previous researches (Table 1) were used to determine the energy equivalents coefficients [4,10,11,17].

In this research, energy indices (energy use efficiency, energy specific, energy productivity and net energy

gain) were calculated according to bottom equations [3,10,11,17].

(Mj/ha)energy Input

(Mj/ha)energy Output ratioEnergy

(Mj/ha)energy Input

(Kg/ha) yieldGrain typroductiviEnergy

(Kg/ha) yieldGrain

(Mj/ha)energy Input intensity Energy

(Mj/ha)energy input - (Mj/ha)energy Output gain energy Net

(Mj/ha)energy Input ) /ha(M applied Water

(Kg/ha) output Yieldty productivienergy and Water

3


For the growth and development, energy demand in agriculture can be classified into direct energy (DE),

indirect energy (IDE), renewable energy (RE) and non-renewable energy (NRE) [17]. The IDE includes energy

embodied in seeds, fertilizers, farmyard manure (FYM), chemicals, machinery while the DE covers human

labor, electricity, water and diesel fuel used in the tea production. The NRE includes diesel, electricity,

chemicals, fertilizers and machinery, and the RE consists of human labor, seeds, water and FYM.

In order to calculate energy balance indices, these input data and amount of output yield were multiplied

with the coefficient of energy balance equivalent. Energy balance equivalents of inputs and output were

converted into energy on area unit. The previous researches (Table 2) were used to determine the energy balance

equivalents coefficients [5,3,4]. Energy balance input include human labor, machinery, diesel fuel, chemical fertilizers, poison fertilizers, machinery depreciation for per diesel fuel, farmyard manure, water and seeds and

output include yield of tea.

Method to Calculate the Economic:

In the last part of the research, the economic analysis of tea production was investigated. Net profit, gross

profit, productivity and benefit to cost ratio were calculated using the following equations [15,3,4].

)kg ($ price Sale )ha (kg Yield )ha ($ production of valueGross -1-1-1

)ha ($ production ofcost Total - )ha ($ production of valueGross )ha ($return Net -1-1-1

($/ha) production of cost Total

(kg/ha) Yield(kg/$)ty Productivi

)ha ($ production ofcost Total

)ha ($ production of valueGross ratiocost Benefit to

1-

-1

Method to Calculate the Green House Gases:

To find the amount of GHG emission of inputs in wheat production per unit area (hectare), CO2 emission

coefficient was applied (Table 3). For every GHG producers (diesel fuel, poison, chemical fertilizer, and water)

the amount of produced CO2 was calculated by multiplying the input application rate by emission coefficient

that is shown in table 4 [8,3].

RESULT AND DISCUSSION

Analysis of InputOutput Energy use in Tea Production: Table 1 showed inputs used in tea production and their energy equivalents and output energy equivalent

were illustrated. Results show that, about 945 h human labor, 720 Kwh electricity, 184 kg/ha nitrogen fertilizer,

11 kg/ha phosphorus fertilizer and 1 L chemical poison were used in agro ecosystems tea production on a

hectare basis. The total energy equivalent of inputs was calculated as 22862 MJ/ha. Figure 1 showed the energy

use pattern in the surveyed farms. The highest shares of this amount were reported for chemical fertilizer

(53.80%) and electricity (35.57%). The energy inputs of human labor (8.1%) and chemical poison (0.52%) were

found to be quite low compared to the other inputs used in tea production. The average yield of tea was found to

be 7000 kg/ha and its energy equivalent was calculated to be 5600 MJ/ha (Table 1).

Evaluation of Energy Indices in Tea Production:

Energy indices (energy use efficiency, energy production, energy specific, energy productivity and net

energy gain) of tea production were showed in table 4. Energy use efficiency (energy output-input ratio) in this

study was calculated 0.25; showing the affective use of energy in the agro ecosystems tea production. Energy

specific was 3.26 MJ/kg this means that 3.26 MJ is needed to obtain 1 kg of tea. Energy productivity calculated

as 0.31 Kg/MJ in the study area, this means that 0.31 kg of output obtained per unit energy. Net energy gain was

-17262 MJ/ha.

Direct-indirect energy forms used in tea production were also investigated. Percentages of these energy

forms were illustrated in figure 2. The results show that the share of direct input energy was 45.67% (10442

MJ/ha) in the total energy input compared to 54.33% (12420 MJ/ha) for the indirect energy.

Renewable- non-renewable energy forms used in tea production were also investigated. Percentages of

these energy forms were illustrated in figure 3. The results show that the share of renewable input energy was

8.1% (1852 MJ/ha) in the total energy input compared to 91.9% (21010 MJ/ha) for the non-renewable energy.

Analysis of Energy Balance in Tea Production:

Table 2 showed inputs used in tea production and their balance energy equivalents and output balance

energy equivalent were illustrated. Results show that, about 945 h human labor, 720 Kwh electricity, 184 kg/ha


nitrogen fertilizer, 11 kg/ha phosphorus fertilizer and 1 L chemical poison were used in agro ecosystems tea

production on a hectare basis. The total energy balance equivalent of inputs was calculated as 5832925 MJ/ha.

Figure 4 showed the energy balance use pattern in the surveyed farms. The highest shares of this amount were

reported for chemical fertilizer (56.09%) and electricity (35.34%). The energy inputs of human labor (8.1%) and

chemical poison (0.47%) were found to be quite low compared to the other inputs used in tea production.

Direct-indirect energy balance forms used in tea production were also investigated. Percentages of these

energy balance forms were illustrated in figure 5. The results show that the share of direct input energy balance

was 43.44% (2533860 MJ/ha) in the total energy balance input compared to 56.56% (3299065 MJ/ha) for the

indirect energy balance.

Renewable- non-renewable energy forms used in tea production were also investigated. Percentages of

these energy balance forms were illustrated in Figure 6. The results show that the share of renewable input

energy balance was 8.1% (472500 MJ/ha) in the total energy balance input compared to 91.9% (5360425

MJ/ha) for the non-renewable energy.

Evaluation of Energy Indices in Tea Production:

Energy indices balance in this research was showed in table 5. Consumption energy, production energy,

energy per unit, production energy to consumption energy ratio and consumption energy to production energy

ratio in tea production were 5832925 kcal/ha, 15071000 kcal/ha, 2153 kcal, 2.58, 4.43 respectively. Energy

balance efficiency (production energy to consumption energy ratio) in this research was calculated 2.58;

showing the affective use of energy in the agro ecosystems tea production. The highest percent of compositions

(27.5%), Amounts (1925 kg/ha), production energy (7700000 kcal/ha) and production energy to consumption

energy ratio (1.32) in tea were obtained from as compared with starch and fat, The lowest consumption energy

to production energy ratio (0.76) in tea was obtained from protein as compared with starch and fat (Table 5).

Economic Analysis of Tea Production:

The Economic analysis of tea production were calculated and shown in table 6. In the research area, the tea

sale price (2.29 $/kg), gross value of production (2030 $/ha), total cost of production (1900 $/ha), productivity

(3.68 kg/ha) and net return (130 $/ha) were calculated. Results showed the benefit to cost ratio in the studied

farms was calculated to be 1.07.

Green House Gases Emissions:

It is revealed that electricity power was the major source contributing 63.98% of total Green house gases

emission and followed by nitrogen fertilizer, chemical Poison and phosphorus fertilizer 34.96%, 0.57% and

0.32% of global warming potential, respectively (Figure 7). Green house gases emissions for tea production

were showed table 7 (684.26 kgCO2eqha-1).

Production Function Based on Plant Age:

Production function was drawn by the software STATISCA based on plant age. With attention to this figure

8, with increase of plant age amounts, leaf yield decreases. Yield function of leaf yield obtained by following

relationship:

Leaf yield= -0.0142 (plant age)2 + 0.9343(plant age) - 7.7865, R2=0.62

Table 1: Amounts of inputs and output and their equivalent energy from calculated indicators of energy.

Parameter Unit Quantity per

hectare

Energy equivalents Total energy

equivalents

Percent

Inputs

Human labor h/ha 945 1.96 1852.20 8.10

Nitrogen Kg/ha 184 66.14 12169.76 53.23

Phosphorus Kg/ha 11 12.44 130.62 0.57

Poison L/ha 1 120 120.00 0.52

Electricity Kwh 720 11.93 8589.6 37.57

Output

Yield Kg/ha 7000 0.8 5600 100

Table 2: Amounts of inputs and their equivalent energy from calculated indicators of energy balance.

Parameter Unit Quantity per hectare Energy balance equivalents Total energy balance equivalents Percent

Inputs

Human labor h/ha 945 500 472500 8.10

Nitrogen kg/ha 184 17600 3238400 55.52

Phosphorus kg/ha 11 3190 33495 0.57

Poison L/ha 1 27170 27170 0.47

Electricity Kwh 720 2863 2061360 35.34


Table 3: Amounts of inputs and their equivalent green house gas (GHG) emission.

GHG coefficient (kgCO2eqha-1) Quantity per Hectare Unit Parameter

1.3 184 Kg/ha Nitrogen

0.2 11 Kg/ha Phosphorus

0.608 720 Kwh Electricity

5.1 1 L/ha Poison

Fig. 1: The share (%) production inputs in tea (energy).

Fig. 2: Percentage of total energy input in the form of direct and indirect for tea production.

Fig. 3: Percentage of total energy input in the form of renewable- non-renewable for tea production.

Table 4: Analysis of energy indices in tea production.

Item Unit Tea

Yield Kg/ha 7000

Input energy Mj/ha 22862

Output energy Mj/ha 5600

Energy use efficiency - 0.25

Energy specific Mj/Kg 3.26

Energy productivity Kg/Mj 0.31

Net energy gain Mj/ha -17262


Table 5: Analysis of energy balance indices in tea production.

Item Percent of

compositions

Energy per gram

(kcal)

Amounts

(kg/ha)

production

energy

(kcal/ha)

Production

energy/

Consumption

energy

Consumption

energy/

Production energy

Protein 27.5 4 1925 7700000 1.32 0.76

Fat 3.7 9 259 2331000 0.40 2.50

Starch 18 4 1260 5040000 0.86 1.16

Item Yield

(kg/ha)

Consumption

energy (kcal/ha)

Production

energy (kcal/ha)

Energy per

unit (kcal)

production

energy/ Consumption

energy

Consumption

energy/ Production energy

7000 5832925 15071000 2153 2.58 4.42

Fig. 4: The share (%) production inputs in tea (energy balance).

Fig. 5: Percentage of total energy balance input in the form of direct and indirect for tea production.

Fig. 6: Percentage of total energy balance input in the form of renewable- non-renewable for tea production.

Table 6: Economic analysis of tea.

Cost and return components

Yield (kg/ha) 7000

Sale price ($/kg) 0.29

Gross value of production ($/ha) 2030

Total cost of production ($/ha) 1900

Net return ($/ha) 130

Benefit to cost ratio 1.07

Productivity (kg/ha) 3.68


Fig. 7: The contribution of GHG emissions in tea production.

Table 7: Greenhouse gas emissions of inputs for tea production.

GHG emissions (kgCO2eqha-1) Parameter

239.2 Nitrogen fertilizer

2.2 Phosphorus fertilizer

437.76 Electricity power

5.1 Chemical Poison

684.26 Total

Fig. 8: Tea production function based on plant age.

Conclusion:

In these study energy indices, energy balance indices, economical indices and life cycle assessment

emission for tea production was investigated. Energy efficiency for rain fed farming tea production in this study

was calculated 0.25, showing the affective use of energy in the agro ecosystems tea production. Energy balance

efficiency for rain fed farming tea production in this study was calculated 2.58, showing the affective use of

energy in the agro ecosystems tea production. Results showed the benefit to cost ratio in the studied farms was

calculated to be 1.07. Also, Results showed the Green house gases emissions in the studied farms were

calculated to be 246.5 kgCO2eqha-1. Some strategies such as providing better extension and training programs

for farmers and use of advanced technologies should be developed in order to increase the energy efficiency of

agricultural crop productions in the region. The farmers should be trained with regard to the optimal use of

inputs, especially, fertilizers and electricity as well as employing the new production technologies. The local

agricultural institutes in the region have an important role in these cases to establish the more energy efficient

and environmentally healthy production systems in the region.

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