Land use and carbon stock in Land use and carbon stock in Land use and carbon stock in Land use and carbon stock in slash & burn ecosystems slash & burn ecosystems

t d i L t d i L slash & burn ecosystems slash & burn ecosystems

t d i L t d i L ― a case study in Laos ―― a case study in Laos ―― a case study in Laos ―― a case study in Laos ―

Y hi IY hi IYoshio InoueYoshio InoueNatl. Institute for Agro-Environ. Sci.

JNatl. Institute for Agro-Environ. Sci.

JJapanJapan

> Important food production system in tropical > Important food production system in tropical t i f S th t A it i f S th t A imountain of Southeast Asiamountain of Southeast Asia

> Laos /Thailand /Vietnam /China /Myanmar /Bangladesh /India> Laos /Thailand /Vietnam /China /Myanmar /Bangladesh /India> Laos /Thailand /Vietnam /China /Myanmar /Bangladesh /India> Laos /Thailand /Vietnam /China /Myanmar /Bangladesh /India> 1/3 of national population was involved in S/B Ag. in mid> 1/3 of national population was involved in S/B Ag. in mid--90’s 90’s

((P i hP i h 1998) 1998)((ParavongvienghamParavongviengham, 1998), 1998)

Population growth Population growth & Land& Land--use regulationuse regulation

E i f S&BE i f S&B

& Land& Land--use regulationuse regulation

Expansion of S&BExpansion of S&B--area area // Shortened fallow period Shortened fallow period

are causing some are causing some unfavorable changes.unfavorable changes.unfavorable changes.unfavorable changes.

1.1. Degradation of soil Degradation of soil and and forest resources; crop forest resources; crop forest resources; crop forest resources; crop productivity / labor productivity / labor productivityproductivityproductivityproductivity

2.2. Negative impacts on Negative impacts on t h i COt h i COatmospheric COatmospheric CO22

& b& biodiversityiodiversity

Aerosol column mass loading (OM) in east Asia on the same day: 11/04/2005

Laoseast Asia on the same day: 11/04/2005 by SPRINTERS (Takemura et al., 2005)

Laos

Feb 2012 Mar 2012 Apr 2012

2010

Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

2010

2005

2000

19951995

1990

1985

1980

Seasonal change of aerosol column mass loading (OM) in east Asia after 1980 by SPRINTERS (Takemura et al., 2005)

1980

MMore sustainable ecosystem ore sustainable ecosystem managementmanagementmanagement..management..for higher food security and for higher food security and g yg y

less environmental impactsless environmental impacts

Scientific information is limited.; Ground-based / Quantitative / Spatial

ObjectivesObjectives

1 Quantify land-use and carbon stock in 1. Quantify land-use and carbon stock in S&B-ecosystems based on RS and yground-based observations.

2. Propose alternative ecosystem management scenarios for higher carbon stock capacity and food security carbon stock capacity and food security.

StudyStudy AreaArea:: NorthernNorthern partpart ofof LaosLaosT i lT i l S&BS&B ii ii M t iM t i ff SEASEATypicalTypical S&BS&B regionregion inin MountainsMountains ofof SEASEA

E105°E100°

Study areaE105°E100°

Study area22,500km2Landsat Row46 / Path129

E105° E100° E105° E100°

N20° N20°

1600m1600m

N15° N15°

1 km1 km

N10°N10°IKONOS20030223+DEM[ near Pakmong, LP]IKONOS20030223+DEM[ near Pakmong, LP]

1000km

N10

1000km

N10

ApproachSatelliteSatelliteSatelliteSatelliteimageimage

groundground--based surveybased survey

C b i th il dL dL d & &

groundground--based surveybased survey

Semi-empirical models

Carbon in the soil and fallow vegetation

LandLand--use & use & LandLand--covercover

Semi-empirical models

On-site measurementsOn-site measurements [ biomass / soil carbon / soil CO2 flux /

crop yield / hyperspectra etc. ]

Ecosystem Carbon Stock Ecosystem Carbon Stock

Basic fact data

Ecosystem Carbon Stock Ecosystem Carbon Stock at Regional Scaleat Regional Scale

Satellite images used for this studySatellite images used for this studyData availability is low due to monsoon climate.Data availability is low due to monsoon climate.Data availability is low due to monsoon climate.Data availability is low due to monsoon climate.

No. Date(yyyy.mm.dd) Sensor No. Date

(yyyy.mm.dd) Sensor

1 1973.01.24 Landsat-MSS 22 2001.02.06 Landsat-ETM2 1975.12.31 Landsat-MSS 23 2001.11.21 Landsat-ETM3 1986.03.17 Landsat-MSS 24 2002.02.09 Landsat-ETM4 1988 01 26 Landsat-TM 25 2002 02 28 IKONOS4 1988.01.26 Landsat TM 25 2002.02.28 IKONOS5 1989.03.25 Landsat-TM 26 2002.11.08 Landsat-ETM6 1989.12.14 Landsat-TM 27 2003.02.23 IKONOS7 1990.01.31 Landsat-TM 28 2003.02.23 IKONOS

d i k i d8 1990.11.15 Landsat-TM 29 2003.04.03 QuickBird9 1991.04.08 Landsat-TM 30 2003.10.18 QuickBird10 1992.02.06 Landsat-TM 31 2003.12.05 Landsat-TM11 1993.02.08 Landsat-TM 32 2004.04.11 Landsat-TM12 1994.01.10 Landsat-TM 33 2004.12.07 Landsat-TM13 1995.02.14 Landsat-TM 34 2005.02.28 QuickBird14 1996.02.17 Landsat-TM 35 2005.11.24 Landsat-TM15 1997 02 03 L d t TM 36 2005 12 16 Q i kBi d15 1997.02.03 Landsat-TM 36 2005.12.16 QuickBird16 1997.11.02 Landsat-TM 37 2005.12.21 QuickBird17 1999.01.24 Landsat-TM 38 2006.02.28 Landsat-TM18 1998.11.05 Landsat-TM 39 2006.11.27 Landsat-TM19 1999.11.16 Landsat-ETM 40 2006.11.10 Landsat-TM20 2000.03.07 Landsat-ETM 41 2008.03.05 Landsat-TM21 2000.11.02 Landsat-ETM

100kmStudy area

Mekongg

Luang Prabangg g

Landsat-TM [R46/P129] 2006Nov.27

1 01 01 01 0

S&B S&B S&B S&B

0 7

0.8

0.9

1.0

0 7

0.8

0.9

1.0

0 7

0.8

0.9

1.0

0 7

0.8

0.9

1.0

b

c

a a bc

a a b

c

a a b

b

a (A) (B) (C) (D)

ab

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.7

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.7

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.7

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.7 c

a

a b a

b

ab a a b a a

b

a a a

a a a b

a

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.1

0.2

0.3

NDSI[660,830]NDSI[1650,830]NDSI[2215 830]

c

b b

b

a a a

c

b a

b a

a

b b

c c

0.01999 2000 2001 2002

0.01999 2000 2001 2002

0.01999 2000 2001 2002

0.01999 2000 2001 2002

NDSI[2215,830]

[S/B] [fallow] [fallow] [fallow] 1999 2000 2001 2002

[fallow] [S/B] [fallow] [fallow] 1999 2000 2001 2002

[fallow] [fallow] [S/B] [fallow] 1999 2000 2001 2002

[fallow] [fallow] [fallow] [S/B] 1999 2000 2001 2002

b c

Chrono-sequential change of three spectral indices NDVI, NDSI(830,1650), NDSI(830,2200) using Landsat Direct assessment is not feasible

NDVI, NDSI(830,1650), NDSI(830,2200) using Landsat bands in S&B land patches during 4 consecutive years. S&B patches could be identified clearly

(Inoue et al. 2007)

QB20031018

Segmentation approach Land use polygons Segmentation approach Land-use polygons Accuracy for polygon-based classification of

S&B patches : 95 – 100 % S&B land-use history was traced at pixel basis S&B land-use history was traced at pixel basis

16

18

20

area

(%)

HK-site 350 km2

a (%

)

ChCh10

12

14

rn cr

oppe

d aed

are

a Chrono-sequential Chrono-sequential

2

4

6

8

ash-

and-

bur

B c

ropp change of S&B

areachange of S&B area

0

2

1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010

Sla

Year

S&B areaarea

year (y)

2003-2004average20

25

(y)

2003-2004average20

25

Frequency Frequency )

year

10

15

20

比率

(%)

10

15

20

比率

(%)

q ydistribution of fallow period

q ydistribution of fallow periodat

io (%

0

5

10比 *

0

5

10比 * fallow period

* sum for age >11y

fallow period

* sum for age >11y

Ra

00 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16

休閑年数 (y)

00 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16

休閑年数 (y)

g yg y

Fallow period (y) (Inoue et al. 2010)

Ecosystem carbon Ecosystem carbon ecosystem stock

fallow veg take out

stock as a function of stock as a function of community age (fallow community age (fallow fallow veggrowth

fallow period

take out y g (y g (length) length)

litter fall1-τL

litter microbial

respirationτL

kc, kf

SOMmicrobial

respiration

d d t

microbial respiration

τDR1-τDR

fine rootdeath

dead root

0.3m

Carbon stock in fallow vegetationCarbon stock in fallow vegetationC［biomass + Litter + Dead wood］= 15.378Ln(y)+11.815

y: community age (yr) = fallow period (0.5-20 yr)

y = 15.378Ln(x) + 11.815260

70

ha-1)

ha-1

)

R2 = 0.9327

40

50

60

on (Mg C h

k(t

C h

30

40

nt of carbo

n st

ock

■: Biomass- : Dead tree□: Litter

10

20

The amoun

Car

bon : Sum

0

0 5 10 15 20 25

Years since the last slash-and-burn cropping

TC

Community age (yr)Years since the last slash and burn croppingCommunity age (yr)(Kiyono et al. 2007)

100a)80 90

100 ha)k(

tC/h

a2y cropping+10y fallow1y cropping+5y fallow

5060 70

量(t/h 62.1 t/ha

51 9 /hon st

oc

Average

Average62.1t/ha

3040 50

系炭素量 51.9 t/ha

34 9 t/ham ca

rbo

Average34.9t/ha

Average51.9t/ha

10 20 30

生態

34.9 t/ha

cosy

ste 34.9t/ha

1y cropping+2y fallow0

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 年 数year

Ec

年 数year

Ecosystem carbon stock in various Ecosystem carbon stock in various croppingcropping fallow cycle patterns as simulatedfallow cycle patterns as simulatedcroppingcropping--fallow cycle patterns as simulatedfallow cycle patterns as simulated

by the simple modelby the simple model (Inoue et al. 2010)

[ALT] Alternative Management Option[ALT] Alternative Management Option2 year Cropping +2 year Cropping + 10 year Fallow10 year Fallow

PaperPaper--mulberry fallowmulberry fallowHighHigh--yielding riceyielding rice

& Legume& Legume33 years years

Natural FallowNatural Fallow22 yearsyears 77 yearsyears

100 91.7 89.6 Regional Income compared to Scenario 10 +1 -49 +60 +9 (kg/ha) st

em

708090

57 162.1

68.4

ecos

ytC

/ha)

405060 48.0 47.0

57.1

age o

f st

ock (

t

203040

al av

era

rbon

s

010

Scenario1

Scenario2

Scenario3

Scenario5

Scenario4

19901980egio

na ca

1【Recent】

2【Fallow

Max8】

3【CF20%】

5【CF20%】

&【ALT】

4【ALT】Re

Regional average of ecosystem carbon stock Regional average of ecosystem carbon stock under some major scenariosunder some major scenarios

【ALT】

under some major scenariosunder some major scenariosCF20%: Save 20% for conservation forest and never used for S&B.ALT-system: 2y cropping + 10y fallow using new cultivars & cash crops.

Summary of the case study (1/2) Summary of the case study (1/2) 1. 1. Classification based on segmentation of Classification based on segmentation of

timetime--series satellite imagery was quite series satellite imagery was quite useful to trace the landuseful to trace the land--use history and to use history and to useful to trace the landuseful to trace the land use history and to use history and to derive the community age at a pixel basis. derive the community age at a pixel basis.

2. 2. Coupling communityCoupling community--age distribution with age distribution with an ecosystem carbon model was useful for an ecosystem carbon model was useful for assessment of regional carbon stock, assessment of regional carbon stock, assessment of regional carbon stock, assessment of regional carbon stock, especially in regions with low accessibility especially in regions with low accessibility

d l d t il bilitd l d t il bilitand low data availability.and low data availability.

Summary of the case study (2/2) Summary of the case study (2/2) 3. 3. Could quantify the dCould quantify the degradation of egradation of

t b t k d l d t b t k d l d ecosystem carbon stock and land ecosystem carbon stock and land resources, as well as the negativeresources, as well as the negative impact to impact to , g, g ppatmosphere. Results are useful for relative atmosphere. Results are useful for relative assessment of landassessment of land use scenarios use scenarios assessment of landassessment of land--use scenarios. use scenarios.

4. 4. Suggested some Suggested some alternative ecosystem alternative ecosystem management scenarios for higher carbon management scenarios for higher carbon management scenarios for higher carbon management scenarios for higher carbon sequestration capacity, regional income & sequestration capacity, regional income & sustainability of ecosystem resources.sustainability of ecosystem resources.

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