· The Comprehensive LATEX Symbol List Scott Pakin ∗ 22 September 2005 Abstract This document...

The Comprehensive LATEX Symbol List

Scott Pakin <[email protected]>∗

22 September 2005

Abstract

This document lists 3300 symbols and the corresponding LATEX commands that produce them. Some ofthese symbols are guaranteed to be available in every LATEX 2ε system; others require fonts and packages thatmay not accompany a given distribution and that therefore need to be installed. All of the fonts and packagesused to prepare this document—as well as this document itself—are freely available from the ComprehensiveTEX Archive Network (http://www.ctan.org/).

Contents

1 Introduction 71.1 Document Usage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71.2 Frequently Requested Symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7

2 Body-text symbols 8Table 1: LATEX 2ε Escapable “Special” Characters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8Table 2: Predefined LATEX 2ε Text-mode Commands . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8Table 3: LATEX 2ε Commands Defined to Work in Both Math and Text Mode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8Table 4: AMS Commands Defined to Work in Both Math and Text Mode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9Table 5: Non-ASCII Letters (Excluding Accented Letters) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9Table 6: Letters Used to Typeset African Languages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9Table 7: Letters Used to Typeset Vietnamese . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9Table 8: Punctuation Marks Not Found in OT1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9Table 9: pifont Decorative Punctuation Marks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10Table 10: tipa Phonetic Symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10Table 11: tipx Phonetic Symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11Table 13: wsuipa Phonetic Symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12Table 14: wasysym Phonetic Symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12Table 15: phonetic Phonetic Symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12Table 16: t4phonet Phonetic Symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13Table 17: semtrans Transliteration Symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13Table 18: Text-mode Accents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13Table 19: tipa Text-mode Accents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14Table 20: extraipa Text-mode Accents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15Table 21: wsuipa Text-mode Accents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15Table 22: phonetic Text-mode Accents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16Table 23: metre Text-mode Accents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16Table 24: t4phonet Text-mode Accents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16Table 25: arcs Text-mode Accents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16Table 26: semtrans Accents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17Table 27: wsuipa Diacritics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17∗The original version of this document was written by David Carlisle, with several additional tables provided by Alexander Holt.

See Section 7.6 on page 82 for more information about who did what.

1

Table 28: textcomp Diacritics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17Table 29: textcomp Currency Symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17Table 30: marvosym Currency Symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18Table 31: wasysym Currency Symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18Table 32: eurosym Euro Signs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18Table 33: textcomp Legal Symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18Table 34: cclicenses Creative Commons License Icons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18Table 35: textcomp Old-style Numerals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19Table 36: Miscellaneous textcomp Symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19Table 37: Miscellaneous wasysym Text-mode Symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19

3 Mathematical symbols 20Table 38: Math-Mode Versions of Text Symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20Table 39: Binary Operators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20Table 40: AMS Binary Operators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21Table 41: stmaryrd Binary Operators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21Table 42: wasysym Binary Operators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21Table 43: txfonts/pxfonts Binary Operators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21Table 44: mathabx Binary Operators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22Table 45: ulsy Geometric Binary Operators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22Table 46: mathabx Geometric Binary Operators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22Table 47: Variable-sized Math Operators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23Table 48: AMS Variable-sized Math Operators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23Table 49: stmaryrd Variable-sized Math Operators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23Table 50: wasysym Variable-sized Math Operators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23Table 51: mathabx Variable-sized Math Operators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24Table 52: txfonts/pxfonts Variable-sized Math Operators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25Table 53: esint Variable-sized Math Operators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26Table 54: Binary Relations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26Table 55: AMS Binary Relations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26Table 56: AMS Negated Binary Relations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27Table 57: stmaryrd Binary Relations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27Table 58: wasysym Binary Relations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27Table 59: txfonts/pxfonts Binary Relations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27Table 60: txfonts/pxfonts Negated Binary Relations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28Table 61: mathabx Binary Relations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28Table 62: mathabx Negated Binary Relations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28Table 63: trsym Binary Relations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29Table 64: trfsigns Binary Relations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29Table 65: Subset and Superset Relations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29Table 66: AMS Subset and Superset Relations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29Table 67: stmaryrd Subset and Superset Relations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29Table 68: wasysym Subset and Superset Relations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29Table 69: txfonts/pxfonts Subset and Superset Relations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29Table 70: mathabx Subset and Superset Relations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30Table 71: Inequalities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30Table 72: AMS Inequalities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30Table 73: wasysym Inequalities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30Table 74: txfonts/pxfonts Inequalities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30Table 75: mathabx Inequalities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31Table 76: AMS Triangle Relations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31Table 77: stmaryrd Triangle Relations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31Table 78: mathabx Triangle Relations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31Table 79: Arrows . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32

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Table 80: Harpoons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32Table 81: textcomp Text-mode Arrows . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32Table 82: AMS Arrows . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32Table 83: AMS Negated Arrows . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32Table 84: AMS Harpoons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33Table 85: stmaryrd Arrows . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33Table 86: txfonts/pxfonts Arrows . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33Table 87: mathabx Arrows . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33Table 88: mathabx Negated Arrows . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33Table 89: mathabx Harpoons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34Table 90: chemarrow Arrows . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34Table 91: ulsy Contradiction Symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34Table 92: Extension Characters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34Table 93: stmaryrd Extension Characters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34Table 94: txfonts/pxfonts Extension Characters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34Table 95: mathabx Extension Characters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34Table 96: Log-like Symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35Table 97: AMS Log-like Symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35Table 98: Greek Letters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35Table 99: AMS Greek Letters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35Table 100: txfonts/pxfonts Upright Greek Letters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36Table 101: upgreek Upright Greek Letters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36Table 102: txfonts/pxfonts Variant Latin Letters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36Table 103: AMS Hebrew Letters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36Table 104: Letter-like Symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36Table 105: AMS Letter-like Symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37Table 106: txfonts/pxfonts Letter-like Symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37Table 107: mathabx Letter-like Symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37Table 108: trfsigns Letter-like Symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37Table 109: AMS Delimiters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37Table 110: stmaryrd Delimiters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37Table 111: mathabx Delimiters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37Table 112: nath Delimiters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38Table 113: Variable-sized Delimiters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38Table 114: Large, Variable-sized Delimiters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38Table 115: AMS Variable-sized Delimiters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39Table 116: stmaryrd Variable-sized Delimiters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39Table 117: mathabx Variable-sized Delimiters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39Table 118: nath Variable-sized Delimiters (Double) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39Table 119: nath Variable-sized Delimiters (Triple) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40Table 120: textcomp Text-mode Delimiters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40Table 121: metre Text-mode Delimiters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40Table 122: Math-mode Accents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40Table 123: AMS Math-mode Accents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40Table 124: yhmath Math-mode Accents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41Table 125: trfsigns Math-mode Accents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41Table 126: Extensible Accents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41Table 127: overrightarrow Extensible Accents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41Table 128: yhmath Extensible Accents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42Table 129: AMS Extensible Accents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42Table 130: empheq Extensible Accents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42Table 131: chemarr Extensible Accents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42Table 132: chemarrow Extensible Accents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43Table 133: mathabx Extensible Accents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43

3

Table 134: esvect Extensible Accents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43Table 135: undertilde Extensible Accents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44Table 136: extarrows Extensible Accents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44Table 137: holtpolt Non-commutative Division Symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44Table 138: Dots . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44Table 139: AMS Dots . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45Table 140: mathdots Dots . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45Table 141: yhmath Dots . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45Table 142: mathcomp Math Symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45Table 143: mathabx Mayan Digits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45Table 144: marvosym Math Symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45Table 145: Miscellaneous LATEX 2ε Math Symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46Table 146: Miscellaneous AMS Math Symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46Table 147: Miscellaneous wasysym Math Symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46Table 148: Miscellaneous txfonts/pxfonts Math Symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46Table 149: Miscellaneous mathabx Math Symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46Table 150: Miscellaneous textcomp Text-mode Math Symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47Table 151: Math Alphabets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48

4 Science and technology symbols 49Table 152: gensymb Symbols Defined to Work in Both Math and Text Mode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49Table 153: wasysym Electrical and Physical Symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49Table 154: ifsym Pulse Diagram Symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49Table 155: ar Aspect Ratio Symbol . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49Table 156: textcomp Text-mode Science and Engineering Symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49Table 157: wasysym Astronomical Symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50Table 158: marvosym Astronomical Symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50Table 159: mathabx Astronomical Symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50Table 160: wasysym Astrological Symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50Table 161: marvosym Astrological Symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50Table 162: mathabx Astrological Symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50Table 163: wasysym APL Symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51Table 164: wasysym APL Modifiers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51Table 165: marvosym Computer Hardware Symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51Table 166: ascii Control Characters (IBM) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51Table 167: marvosym Communication Symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51Table 168: marvosym Engineering Symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52Table 169: wasysym Biological Symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52Table 170: marvosym Biological Symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52Table 171: marvosym Safety-related Symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52

5 Dingbats 53Table 172: bbding Arrows . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53Table 173: pifont Arrows . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53Table 174: marvosym Scissors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53Table 175: bbding Scissors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53Table 176: pifont Scissors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53Table 177: dingbat Pencils . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54Table 178: bbding Pencils and Nibs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54Table 179: pifont Pencils and Nibs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54Table 180: dingbat Hands . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54Table 181: bbding Hands . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54Table 182: pifont Hands . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54Table 183: bbding Crosses and Plusses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54

4

Table 184: pifont Crosses and Plusses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55Table 185: bbding Xs and Check Marks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55Table 186: pifont Xs and Check Marks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55Table 187: wasysym Xs and Check Marks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55Table 188: pifont Circled Numbers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55Table 189: wasysym Stars . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55Table 190: bbding Stars, Flowers, and Similar Shapes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56Table 191: pifont Stars, Flowers, and Similar Shapes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56Table 192: wasysym Geometric Shapes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56Table 193: ifsym Geometric Shapes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57Table 194: bbding Geometric Shapes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57Table 195: pifont Geometric Shapes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58Table 196: universa Geometric Shapes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58Table 197: manfnt Dangerous Bend Symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58Table 198: skull Symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58Table 199: Non-Mathematical mathabx Symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58Table 200: marvosym Information Symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58Table 201: Miscellaneous dingbat Dingbats . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58Table 202: Miscellaneous bbding Dingbats . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59Table 203: Miscellaneous pifont Dingbats . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59

6 Other symbols 60Table 204: textcomp Genealogical Symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60Table 205: wasysym General Symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60Table 206: wasysym Circles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60Table 207: wasysym Musical Symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60Table 208: harmony Musical Symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60Table 209: harmony Musical Accents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61Table 210: Miscellaneous manfnt Symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61Table 211: marvosym Navigation Symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61Table 212: marvosym Laundry Symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62Table 213: Other marvosym Symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62Table 214: Miscellaneous universa Symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62Table 215: ifsym Weather Symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62Table 216: ifsym Alpine Symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63Table 217: ifsym Clocks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63Table 218: Other ifsym Symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63Table 219: skak Chess Informator Symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64Table 220: metre Metrical Symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64Table 221: metre Small and Large Metrical Symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64Table 222: phaistos Symbols from the Phaistos Disk . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65Table 223: protosem Proto-Semitic Characters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65Table 224: hieroglf Hieroglyphics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66Table 225: dictsym Dictionary Symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66

7 Additional Information 677.1 Symbol Name Clashes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 677.2 Where can I find the symbol for . . . ? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 677.3 Math-mode spacing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 777.4 Bold mathematical symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 787.5 ASCII and Latin 1 quick reference . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 797.6 About this document . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 827.7 Copyright and license . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83

5

References 83

Index 86

6

1 Introduction

Welcome to the Comprehensive LATEX Symbol List! This document strives to be your primary source of LATEXsymbol information: font samples, LATEX commands, packages, usage details, caveats—everything needed to putthousands of different symbols at your disposal. All of the fonts covered herein meet the following criteria:

1. They are freely available from the Comprehensive TEX Archive Network (http://www.ctan.org).

2. All of their symbols have LATEX 2ε bindings. That is, a user should be able to access a symbol by name,not just by \char〈number〉.

These are not particularly limiting criteria; the Comprehensive LATEX Symbol List contains samples of 3300symbols—quite a large number. Some of these symbols are guaranteed to be available in every LATEX 2ε system;others require fonts and packages that may not accompany a given distribution and that therefore need to beinstalled. See http://www.tex.ac.uk/cgi-bin/texfaq2html?label=instpackages+wherefiles for help withinstalling new fonts and packages.

1.1 Document Usage

Each section of this document contains a number of font tables. Each table shows a set of symbols, with thecorresponding LATEX command to the right of each symbol. A table’s caption indicates what package needs to beloaded in order to access that table’s symbols. For example, the symbols in Table 35, “textcomp Old-Style Nu-merals”, are made available by putting “\usepackagetextcomp” in your document’s preamble. “AMS” meansto use the AMS packages, viz. amssymb and/or amsmath. Notes below a table provide additional informationabout some or all the symbols in that table.

One note that appears a few times in this document, particularly in Section 2, indicates that certain symbolsdo not exist in the OT1 font encoding (Donald Knuth’s original, 7-bit font encoding, which is the default fontencoding for LATEX) and that you should use fontenc to select a different encoding, such as T1 (a common 8-bitfont encoding). That means that you should put “\usepackage[〈encoding〉]fontenc” in your document’spreamble, where 〈encoding〉 is, e.g., T1 or LY1. To limit the change in font encoding to the current group, use“\fontencoding〈encoding〉\selectfont”.

Section 7 contains some additional information about the symbols in this document. It shows which symbolnames are not unique across packages, gives examples of how to create new symbols out of existing symbols,explains how symbols are spaced in math mode, presents a LATEX ASCII and Latin 1 tables, and provides someinformation about this document itself. The Comprehensive LATEX Symbol List ends with an index of all thesymbols in the document and various additional useful terms.

1.2 Frequently Requested Symbols

There are a number of symbols that are requested over and over again on comp.text.tex. If you’re looking forsuch a symbol the following list will help you find it quickly.

, as in “Spaces are significant.” . . . . . . . . . 8

ı, ı, ı, ı, etc. (versus i, i, i, and i) . . . . . . . . . 13

¢ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17e . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18

©, ®, and ™ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18

‰ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25

∴ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26

B and F . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27

. and & . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30

. ..

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45

°, as in “180°” or “15” . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47

L, F, etc. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48N, Z, R, etc. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48

−R

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71

´a, `e, etc. (i.e., several accents per character) 72

<, >, and | (instead of ¡, ¿, and —) . . . . . . . 80

ˆ and ˜ (or ∼) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80

7

2 Body-text symbols

This section lists symbols that are intended for use in running text, such as punctuation marks, accents,ligatures, and currency symbols.

Table 1: LATEX 2ε Escapable “Special” Characters

$ \$ % \% \_ ∗ \ & \& # \# \

∗ The underscore package redefines “_” to produce an underscore in text mode (i.e., itmakes it unnecessary to escape the underscore character).

Table 2: Predefined LATEX 2ε Text-mode Commands

ˆ \textasciicircum < \textless˜ \textasciitilde a ª \textordfeminine∗ \textasteriskcentered o º \textordmasculine\ \textbackslash ¶ \textparagraph∗

| \textbar · \textperiodcentered \textbraceleft∗ ¿ \textquestiondown \textbraceright∗ “ \textquotedblleft• \textbullet ” \textquotedblright

c© © \textcopyright∗ ‘ \textquoteleft† \textdagger∗ ’ \textquoteright‡ \textdaggerdbl∗ r© ® \textregistered$ \textdollar∗ § \textsection∗

. . . \textellipsis∗ £ \textsterling∗

— \textemdash TM ™ \texttrademark– \textendash \textunderscore∗

¡ \textexclamdown \textvisiblespace> \textgreater

Where two symbols are present, the left one is the “faked” symbol that LATEX 2εprovides by default, and the right one is the “true” symbol that textcomp makesavailable.

∗ It’s generally preferable to use the corresponding symbol from Table 3 because thesymbols in that table work properly in both text mode and math mode.

Table 3: LATEX 2ε Commands Defined to Work in Both Math and Text Mode

$ \$ \_ ‡ \ddag \¶ \P c© © \copyright . . . \dots \§ \S † \dag £ \pounds


8

Table 4: AMS Commands Defined to Work in Both Math and Text Mode

X \checkmark r \circledR z \maltese

Table 5: Non-ASCII Letters (Excluding Accented Letters)

a \aa Ð \DH∗ L \L ø \o ß \ss

A \AA ð \dh∗ l \l Ø \O SS \SSÆ \AE Ð \DJ∗ Ŋ \NG∗ Œ \OE Þ \TH∗

æ \ae đ \dj∗ ŋ \ng∗ œ \oe þ \th∗

∗ Not available in the OT1 font encoding. Use the fontenc package to select an alternatefont encoding, such as T1.

Table 6: Letters Used to Typeset African LanguagesÐ \BD ° \mc ¤ \mf ¨ \mk » \Mt \mZ \Bd \mD \mF \mN \MT Â \TE \BH ð \Md \mG \mn º \mt â \Te§ \Bh Ð \MD ¦ \mg ª \mo \mT Å \TO· \Bt ¡ \md À \mI \mO ® \mu∗ å \To \BT \mE à \mi \mP \mU∗ \mb ¢ \me \mJ ± \mp \mY \mB \ME © \mj ¬ \ms ¯ \my \mC £ \Me \mK \mS ¶ \mz

These characters all need the T4 font encoding, which is provided by the fc package.

∗ \mv and \mV are synonyms for \mu and \mU.

Table 7: Letters Used to Typeset VietnameseÌ \OHORN ì \ohorn × \UHORN ÷ \uhorn

These characters all need the T5 font encoding, which is provided by the vntex pack-age.

Table 8: Punctuation Marks Not Found in OT1

« \guillemotleft ‹ \guilsinglleft „ \quotedblbase " \textquotedbl» \guillemotright › \guilsinglright ‚ \quotesinglbase

To get these symbols, use the fontenc package to select an alternate font encoding,such as T1.

9

Table 9: pifont Decorative Punctuation Marks

\ding123 \ding125 \ding161 \ding163 \ding124 \ding126 \ding162

Table 10: tipa Phonetic Symbols

È \textbabygamma P \textglotstop ï \textrtailnb \textbarb ; \texthalflength ó \textrtailrc \textbarc ż \texthardsign ù \textrtailsd \textbard # \texthooktop ú \textrtailté \textbardotlessj á \texthtb ü \textrtailzg \textbarg ê \texthtbardotlessj $ \textrthookÜ \textbarglotstop Á \texthtc À \textsca1 \textbari â \texthtd à \textscbł \textbarl ä \texthtg ď \textsce8 \textbaro H \texthth å \textscgÝ \textbarrevglotstop Ê \texththeng Ë \textsch0 \textbaru Î \texthtk @ \textschwaì \textbeltl Ò \texthtp I \textsciB \textbeta Ó \texthtq ĺ \textscjò \textbullseye č \texthtrtaild Ï \textscl \textceltpal É \texthtscg ð \textscnX \textchi Ö \texthtt Œ \textscoeligÅ \textcloseepsilon ß \texthvlig ś \textscomegaÑ \textcloseomega Û \textinvglotstop ö \textscrÆ \textcloserevepsilon K \textinvscr A \textscriptaÞ \textcommatailz Ì \textiota g \textscriptg^ \textcorner ń \textlambda V \textscriptvă \textcrb : \textlengthmark Ú \textscuą \textcrd ş \textlhookt Y \textscyg \textcrg ę \textlhtlongi \textsecstressè \textcrh ű \textlhtlongy ž \textsoftsignÛ \textcrinvglotstop Ô \textlonglegr Â \textstretchcň \textcrlambda ¡ \textlptr tC \texttctclig2 \textcrtwo M \textltailm Ù \textteshligC \textctc ñ \textltailn T \textthetać \textctd ë \textltilde þ \textthornćý \textctdctzlig Ð \textlyoghlig £ \texttoneletterstemš \textctesh Í \textObardotlessj ţ \texttsligJ \textctj ŋ \textOlyoghlig 5 \textturnaő \textctn ř \textomega ŕ \textturnceligť \textctt _ \textopencorner 4 \textturnhťC \textcttctclig O \textopeno ľ \textturnkÿ \textctyogh % \textpalhook Õ \textturnlonglegrý \textctz F \textphi W \textturnm

(continued on next page)

10

(continued from previous page)

dý \textdctzlig | \textpipe î \textturnmrlegS \textdoublebaresh " \textprimstress ô \textturnr \textdoublebarpipe ĳ \textraiseglotstop õ \textturnrrtail=/ \textdoublebarslash ğ \textraisevibyi 6 \textturnscripta \textdoublepipe 7 \textramshorns Ø \textturntŞ \textdoublevertline \ \textrevapostrophe 2 \textturnvŤ \textdownstep 9 \textreve û \textturnwÃ \textdyoghlig 3 \textrevepsilon L \textturnydz \textdzlig Q \textrevglotstop U \textupsilonE \textepsilon ź \textrevyogh Ţ \textupstepS \textesh Ç \textrhookrevepsilon Š \textvertlineR \textfishhookr Ä \textrhookschwa ğ \textvibyiě \textg ~ \textrhoticity ů \textvibyyG \textgamma ¿ \textrptr ß \textwynnŮ \textglobfall ã \textrtaild Z \textyoghŰ \textglobrise í \textrtaill

tipa defines shortcut characters for many of the above. It also defines a command\tone for denoting tone letters (pitches). See the tipa documentation for more infor-mation.

Table 11: tipx Phonetic Symbols

" \textaolig 3 \texthtbardotlessjvar ´ \textrthooklongB \textbenttailyogh ; \textinvomega q \textscaolig. \textbktailgamma p \textinvsca r \textscdeltaD \textctinvglotstop ! \textinvscripta s \textscf2 \textctjvar I \textlfishhookrlig t \textsck% \textctstretchc # \textlhookfour w \textscm& \textctstretchcvar < \textlhookp x \textscp@ \textctturnt 1 \textlhti y \textscq) \textdblig > \textlooptoprevesh ˝ \textspleftarrowH \textdoublebarpipevar 6 \textnrleg $ \textstretchcvarG \textdoublepipevar 9 \textObullseye ˙ \textsubdoublearrowˇ \textdownfullarrow ˆ \textpalhooklong ¯ \textsubrightarrow7 \textfemale ˜ \textpalhookvar P \textthornvari5 \textfrbarn F \textpipevar Q \textthornvarii’ \textfrhookd = \textqplig R \textthornvariii( \textfrhookdvar ¨ \textrectangle S \textthornvariv? \textfrhookt ˚ \textretractingvar E \textturnglotstop- \textfrtailgamma v \textrevscl u \textturnsckT \textglotstopvari z \textrevscr \textturnscuU \textglotstopvarii \textrhooka C \textturnthreeV \textglotstopvariii * \textrhooke A \textturntwo, \textgrgamma + \textrhookepsilon 8 \textuncrfemale0 \textheng : \textrhookopeno ˘ \textupfullarrow4 \texthmlig / \textrtailhth

11

Table 13: wsuipa Phonetic Symbols

! \babygamma 8 \eng 4 \labdentalnas \schwa \barb \er / \latfric * \sci \bard M \esh 6 \legm : \scn' \bari \eth E \legr J \scr. \barl D \flapr 1 \lz \scripta< \baro b \glotstop \nialpha \scriptgA \barp \hookb \nibeta Y \scriptv+ \barsci \hookd [ \nichi W \scuX \barscu \hookg \niepsilon ] \scyT \baru $ \hookh \nigamma \slashb; \clickb % \hookheng ) \niiota \slashc \clickc \hookrevepsilon 2 \nilambda \slashdR \clickt " \hv > \niomega U \slashu? \closedniomega \inva C \niphi \taild \closedrevepsilon , \invf O \nisigma H \tailinvr \crossb d \invglotstop S \nitheta 0 \taill \crossd & \invh V \niupsilon 9 \tailn# \crossh I \invlegr 7 \nj F \tailr3 \crossnilambda 5 \invm @ \oo L \tails \curlyc G \invr = \openo P \tailtN \curlyesh K \invscr \reve _ \tailza \curlyyogh \invscripta f \reveject Q \tesh^ \curlyz \invv \revepsilon B \thorn( \dlbari Z \invw c \revglotstop - \tildel \dz \ \invy \scd ` \yoghe \ejective \ipagamma \scg

Table 14: wasysym Phonetic Symbols

D \DH k \dh l \openoÞ \Thorn U \inve þ \thorn

Table 15: phonetic Phonetic Symbolsj \barj f \flap i \ibar A \rotvara i \vari \barlambda ? \glottal c \openo w \rotw \varomegaM \emgma B \hausaB h \planck y \roty C \varopenon \engma b \hausab U \pwedge e \schwa v˚

\vodN \enya D \hausad \revD p \thorn h \voicedh" \epsi T \hausaD \riota u \ubar x \yoghs \esh k \hausak m \rotm u \udescd \eth K \hausaK \rotOmega a \varaF \fj D \hookd r \rotr G \varg

12

Table 16: t4phonet Phonetic Symbols \textcrd ¡ \texthtd | \textpipe§ \textcrh ¨ \texthtk ð \textrtaild¢ \textepsilon ± \texthtp » \textrtailt¬ \textesh º \texthtt ¡ \textschwa \textfjlig à \textiota ¬ \textscriptv \texthtb © \textltailn \textteshlig° \texthtc ª \textopeno ¶ \textyogh

The idea behind the t4phonet package’s phonetic symbols is to provide an interfaceto some of the characters in the T4 font encoding (Table 6 on page 9) but using thesame names as the tipa characters presented in Table 10 on page 10.

Table 17: semtrans Transliteration Symbols

\Alif \Ayn

Table 18: Text-mode Accents

Aa \"A\"a Aa \‘A\‘a A. a. \dA\da Aa \rA\ra

Aa \’A\’a ¿A¿a \|A\|a‡ Aa \GA\Ga‡ A a \tA\ta

Aa \.A\.a Aa \~A\~a £ \hA\ha§ Aa \uA\ua

Aa \=A\=a A¯

a¯

\bA\ba Aa \HA\Ha ¼A¼a \UA\Ua‡

Aa \^A\^a Aa \cA\ca Ąą \kA\ka† Aa \vA\va

Aa \newtieA\newtiea∗ A© a© \textcircledA\textcircleda

∗ Requires the textcomp package.† Not available in the OT1 font encoding. Use the fontenc package to select an alternate

font encoding, such as T1.‡ Requires the T4 font encoding, provided by the fc package.§ Requires the T5 font encoding, provided by the vntex package.

Also note the existence of \i and \j, which produce dotless versions of “i” and “j”(viz., “ı” and “”). These are useful when the accent is supposed to replace the dot.For example, “na\"\ive” produces a correct “naıve”, while “na\"ive” wouldyield the rather odd-looking “naive”. (“na\"ive” does work in encodings otherthan OT1, however.)

13

Table 19: tipa Text-mode Accents

Áá \textacutemacronA\textacutemacronaÁá \textacutewedgeA\textacutewedgea

Affi affi \textadvancingA\textadvancinga

A<a< \textbottomtiebarA\textbottomtiebara˘A˘a \textbrevemacronA\textbrevemacronaŻAŻa \textcircumacuteA\textcircumacuteaÂâ \textcircumdotA\textcircumdota§A§a \textdotacuteA\textdotacutea˙A ˙a \textdotbreveA\textdotbrevea˙A ˙a \textdotbreveA\textdotbrevea‚A‚a \textdoublegraveA\textdoublegraveaİAİa \textdoublevbaraccentA\textdoublevbaraccentaŽAŽa \textgravecircumA\textgravecircumađAđa \textgravedotA\textgravedotaÀà \textgravemacronA\textgravemacronaŹAŹa \textgravemidA\textgravemida

A„a„ \textinvsubbridgeA\textinvsubbridgea

Afl afl \textloweringA\textloweringaŸAŸa \textmidacuteA\textmidacutea‰A‰a \textovercrossA\textovercrossa—A

—a \textoverwA\textoverwa

Aa \textpolhookA\textpolhooka

Afi afi \textraisingA\textraisinga

Affl affl \textretractingA\textretractinga˚Aa \textringmacronA\textringmacrona“A“a \textroundcapA\textroundcapa

Aa \textseagullA\textseagulla

A›

a›

\textsubacuteA\textsubacutea

A“

a“

\textsubarchA\textsubarcha

A¯

a¯

\textsubbarA\textsubbara

A”a” \textsubbridgeA\textsubbridgea

Aˆ

aˆ

\textsubcircumA\textsubcircuma

A˙a˙

\textsubdotA\textsubdota

A‹

a‹

\textsubgraveA\textsubgravea

A– a– \textsublhalfringA\textsublhalfringa

Aff aff \textsubplusA\textsubplusa

A» a» \textsubrhalfringA\textsubrhalfringa

(continued on next page)

14

(continued from previous page)

A˚

a˚

\textsubringA\textsubringa

A«a« \textsubsquareA\textsubsquarea

A˜

a˜

\textsubtildeA\textsubtildea

A¨

a¨

\textsubumlautA\textsubumlauta

A—a— \textsubwA\textsubwa

Aˇ

aˇ

\textsubwedgeA\textsubwedgea

A&a& \textsuperimposetildeA\textsuperimposetildea

A"a"

\textsyllabicA\textsyllabicaÃã \texttildedotA\texttildedota>A>a \texttoptiebarA\texttoptiebaraĲAĲa \textvbaraccentA\textvbaraccenta

tipa defines shortcut sequences for many of the above. See the tipa documentationfor more information.

Table 20: extraipa Text-mode Accents”A”

”a” \bibridgeA\bibridgea A– »a– » \partvoicelessA\partvoicelessa

ŔA Ŕa \crtildeA\crtildea Aa \slidingA\slidinga..A..a \dottedtildeA\dottedtildea Aa \spreadlipsA\spreadlipsaÃã \doubletildeA\doubletildea A

â^

\subcornerA\subcornera

A»a» \finpartvoiceA\finpartvoicea A¯

a¯

\subdoublebarA\subdoublebara

A»a» \finpartvoicelessA\finpartvoicelessa A""

a""

\subdoublevertA\subdoubleverta

A– a– \inipartvoiceA\inipartvoicea A¡a¡

\sublptrA\sublptra

A– a– \inipartvoicelessA\inipartvoicelessa A¿a¿

\subrptrA\subrptra”A

”a \overbridgeA\overbridgea A

ŢaŢ

\whistleA\whistlea

A– »a– » \partvoiceA\partvoicea

Table 21: wsuipa Text-mode Accents

Ag ag \dentalA\dentala

Aa \underarchA\underarcha

15

Table 22: phonetic Text-mode Accents

A a \hillA\hilla Aa \rcA\rca A˜

a˜

\utA\uta

A˚

a˚

\odA\oda Aa \sylA\sylaA a \ohillA\ohilla A..a.. \tdA\tda

The phonetic package provides a few additional macros for linguistic accents. \acbarand \acarc compose characters with multiple accents; for example, \acbar\’aproduces “´a” and \acarc\"e produces “¨e”. \labvel joins two characters withan arc: \labvelmn → “_mn”. \upbar is intended to go between characters as in“x\upbary’’→ “x y”. Lastly, \uplett behaves like \textsuperscript but uses asmaller font. Contrast “p\upletth’’ → “ph” with “p\textsuperscripth’’ →“ph”.

Table 23: metre Text-mode Accents

Aa \acutusA\acutusa

Aa \breveA\breveaAa \circumflexusA\circumflexusaAa \diaeresisA\diaeresisa

Aa \gravisA\gravisaAa \macronA\macrona

Table 24: t4phonet Text-mode AccentsAa \textdoublegraveA\textdoublegravea¿A¿a \textvbaraccentA\textvbaraccenta¼A¼a \textdoublevbaraccentA\textdoublevbaraccenta

The idea behind the t4phonet package’s text-mode accents is to provide an interfaceto some of the accents in the T4 font encoding (accents marked with “‡” in Table 18on page 13) but using the same names as the tipa accents presented in Table 19 onpage 14.

Table 25: arcs Text-mode Accents

A_

a_ \overarcA\overarca Aa \underarcA\underarca

The accents shown above scale only to a few characters wide. An optional macroargument alters the effective width of the accented characters. See the arcs documen-tation for more information.

16

Table 26: semtrans Accents

A¨

a¨

\DA\Da A˘

a˘

\UA\Ua

Aa \TA\Ta∗

\T is not actually an accent but a command that rotates its argument 180° using thegraphicx package’s \rotatebox command.

Table 27: wsuipa Diacriticss \ain v \leftp x \overring h \stress \underwedgek \corner n \leftt ~ \polishhook j \syllabic t \uppu \downp q \length w \rightp r \underdots l \uptm \downt \midtilde o \rightt y \underringp \halflength z \open i \secstress | \undertilde

The wsuipa package defines all of the above as ordinary characters, not as accents.However, it does provide \diatop and \diaunder commands, which are used to com-pose diacritics with other characters. For example, \diatop[\overring|a] produces“xa”, and \diaunder[\underdots|a] produces “ra”. See the wsuipa documentationfor more information.

Table 28: textcomp Diacritics

˝ \textacutedbl ˇ \textasciicaron ¯ \textasciimacron´ \textasciiacute ¨ \textasciidieresis \textgravedbl˘ \textasciibreve ` \textasciigrave

The textcomp package defines all of the above as ordinary characters, not as accents.

Table 29: textcomp Currency Symbols

฿ \textbaht $ \textdollar∗ \textguarani ₩ \textwon¢ \textcent \textdollaroldstyle ₤ \textlira ¥ \textyen \textcentoldstyle ₫ \textdong ₦ \textnaira₡ \textcolonmonetary € \texteuro \textpeso¤ \textcurrency ƒ \textflorin £ \textsterling∗

∗ It’s generally preferable to use the corresponding symbol from Table 3 on page 8because the symbols in that table work properly in both text mode and math mode.

17

Table 30: marvosym Currency Symbols

¢ \Denarius e \EUR D \EURdig e \EURtm £ \Pfund \Ecommerce d \EURcr c \EURhv ¦ \EyesDollar ¡ \Shilling

The different euro signs are meant to be compatible with different fonts—Courier(\EURcr), Helvetica (\EURhv), Times (\EURtm), and the marvosym digits listed inTable 144 (\EURdig).

Table 31: wasysym Currency Symbols

¢ \cent ¤ \currency

Table 32: eurosym Euro SignsAC \geneuro BC \geneuronarrow CC \geneurowide e \officialeuro

\euro is automatically mapped to one of the above—by default, \officialeuro—based on a eurosym package option. See the eurosym documentation for more infor-mation. The \geneuro. . . characters are generated from the current body font’s “C”character and therefore may not appear exactly as shown.

Table 33: textcomp Legal Symbols

\textcircledP c© © \textcopyright \textservicemark« \textcopyleft r© ® \textregistered TM ™ \texttrademark


See http://www.tex.ac.uk/cgi-bin/texfaq2html?label=tradesyms for solu-tions to common problems that occur when using these symbols (e.g., getting a “ r©”when you expected to get a “®”).

Table 34: cclicenses Creative Commons License Icons

CC© \cc BY:© \ccby $\© \ccnc∗ =© \ccnd

C© \ccsa∗

∗ These symbols utilize the rotating package and therefore display improperly in mostDVI viewers.

18

Table 35: textcomp Old-style Numerals

\textzerooldstyle \textfouroldstyle \texteightoldstyle \textoneoldstyle \textfiveoldstyle \textnineoldstyle \texttwooldstyle \textsixoldstyle \textthreeoldstyle \textsevenoldstyle

Rather than use the bulky \textoneoldstyle, \texttwooldstyle, etc. commandsshown above, consider using \oldstylenums. . . to typeset an old-style number.

Table 36: Miscellaneous textcomp Symbols

∗ \textasteriskcentered a ª \textordfeminine‖ \textbardbl o º \textordmasculine \textbigcircle ¶ \textparagraph∗

\textblank · \textperiodcentered¦ \textbrokenbar ‱ \textpertenthousand• \textbullet ‰ \textperthousand† \textdagger∗ ¶ \textpilcrow‡ \textdaggerdbl∗ ' \textquotesingle- \textdblhyphen ‚ \textquotestraightbase \textdblhyphenchar „ \textquotestraightdblbase \textdiscount \textrecipe \textestimated ※ \textreferencemark‽ \textinterrobang § \textsection∗

\textinterrobangdown \textthreequartersemdash \textmusicalnote ~ \texttildelow \textnumero \texttwelveudash \textopenbullet



Table 37: Miscellaneous wasysym Text-mode Symbols

h \permil

19

3 Mathematical symbols

Most, but not all, of the symbols in this section are math-mode only. That is, they yield a “Missing $inserted” error message if not used within $. . .$, \[. . .\], or another math-mode environment. Operatorsmarked as “variable-sized” are taller in displayed formulas, shorter in in-text formulas, and possibly shorter stillwhen used in various levels of superscripts or subscripts.

Alphanumeric symbols (e.g., “L ” and “”) are usually produced using one of the math alphabets in Table 151rather than with an explicit symbol command. Look there first if you need a symbol for a transform, number set,or some other alphanumeric.

Although there have been many requests on comp.text.tex for a contradiction symbol, the ensuing dis-cussion invariably reveals innumerable ways to represent contradiction in a proof, including “” (\blitza),“⇒⇐” (\Rightarrow\Leftarrow), “⊥” (\bot), “=” (\nleftrightarrow), and “※” (\textreferencemark). Be-cause of the lack of notational consensus, it is probably better to spell out “Contradiction!” than to use a symbolfor this purpose. Similarly, discussions on comp.text.tex have revealed that there are a variety of ways to indi-cate the mathematical notion of “is defined as”. Common candidates include “,” (\triangleq), “≡” (\equiv),“B” (\coloneqq), and “def=” (\stackrel\text\tiny def=). See also the example of \equalsfill onpage 74. Finally, the average value of a variable x is written by some people as “x” (\overlinex), by somepeople as “〈x〉” (\langle x \rangle), and by some people as “x” or “∅x” (\diameter x or \varnothing x).The moral of the story is that you should be careful always to explain your notation to avoid confusing yourreaders.

Table 38: Math-Mode Versions of Text Symbols

$ \mathdollar ¶ \mathparagraph £ \mathsterling. . . \mathellipsis § \mathsection \mathunderscore

It’s generally preferable to use the corresponding symbol from Table 3 on page 8because the symbols in that table work properly in both text mode and math mode.

Table 39: Binary Operators

q \amalg ∪ \cup ⊕ \oplus × \times∗ \ast † \dagger \oslash / \triangleleft© \bigcirc ‡ \ddagger ⊗ \otimes . \triangleright5 \bigtriangledown \diamond ± \pm E \unlhd∗

4 \bigtriangleup ÷ \div B \rhd∗ D \unrhd∗

• \bullet C \lhd∗ \ \setminus ] \uplus∩ \cap ∓ \mp u \sqcap ∨ \vee· \cdot \odot t \sqcup ∧ \wedge \circ \ominus ? \star o \wr

∗ Not predefined in LATEX 2ε. Use one of the packages latexsym, amsfonts, amssymb,txfonts, pxfonts, or wasysym.

20

Table 40: AMS Binary Operators

Z \barwedge \circledcirc ᵀ \intercal \boxdot \circleddash h \leftthreetimes \boxminus d \Cup n \ltimes \boxplus g \curlyvee i \rightthreetimes \boxtimes f \curlywedge o \rtimese \Cap > \divideontimes r \smallsetminus \centerdot u \dotplus Y \veebar~ \circledast [ \doublebarwedge

Table 41: stmaryrd Binary Operators

\baro 9 \interleave \varoast \bbslash 2 \leftslice \varobarN \binampersand ! \merge \varobslashO \bindnasrepma \minuso \varocirclei \boxast \moo \varodotk \boxbar ` \nplus 5 \varogreaterthan \boxbox : \obar 4 \varolessthanj \boxbslash @ \oblong \varominus \boxcircle ; \obslash \varoplus \boxdot = \ogreaterthan \varoslash \boxempty < \olessthan \varotimesl \boxslash > \ovee 6 \varovee. \curlyveedownarrow ? \owedge 7 \varowedge/ \curlyveeuparrow 3 \rightslice " \vartimes' \curlywedgedownarrow \sslash \Ydown& \curlywedgeuparrow 8 \talloblong \Yleft) \fatbslash , \varbigcirc \Yright# \fatsemi \varcurlyvee \Yup( \fatslash \varcurlywedge

Table 42: wasysym Binary Operators

C \lhd # \ocircle \RHD D \unrhd \LHD B \rhd E \unlhd

Table 43: txfonts/pxfonts Binary Operators

V \circledbar T \circledwedge \medcircW \circledbslash M \invamp \sqcapplusU \circledvee \medbullet | \sqcupplus

21

Table 44: mathabx Binary Operators \ast N \curlywedge [ \sqcap \Asterisk \divdot \ \sqcupX \barwedge \divideontimes ^ \sqdoublecap \bigstar \dotdiv _ \sqdoublecup \bigvarstar \dotplus \square \blackdiamond \dottimes ] \squplusX \cap Z \doublebarwedge \udot \circplus \ \doublecap Z \uplus \coasterisk ] \doublecup \varstar \coAsterisk \ltimes _ \vee \convolution \pluscirc Y \veebarY \cup \rtimes [ \veedoublebarO \curlyvee \sqbullet ^ \wedge

Many of the above glyphs go by multiple names. \centerdot is equivalent to\sqbullet, and \ast is equivalent to *. \asterisk produces the same glyph as\ast, but as an ordinary symbol, not a binary operator. Similarly, \bigast producesa large-operator version of the \Asterisk binary operator, and \bigcoast producesa large-operator version of the \coAsterisk binary operator.

Table 45: ulsy Geometric Binary Operators \odplus

Table 46: mathabx Geometric Binary Operators \blacktriangledown i \boxright a \ominus \blacktriangleleft m \boxslash ` \oplus \blacktriangleright b \boxtimes i \oright \blacktriangleup j \boxtop m \oslashf \boxasterisk o \boxtriangleup b \otimesn \boxbackslash l \boxvoid j \otopk \boxbot f \oasterisk o \otriangleupe \boxcirc n \obackslash l \ovoidg \boxcoasterisk k \obot \smalltriangledownc \boxdiv e \ocirc \smalltriangleleftd \boxdot g \ocoasterisk \smalltrianglerighth \boxleft c \odiv \smalltriangleupa \boxminus d \odot` \boxplus h \oleft

22

Table 47: Variable-sized Math OperatorsT \\bigcap

NO\bigotimes

V ^\bigwedge

QY\prodS [

\bigcupF G

\bigsqcup`a

\coprodPX

\sumJK\bigodot

U ]\biguplus

R Z\intLM

\bigoplusW _

\bigveeH I

\oint

Table 48: AMS Variable-sized Math OperatorsRR ZZ\iint

RRR ZZZ\iiintRRRR ZZZZ

\iiiintR···R Z

· · ·Z

\idotsint

Table 49: stmaryrd Variable-sized Math Operators

em\bigbox

g o\biginterleave

\bigsqcap

bj\bigcurlyvee

\bignplus

`h\bigtriangledown

ck\bigcurlywedge

f n\bigparallel

ai\bigtriangleup

Table 50: wasysym Variable-sized Math Operators

r w\int†

! "\iint

# $\iiint

r w\varint∗

u z\varoint∗

\oiint

None of the preceding symbols are defined when wasysym is passed the nointegralsoption.

∗ Not defined when wasysym is passed the integrals option.† Defined only when wasysym is passed the integrals option. Otherwise, the default

LATEX \int glyph (as shown in Table 47) is used.

23

Table 51: mathabx Variable-sized Math Operators¬\bigcurlyvee

Ýý\bigboxslash

Éé\bigoright ¦

\bigsqcapÒò

\bigboxtimesÍí

\bigoslash«\bigcurlywedge

Úú\bigboxtop

Êê\bigotopÖö

\bigboxasteriskßÿ

\bigboxtriangleupÏï

\bigotriangleupÞþ\bigboxbackslash

Üü\bigboxvoid

Ìì\bigovoidÛû

\bigboxbot ¢

\bigcomplementop

\bigplusÕõ\bigboxcirc

Ææ\bigoasterisk

¨\bigsquplus×÷

\bigboxcoasteriskÎî

\bigobackslash¡

\bigtimesÓó\bigboxdiv

Ëë\bigobot

µ ½\iiintÔô

\bigboxdotÅå

\bigocirc´ ¼

\iintØø\bigboxleft

Çç\bigocoasterisk

³ »\intÑñ

\bigboxminusÃã

\bigodiv· ¿

\oiintÐð\bigboxplus

Èè\bigoleft

¶ ¾\ointÙù

\bigboxrightÁá

\bigominus

24

Table 52: txfonts/pxfonts Variable-sized Math Operators

\bigsqcapplus

\ointclockwise

\bigsqcupplus

\ointctrclockwise

> ?\fint

R S\sqiiint

'(\idotsint

P Q\sqiint

% &\iiiint

\sqint

# $\iiint

F G\varoiiintclockwise

! "\iint

N O\varoiiintctrclockwise

L M\oiiintclockwise

B C\varoiintclockwise

D E\oiiintctrclockwise

J K\varoiintctrclockwise

) *\oiiint

- .\varointclockwise

H I\oiintclockwise

+ ,\varointctrclockwise

@ A\oiintctrclockwise

\varprod

\oiint

25

Table 53: esint Variable-sized Math Operators

¯ ˙\dotsint

ı \ointclockwise

ffl \fint

‰\ointctrclockwise

ˇ ˘\iiiint

” „\sqiint

˝ ˚\iiint

› “\sqint

˜ ¨\iint

! "\varoiint

% &\landdownint

ff fi\varointclockwise

# $\landupint

fl ffi\varointctrclockwise

‚ ‹\oiint

Table 54: Binary Relations

≈ \approx ≡ \equiv ⊥ \perp ^ \smile \asymp _ \frown ≺ \prec \succ./ \bowtie Z \Join∗ \preceq \succeq \cong | \mid ∝ \propto ` \vdasha \dashv |= \models ∼ \sim \doteq ‖ \parallel ' \simeq

∗ Not predefined in LATEX 2ε. Use one of the packages latexsym, amsfonts, amssymb,mathabx, txfonts, pxfonts, or wasysym.

Table 55: AMS Binary Relations

u \approxeq P \eqcirc v \succapprox \backepsilon ; \fallingdotseq < \succcurlyeqv \backsim ( \multimap % \succsimw \backsimeq t \pitchfork ∴ \therefore∵ \because w \precapprox ≈ \thickapproxG \between 4 \preccurlyeq ∼ \thicksimm \Bumpeq - \precsim ∝ \varproptol \bumpeq : \risingdotseq \Vdash$ \circeq p \shortmid \vDash2 \curlyeqprec q \shortparallel \Vvdash3 \curlyeqsucc a \smallfrown+ \doteqdot ` \smallsmile

26

Table 56: AMS Negated Binary Relations

\ncong / \nshortparallel 3 \nVDash- \nmid / \nsim \precnapprox∦ \nparallel \nsucc \precnsim⊀ \nprec \nsucceq \succnapprox \npreceq 2 \nvDash \succnsim. \nshortmid 0 \nvdash

Table 57: stmaryrd Binary Relations

A \inplus B \niplus

Table 58: wasysym Binary Relations

\invneg \leadsto \wasyproptoZ \Join \logof

Table 59: txfonts/pxfonts Binary Relations

S \circledgtr X \lJoin ] \opentimesR \circledless \ \lrtimes y \Perp \colonapprox ( \multimap \preceqq \Colonapprox \multimapboth \precneqqD \coloneq \multimapbothvert Y \rJoinH \Coloneq \multimapdot K \strictfiF \Coloneqq \multimapdotboth J \strictifB \coloneqq∗ \multimapdotbothA L \strictiff \Colonsim \multimapdotbothAvert \succeqq \colonsim \multimapdotbothB \succneqqI \Eqcolon \multimapdotbothBvert ∥ \varparallelE \eqcolon \multimapdotbothvert \varparallelinvC \eqqcolon \multimapdotinv \VvDashG \Eqqcolon \multimapinvh \eqsim [ \openJoin

∗ As an alternative to using txfonts/pxfonts, a “:=” symbol can be constructed with“\mathrel\mathop:=”.

27

Table 60: txfonts/pxfonts Negated Binary Relations

6 \napproxeq $ \npreccurlyeq 5 \nthickapprox- \nasymp 9 \npreceqq h \ntwoheadleftarrow* \nbacksim \nprecsim g \ntwoheadrightarrow+ \nbacksimeq ; \nsimeq \nvarparallel( \nbumpeq 8 \nsuccapprox \nvarparallelinv) \nBumpeq % \nsucccurlyeq 1 \nVdash. \nequiv : \nsucceqq7 \nprecapprox \nsuccsim

Table 61: mathabx Binary Relations \between \divides \risingdotseq \botdoteq \dotseq Ç \succapprox \Bumpedeq \eqbumped ¥ \succcurlyeq \bumpedeq \eqcirc Í \succdot \circeq \eqcolon Á \succsim \coloneq \fallingdotseq 6 \therefore \corresponds Ï \ggcurly \topdoteq¶ \curlyeqprec Î \llcurly ( \vDash· \curlyeqsucc Æ \precapprox , \Vdash) \DashV ¤ \preccurlyeq ( \VDash) \Dashv Ì \precdot , \Vvdash- \dashVv À \precsim

Table 62: mathabx Negated Binary Relations \napprox M \notperp * \nvDash \ncong ¢ \nprec * \nVDash¸ \ncurlyeqprec È \nprecapprox . \nVdash¹ \ncurlyeqsucc ¦ \npreccurlyeq & \nvdash+ \nDashv ª \npreceq . \nVvash/ \ndashV Â \nprecsim Ê \precnapprox' \ndashv \nsim ¬ \precneq+ \nDashV \nsimeq Ä \precnsim/ \ndashVv £ \nsucc Ë \succnapprox \neq É \nsuccapprox \succneq \notasymp § \nsucccurlyeq Å \succnsim \notdivides « \nsucceq \notequiv Ã \nsuccsim

The \changenotsign command toggles the behavior of \not to produce either avertical or a diagonal slash through a binary operator. Thus, “$a \not= b$” can bemade to produce either “a = b” or “a = b”.

28

Table 63: trsym Binary Relations \InversTransformHoriz \TransformHoriz \InversTransformVert \TransformVert

Table 64: trfsigns Binary Relationsc ........... \dfourier ........... c \Dfourierc \fourier c \Fourierc s \laplace s c \Laplacec ........... s \ztransf s ........... c \Ztransf

Table 65: Subset and Superset Relations

@ \sqsubset∗ w \sqsupseteq ⊃ \supsetv \sqsubseteq ⊂ \subset ⊇ \supseteqA \sqsupset∗ ⊆ \subseteq

∗ Not predefined in LATEX 2ε. Use one of the packages latexsym, amsfonts, amssymb,mathabx, txfonts, pxfonts, or wasysym.

Table 66: AMS Subset and Superset Relations

* \nsubseteq j \subseteqq % \supsetneqq+ \nsupseteq ( \subsetneq \varsubsetneq# \nsupseteqq $ \subsetneqq & \varsubsetneqq@ \sqsubset c \Supset ! \varsupsetneqA \sqsupset k \supseteqq ' \varsupsetneqqb \Subset ) \supsetneq

Table 67: stmaryrd Subset and Superset Relations

D \subsetplus E \supsetplusF \subsetpluseq G \supsetpluseq

Table 68: wasysym Subset and Superset Relations

@ \sqsubset A \sqsupset

Table 69: txfonts/pxfonts Subset and Superset Relations

a \nsqsubset A \nsqsupseteq ? \nSupset@ \nsqsubseteq > \nSubsetb \nsqsupset " \nsubseteqq

29

Table 70: mathabx Subset and Superset Relations \nsqsubset \nsupset \sqsupseteq \supseteq \nsqSubset \nSupset \sqsupseteqq \supseteqq \nsqsubseteq \nsupseteq \sqsupsetneq \supsetneq \nsqsubseteqq \nsupseteqq \sqsupsetneqq \supsetneqq \nsqsupset \sqsubset \subset \varsqsubsetneq \nsqSupset \sqSubset \Subset \varsqsubsetneqq \nsqsupseteq \sqsubseteq \subseteq \varsqsupsetneq \nsqsupseteqq \sqsubseteqq \subseteqq \varsqsupsetneqq \nsubset \sqsubsetneq \subsetneq \varsubsetneq \nSubset \sqsubsetneqq \subsetneqq \varsubsetneqq \nsubseteq \sqSupset \supset \varsupsetneq \nsubseteqq \sqsupset \Supset \varsupsetneqq

Table 71: Inequalities

≥ \geq \gg ≤ \leq \ll , \neq

Table 72: AMS Inequalities

1 \eqslantgtr m \gtrdot Q \lesseqgtr \ngeq

0 \eqslantless R \gtreqless S \lesseqqgtr \ngeqq

= \geqq T \gtreqqless ≶ \lessgtr \ngeqslant

> \geqslant ≷ \gtrless . \lesssim ≯ \ngtr

≫ \ggg & \gtrsim ≪ \lll \nleq

\gnapprox \gvertneqq \lnapprox \nleqq

\gneq 5 \leqq \lneq \nleqslant

\gneqq 6 \leqslant \lneqq ≮ \nless

\gnsim / \lessapprox \lnsim

' \gtrapprox l \lessdot \lvertneqq

Table 73: wasysym Inequalities

? \apprge > \apprle

Table 74: txfonts/pxfonts Inequalities

4 \ngg ! \ngtrsim \nlesssim# \ngtrapprox " \nlessapprox 3 \nll& \ngtrless ' \nlessgtr

30

Table 75: mathabx Inequalities· \eqslantgtr ½ \gtreqless À \lesssim £ \ngtr¶ \eqslantless ¿ \gtreqqless ! \ll É \ngtrapprox¥ \geq » \gtrless Î \lll Ã \ngtrsim¯ \geqq Á \gtrsim Ê \lnapprox ¦ \nleq" \gg µ \gvertneqq ¬ \lneq ° \nleqqÏ \ggg ¤ \leq ² \lneqq ¢ \nlessË \gnapprox ® \leqq Ä \lnsim È \nlessapprox \gneq Æ \lessapprox ´ \lvertneqq Â \nlesssim³ \gneqq Ì \lessdot ¹ \neqslantgtr « \nvargeqÅ \gnsim ¼ \lesseqgtr ¸ \neqslantless ª \nvarleqÇ \gtrapprox ¾ \lesseqqgtr § \ngeq © \vargeqÍ \gtrdot º \lessgtr ± \ngeqq ¨ \varleq

mathabx defines \leqslant and \le as synonyms for \leq, \geqslant and \ge assynonyms for \geq, \nleqslant as a synonym for \nleq, and \ngeqslant as a syn-onym for \ngeq.

Table 76: AMS Triangle Relations

J \blacktriangleleft 5 \ntrianglelefteq E \trianglelefteq C \vartriangleleftI \blacktriangleright 7 \ntriangleright , \triangleq B \vartriangleright6 \ntriangleleft 4 \ntrianglerighteq D \trianglerighteq

Table 77: stmaryrd Triangle Relations

P \trianglelefteqslant Q \trianglerighteqslantR \ntrianglelefteqslant S \ntrianglerighteqslant

Table 78: mathabx Triangle Relations \ntriangleleft \ntrianglerighteq \triangleright \vartriangleright \ntrianglelefteq \triangleleft \trianglerighteq \ntriangleright \trianglelefteq \vartriangleleft

31

Table 79: Arrows

⇓ \Downarrow ←− \longleftarrow \nwarrow↓ \downarrow ⇐= \Longleftarrow ⇒ \Rightarrow← \hookleftarrow ←→ \longleftrightarrow → \rightarrow→ \hookrightarrow ⇐⇒ \Longleftrightarrow \searrow \leadsto∗ 7−→ \longmapsto \swarrow← \leftarrow =⇒ \Longrightarrow ↑ \uparrow⇐ \Leftarrow −→ \longrightarrow ⇑ \Uparrow⇔ \Leftrightarrow 7→ \mapsto l \updownarrow↔ \leftrightarrow \nearrow† m \Updownarrow


† See the note beneath Table 126 for information about how to put a diagonal arrow

across a mathematical expression (as in “* 0

∇ · ~B ”) .

Table 80: Harpoons

\leftharpoondown \rightharpoondown \rightleftharpoons \leftharpoonup \rightharpoonup

Table 81: textcomp Text-mode Arrows

↓ \textdownarrow → \textrightarrow← \textleftarrow ↑ \textuparrow

Table 82: AMS Arrows

\circlearrowleft ⇔ \leftleftarrows \rightleftarrows \circlearrowright \leftrightarrows ⇒ \rightrightarrowsx \curvearrowleft ! \leftrightsquigarrow \rightsquigarrowy \curvearrowright W \Lleftarrow \Rshc \dashleftarrow " \looparrowleft \twoheadleftarrowd \dashrightarrow # \looparrowright \twoheadrightarrow \downdownarrows \Lsh \upuparrows \leftarrowtail \rightarrowtail

Table 83: AMS Negated Arrows

: \nLeftarrow < \nLeftrightarrow ; \nRightarrow8 \nleftarrow = \nleftrightarrow 9 \nrightarrow

32

Table 84: AMS Harpoons

\downharpoonleft \leftrightharpoons \upharpoonleft \downharpoonright \rightleftharpoons \upharpoonright

Table 85: stmaryrd Arrows

^ \leftarrowtriangle ⇐\ \Mapsfrom \shortleftarrow- \leftrightarroweq ←[ \mapsfrom \shortrightarrow] \leftrightarrowtriangle ⇒ \Mapsto \shortuparrow \lightning 1 \nnearrow % \ssearrow⇐=\ \Longmapsfrom 0 \nnwarrow $ \sswarrow←−[ \longmapsfrom _ \rightarrowtriangle=⇒ \Longmapsto \shortdownarrow

Table 86: txfonts/pxfonts Arrows

\boxdotLeft \circleddotright \Diamondleft \boxdotleft \circleleft \Diamondright \boxdotright \circleright \DiamondRight \boxdotRight e \dashleftrightarrow f \leftsquigarrow \boxLeft \DiamonddotLeft t \Nearrow \boxleft \Diamonddotleft v \Nwarrow \boxright \Diamonddotright V \Rrightarrow \boxRight \DiamonddotRight u \Searrow \circleddotleft \DiamondLeft w \Swarrow

Table 87: mathabx Arrowsö \circlearrowleft Ð \leftarrow Ô \nwarrow÷ \circlearrowright Ð \leftleftarrows æ \restrictionó \curvearrowbotleft Ø \leftrightarrow Ñ \rightarrowõ \curvearrowbotleftright Ô \leftrightarrows Õ \rightleftarrowsô \curvearrowbotright ú \leftrightsquigarrow Ñ \rightrightarrowsð \curvearrowleft ø \leftsquigarrow ù \rightsquigarrowò \curvearrowleftright ü \lefttorightarrow ý \righttoleftarrowñ \curvearrowright î \looparrowdownleft é \Rshê \dlsh ï \looparrowdownright × \searrowÓ \downdownarrows ì \looparrowleft Ö \swarrowÿ \downtouparrow í \looparrowright Ö \updownarrows× \downuparrows è \Lsh þ \uptodownarrowë \drsh Õ \nearrow Ò \upuparrows

Table 88: mathabx Negated Arrowsö \nLeftarrow Ü \nleftrightarrow Û \nrightarrowÚ \nleftarrow ø \nLeftrightarrow ÷ \nRightarrow

33

Table 89: mathabx HarpoonsÞ \barleftharpoon à \leftharpoonup é \rightleftharpoonsß \barrightharpoon Ø \leftleftharpoons Ù \rightrightharpoonsÛ \downdownharpoons à \leftrightharpoon ê \updownharpoonså \downharpoonleft è \leftrightharpoons ä \upharpoonleftç \downharpoonright Ý \rightbarharpoon æ \upharpoonrightë \downupharpoons ã \rightharpoondown Ú \upupharpoonsÜ \leftbarharpoon á \rightharpoonupâ \leftharpoondown á \rightleftharpoon

Table 90: chemarrow Arrows

A \chemarrow

Table 91: ulsy Contradiction Symbols \blitza \blitzb \blitzc \blitzd \blitze

Table 92: Extension Characters

− \relbar = \Relbar

Table 93: stmaryrd Extension Characters

Y \Arrownot \ \Mapsfromchar \MapstocharX \arrownot [ \mapsfromchar

Table 94: txfonts/pxfonts Extension Characters

\Mappedfromchar \Mmappedfromchar \Mmapstochar \mappedfromchar \mmappedfromchar \mmapstochar

Table 95: mathabx Extension Charactersß \mapsfromchar Þ \mapstocharû \Mapsfromchar ú \Mapstochar

34

Table 96: Log-like Symbols

\arccos \cos \csc \exp \ker \limsup \min \sinh\arcsin \cosh \deg \gcd \lg \ln \Pr \sup\arctan \cot \det \hom \lim \log \sec \tan\arg \coth \dim \inf \liminf \max \sin \tanh

Calling the above “symbols” may be a bit misleading.1 Each log-like symbol merelyproduces the eponymous textual equivalent, but with proper surrounding spacing.See Section 7.3 for more information about log-like symbols. As \bmod and \pmod arearguably not symbols we refer the reader to the Short Math Guide for LATEX [Dow00]for samples.

Table 97: AMS Log-like Symbols

inj lim \injlim lim−→ \varinjlim lim \varlimsup

proj lim \projlim lim \varliminf lim←− \varprojlim

Load the amsmath package to get these symbols. See Section 7.3 for some additionalcomments regarding log-like symbols. As \mod and \pod are arguably not symbolswe refer the reader to the Short Math Guide for LATEX [Dow00] for samples.

Table 98: Greek Letters

α \alpha θ \theta o o τ \tauβ \beta ϑ \vartheta π \pi υ \upsilonγ \gamma ι \iota $ \varpi φ \phiδ \delta κ \kappa ρ \rho ϕ \varphiε \epsilon λ \lambda % \varrho χ \chiε \varepsilon µ \mu σ \sigma ψ \psiζ \zeta ν \nu ς \varsigma ω \omegaη \eta ξ \xi

Γ \Gamma Λ \Lambda Σ \Sigma Ψ \Psi∆ \Delta Ξ \Xi Υ \Upsilon Ω \OmegaΘ \Theta Π \Pi Φ \Phi

The remaining Greek majuscules can be produced with ordinary Latin letters. Thesymbol “M”, for instance, is used for both an uppercase “m” and an uppercase “µ”.See Section 7.4 for examples of how to produce bold Greek letters.

Table 99: AMS Greek Letters

z \digamma κ \varkappa

1Michael J. Downes prefers the more general term, “atomic math objects”.

35

Table 100: txfonts/pxfonts Upright Greek Letters

α \alphaup θ \thetaup π \piup φ \phiupβ \betaup ϑ \varthetaup $ \varpiup ϕ \varphiupγ \gammaup ι \iotaup ρ \rhoup χ \chiupδ \deltaup κ \kappaup % \varrhoup ψ \psiupε \epsilonup λ \lambdaup σ \sigmaup ω \omegaupε \varepsilonup µ \muup ς \varsigmaupζ \zetaup ν \nuup τ \tauupη \etaup ξ \xiup υ \upsilonup

Table 101: upgreek Upright Greek Letters

α \upalpha θ \uptheta π \uppi φ \upphiβ \upbeta ϑ \upvartheta ϖ \upvarpi ϕ \upvarphiγ \upgamma ι \upiota ρ \uprho χ \upchiδ \updelta κ \upkappa ρ \upvarrho ψ \uppsiε \upepsilon λ \uplambda σ \upsigma ω \upomegaε \upvarepsilon µ \upmu σ \upvarsigmaζ \upzeta ν \upnu τ \uptauη \upeta ξ \upxi υ \upupsilon

Γ \Upgamma Λ \Uplambda Σ \Upsigma Ψ \Uppsi∆ \Updelta Ξ \Upxi Υ \Upupsilon Ω \UpomegaΘ \Uptheta Π \Uppi Φ \Upphi

upgreek utilizes upright Greek characters from either the PostScript Symbol font(depicted above) or Euler Roman. As a result, the glyphs may appear slightly differentfrom the above. Contrast, for example, “Γ∆Θαβγ” (Symbol) with “Γ∆Θαβγ” (Euler).

Table 102: txfonts/pxfonts Variant Latin Letters

1 \varg 3 \varv 4 \varw 2 \vary

Pass the varg option to txfonts/pxfonts to replace g, v, w, and y with 1, 3, 4, and 2

in every mathematical expression in your document.

Table 103: AMS Hebrew Letters

i \beth ג \gimel k \daleth

\aleph appears in Table 145 on page 46.

Table 104: Letter-like Symbols

⊥ \bot ∀ \forall ı \imath 3 \ni > \top` \ell ~ \hbar ∈ \in ∂ \partial ℘ \wp∃ \exists = \Im \jmath < \Re

36

Table 105: AMS Letter-like Symbols

k \Bbbk \complement ~ \hbarr \circledR ` \Finv \hslashs \circledS a \Game @ \nexists

Table 106: txfonts/pxfonts Letter-like Symbols

¢ \mathcent £ \mathsterling∗ < \notin = \notni


Table 107: mathabx Letter-like SymbolsV \barin P \in L \nottop T \varnotinA \complement E \nexists Q \owns U \varnotownerD \exists M \notbot W \ownsbarF \Finv R \notin B \partialG \Game S \notowner C \partialslash

Table 108: trfsigns Letter-like Symbols

e \e j \im

Table 109: AMS Delimiters

p \ulcorner q \urcornerx \llcorner y \lrcorner

Table 110: stmaryrd Delimiters

P \Lbag Q \Rbag N \lbag O \rbagV \llceil W \rrceil T \llfloor U \rrfloorL \llparenthesis M \rrparenthesis

Table 111: mathabx Delimitersv \lcorners w \rcornersx \ulcorner y \urcornerz \llcorner \lrcorner

37

Table 112: nath Delimiters

\niv \vin

Table 113: Variable-sized Delimiters

↓??y \downarrow ⇓

ww \Downarrow [h

[ ]i

]

〈D

\langle 〉E

\rangle | |∗ ‖

\|

dl

\lceil em

\rceil ↑x?? \uparrow ⇑

~ww \Uparrow

bj

\lfloor ck

\rfloor lx?y \updownarrow m

~w \Updownarrow

(

( )

) n

\ o

\

/.

/ \/

\backslash

When used with \left and \right, these symbols expand to the height of the en-closed math expression. Note that \vert is a synonym for |, and \Vert is a synonymfor \|.

∗ ε-TEX provides a \middle analogue to \left and \right that can be used to makean internal “|” (often used to indicate “evaluated at”) expand to the height of the sur-rounding \left and \right symbols. A similar effect can be achieved in conventionalLATEX using the braket package.

Table 114: Large, Variable-sized Delimiters8; 8>>>>; \lmoustache9: 9>>>>: \rmoustache

8: 8>>>>: \lgroup9; 9>>>>; \rgroup?? ????? \arrowvert

ww wwwww \Arrowvert>>>> >>>>>>>>>> \bracevert

These symbols must be used with \left and \right. The mathabx package, however,redefines \lgroup and \rgroup so that those symbols can work without \left and\right.

38

Table 115: AMS Variable-sized Delimiters

| \lvert |

\rvert

‖ \lVert ‖

\rVert

According to the amsmath documentation [AMS99], the preceding symbols are in-tended to be used as delimiters (e.g., as in “|−z|”) while the \vert and \Vert sym-bols (Table 113 on the previous page) are intended to be used as operators (e.g., asin “p|q”).

Table 116: stmaryrd Variable-sized Delimiters

~

\llbracket

\rrbracket

Table 117: mathabx Variable-sized Delimiters

v 1\lbbbrack w 9

\rbbbrack

7 7777 \lfilet ? ???? \rfilet

~ \thickvert ~ \vvvert

Table 118: nath Variable-sized Delimiters (Double)

〈〈DD

\lAngle 〉〉EE

\rAngle

[[hh

\lBrack ]]ii

\rBrack

ddll

\lCeil eemm

\rCeil

bbjj

\lFloor cckk

\rFloor

|| \lVert∗ ||

\rVert∗

∗ nath redefines all of the above to include implicit \left and \right commands.Hence, separate \lVert and \rVert commands are needed to disambiguate whether“|” is a left or right delimiter.

All of the symbols in Table 118 can also be expressed using the \double macro. Seethe nath documentation for examples and additional information.

39

Table 119: nath Variable-sized Delimiters (Triple)

〈〈〈DDD

\triple< 〉〉〉EEE

\triple>

[[[hhh

\triple[ ]]]iii

\triple]

||| \ltriple|∗ |||

\rtriple|∗

∗ Similar to \lVert and \rVert in Table 118, \ltriple and \rtriple must be usedinstead of \triple to disambiguate whether “|” is a left or right delimiter.

Note that \triple—and the corresponding \double—is actually a macro that takesa delimiter as an argument.

Table 120: textcomp Text-mode Delimiters

⟨ \textlangle ⟩ \textrangle〚 \textlbrackdbl 〛 \textrbrackdbl⁅ \textlquill ⁆ \textrquill

Table 121: metre Text-mode Delimiters

\alad \Alad † \crux † \Crux \alas \Alas ]] \quadrad ]] \Quadrad〉 \angud 〉 \Angud [[ \quadras [[ \Quadras〈 \angus 〈 \Angus

Table 122: Math-mode Accents

a \acutea a \checka a \gravea a \tildeaa \bara a \ddota a \hata ~a \vecaa \brevea a \dota a \mathringa

Also note the existence of \imath and \jmath, which produce dotless versions of “i”and “j”. (See Table 145 on page 46.) These are useful when the accent is supposedto replace the dot. For example, “\hat\imath” produces a correct “ ı ”, while“\hati” would yield the rather odd-looking “ i ”.

Table 123: AMS Math-mode Accents...a \dddota

....a \ddddota

These accents are also provided by the mathabx package.

40

Table 124: yhmath Math-mode Accents

a \ringa

This symbol is largely obsolete, as standard LATEX 2ε has supported \mathring sinceJune, 1998 [LAT98].

Table 125: trfsigns Math-mode Accents

a \dfta a \DFTa

The above are a sort of “reverse accent” in that the argument text serves as a subscriptto the transform line.

Table 126: Extensible AccentsÝabc \widetildeabc∗ Óabc \widehatabc∗

←−abc \overleftarrowabc†

−→abc \overrightarrowabc†

abc \overlineabc abc \underlineabcz|abc \overbraceabc abc|z \underbraceabc

√abc \sqrtabc‡

As demonstrated in a 1997 TUGboat article about typesetting long-division prob-lems [Gib97], an extensible long-division sign (“ )abc ”) can be faked by putting a“\big)” in a tabular environment with an \hline or \cline in the preceding row.The article also presents a piece of code (uploaded to CTAN as longdiv.tex) thatautomatically solves and typesets—by putting an \overline atop “\big)” and thedesired text—long-division problems. See also the polynom package, which automat-ically solves and typesets polynomial-division problems in a similar manner.

∗ Made more extensible by the yhmath package.

† If you’re looking for an extensible diagonal line or arrow to be used for canceling orreducing mathematical subexpressions (e.g., “x+−x” or “: 5

3 + 2 ”) then considerusing the cancel package.

‡ With an optional argument, \sqrt typesets nth roots. For example,“\sqrt[3]abc” produces “ 3√

abc ” and “\sqrt[n]abc” produces “ n√abc ”.

Table 127: overrightarrow Extensible Accents=⇒abc \Overrightarrowabc

41

Table 128: yhmath Extensible Accentsöabc \wideparenabc éabc \widetriangleabc

˚öabc \wideringabc

Table 129: AMS Extensible Accents

←→abc \overleftrightarrowabc abc←→ \underleftrightarrowabc

abc←− \underleftarrowabc abc−→ \underrightarrowabc

The following are a sort of “reverse accent” in that the argument text serves as asuperscript to the arrow. In addition, the optional first argument (not shown) servesas a subscript to the arrow. See the Short Math Guide for LATEX [Dow00] for furtherexamples.

abc←−− \xleftarrowabcabc−−→ \xrightarrowabc

Table 130: empheq Extensible Accents

abc \overbracketabc abc \underbracketabc

The following are each a sort of “reverse accent” in that the argument text servesas a superscript to the arrows. In addition, the optional first argument (not shown)serves as a subscript to the arrows.

abc←−− \xhookleftarrowabcabc−−−− \xleftrightharpoonsabc

abc−−→ \xhookrightarrowabc

abc7−−→ \xmapstoabcabc⇐== \xLeftarrowabc

abc=⇒ \xRightarrowabcabc−− \xleftharpoondownabc

abc−− \xrightharpoondownabcabc−− \xleftharpoonupabc

abc−− \xrightharpoonupabcabc⇐=⇒ \xLeftrightarrowabc

abc−−−− \xrightleftharpoonsabc

abc←−→ \xleftrightarrowabc

Table 131: chemarr Extensible Accentsabc−−−− \xrightleftharpoonsabc

\xrightleftharpoons is a sort of “reverse accent” in that the argument text servesas a superscript to the arrows. In addition, the optional first argument (not shown)serves as a subscript to the arrows.

42

Table 132: chemarrow Extensible Accents

abcDGGGGGGG

def\autoleftarrowabcdef

abcGGGGGGGA

def\autorightarrowabcdef

abcEGGGGGGGGGGGGGGC

def\autoleftrightharpoonsabcdef

abcGGGGGGGBFGGGGGGG

def\autorightleftharpoonsabcdef

These symbols are all “reverse accents” in that the two arguments serve, respectively,as a superscript and a subscript to the arrows.

In addition to the symbols shown above, chemarrow also provides \larrowfill,\rarrowfill, \leftrightharpoonsfill, and \rightleftharpoonsfill macros.Each of these takes a length argument and produces an arrow of the specified length.

Table 133: mathabx Extensible Accentshkkikkjabc \overbraceabc abc \widebarabchkkkkjabc \overgroupabc |abc \widecheckabc

abcloomoon \underbraceabc abc \wideparenabc

abcloooon \undergroupabc öabc \wideringabcabc \widearrowabc

The braces shown for \overbrace and \underbrace appear in their minimum size.They can expand arbitrarily wide, however.

Table 134: esvect Extensible Accents# ”

abc \vvabc with package option a# „

abc \vvabc with package option b# «

abc \vvabc with package option c# »

abc \vvabc with package option d# –

abc \vvabc with package option e# —

abc \vvabc with package option f#

abc \vvabc with package option g# ‰

abc \vvabc with package option h

esvect also defines a \vv* macro which is used to typeset arrows over vector variableswith subscripts. See the esvect documentation for more information.

43

Table 135: undertilde Extensible Accents

abcÝ \utildeabc

Because \utilde is based on \widetilde it is also made more extensible by theyhmath package.

Table 136: extarrows Extensible Accentsabc⇐=⇒ \xLeftrightarrowabc

abc⇐==⇒ \xLongleftrightarrowabcabc←−→ \xleftrightarrowabc

abc←−−→ \xlongleftrightarrowabcabc==== \xlongequalabc

abc==⇒ \xLongrightarrowabcabc⇐== \xLongleftarrowabc

abc−−→ \xlongrightarrowabcabc←−− \xlongleftarrowabc

The above are a sort of “reverse accent” in that the argument text serves as a super-script to the arrow. In addition, the optional first argument (not shown) serves as asubscript to the arrow.

Table 137: holtpolt Non-commutative Division Symbols

abcdef

\holterabcdefabcdef

\polterabcdef

Table 138: Dots

· \cdotp : \colon∗ . \ldotp... \vdots†

· · · \cdots. . . \ddots† . . . \ldots

∗ While “:” is valid in math mode, \colon uses different surrounding spacing. SeeSection 7.3 and the Short Math Guide for LATEX [Dow00] for more information onmath-mode spacing.

† The mathdots package redefines \ddots and \vdots to make them scale properly withfont size. (They normally scale horizontally but not vertically.) \fixedddots and\fixedvdots provide the original, fixed-height functionality of LATEX 2ε’s \ddots and\vdots macros.

44

Table 139: AMS Dots

· · · \dotsb · · · \dotsi . . . \dotso. . . \dotsc · · · \dotsm

The AMS dot symbols are named according to their intended usage: \dotsb betweenpairs of binary operators/relations, \dotsc between pairs of commas, \dotsi betweenpairs of integrals, \dotsm between pairs of multiplication signs, and \dotso betweenother symbol pairs.

Table 140: mathdots Dots

. ..

\iddots

Table 141: yhmath Dots

. .. \adots

Table 142: mathcomp Math Symbols

\tccentigrade Ω \tcohm ‰ \tcperthousandµ \tcmu ‱ \tcpertenthousand

Table 143: mathabx Mayan Digits0 \maya0 2 \maya2 4 \maya41 \maya1 3 \maya3 5 \maya5

Table 144: marvosym Math Symbols

0 \MVZero 2 \MVTwo 4 \MVFour 6 \MVSix 8 \MVEight1 \MVOne 3 \MVThree 5 \MVFive 7 \MVSeven 9 \MVNine

W \Anglesign ÷ \Squaredot P \Vectorarrowhigh= \Corresponds p \Vectorarrow

45

Table 145: Miscellaneous LATEX 2ε Math Symbols

ℵ \aleph ^ \Diamond∗ ∞ \infty ′ \prime6 \angle ♦ \diamondsuit f \mho∗ ] \sharp\ \backslash ∅ \emptyset‡ ∇ \nabla ♠ \spadesuit \Box∗,† [ \flat \ \natural

√\surd

♣ \clubsuit ♥ \heartsuit ¬ \neg 4 \triangle


† To use \Box—or any other symbol—as an end-of-proof (Q.E.D.) marker, considerusing the ntheorem package, which properly juxtaposes a symbol with the end of theproof text.

‡ Many people prefer the look of AMS’s \varnothing (Table 146) to that of LATEX’s\emptyset.

Table 146: Miscellaneous AMS Math Symbols

∠ \angle H \blacktriangledown f \mho8 \backprime \diagdown ^ \sphericalangleF \bigstar \diagup \square \blacklozenge ð \eth O \triangledown \blacksquare ♦ \lozenge ∅ \varnothingN \blacktriangle ] \measuredangle M \vartriangle

Table 147: Miscellaneous wasysym Math Symbols

2 \Box f \mho∗ ∴ \wasytherefore3 \Diamond \varangle

∗ wasysym also defines an \agemO symbol, which is the same glyph as \mho but isintended for use in text mode.

Table 148: Miscellaneous txfonts/pxfonts Math Symbols

_ \Diamondblack n \lambdaslash r \varheartsuit \Diamonddot p \varclubsuit s \varspadesuito \lambdabar q \vardiamondsuit

Table 149: Miscellaneous mathabx Math Symbols0 \degree 4 \fourth > \measuredangle 2 \secondå \diagdown # \hash & \pitchfork ? \sphericalangleä \diagup 8 \infty 9 \propto 3 \thirdI \diameter $ \leftthreetimes % \rightthreetimes # \varhash

46

Table 150: Miscellaneous textcomp Text-mode Math Symbols

° \textdegree∗ ½ \textonehalf† ¾ \textthreequarters†

÷ \textdiv ¼ \textonequarter† ³ \textthreesuperior⁄ \textfractionsolidus ¹ \textonesuperior × \texttimes¬ \textlnot ± \textpm ² \texttwosuperior− \textminus √ \textsurd

∗ If you prefer a larger degree symbol you might consider defining one as“\ensuremath^\circ” (“”).

† nicefrac (part of the units package) can be used to construct vulgar fractions like “1/2”,“1/4”, “3/4”, and even “c/o”.

47

Table 151: Math Alphabets

Font sample Generating command Required package

ABCdef123 \mathrmABCdef123 noneABCdef123 \mathitABCdef123 noneABCdef \mathnormalABCdef123 noneABC \mathcalABC noneABC \mathscrABC mathrsfs

or \mathcalABC calrsfsABC \mathcalABC euscript with the mathcal option

or \mathscrABC euscript with the mathscr optionABCdef123 \mathpzcABCdef123 none; manually defined∗

ABC \mathbbABC amsfonts,§ amssymb, txfonts, or pxfonts \varmathbbABC txfonts or pxfontsABCdef123 \mathbbABCdef123 bbold or mathbbol†ABCdef123 \mathbbABCdef123 mbboard†ABCdef12 \mathbbmABCdef12 bbmABCdef12 \mathbbmssABCdef12 bbmABCdef12 \mathbbmttABCdef12 bbmABC1 \mathdsABC1 dsfontABC1 \mathdsABC1 dsfont with the sans optionABCdef123 \mathfrakABCdef123 eufrakABCdef123 \textfrakABCdef123 yfonts‡

ABCdef123 \textswabABCdef123 yfonts‡

ABCˇf123 \textgothABCdef123 yfonts‡

∗ Put “\DeclareMathAlphabet\mathpzcOT1pzcmit” in your document’spreamble to make \mathpzc typeset its argument in Zapf Chancery.

† The mathbbol package defines some additional blackboard bold characters: parenthe-ses, square brackets, angle brackets, and—if the bbgreekl option is passed to matb-bol—Greek letters. For instance, “<[( )]>” is produced by “\mathbb\Langle\Lbrack\Lparen\bbalpha\bbbeta\bbgamma\Rparen\Rbrack\Rangle”.

mbboard extends the blackboard bold symbol set significantly further. It supports notonly the Greek alphabet—including “Greek-like” symbols such as \bbnabla (“”)—but also all punctuation marks, various currency symbols such as \bbdollar (“$”)and \bbeuro (“û”), and the Hebrew alphabet (e.g., “\bbfinalnun\bbyod\bbqof\bbpe” → “ÏÉ×Ô”).

‡ As their \text. . . names imply, the fonts provided by the yfonts package are actuallytext fonts. They are included in Table 151 because they are frequently used in amathematical context.

§ An older (i.e., prior to 1991) version of the AMS’s fonts rendered C, N, R, S, and Zas C, N, R, S, and Z. As some people prefer the older glyphs—much to the AMS’ssurprise—and because those glyphs fail to build under modern versions of META-FONT, Berthold Horn uploaded PostScript fonts for the older blackboard-bold glyphsto CTAN, to the fonts/msym10 directory. As of this writing, however, there are noLATEX 2ε packages for utilizing the now-obsolete glyphs.

48

4 Science and technology symbols

This section lists symbols that are employed in various branches of science and engineering (and, because wewere extremely liberal in our classification, astrology, too).

Table 152: gensymb Symbols Defined to Work in Both Math and Text Mode

\celsius µ \micro ‰ \perthousand° \degree Ω \ohm

Table 153: wasysym Electrical and Physical Symbols

: \AC @ \VHF :::: \photon F \HF QPPPPPPR \gluon

Table 154: ifsym Pulse Diagram Symbols! \FallingEdge ' \LongPulseLow % \PulseLow " \ShortPulseHigh& \LongPulseHigh $ \PulseHigh \RaisingEdge # \ShortPulseLow

In addition, within \textifsym. . ., the following codes are valid:

l l m m h h d d < < > >L L M M H H D D = << ? >>

This enables one to write “\textifsymmm<DDD>mm” to get “mm<DDD>mm” or“\textifsymL|H|L|H|L” to get “L|H|L|H|L”. See also the timing package, whichprovides a wide variety of pulse-diagram symbols within an environment designedspecifically for typesetting pulse diagrams.

Finally, \textifsym supports the display of segmented digits, as would appear on anLCD: “\textifsym-123.456” produces “-123.456”. “\textifsymb” outputsa blank with the same width as an “8”.

Table 155: ar Aspect Ratio SymbolA \AR

Table 156: textcomp Text-mode Science and Engineering Symbols

\textcelsius \textmho µ \textmu Ω \textohm

49

Table 157: wasysym Astronomical Symbols

\ascnode X \jupiter \newmoon \venus \astrosun $ \leftmoon \ \pluto \vernal \descnode \mars % \rightmoon

\earth ' \mercury Y \saturn# \fullmoon [ \neptune Z \uranus

Table 158: marvosym Astronomical Symbols

Â \Mercury Ä \Mars Ç \Uranus À \SunÃ \Venus Å \Jupiter È \Neptune Á \MoonÊ \Earth Æ \Saturn É \Pluto

Table 159: mathabx Astronomical SymbolsA \Mercury C \Earth E \Jupiter G \Uranus I \PlutoB \Venus D \Mars F \Saturn H \NeptuneM \fullmoon K \leftmoon N \newmoon L \rightmoon@ \Sun J \varEarth

mathabx also defines \girl as an alias for \Venus, \boy as an alias for \Mars, and\Moon as an alias for \leftmoon.

Table 160: wasysym Astrological Symbols

\aries _ \cancer a \libra d \capricornus] \taurus \leo b \scorpio e \aquarius^ \gemini ` \virgo c \sagittarius f \pisces

V \conjunction W \opposition

Table 161: marvosym Astrological Symbols

à \Aries ã \Cancer æ \Libra é \Capricorná \Taurus ä \Leo ç \Scorpio ê \Aquariusâ \Gemini å \Virgo è \Sagittarius ë \Pisces

Note that \Aries . . . \Pisces can also be specified with \Zodiac1 . . . \Zodiac12.

Table 162: mathabx Astrological SymbolsP \Aries Q \Taurus R \Gemini

50

Table 163: wasysym APL Symbols

~ \APLbox ÷~ \APLinv E \APLstar \APLcomment p \APLleftarrowbox \APLupF \APLdown \APLlog n \APLuparrowboxo \APLdownarrowbox − \APLminus \− \notbackslash \APLinput q \APLrightarrowbox /− \notslash

Table 164: wasysym APL Modifiers

\APLcirc ∼ \APLnot | \APLvert

Table 165: marvosym Computer Hardware Symbols

Í \ComputerMouse Ñ \ParallelPort Î \SerialInterfaceÏ \Keyboard Ò \Printer Ð \SerialPort

Table 166: ascii Control Characters (IBM)

\SOH • \BEL \CR ‼ \DCc ↓ \EM \US \STX \BS \SO ¶ \DCd → \SUB ¦ \splitvert♥ \ETX T \HT \SI § \NAK ← \ESC \DEL♦ \EOT \LF \DLE \SYN \FS♣ \ENQ \VT \DCa \ETB ↔ \GS♠ \ACK \FF \DCb ↑ \CAN \RS

SOH, STX, ETX, . . ., US are the names of ASCII characters 1–31. DEL is the name ofASCII character 127. \splitvert doesn’t correspond to a control character but ismerely the “|” character shown IBM style.

These characters must be entered with the ascii font in effect, for example,“\ascii\STX”. See the ascii package documentation for more information.

Table 167: marvosym Communication Symbols

k \Email t \fax v \Faxmachine E \Lightning A \Pickup

z \Emailct u \FAX B \Letter H \Mobilefone T \Telefon

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Table 168: marvosym Engineering Symbols

" \Beam l \Force ‘ \Octosteel \RoundedTTsteel# \Bearing ’ \Hexasteel ˜ \Rectpipe — \Squarepipe› \Circpipe & \Lefttorque ” \Rectsteel “ \Squaresteel• \Circsteel L \Lineload ' \Righttorque œ \Tsteel% \Fixedbearing $ \Loosebearing Ÿ \RoundedLsteel∗ š \TTsteel– \Flatsteel ™ \Lsteel \RoundedTsteel∗

∗ \RoundedLsteel and \RoundedTsteel seem to be swapped, at least in the2000/05/01 version of marvosym.

Table 169: wasysym Biological Symbols

\female \male

Table 170: marvosym Biological Symbols

~ \Female … \FemaleMale ‚ \MALE \Neutral \FEMALE \Hermaphrodite | \Male„ \FemaleFemale \HERMAPHRODITE ƒ \MaleMale

Table 171: marvosym Safety-related Symbols

h \Biohazard C \CEsign ` \Explosionsafe j \Radioactivityn \BSEfree J \Estatically a \Laserbeam ! \Stopsign

52

5 Dingbats

Dingbats are symbols such as stars, arrows, and geometric shapes. They are commonly used as bullets initemized lists or, more generally, as a means to draw attention to the text that follows.

The pifont dingbat package warrants special mention. Among other capabilities, pifont provides a LATEXinterface to the Zapf Dingbats font (one of the standard 35 PostScript fonts). However, rather than name eachof the dingbats individually, pifont merely provides a single \ding command, which outputs the character thatlies at a given position in the font. The consequence is that the pifont symbols can’t be listed by name in thisdocument’s index, so be mindful of that fact when searching for a particular symbol.

Table 172: bbding Arrowsy \ArrowBoldDownRight z \ArrowBoldRightShort x \ArrowBoldUpRight \ArrowBoldRightCircled w \ArrowBoldRightStrobe

Table 173: pifont Arrows

\ding212 \ding221 \ding230 \ding239 \ding249→ \ding213 \ding222 \ding231 \ding241 \ding250↔ \ding214 \ding223 \ding232 \ding242 \ding251 \ding215 \ding224 \ding233 \ding243 \ding252 \ding216 \ding225 \ding234 \ding244 \ding253 \ding217 \ding226 \ding235 \ding245 \ding254 \ding218 \ding227 \ding236 \ding246 \ding219 \ding228 \ding237 \ding247 \ding220 \ding229 \ding238 \ding248

Table 174: marvosym Scissors

s \Cutleft q \Cutright S \Leftscissorsr \Cutline R \Kutline Q \Rightscissors

Table 175: bbding Scissors \ScissorHollowLeft \ScissorLeftBrokenTop \ScissorHollowRight \ScissorRight \ScissorLeft \ScissorRightBrokenBottom \ScissorLeftBrokenBottom \ScissorRightBrokenTop

Table 176: pifont Scissors

\ding33 \ding34 \ding35 \ding36

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Table 177: dingbat Pencils

W \largepencil P \smallpencil

Table 178: bbding Pencils and Nibs \NibLeft \PencilLeft \PencilRightDown \NibRight \PencilLeftDown \PencilRightUp \NibSolidLeft \PencilLeftUp \NibSolidRight \PencilRight

Table 179: pifont Pencils and Nibs

\ding46 \ding47 \ding48 \ding49 \ding50

Table 180: dingbat Hands

R \leftpointright L \rightpointleft N \rightpointrightD \leftthumbsdown d \rightthumbsdownU \leftthumbsup u \rightthumbsup

Table 181: bbding Hands \HandCuffLeft \HandCuffRightUp \HandPencilLeft \HandCuffLeftUp \HandLeft \HandRight \HandCuffRight \HandLeftUp \HandRightUp

Table 182: pifont Hands

\ding42 \ding43 \ding44 \ding45

Table 183: bbding Crosses and Plusses* \Cross + \CrossOpenShadow & \PlusOutline- \CrossBoldOutline , \CrossOutline ) \PlusThinCenterOpen4 \CrossClowerTips ' \Plus. \CrossMaltese ( \PlusCenterOpen

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Table 184: pifont Crosses and Plusses

\ding57 \ding59 \ding61 \ding63 \ding58 \ding60 \ding62 \ding64

Table 185: bbding Xs and Check Marks! \Checkmark # \XSolid % \XSolidBrush" \CheckmarkBold $ \XSolidBold

Table 186: pifont Xs and Check Marks

\ding51 \ding53 \ding55 \ding52 \ding54 \ding56

Table 187: wasysym Xs and Check Marks

2 \CheckedBox \Square 4 \XBox

Table 188: pifont Circled Numbers

① \ding172 ❶ \ding182 ➀ \ding192 ➊ \ding202② \ding173 ❷ \ding183 ➁ \ding193 ➋ \ding203③ \ding174 ❸ \ding184 ➂ \ding194 ➌ \ding204④ \ding175 ❹ \ding185 ➃ \ding195 ➍ \ding205⑤ \ding176 ❺ \ding186 ➄ \ding196 ➎ \ding206⑥ \ding177 ❻ \ding187 ➅ \ding197 ➏ \ding207⑦ \ding178 ❼ \ding188 ➆ \ding198 ➐ \ding208⑧ \ding179 ❽ \ding189 ➇ \ding199 ➑ \ding209⑨ \ding180 ❾ \ding190 ➈ \ding200 ➒ \ding210⑩ \ding181 ❿ \ding191 ➉ \ding201 ➓ \ding211

pifont (part of the psnfss package) provides a dingautolist environment which resem-bles enumerate but uses circled numbers as bullets.2 See the psnfss documentationfor more information.

Table 189: wasysym Stars

C \davidsstar A \hexstar B \varhexstar

2In fact, dingautolist can use any set of consecutive Zapf Dingbats symbols.

55

Table 190: bbding Stars, Flowers, and Similar ShapesN \Asterisk P \FiveFlowerPetal 2 \JackStarA \AsteriskBold 8 \FiveStar 3 \JackStarBoldB \AsteriskCenterOpen ; \FiveStarCenterOpen O \SixFlowerAlternateX \AsteriskRoundedEnds ? \FiveStarConvex U \SixFlowerAltPetalC \AsteriskThin 7 \FiveStarLines M \SixFlowerOpenCenterD \AsteriskThinCenterOpen 9 \FiveStarOpen Q \SixFlowerPetalDotted0 \DavidStar : \FiveStarOpenCircled L \SixFlowerPetalRemoved/ \DavidStarSolid < \FiveStarOpenDotted [ \SixFlowerRemovedOpenPetalZ \EightAsterisk = \FiveStarOutline G \SixStarS \EightFlowerPetal > \FiveStarOutlineHeavy K \SixteenStarLightY \EightFlowerPetalRemoved @ \FiveStarShadow ` \SnowflakeH \EightStar 1 \FourAsterisk ^ \SnowflakeChevronI \EightStarBold V \FourClowerOpen _ \SnowflakeChevronBoldF \EightStarConvex W \FourClowerSolid ] \SparkleE \EightStarTaper 5 \FourStar \ \SparkleBoldR \FiveFlowerOpen 6 \FourStarOpen J \TwelweStar

Table 191: pifont Stars, Flowers, and Similar Shapes

\ding65 \ding74 \ding83 \ding92 \ding101 \ding66 \ding75 \ding84 \ding93 \ding102 \ding67 \ding76 \ding85 \ding94 \ding103 \ding68 \ding77 \ding86 \ding95 \ding104 \ding69 \ding78 \ding87 \ding96 \ding105 \ding70 \ding79 \ding88 \ding97 \ding106 \ding71 \ding80 \ding89 \ding98 \ding107 \ding72 \ding81 \ding90 \ding99 \ding73 \ding82 \ding91 \ding100

Table 192: wasysym Geometric Shapes

7 \hexagon 8 \octagon D \pentagon 9 \varhexagon

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Table 193: ifsym Geometric Shapes

% \BigCircle T \FilledBigTriangleRight E \SmallCircle \BigCross Q \FilledBigTriangleUp \SmallCross& \BigDiamondshape e \FilledCircle F \SmallDiamondshape \BigHBar \FilledDiamondShadowA \SmallHBar_ \BigLowerDiamond \FilledDiamondShadowC \SmallLowerDiamond/ \BigRightDiamond f \FilledDiamondshape O \SmallRightDiamond \BigSquare u \FilledSmallCircle @ \SmallSquare# \BigTriangleDown v \FilledSmallDiamondshape C \SmallTriangleDown" \BigTriangleLeft p \FilledSmallSquare B \SmallTriangleLeft$ \BigTriangleRight s \FilledSmallTriangleDown D \SmallTriangleRight! \BigTriangleUp r \FilledSmallTriangleLeft A \SmallTriangleUp \BigVBar t \FilledSmallTriangleRight \SmallVBar5 \Circle q \FilledSmallTriangleUp * \SpinDown \Cross ` \FilledSquare ) \SpinUp \DiamondShadowA \FilledSquareShadowA 0 \Square \DiamondShadowB \FilledSquareShadowC \SquareShadowA \DiamondShadowC c \FilledTriangleDown \SquareShadowB6 \Diamondshape b \FilledTriangleLeft \SquareShadowCU \FilledBigCircle d \FilledTriangleRight 3 \TriangleDownV \FilledBigDiamondshape a \FilledTriangleUp 2 \TriangleLeftP \FilledBigSquare \HBar 4 \TriangleRightS \FilledBigTriangleDown o \LowerDiamond 1 \TriangleUpR \FilledBigTriangleLeft ? \RightDiamond \VBar

The ifsym documentation points out that one can use \rlap to combine some of theabove into useful, new symbols. For example, \BigCircle and \FilledSmallCircle

combine to give “u% ”. Likewise, \Square and \Cross combine to give “0”. SeeSection 7.2 for more information about constructing new symbols out of existingsymbols.

Table 194: bbding Geometric Shapesd \CircleShadow u \Rectangle j \SquareShadowTopLefta \CircleSolid v \RectangleBold i \SquareShadowTopRightp \DiamondSolid t \RectangleThin g \SquareSolidb \Ellipse f \Square o \TriangleDowne \EllipseShadow k \SquareCastShadowBottomRight n \TriangleUpc \EllipseSolid m \SquareCastShadowTopLefts \HalfCircleLeft l \SquareCastShadowTopRightr \HalfCircleRight h \SquareShadowBottomRight

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Table 195: pifont Geometric Shapes

\ding108 \ding111 \ding114 \ding117 \ding121 \ding109 \ding112 \ding115 \ding119 \ding122 \ding110 \ding113 \ding116 \ding120

Table 196: universa Geometric Shapes

\baucircle \bausquare \bautriangle

Table 197: manfnt Dangerous Bend Symbols

\dbend ~ \lhdbend \reversedvideodbend

Note that these symbols descend far beneath the baseline. manfnt also defines non-descending versions, which it calls, correspondingly, \textdbend, \textlhdbend, and\textreversedvideodbend.

Table 198: skull Symbols

A \skull

Table 199: Non-Mathematical mathabx SymbolsO \rip

Table 200: marvosym Information Symbols

® \Bicycle o \Football Z \PointinghandV \Checkedbox x \Gentsroom w \WheelchairU \Clocklogo I \Industry b \WritinghandK \Coffeecup i \InfoX \Crossedbox y \Ladiesroom

Table 201: Miscellaneous dingbat Dingbats

O \anchor E \eye S \SborderC \carriagereturn C \filledsquarewithdots B \squarewithdotsD \checkmark I \satellitedish Z \Zborder

58

Table 202: Miscellaneous bbding Dingbats \Envelope \Peace \PhoneHandset T \SunshineOpenCircledq \OrnamentDiamondSolid \Phone \Plane \Tape

Table 203: Miscellaneous pifont Dingbats

\ding37 \ding40 \ding164 \ding167 ♠ \ding171 \ding38 \ding41 \ding165 ♣ \ding168 ♦ \ding169 \ding39 \ding118 \ding166 ♥ \ding170

59

6 Other symbols

The following are all the symbols that didn’t fit neatly or unambiguously into any of the previous sections. (Doweather symbols belong under “Science and technology”? Should dice be considered “mathematics”?) While someof the tables contain clearly related groups of symbols (e.g., musical notes), others represent motley assortmentsof whatever the font designer felt like drawing.

Table 204: textcomp Genealogical Symbols

b \textborn c \textdivorced m \textmarriedd \textdied l \textleaf

Table 205: wasysym General Symbols

m \ataribox \clock \LEFTarrow , \smiley \bell \diameter \lightning \sun- \blacksmiley L \DOWNarrow \phone K \UParrow1 \Bowtie / \frownie \pointer ◊ \wasylozenge| \brokenvert \invdiameter \recorder \checked 6 \kreuz \RIGHTarrow

Table 206: wasysym Circles

\CIRCLE G# \LEFTcircle H# \RIGHTcircle ! \rightturn# \Circle I \Leftcircle J \RightcircleG \LEFTCIRCLE H \RIGHTCIRCLE " \leftturn

Table 207: wasysym Musical Symbols

\eighthnote \halfnote \twonotes \fullnote \quarternote

See also \flat, \sharp, and \natural (Table 145 on page 46).

Table 208: harmony Musical Symbols

ˇ “ ˇ “== \AAcht ss \Ds ‰ \Pu > \VM

ˇ “( \Acht SS \DS ˇ “) \Sech ˇ “* \Zwdr

? \AcPa ¯ \Ganz @ \SePa A \ZwPaDD \DD < \GaPa < \UBDD/ \DDohne ˘ “ \Halb ˇ “ \Vier

D/ \Dohne < \HaPa > \ViPa

The musixtex package must be installed to use harmony.

60

Table 209: harmony Musical Accents

Aa.aa.

\FerliA\Ferlia∗ A/ a/ \OhneA\Ohnea∗

Aa.

aa.

\FermiA\Fermia gAga \UmdA\Umda∗

Alal \KrA\Kra

∗ These symbols take an optional argument which shifts the accent either horizontallyor vertically (depending on the command) by the given distance.

In addition to the accents shown above, \HH is a special accent commandwhich accepts five period-separated characters and typesets them such that“\HH.X.a.b.c.d.” produces “X

a

bcd”. All arguments except the first can be omitted:

“\HH.X.....” produces “X”. \Takt takes two arguments and composes them into amusical time signature. For example, “\Takt128” produces “ 8

12”. As two specialcases, “\Taktc0” produces “S” and “\Taktc1” produces “R”.

The musixtex package must be installed to use harmony.

Table 210: Miscellaneous manfnt Symbols

\manboldkidney \manpenkidney

$ \manconcentriccircles & \manquadrifolium% \manconcentricdiamond \manquartercircle

# \mancone ' \manrotatedquadrifolium \mancube " \manrotatedquartercircley \manerrarrow \manstar! \manfilledquartercircle \mantiltpennib \manhpennib 7 \mantriangledown \manimpossiblecube x \mantriangleright \mankidney 6 \mantriangleup \manlhpenkidney \manvpennib

Table 211: marvosym Navigation Symbols

· \Forward » \MoveDown ´ \RewindToIndex ¼ \ToTop¸ \ForwardToEnd º \MoveUp µ \RewindToStart¹ \ForwardToIndex ¶ \Rewind ½ \ToBottom

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Table 212: marvosym Laundry Symbols

Ø \AtForty Ü \Handwash Ô \ShortNinetyFiveÓ \AtNinetyFive ¯ \IroningI Ö \ShortSixtyÕ \AtSixty ° \IroningII Û \ShortThirtyË \Bleech ± \IroningIII Ú \SpecialForty« \CleaningA Ì \NoBleech \Tumbler¾ \CleaningF ¨ \NoChemicalCleaning ‰ \WashCotton¿ \CleaningFF ² \NoIroning Š \WashSynthetics¬ \CleaningP \NoTumbler ‹ \WashWool \CleaningPP × \ShortFiftyÝ \Dontwash Ù \ShortForty

Table 213: Other marvosym Symbols

ˆ \Ankh † \Cross Œ \Heart © \Smileyý \Bat F \FHBOlogo ÿ \MartinVogel þ \Womanface¥ \Bouquet f \FHBOLOGO m \Mundus Y \Yinyang‡ \Celtcross § \Frowny @ \MVAtª \CircledA \FullFHBO : \Rightarrow∗

∗ Standard LATEX 2ε defines \Rightarrow to display “⇒”, while marvosym redefines itto display “:” (or “:” in math mode). This conflict can be problematic for mathsymbols defined in terms of \Rightarrow, such as \Longleftrightarrow, which endsup looking like “⇐ :”.

Table 214: Miscellaneous universa Symbols

\bauforms \bauhead

Table 215: ifsym Weather Symbols

\Cloud \Hail \Sleet \WeakRain \FilledCloud \HalfSun \Snow \WeakRainCloud! \FilledRainCloud \Lightning \SnowCloud $ \FilledSnowCloud# \FilledSunCloud \NoSun \Sun" \FilledWeakRainCloud \Rain \SunCloud \Fog \RainCloud \ThinFog

In addition, \Thermo0. . .\Thermo6 produce thermometers that are between 0/6and 6/6 full of mercury: Similarly, \wind〈sun〉〈angle〉〈strength〉 will draw wind symbols with a givenamount of sun (0–4), a given angle (in degrees), and a given strength in km/h (0–100). For example, \wind000 produces “ 0 ”, \wind200 produces “ 0 ”,and \wind40100 produces “ : ”.

62

Table 216: ifsym Alpine Symbols \SummitSign \Summit \SurveySign \HalfFilledHut \StoneMan \Mountain \Joch \VarSummit \Hut \IceMountain \Flag \FilledHut \VarMountain \VarFlag \Village \VarIceMountain \Tent

Table 217: ifsym Clocks

\Interval \StopWatchStart \VarClock \Wecker

\StopWatchEnd \Taschenuhr \VarTaschenuhr

ifsym also exports a \showclock macro. \showclock〈hours〉〈minutes〉 outputsa clock displaying the corresponding time. For instance, “\showclock540” pro-duces “D”. 〈hours〉 must be an integer from 0 to 11, and 〈minutes〉 must be aninteger multiple of 5 from 0 to 55.

Table 218: Other ifsym Symbols \FilledSectioningDiamond \Letter \Radiation \Fire \PaperLandscape \SectioningDiamond \Irritant \PaperPortrait ( \Telephone

: \StrokeOne ::: \StrokeThree ; \StrokeFive:: \StrokeTwo :::: \StrokeFour

In addition, \Cube1. . .\Cube6 produce dice with the corresponding number ofspots:

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Table 219: skak Chess Informator Symbols

g \bbetter d \doublepawns N \novelty R \variousi \bdecisive L \ending F \onlymove f \wbetterb \betteris j \equal o \opposbishops h \wdecisivea \bishoppair P \etc r \passedpawn J \weakpte \bupperhand H \file M \qside w \withI \centre O \kside s \samebishops A \withattack

RR \comment x \markera l \see E \withidean \compensation y \markerb q \seppawns C \withinitV \counterplay m \mate T \timelimit v \withoutt \devadvantage S \morepawns k \unclear c \wupperhandG \diagonal U \moreroom u \unitedpawns D \zugzwang

The preceding symbols are merely the named informator symbol. skak can typesetmany more chess-related symbols, including those for all of the pieces (KQRBNP/kqrbnp), but only in the context of moves and boards, not as individual, namedLATEX symbols.

Table 220: metre Metrical Symbols

×

?

\a¯

\bBm \cc ˘ \Mbb ˙˙

\Pppp ⊗

?

\t

˘ \B¯

\bbm \Ccc ˘ ¯\mbbx ˙

˙\pppp \tsbm

˘ \b¯

\Bbm¯

\m \oo ˙˙

\Ppppp \tsmb

˘ \Bb ˘ \bbmb¯

\M˙

\p ˙˙

\ppppp \tsmm

˘ \BB¯ ˘ \bbmx × \ma

¯\pm \ps

¯\vppm

˘ \bb¯

\bm ˘ \Mb ˙ \pp ˙ \pxp¯

\vpppm

˘ \bB¯

\Bm ˘ \mb ˙ \Pp ˙ \Pxp ˙˙ \x× \bba \c ˘ \mBb

¯\ppm ∼

?

\R

˘ \bbb \C ˘ \mbB ˙˙

\ppp ∼

?

\r

¯\BBm \Cc ˘ \mbb ˙

˙\Ppp ⊗

?

\T

The preceding symbols are valid only within the argument to the metre command.

Table 221: metre Small and Large Metrical Symbols

÷ \anaclasis ÷ \Anaclasis< \antidiple < \Antidiple<·· \antidiple* <·· \Antidiple*⊃ \antisigma ⊃ \Antisigma×···· \asteriscus ×···· \Asteriscus

∧ \catalexis ∧ \Catalexis> \diple > \Diple>·· \diple* >·· \Diple*

\obelus \Obelus·· \obelus* ·· \Obelus*∼ \respondens ∼ \Respondens⊗ \terminus ⊗ \Terminus⊕ \terminus* ⊕ \Terminus*

64

Table 222: phaistos Symbols from the Phaistos Disk

J \PHarrow e \PHeagle B \PHplumedHead

h \PHbee o \PHflute d \PHram

X \PHbeehive H \PHgaunlet l \PHrosette

R \PHboomerang p \PHgrater P \PHsaw

K \PHbow G \PHhelmet L \PHshield

b \PHbullLeg a \PHhide Y \PHship

D \PHcaptive Z \PHhorn V \PHsling

S \PHcarpentryPlane Q \PHlid r \PHsmallAxe

c \PHcat m \PHlily q \PHstrainer

E \PHchild N \PHmanacles C \PHtattooedHead

M \PHclub O \PHmattock I \PHtiara

W \PHcolumn n \PHoxBack g \PHtunny

U \PHcomb k \PHpapyrus j \PHvine

T \PHdolium A \PHpedestrian s \PHwavyBand

f \PHdove i \PHplaneTree F \PHwoman

Table 223: protosem Proto-Semitic Characters

a \Aaleph E \AAhe k \Akaph s \Asamekh R \AAreshA \AAaleph z \Azayin K \AAkaph p \Ape S \Ashinb \Abeth w \Avav l \Alamed P \AApe v \AhelmetB \AAbeth H \Aheth L \AAlamed x \Asade V \AAhelmetg \Agimel h \AAheth m \Amem X \AAsade t \Atavd \Adaleth T \Ateth n \Anun q \AqophD \AAdaleth y \Ayod o \Aayin Q \AAqophe \Ahe Y \AAyod O \AAayin r \Aresh

The protosem package defines abbreviated control sequences for each of the above. Inaddition, single-letter shortcuts can be used within the argument to the \textprotocommand (e.g., “\textprotoPakyn” produces “Pakyn”). See the protosemdocumentation for more information.

65

Table 224: hieroglf Hieroglyphics

A \HA I \HI n \Hn T \HT

a \Ha i \Hi O \HO t \Ht

B \HB ˝ \Hibl o \Ho ˘ \Htongue

b \Hb ˆ \Hibp p \Hp U \HU

c \Hc ¨ \Hibs P \HP u \Hu

C \HC ˜ \Hibw ˙ \Hplural V \HV

D \HD J \HJ + \Hplus v \Hv

d \Hd j \Hj Q \HQ | \Hvbar

¸ \Hdual k \Hk q \Hq w \Hw

e \He K \HK ? \Hquery W \HWE \HE L \HL R \HR X \HX

f \Hf l \Hl r \Hr x \Hx

F \HF m \Hm s \Hs Y \HY

G \HG M \HM S \HS y \Hy

g \Hg ˇ \Hman ¯ \Hscribe z \Hz

h \Hh ´ \Hms / \Hslash Z \HZ

H \HH N \HN ˚ \Hsv

| \Hone 3 \Hhundred 5 \HXthousand 7 \Hmillion

2 \Hten 4 \Hthousand 6 \HCthousand

The hieroglf package defines alternate control sequences and single-letter shortcutsfor each of the above which can be used within the argument to the \textpmhg

command (e.g., “\textpmhgPakin” produces “Pakin”). See the hieroglfdocumentation for more information.

Table 225: dictsym Dictionary Symbols

a \dsaeronautical c \dscommercial m \dsmedicalG \dsagricultural H \dsheraldical X \dsmilitaryA \dsarchitectural J \dsjuridical R \dsrailwaysB \dsbiological L \dsliterary T \dstechnicalC \dschemical M \dsmathematical

66

7 Additional Information

Unlike the previous sections of this document, Section 7 does not contain new symbol tables. Rather, it providesadditional help in using the Comprehensive LATEX Symbol List. First, it draws attention to symbol names usedby multiple packages. Next, it provides some guidelines for finding symbols and gives some examples regardinghow to construct missing symbols out of existing ones. Then, it comments on the spacing surrounding symbolsin math mode. After that, it presents an ASCII and Latin 1 quick-reference guide, showing how to enter all ofthe standard ASCII/Latin 1 symbols in LATEX. And finally, it lists some statistics about this document itself.

7.1 Symbol Name Clashes

Unfortunately, a number of symbol names are not unique; they appear in more than one package. Dependingon how the symbols are defined in each package, LATEX will either output an error message or replace an earlier-defined symbol with a later-defined symbol. Table 226 presents a selection of name clashes that appear in thisdocument.

Using multiple symbols with the same name in the same document—or even merely loading conflicting symbolpackages—can be tricky, but, as evidenced by the existence of Table 226, not impossible. The general procedureis to load the first package, rename the conflicting symbols, and then load the second package. Examine theLATEX source for this document (symbols.tex)—especially the \savesymbol and \restoresymbol macros andtheir subsequent usage—to see one possible way to handle symbol conflicts.

txfonts and pxfonts redefine a huge number of symbols—essentially, all of the symbols defined by latexsym,textcomp, the various AMS symbol sets, and LATEX 2ε itself. Similarly, mathabx redefines a vast number of mathsymbols in an attempt to improve their look. The txfonts, pxfonts, and mathabx conflicts are not listed in Table 226because they are designed to be compatible with the symbols they replace. Table 227 on page 69 illustrates what“compatible” means in this context.

To use the new txfonts/pxfonts symbols without altering the document’s main font, merely reset the defaultfont families back to their original values after loading one of those packages:

\renewcommand\rmdefaultcmr\renewcommand\sfdefaultcmss\renewcommand\ttdefaultcmtt

7.2 Where can I find the symbol for . . . ?

If you can’t find some symbol you’re looking for in this document, there are a few possible explanations:

• The symbol isn’t intuitively named. As a few examples, the command to draw dice is “\Cube”; a plus signwith a circle around it (“exclusive or” to computer engineers) is “\oplus”; and lightning bolts in fontsdesigned by German speakers may have “blitz” in their names. The moral of the story is to be creativewith synonyms when searching the index.

• The symbol is defined by some package that I overlooked (or deemed unimportant). If there’s some symbolpackage that you think should be included in the Comprehensive LATEX Symbol List, please send me e-mailat the address listed on the title page.

• The symbol isn’t defined in any package whatsoever.

Even in the last case, all is not lost. Sometimes, a symbol exists in a font, but there is no LATEX binding for it.For example, the PostScript Symbol font contains a “↵” symbol, which may be useful for representing a carriagereturn, but there is no package (as far as I know) for accessing that symbol. To produce an unnamed symbol, youneed to switch to the font explicitly with LATEX 2ε’s low-level font commands [LAT00] and use TEX’s primitive \charcommand [Knu86a] to request a specific character number in the font.3 In fact, \char is not strictly necesssary;the character can often be entered symbolically. For example, the symbol for an impulse train or Tate-Shafarevich

3pifont defines a convenient \Pisymbol command for accessing symbols in PostScript fonts by number. For example,“\Pisymbolpsy191” produces “↵”.

67

Table

226:

Sym

bol

Nam

eC

lash

es

Sym

bol

LAT E

X2 ε

AMS

stm

aryr

dwas

ysym

mat

hab

xm

arvo

sym

bbdin

gifsy

mdin

gbat

wsu

ipa

\baro

<

\bigtriangledown

5`

\bigtriangleup

4a

\checkmark

XD

\Circle

#5

\Cross

†*

\ggg

≫Ï

\Letter

B

\lightning

\Lightning

E

\lll

≪Î

\Rightarrow

⇒ñ

:

\Square

f

0\Sun

@À

\TriangleDown

o3

\TriangleUp

n1

68

Table 227: Example of a Benign Name Clash

Default txfontsSymbol (Computer Modern) (Times Roman)

R R R\textrecipe

group (“X”) is actually an uppercase sha in the Cyrillic alphabet. (Cyrillic is supported by the OT2 font encoding,for instance). While a sha can be defined numerically as “\fontencodingOT2\selectfont\char88” it maybe more intuitive to use the OT2 font encoding’s “SH” ligature: “\fontencodingOT2\selectfont SH”.

Reflecting and rotating existing symbols

A common request on comp.text.tex is for a reversed or rotated version of an existing symbol. As a last re-sort, these effects can be achieved with the graphicx (or graphics) package’s \reflectbox and \rotatebox macros.For example, \rotatebox[origin=c]180$\iota$ produces the definite-description operator (“ ι”). The dis-advantage of the graphicx/graphics approach is that not every TEX backend handles graphical transformations.4

Far better is to find a suitable font that contains the desired symbol in the correct orientation. For instance, ifthe phonetic package is available, then \textit\riota will yield a backend-independent “”. Similarly, tipa’s\textrevepsilon (“3”) or wsuipa’s \revepsilon (“”) may be used to express the mathematical notion of “suchthat” in a cleaner manner than with \reflectbox or \rotatebox.

Joining and overlapping existing symbols

Symbols that do not exist in any font can sometimes be fabricated out of existing symbols. The LATEX 2ε sourcefile fontdef.dtx contains a number of such definitions. For example, \models (see Table 54 on page 26) is definedin that file with:

\def\models\mathrel|\joinrel=

where \mathrel and \joinrel are used to control the horizontal spacing. \def is the TEX primitive upon whichLATEX’s \newcommand is based. See The TEXbook [Knu86a] for more information on all three of those commands.

With some simple pattern-matching, one can easily define a backward \models sign (“=|”):

\def\ismodeledby=\joinrel\mathrel|

In general, arrows/harpoons, horizontal lines (“=”, “-”, “\relbar”, and “\Relbar”), and the various math-extension characters can be combined creatively with miscellaneous other characters to produce a variety of newsymbols. Of course, new symbols can be composed from any set of existing characters. For instance, LATEXdefines \hbar (“~”) as a “¯” character (\mathchar’26) followed by a backspace of 9 math units (\mkern-9mu),followed by the letter “h”:

\def\hbar\mathchar’26\mkern-9muh

We can just as easily define other barred letters:

\def\bbar\mathchar’26\mkern-9mu b\def\dbar\mathchar’26\mkern-12mu d

4As an example, Xdvi ignores both \reflectbox and \rotatebox.

69

(The space after the “mu” is optional but is added for clarity.) \bbar and \dbar define “b” and “d”, respectively.Note that \dbar requires a greater backward math kern than \bbar; a −9 mu kern would have produced theless-attractive “d” glyph.

There is a TEX primitive called \mathaccent which centers one mathematical symbol atop another. Forexample, one can define \dotcup (“ ·∪”)—the composition of a \cup and a \cdot—as follows:

\newcommand\dotcup\ensuremath\mathaccent\cdot\cup

The catch is that \mathaccent requires the accent to be a “math character”. That is, it must be a characterin a math font as opposed to a symbol defined in terms of other symbols. See The TEXbook [Knu86a] for moreinformation.

Another TEX primitive that is useful for composing symbols is \vcenter. \vcenter is conceptually similarto “\begintabularl” in LATEX but takes a list of vertical material instead of \\-separated rows. Also, itvertically centers the result on the math axis. (Many operators, such as “+” and “−” are also vertically centeredon the math axis.) Enrico Gregorio posted the following symbol definition to comp.text.tex in March 2004 inresponse to a query about an alternate way to denote equivalence:

\newcommand*\threesim%\mathrel\vcenter\offinterlineskip\hbox$\sim$\vskip-.35ex\hbox$\sim$\vskip-.35ex\hbox$\sim$

The \threesim symbol, which vertically centers three \sim (“∼”) symbols with 0.35 x-heights of space betweenthem, is rendered as “∼∼∼”. \offinterlineskip is a macro that disables implicit interline spacing. Without it,\threesim would have a full line of vertical spacing between each \sim. Because of \vcenter, \threesim alignsproperly with other math operators: a÷ b ∼∼∼ c× d.

The slashed package, although originally designed for producing Feynman slashed-character notation, in factfacilitates the production of arbitrary overlapped symbols. The default behavior is to overwrite a given characterwith “/”. For example, \slashedD produces “ /D”. However, the \declareslashed command provides theflexibility to specify the mathematical context of the composite character (operator, relation, punctuation, etc.,as will be discussed in Section 7.3), the overlapping symbol, horizontal and vertical adjustments in symbol-relative units, and the character to be overlapped. Consider, for example, the symbol for reduced quadrupolemoment (“-I”). This can be declared as follows:

\newcommand\rqm%\declareslashed\text-0.040I\slashedI

\declareslashed····I affects the meaning of all subsequent \slashedI commands in the samescope. The preceding definition of \rqm therefore uses an extra set of curly braces to limit that scope toa single \slashedI. In addition, \rqm uses amstext’s \text macro (described on the next page) to make\declareslashed use a text-mode hyphen (“-”) instead of a math-mode minus sign (“−”) and to ensure that thehyphen scales properly in size in subscripts and superscripts. See slashed’s documentation (located in slashed.styitself) for a detailed usage description of the \slashed and \declareslashed commands.

Making new symbols work in superscripts and subscripts

To make composite symbols work properly within subscripts and superscripts, you may need to use TEX’s\mathchoice primitive. \mathchoice evaluates one of four expressions, based on whether the current math styleis display, text, script, or scriptscript. (See The TEXbook [Knu86a] for a more complete description.) For exam-ple, the following LATEX code—posted to comp.text.tex by Torsten Bronger—composes a sub/superscriptable“⊥>” symbol out of \top and \bot (“>” and “⊥”):

\def\topbotatom#1\hbox\hbox to 0pt$#1\bot$\hss$#1\top$\newcommand*\topbot\mathrel\mathchoice\topbotatom\displaystyle

\topbotatom\textstyle\topbotatom\scriptstyle\topbotatom\scriptscriptstyle

70

The following is another example that uses \mathchoice to construct symbols in different math modes. Thecode defines a principal value integral symbol, which is an integral sign with a line through it.

\def\Xint#1\mathchoice\XXint\displaystyle\textstyle#1%\XXint\textstyle\scriptstyle#1%\XXint\scriptstyle\scriptscriptstyle#1%\XXint\scriptscriptstyle\scriptscriptstyle#1%\!\int

\def\XXint#1#2#3\setbox0=\hbox$#1#2#3\int$\vcenter\hbox$#2#3$\kern-.5\wd0

\def\ddashint\Xint=\def\dashint\Xint-

(The preceding code was taken verbatim from the UK TEX Users’ Group FAQ at http://www.tex.ac.uk/faq.) \dashint produces a single-dashed integral sign (“−

R”), while \ddashint produces a double-dashed

one (“=R

”). The \Xint macro defined above can also be used to generate a wealth of new integrals: “R

”(\Xint\circlearrowright), “

R” (\Xint\circlearrowleft), “⊂

R” (\Xint\subset), “∞

R” (\Xint\infty), and so

forth.LATEX 2ε provides a simple wrapper for \mathchoice that sometimes helps produce terser symbol definitions.

The macro is called \mathpalette and it takes two arguments. \mathpalette invokes the first argument, passingit one of “\displaystyle”, “\textstyle”, “\scriptstyle”, or “\scriptscriptstyle”, followed by the secondargument. \mathpalette is useful when a symbol macro must know which math style is currently in use (e.g., toset it explicitly within an \mbox). Donald Arseneau posted the following \mathpalette-based definition of aprobabilistic-independence symbol (“⊥⊥”) to comp.text.tex in June 2000:

\newcommand\independent\protect\mathpalette\protect\independenT\perp\def\independenT#1#2\mathrel\rlap$#1#2$\mkern2mu#1#2

The \independent macro uses \mathpalette to pass the \independenT helper macro both the current mathstyle and the \perp symbol. \independenT typesets \perp in the current math style, moves two math units tothe right, and finally typesets a second—overlapping—copy of \perp, again in the current math style. \rlap,which enables text overlap, is described on the following page.

Some people like their square-root signs with a trailing “hook” (i.e., “√ ”) as this helps visually distinguishexpressions like “

√3x ” from those like “

√3x”. In March 2002, Dan Luecking posted a \mathpalette-based

definition of a hooked square-root symbol to comp.text.tex:

\def\hksqrt\mathpalette\DHLhksqrt\def\DHLhksqrt#1#2\setbox0=\hbox$#1\sqrt#2\,$\dimen0=\ht0\advance\dimen0-0.2\ht0\setbox2=\hbox\vrule height\ht0 depth -\dimen0%\box0\lower0.4pt\box2

Notice how \DHLhksqrt uses \mathpalette to recover the outer math style (argument #1) from within an \hbox.The rest of the code is simply using TEX primitives to position a hook of height 0.2 times the \sqrt height atthe right of the \sqrt. See The TEXbook [Knu86a] for more understanding of TEX “boxes” and “dimens”.

Sometimes, however, amstext’s \text macro is all that is necessary to make composite symbols appear correctlyin subscripts and superscripts, as in the following definitions of \neswarrow (“”) and \nwsearrow (“”):5

\newcommand\neswarrow\mathrel\text$\nearrow$\llap$\swarrow$\newcommand\nwsearrow\mathrel\text$\nwarrow$\llap$\searrow$

5Note that if your goal is to typeset commutative diagrams, then you should probably be using XY-pic.

71

\text resembles LATEX’s \mbox command but shrinks its argument appropriately when used within a subscript orsuperscript. \llap (“left overlap”) and its counterpart, \rlap (“right overlap”), appear frequently when creatingcomposite characters. \llap outputs its argument to the left of the current position, overlapping whatever textis already there. Similarly, \rlap overlaps whatever text would normally appear to the right of its argument.For example, “A\llapB” and “\rlapAB” each produce “AB”. However, the result of the former is the widthof “A”, and the result of the latter is the width of “B”—\llap. . . and \rlap. . . take up zero space.

In a June 2002 post to comp.text.tex, Donald Arseneau presented a general macro for aligning an arbitrarynumber of symbols on their horizontal centers and vertical baselines:

\makeatletter\def\moverlay\mathpalette\mov@rlay\def\mov@rlay#1#2\leavevmode\vtop%

\baselineskip\z@skip \lineskiplimit-\maxdimen\ialign\hfil$#1##$\hfil\cr#2\crcr

\makeatother

The \makeatletter and \makeatother commands are needed to coerce LATEX into accepting “@” aspart of a macro name. \moverlay takes a list of symbols separated by \cr (TEX’s equivalent ofLATEX’s \\). For example, the \topbot command defined on page 70 could have been expressed as“\moverlay\top\cr\bot” and the \neswarrow command defined on the previous page could have been ex-pressed as “\moverlay\nearrow\cr\swarrow”.

The basic concept behind \moverlay’s implementation is that \moverlay typesets the given symbols in atable that utilizes a zero \baselineskip. This causes every row to be typeset at the same vertical position. SeeThe TEXbook [Knu86a] for explanations of the TEX primitives used by \moverlay.

Modifying LATEX-generated symbols

Oftentimes, symbols composed in the LATEX 2ε source code can be modified with minimal effort to produce usefulvariations. For example, fontdef.dtx composes the \ddots symbol (see Table 138 on page 44) out of threeperiods, raised 7 pt., 4 pt., and 1 pt., respectively:

\def\ddots\mathinner\mkern1mu\raise7\p@\vbox\kern7\p@\hbox.\mkern2mu\raise4\p@\hbox.\mkern2mu\raise\p@\hbox.\mkern1mu

\p@ is a LATEX 2ε shortcut for “pt” or “1.0pt”. The remaining commands are defined in The TEXbook [Knu86a].To draw a version of \ddots with the dots going along the opposite diagonal, we merely have to reorder the\raise7\p@, \raise4\p@, and \raise\p@:

\makeatletter\def\revddots\mathinner\mkern1mu\raise\p@\vbox\kern7\p@\hbox.\mkern2mu\raise4\p@\hbox.\mkern2mu\raise7\p@\hbox.\mkern1mu

\makeatother

\revddots is essentially identical to the mathdots package’s \iddots command or the yhmath package’s \adotscommand.

Producing complex accents

Accents are a special case of combining existing symbols to make new symbols. While various tables in thisdocument show how to add an accent to an existing symbol, some applications, such as transliterations from non-Latin alphabets, require multiple accents per character. For instance, the creator of pdfTEX writes his name as“Han Th´e Thanh”. The dblaccnt package enables LATEX to stack accents, as in “H\‘an Th\’\^e Th\‘anh” (albeitnot in the OT1 font encoding). In addition, the wsuipa package defines \diatop and \diaunder macros for putting

72

one or more diacritics or accents above or below a given character. For example, \diaunder[\diatop[\’|\=]|\textsubdotr] produces “´r

˙”. See the wsuipa documentation for more information.

The accents package facilitates the fabrication of accents in math mode. Its \accentset command enables anycharacter to be used as an accent. For instance, \accentset\starf produces “

?

f ” and \accentseteX

produces “e

X”. \underaccent does the same thing, but places the accent beneath the character. This enablesconstructs like \underaccent\tildeV, which produces “

˜V ”. accents provides other accent-related features

as well; see the documentation for more information.

A more complex example of composing accents is the following definition of extensible \overbracket,\underbracket, \overparenthesis, and \underparenthesis symbols, taken from a May 2002 comp.text.texpost by Donald Arseneau (June 2003):

\makeatletter\def\overbracket#1\mathop\vbox\ialign##\crcr\noalign\kern3\p@

\downbracketfill\crcr\noalign\kern3\p@\nointerlineskip$\hfil\displaystyle#1\hfil$\crcr\limits

\def\underbracket#1\mathop\vtop\ialign##\crcr$\hfil\displaystyle#1\hfil$\crcr\noalign\kern3\p@\nointerlineskip\upbracketfill\crcr\noalign\kern3\p@\limits

\def\overparenthesis#1\mathop\vbox\ialign##\crcr\noalign\kern3\p@\downparenthfill\crcr\noalign\kern3\p@\nointerlineskip$\hfil\displaystyle#1\hfil$\crcr\limits

\def\underparenthesis#1\mathop\vtop\ialign##\crcr$\hfil\displaystyle#1\hfil$\crcr\noalign\kern3\p@\nointerlineskip\upparenthfill\crcr\noalign\kern3\p@\limits

\def\downparenthfill$\m@th\braceld\leaders\vrule\hfill\bracerd$\def\upparenthfill$\m@th\bracelu\leaders\vrule\hfill\braceru$\def\upbracketfill$\m@th\makesm@sh\llap\vrule\@height3\p@\@width.7\p@%\leaders\vrule\@height.7\p@\hfill\makesm@sh\rlap\vrule\@height3\p@\@width.7\p@$

\def\downbracketfill$\m@th\makesm@sh\llap\vrule\@height.7\p@\@depth2.3\p@\@width.7\p@%\leaders\vrule\@height.7\p@\hfill\makesm@sh\rlap\vrule\@height.7\p@\@depth2.3\p@\@width.7\p@$

\makeatother

Table 228 showcases these accents. The TEXbook [Knu86a] or another book on TEX primitives is indispensiblefor understanding how the preceding code works. The basic idea is that \downparenthfill, \upparenthfill,\downbracketfill, and \upbracketfill do all of the work; they output a left symbol (e.g., \braceld [“z”] for\downparenthfill), a horizontal rule that stretches as wide as possible, and a right symbol (e.g., \bracerd [“”]for \downparenthfill). \overbracket, \underbracket, \overparenthesis, and \underparenthesis merelycreate a table whose width is determined by the given text, thereby constraining the width of the horizontal rules.

Table 228: Manually Composed Extensible Accents

abc \overbracketabcz abc \overparenthesisabc

abc \underbracketabc abc| \underparenthesisabc

A similar, but simpler example, stems from another comp.text.tex post by Donald Arseneau. The followingcode defines an equals sign that extends as far to the right as possible (just like LATEX’s \hrulefill command):

\makeatletter

73

\def\equalsfill$\m@th\mathord=\mkern-7mu\cleaders\hbox$\!\mathord=\!$\hfill\mkern-7mu\mathord=$

\makeatother

TEX’s \cleaders and \hfill primitives are the key to understanding \equalsfill’s extensibility. Essentially,\equalsfill repeats a box containing “=” plus some negative space until it fills the maximum available horizontalspace. \equalsfill is intended to be used with LATEX’s \stackrel command, which stacks one mathematicalexpression (slightly reduced in size) atop another. Hence, “\stackrela\rightarrow” produces “ a→” and “X\stackrel\textdefinition\hbox\equalsfill Y” produces “X definition======= Y ”.

If all that needs to extend are horizontal and vertical lines—as opposed to repeated symbols such as the “=”in the previous example—LATEX’s array or tabular environments may suffice. Consider the following code (alsopresented in a comp.text.tex post by Donald Arseneau) for typesetting annuities:

\DeclareRobustCommand\annu[1]_%\def\arraystretch0%\setlength\arraycolsep1pt% adjust these\setlength\arrayrulewidth.2pt% two settings\beginarray[b]@c|\hline\\[\arraycolsep]%\scriptstyle #1%\endarray%

One can then use, e.g., “$A\annux:n$” to produce “Ax:n ”.

Creating new symbols from scratch

Sometimes is it simply not possible to define a new symbol in terms of existing symbols. Fortunately, most, if notall, TEX distributions are shipped with a tool called METAFONT which is designed specifically for creating fontsto be used with TEX. The METAFONTbook [Knu86b] is the authoritative text on METAFONT. If you plan todesign your own symbols with METAFONT, The METAFONTbook is essential reading. Nevertheless, the followingis an extremely brief tutorial on how to create a new LATEX symbol using METAFONT. Its primary purpose is tocover the LATEX-specific operations not mentioned in The METAFONTbook and to demonstrate that symbol-fontcreation is not necessarily a difficult task.

Suppose we need a symbol to represent a light bulb (“A”).6 The first step is to draw this in METAFONT.It is common to separate the font into two files: a size-dependent file, which specifies the design size and var-ious font-specific parameters that are a function of the design size; and a size-independent file, which drawscharacters in the given size. Figure 1 shows the METAFONT code for lightbulb10.mf. lightbulb10.mf spec-ifies various parameters that produce a 10 pt. light bulb then loads lightbulb.mf. Ideally, one should producelightbulb〈size〉.mf files for a variety of 〈size〉s. This is called “optical scaling”. It enables, for example, the linesthat make up the light bulb to retain the same thickness at different font sizes, which looks much nicer than thealternative—and default—“mechanical scaling”. When a lightbulb〈size〉.mf file does not exist for a given size〈size〉, the computer mechanically produces a wider, taller, thicker symbol:

A vs. A vs. A vs. A vs. A vs. A vs. A10 pt. 20 pt. 30 pt. 40 pt. 50 pt. 60 pt. 70 pt.

lightbulb.mf, shown in Figure 2, draws a light bulb using the parameters defined in lightbulb10.mf.Note that the the filenames “lightbulb10.mf” and “lightbulb.mf” do not follow the Berry font-namingscheme [Ber01]; the Berry font-naming scheme is largely irrelevant for symbol fonts, which generally lack bold,italic, small-caps, slanted, and other such variants.

6I’m not a very good artist; you’ll have to pretend that “A” looks like a light bulb.

74

font identifier := "LightBulb10"; % Name the font.font size 10pt#; % Specify the design size.

em# := 10pt#; % “M” width is 10 points.cap# := 7pt#; % Capital letter height is 7 points above the baseline.sb# := 1/4pt#; % Leave this much space on the side of each character.o# := 1/16pt#; % Amount that curves overshoot borders.

input lightbulb % Load the file that draws the actual glyph.

Figure 1: Sample METAFONT size-specific file (lightbulb10.mf)

mode setup; % Target a given printer.

define pixels(em, cap, sb); % Convert to device-specific units.define corrected pixels(o); % Same, but add a device-specific fudge factor.

%% Define a light bulb at the character position for “A”%% with width 1/2em#, height cap#, and depth 1pt#.beginchar("A", 1/2em#, cap#, 1pt#); "A light bulb";

pickup pencircle scaled 1/2pt; % Use a pen with a small, circular tip.

%% Define the points we need.top z1 = (w/2, h+ o); % z1 is at the top of a circle.rt z2 = (w + sb + o− x4, y4); % z2 is at the same height as z4 but the opposite side.bot z3 = (z1 − (0, w − sb− o)); % z3 is at the bottom of the circle.lft z4 = (sb− o, 1/2[y1, y3]); % z4 is on the left of the circle.path bulb; % Define a path for the bulb itself.bulb = z1 . . z2 . . z3 . . z4 . . cycle; % The bulb is a closed path.

z5 = point 2− 1/3 of bulb; % z5 lies on the bulb, a little to the right of z3.z6 = (x5, 0); % z6 is at the bottom, directly under z5.z7 = (x8, 0); % z7 is at the bottom, directly under z8.z8 = point 2 + 1/3 of bulb; % z8 lies on the bulb, a little to the left of z3.bot z67 = (1/2[x6, x7], pen bot− o− 1/8pt); % z67 lies halfway between z6 and z7 but a jot lower.

%% Draw the bulb and the base.draw bulb; % Draw the bulb proper.draw z5 - - z6 . . z67 . . z7 - - z8; % Draw the base of the bulb.

%% Display key positions and points to help us debug.makegrid(0, sb, w/2, w − sb)(0,−1pt, y2, h); % Label “interesting” x and y coordinates.penlabels(1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 67, 7, 8); % Label control points for debugging.

endchar;end

Figure 2: Sample METAFONT size-independent file (lightbulb.mf)

75

The code in Figures 1 and 2 is heavily commented and should demonstrate some of the basic concepts behindMETAFONT usage: declaring variables, defining points, drawing lines and curves, and preparing to debug or fine-tune the output. Again, The METAFONTbook [Knu86b] is the definitive reference on METAFONT programming.

METAFONT can produce “proofs” of fonts—large, labeled versions that showcase the logical structure of eachcharacter. In fact, proof mode is METAFONT’s default mode. To produce a proof of lightbulb10.mf, issue thefollowing commands at the operating-system prompt:

prompt> mf lightbulb10.mf ⇐ Produces lightbulb10.2602gfprompt> gftodvi lightbulb10.2602gf ⇐ Produces lightbulb10.dvi

You can then view lightbulb10.dvi with any DVI viewer. The result is shown in Figure 3. Observe how thegrid defined with makegrid at the bottom of Figure 2 draws vertical lines at positions 0, sb, w/2, and w− sb andhorizontal lines at positions 0, −1pt, y2, and h. Similarly, observe how the penlabels command labels all of theimportant coordinates: z1, z2, . . . , z8 and z67, which lightbulb.mf defines to lie between z6 and z7.

1

2

3

4

5

6677

8

Figure 3: Proof diagram of lightbulb10.mf

Most, if not all, TEX distributions include a Plain TEX file called testfont.tex which is useful for testingnew fonts in a variety of ways. One useful routine produces a table of all of the characters in the font:

prompt> tex testfontThis is TeX, Version 3.14159 (Web2C 7.3.1)(/usr/share/texmf/tex/plain/base/testfont.texName of the font to test = lightbulb10Now type a test command (\help for help):)*\table

*\bye[1]Output written on testfont.dvi (1 page, 1516 bytes).Transcript written on testfont.log.

The resulting table, stored in testfont.dvi and illustrated in Figure 4, shows every character in the font.To understand how to read the table, note that the character code for “A”—the only character defined bylightbulb10.mf—is 41 in hexadecimal (base 16) and 101 in octal (base 8).

The LightBulb10 font is now usable by TEX. LATEX 2ε, however, needs more information before documentscan use the font. First, we create a font-description file that tells LATEX 2ε how to map fonts in a given fontfamily and encoding to a particular font in a particular font size. For symbol fonts, this mapping is fairlysimple. Symbol fonts almost always use the “U” (“Unknown”) font encoding and frequently occur in only one

76

Test of lightbulb10 on March 11, 2003 at 1127

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 710x A ˝4x11x

˝8 ˝9 ˝A ˝B ˝C ˝D ˝E ˝F

Figure 4: Font table produced by testfont.tex

variant: normal weight and non-italicized. The filename for a font-description file important; it must be of theform “〈encoding〉〈family〉.fd”, where 〈encoding〉 is the lowercase version of the encoding name (typically “u” forsymbol fonts) and 〈family〉 is the name of the font family. For LightBulb10, let’s call this “bulb”. Figure 5 liststhe contents of ubulb.fd. The document “LATEX 2ε Font Selection” [LAT00] describes \DeclareFontFamily and\DeclareFontShape in detail, but the gist of ubulb.fd is first to declare a U-encoded version of the bulb fontfamily and then to specify that a LATEX 2ε request for a U-encoded version of bulb with a (m)edium font series (asopposed to, e.g., bold) and a (n)ormal font shape (as opposed to, e.g., italic) should translate into a TEX requestfor lightbulb10.tfm mechanically scaled to the current font size.

\DeclareFontFamilyUbulb\DeclareFontShapeUbulbmn<-> lightbulb10

Figure 5: LATEX 2ε font-description file (ubulb.fd)

The final step is to write a LATEX 2ε style file that defines a name for each symbol in the font. Because we haveonly one symbol our style file, lightbulb.sty (Figure 6), is rather trivial. Note that instead of typesetting “A” wecould have had \lightbulb typeset “\char65”, “\char"41”, or “\char’101” (respectively, decimal, hexadecimal,and octal character offsets into the font). For a simple, one-character symbol font such as LightBulb10 it wouldbe reasonable to merge ubulb.fd into lightbulb.sty instead of maintaining two separate files. In either case, adocument need only include “\usepackagelightbulb” to make the \lightbulb symbol available.

\newcommand\lightbulb\usefontUbulbmnA

Figure 6: LATEX 2ε style file (lightbulb.sty)

METAFONT normally produces bitmapped fonts. However, it is also possible, with the help of some externaltools, to produce PostScript Type 1 fonts. These have the advantages of rendering better in Adobe® Acrobat®

(at least in versions prior to 6.0) and of being more memory-efficient when handled by a PostScript interpreter. Seehttp://www.tex.ac.uk/cgi-bin/texfaq2html?label=textrace for pointers to tools that can produce Type 1fonts from METAFONT.

7.3 Math-mode spacing

Terms such as “binary operators”, “relations”, and “punctuation” in Section 3 primarily regard the surroundingspacing. (See the Short Math Guide for LATEX [Dow00] for a nice exposition on the subject.) To use a symbolfor a different purpose, you can use the TEX commands \mathord, \mathop, \mathbin, \mathrel, \mathopen,\mathclose, and \mathpunct. For example, if you want to use \downarrow as a variable (an “ordinary” symbol)instead of a delimiter, you can write “$3 x + \mathord\downarrow$” to get the properly spaced “3x+↓” ratherthan the awkward-looking “3x+ ↓”. Similarly, to create a dotted-union symbol (“∪”) that spaces like the ordi-nary set-union symbol (\cup) it must be defined with \mathbin, just as \cup is. Contrast “$A \dot\cup B$”(“A∪B”) with “$A \mathbin\dot\cup B$” (“A ∪ B”). See The TEXbook [Knu86a] for the definitive de-scription of math-mode spacing.

77

The purpose of the “log-like symbols” in Tables 96 and 97 is to provide the correct amount of spacing aroundand within multiletter function names. Table 229 contrasts the output of the log-like symbols with various,naıve alternatives. In addition to spacing, the log-like symbols also handle subscripts properly. For example,“\max_p \in P” produces “maxp∈P ” in text, but “max

p∈P” as part of a displayed formula.

Table 229: Spacing Around/Within Log-like Symbols

LATEX expression Output

$r \sin \theta$ r sin θ (best)$r sin \theta$ rsinθ$r \mboxsin \theta$ rsinθ$r \mathrmsin \theta$ rsinθ

The amsmath package makes it straightforward to define new log-like symbols:

\DeclareMathOperator\atanatan\DeclareMathOperator*\lcmlcm

The difference between \DeclareMathOperator and \DeclareMathOperator* involves the handling of subscripts.With \DeclareMathOperator*, subscripts are written beneath log-like symbols in display style and to the rightin text style. This is useful for limit operators (e.g., \lim) and functions that tend to map over a set (e.g., \min).In contrast, \DeclareMathOperator tells TEX that subscripts should always be displayed to the right of theoperator, as is common for functions that take a single parameter (e.g., \log and \cos). Table 230 contrastssymbols declared with \DeclareMathOperator and \DeclareMathOperator* in both text style ($. . .$) and dis-play style (\[. . .\]).7

Table 230: Defining new log-like symbols

Declaration function $\newlogsym p \in P$ \[ \newlogsym p \in P \]

\DeclareMathOperator newlogsymp∈P newlogsymp∈P

\DeclareMathOperator* newlogsymp∈P newlogsymp∈P

It is common to use a thin space (\,) between the words of a multiword operators, as in“\DeclareMathOperator*\argmaxarg\,max”. \liminf, \limsup, and all of the log-like symbols shownin Table 97 utilize this spacing convention.

7.4 Bold mathematical symbols

LATEX does not normally use bold symbols when typesetting mathematics. However, bold symbols are occasionallyneeded, for example when naming vectors. Any of the approaches described at http://www.tex.ac.uk/cgi-bin/texfaq2html?label=boldgreek can be used to produce bold mathematical symbols. Table 231 contrasts theoutput produced by these various techniques. As the table illustrates, these techniques exhibit variation intheir formatting of Latin letters (upright vs. italic), formatting of Greek letters (bold vs. normal), formatting ofoperators and relations (bold vs. normal), and spacing.

7Note that \displaystyle can be used to force display style within $. . .$ and \textstyle can be used to force text stylewithin \[. . .\].

78

Table 231: Producing bold mathematical symbols

Package Code Output

none $\alpha + b = \Gamma \div D$ α+ b = Γ÷D (no bold)none $\mathbf\alpha + b = \Gamma \div D$ α+ b = Γ÷Dnone \boldmath$\alpha + b = \Gamma \div D$ α + b = Γ ÷ Damsbsy $\pmb\alpha + b = \Gamma \div D$ α+ b = Γ÷Dα+ b = Γ÷Dα+ b = Γ÷D (faked bold)amsbsy $\boldsymbol\alpha + b = \Gamma \div D$ α + b = Γ ÷ Dbm $\bm\alpha + b = \Gamma \div D$ α + b = Γ ÷ Dfixmath $\mathbold\alpha + b = \Gamma \div D$ α + b = Γ ÷ D

7.5 ASCII and Latin 1 quick reference

Table 232 amalgamates data from various other tables in this document into a convenient reference for LATEX 2εtypesetting of ASCII characters, i.e., the characters available on a typical U.S. computer keyboard. The first twocolumns list the character’s ASCII code in decimal and hexadecimal. The third column shows what the characterlooks like. The fourth column lists the LATEX 2ε command to typeset the character as a text character. And thefourth column lists the LATEX 2ε command to typeset the character within a \texttt. . . command (or, moregenerally, when \ttfamily is in effect).

Table 232: LATEX 2ε ASCII Table

Dec Hex Char Body text \texttt

33 21 ! ! !34 22 " \textquotedbl "35 23 # \# \#36 24 $ \$ \$37 25 % \% \%38 26 & \& \&39 27 ’ ’ ’40 28 ( ( (41 29 ) ) )42 2A * * *43 2B + + +44 2C , , ,45 2D - - -46 2E . . .47 2F / / /48 30 0 0 049 31 1 1 150 32 2 2 2...

......

......

57 39 9 9 958 3A : : :59 3B ; ; ;60 3C < \textless <61 3D = = =

Dec Hex Char Body text \texttt

62 3E > \textgreater >63 3F ? ? ?64 40 @ @ @65 41 A A A66 42 B B B67 43 C C C...

......

......

90 5A Z Z Z91 5B [ [ [92 5C \ \textbackslash \char‘\\93 5D ] ] ]94 5E ˆ \^ \^95 5F \_ \char‘\_96 60 ‘ ‘ ‘97 61 a a a98 62 b b b99 63 c c c...

......

......

122 7A z z z123 7B \ \char‘\124 7C | \textbar |125 7D \ \char‘\126 7E ˜ \~ \~

The following are some additional notes about the contents of Table 232:

• “"” is not available in the OT1 font encoding.

79

• The characters “<”, “>”, and “|” do work as expected in math mode, although they produce, respectively,“¡”, “¿”, and “—” in text mode when using the OT1 font encoding.8 The following are some alternativesfor typesetting “<”, “>”, and “|”:

– Specify a document font encoding other than OT1 (as described on page 7).

– Use the appropriate symbol commands from Table 2 on page 8, viz. \textless, \textgreater, and\textbar.

– Enter the symbols in math mode instead of text mode, i.e., $<$, $>$, and $|$.

Note that for typesetting metavariables many people prefer \textlangle and \textrangle to \textlessand \textgreater, i.e., “〈filename〉” instead of “<filename>”.

• Although “/” does not require any special treatment, LATEX additionally defines a \slash command whichoutputs the same glyph but permits a line break afterwards. That is, “increase/decrease” is alwaystypeset as a single entity while “increase\slashdecrease” may be typeset with “increase/” on one lineand “decrease” on the next.

• \textasciicircum can be used instead of \^, and \textasciitilde can be used instead of \~. Notethat \textasciitilde and \~ produce raised, diacritic tildes. “Text” (i.e., vertically centered) tildes canbe generated with either the math-mode \sim command (shown in Table 54 on page 26), which producesa somewhat wide “∼”, or the textcomp package’s \texttildelow (shown in Table 36 on page 19), whichproduces a vertically centered “~” in most fonts but a baseline-oriented “~” in Computer Modern, txfonts,pxfonts, and various other fonts originating from the TEX world. If your goal is to typeset tildes in URLs orUnix filenames, your best bet is to use the url package, which has a number of nice features such as properline-breaking of such names.

• The various \char commands within \texttt are necessary only in the OT1 font encoding. In otherencodings (e.g., T1), commands such as \, \, \_, and \textbackslash all work properly.

• The IBM version of ASCII characters 1 to 31 can be typeset using the ascii package. See Table 166 onpage 51.

• To replace “‘” and “’” with the more computer-like (and more visibly distinct) “`” and “'” within averbatim environment, use the upquote package. Outside of verbatim, you can use \char18 and \char13to get the modified quote characters. (The former is actually a grave accent.)

Similar to Table 232, Table 233 on the next page is an amalgamation of data from other tables in thisdocument. While Table 232 shows how to typeset the 7-bit ASCII character set, Table 233 shows the Latin 1(Western European) character set, also known as ISO-8859-1.

The following are some additional notes about the contents of Table 233:

• A “(tc)” after a symbol name means that the textcomp package must be loaded to access that symbol. A“(T1)” means that the symbol requires the T1 font encoding. The fontenc package can change the fontencoding document-wide.

• Many of the \text. . . accents can also be produced using the accent commands shown in Table 18 onpage 13 plus an empty argument. For instance, \= is essentially the same as \textasciimacron.

• The commands in the “LATEX 2ε” columns work both in body text and within a \texttt. . . command(or, more generally, when \ttfamily is in effect).

• Microsoft® Windows® normally uses a superset of Latin 1 called “CP1252” (Code Page 1252). CP1252adds codes in the range 128–159 (hexadecimal 80–9F), including characters such as dashes, daggers, andquotation marks. If there’s sufficient interest, a future version of the Comprehensive LATEX Symbol Listmay include a CP1252 table.

8Donald Knuth didn’t think such symbols were important outside of mathematics so he omitted them from his text fonts.

80

Table 233: LATEX 2ε Latin 1 Table

Dec Hex Char LATEX 2ε

161 A1 ¡ !‘162 A2 ¢ \textcent (tc)163 A3 £ \pounds164 A4 ¤ \textcurrency (tc)165 A5 ¥ \textyen (tc)166 A6 ¦ \textbrokenbar (tc)167 A7 § \S168 A8 ¨ \textasciidieresis (tc)169 A9 © \textcopyright170 AA ª \textordfeminine171 AB « \guillemotleft (T1)172 AC ¬ \textlnot (tc)173 AD - \-174 AE ® \textregistered175 AF ¯ \textasciimacron (tc)176 B0 ° \textdegree (tc)177 B1 ± \textpm (tc)178 B2 ² \texttwosuperior (tc)179 B3 ³ \textthreesuperior (tc)180 B4 ´ \textasciiacute (tc)181 B5 µ \textmu (tc)182 B6 ¶ \P183 B7 · \textperiodcentered184 B8 ¸ \c185 B9 ¹ \textonesuperior (tc)186 BA º \textordmasculine187 BB » \guillemotright188 BC ¼ \textonequarter (tc)189 BD ½ \textonehalf (tc)190 BE ¾ \textthreequarters (tc)191 BF ¿ ?‘

192 C0 A \‘A

193 C1 A \’A

194 C2 A \Â195 C3 A \~A196 C4 A \"A

197 C5 A \AA198 C6 Æ \AE199 C7 C \cC

200 C8 E \‘E

201 C9 E \’E

202 CA E \Ê203 CB E \"E

204 CC I \‘I

205 CD I \’I

206 CE I \Î207 CF I \"I208 D0 Ð \DH (T1)

Dec Hex Char LATEX 2ε

209 D1 N \~N

210 D2 O \‘O

211 D3 O \’O

212 D4 O \Ô213 D5 O \~O214 D6 O \"O215 D7 × \texttimes (tc)216 D8 Ø \O

217 D9 U \‘U

218 DA U \’U

219 DB U \Û220 DC U \"U

221 DD Y \’Y222 DE Þ \TH (T1)223 DF ß \ss224 E0 a \‘a225 E1 a \’a226 E2 a \â227 E3 a \~a228 E4 a \"a229 E5 a \aa230 E6 æ \ae231 E7 c \cc232 E8 e \‘e233 E9 e \’e234 EA e \ê235 EB e \"e236 EC ı \‘ı237 ED ı \’ı238 EE ı \^ı239 EF ı \"ı240 F0 ð \dh (T1)241 F1 n \~n242 F2 o \‘o243 F3 o \’o244 F4 o \ô245 F5 o \~o246 F6 o \"o247 F7 ÷ \textdiv (tc)248 F8 ø \o249 F9 u \‘u250 FA u \’u251 FB u \û252 FC u \"u253 FD y \’y254 FE þ \th (T1)255 FF y \"y

81

• The “£” and “$” glyphs occupy the same slot (36) of the OT1 font encoding, with “£” appearing in italicfonts and “$” appearing in roman fonts. A problem with LATEX’s default handling of this double-mapping isthat “\sffamily\slshape\pounds” produces “$”, not “£”. Other font encodings use separate slots forthe two characters and are therefore robust to the problem of “£”/”$” conflicts. Authors who use \poundsshould select a font encoding other than OT1 (as explained on page 7) or use the textcomp package, whichredefines \pounds to use the TS1 font encoding.

• Character 173, \-, is shown as “-” but is actually a discretionary hyphen; it appears only at the end of aline.

While too large to incorporate into this document, a listing of ISO 8879:1986 SGML/XML character entitiesand their LATEX equivalents is available from http://www.bitjungle.com/~isoent/. Some of the characterspresented there make use of isoent, a LATEX 2ε package (available from the same URL) that fakes some of themissing ISO glyphs using the LATEX picture environment.9

7.6 About this document

History David Carlisle wrote the first version of this document in October, 1994. It originally contained allof the native LATEX symbols (Tables 39, 47, 54, 79, 96, 98, 113, 114, 122, 126, 145, and a few tables that havesince been reorganized) and was designed to be nearly identical to the tables in Chapter 3 of Leslie Lamport’sbook [Lam86]. Even the table captions and the order of the symbols within each table matched! The AMSsymbols (Tables 40, 55, 56, 82, 83, 99, 103, 109, and 146) and an initial Math Alphabets table (Table 151) wereadded thereafter. Later, Alexander Holt provided the stmaryrd tables (Tables 41, 49, 57, 85, 93, and 110).

In January, 2001, Scott Pakin took responsibility for maintaining the symbol list and has since implementeda complete overhaul of the document. The result, now called, “The Comprehensive LATEX Symbol List”, includesthe following new features:

• the addition of a handful of new math alphabets, dozens of new font tables, and thousands of new symbols

• the categorization of the symbol tables into body-text symbols, mathematical symbols, science and tech-nology symbols, dingbats, and other symbols, to provide a more user-friendly document structure

• an index, table of contents, and a frequently-requested symbol list, to help users quickly locate symbols

• symbol tables rewritten to list the symbols in alphabetical order

• appendices to provide additional information relevant to using symbols in LATEX

• tables showing how to typeset all of the characters in the ASCII and Latin 1 font encodings

Furthermore, the internal structure of the document has been completely altered from David’s original version.Most of the changes are geared towards making the document easier to extend, modify, and reformat.

Build characteristics Table 234 on the following page lists some of this document’s build characteristics. Mostimportant is the list of packages that LATEX couldn’t find, but that symbols.tex otherwise would have been able totake advantage of. Complete, prebuilt versions of this document are available from CTAN (http://www.ctan.org/or one of its many mirror sites) in the directory tex-archive/info/symbols/comprehensive. Table 235 showsthe package date (specified in the .sty file with \ProvidesPackage) for each package that was used to build thisdocument and that specifies a package date. Packages are not listed in any particular order in either Table 234or 235.

9isoent is not featured in this document, because it is not available from CTAN and because the faked symbols are not “true”characters; they exist in only one size, regardless of the body text’s font size.

82

Table 234: Document Characteristics

Characteristic Value

Source file: symbols.texBuild date: September 22, 2005Symbols documented: 3300Packages included: textcomp latexsym amssymb stmaryrd euscript wasysym

pifont manfnt bbding undertilde ifsym tipa tipx extraipawsuipa phonetic ulsy ar metre txfonts mathabx fclfont skakascii dingbat skull eurosym esvect yfonts yhmath esintmathdots trsym universa upgreek overrightarrow chemarrchemarrow nath trfsigns empheq phaistos arcs t5 t4phonetholtpolt semtrans dictsym extarrows protosem harmony hi-eroglf cclicenses accents nicefrac bm mathrsfs zapfchanbbold mbboard dsfont bbm

Packages omitted: none

7.7 Copyright and license

The Comprehensive LATEX Symbol ListCopyright © 2005, Scott Pakin

This work may be distributed and/or modified under the conditions of the LATEX Project Public License,either version 1.3 of this license or (at your option) any later version. The latest version of this license is in

http://www.latex-project.org/lppl.txt

and version 1.3 or later is part of all distributions of LATEX version 2003/12/01 or later.This work has the LPPL maintenance status “maintained”.The Current Maintainer of this work is Scott Pakin.This work consists of the files symbols.tex, README, SYMLIST, lightbulb10.mf, and lightbulb.mf,

lightbulb.map, and all PDF, PostScript, Encapsulated PostScript, and PostScript font files derived from those.

83

Table 235: Package versions used in the preparation of this document

Name Date

textcomp 2000/08/30latexsym 1998/08/17amssymb 1996/11/03stmaryrd 1994/03/03euscript 1995/01/06wasysym 2003/10/30pifont 2000/01/12manfnt 1999/07/01bbding 1999/04/15undertilde 2000/08/08ifsym 2000/04/18tipa 2002/08/08tipx 2003/01/01wsuipa 1994/07/16metre 2001/12/05txfonts 2000/12/15skak 2003/01/25dingbat 2001/04/27skull 2002/01/23eurosym 1998/08/06yfonts 2003/01/08mathdots 2001/02/28trsym 2000/06/25universa 98/08/01upgreek 2003/02/12chemarr 2001/06/22empheq 2004/04/14phaistos 2004/04/23arcs 2004/05/09t4phonet 2004/06/01semtrans 1998/02/10dictsym 2004/07/26extarrows 2002/03/30protosem 2005/03/18harmony 2005/05/10hieroglf 2000/09/23cclicenses 2005/05/20accents 2000/08/06nicefrac 1998/08/04bm 1999/07/05

84

References

[AMS99] American Mathematical Society. User’s Guide for the amsmath Package (Version 2.0), December 13,1999. Available from ftp://ftp.ams.org/pub/tex/doc/amsmath/amsldoc.pdf.

[Ber01] Karl Berry. Fontname: Filenames for TEX fonts, June 2001. Available from http://www.ctan.org/tex-archive/info/fontname.

[Dow00] Michael Downes. Short math guide for LATEX, July 19, 2000. Version 1.07. Available from http://www.ams.org/tex/short-math-guide.html.

[Gib97] Jeremy Gibbons. Hey—it works! TUGboat, 18(2):75–78, June 1997. Available from http://www.tug.org/TUGboat/Articles/tb18-2/tb55works.pdf.

[Knu86a] Donald E. Knuth. The TEXbook, volume A of Computers and Typesetting. Addison-Wesley, Reading,MA, USA, 1986.

[Knu86b] Donald E. Knuth. The METAFONTbook, volume C of Computers and Typesetting. Addison-Wesley,Reading, MA, USA, 1986.

[Lam86] Leslie Lamport. LATEX: A document preparation system. Addison-Wesley, Reading, MA, USA, 1986.

[LAT98] LATEX3 Project Team. A new math accent. LATEX News. Issue 9, June 1998. Available from http://www.ctan.org/tex-archive/macros/latex/doc/ltnews09.pdf (also included in many TEX distribu-tions).

[LAT00] LATEX3 Project Team. LATEX 2ε font selection, January 30, 2000. Available from http://www.ctan.org/tex-archive/macros/latex/doc/fntguide.ps (also included in many TEX distributions).

85

Index

If you’re having trouble locating a symbol, try looking under “T” for “\text. . .”. Many text-mode commands begin withthat prefix. Also, accents are shown over/under a black box, e.g., “ a ” for “\’”.

Some symbol entries appear to be listed repeatedly. This happens when multiple packages define identical (or nearlyidentical) glyphs with the same symbol name.10

Symbols\" (a) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13\# (#) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8, 79\$ ($) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8, 79\% (%) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8, 79\& (&) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8, 79\’ (a) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13( (() . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38) ()) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38* (*) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22\, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78\- (-) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81, 82\. (a) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13/ (/) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38[ ([) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38] (]) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38\^ (a) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13\^ (ˆ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80\| (‖) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38\| (¿a) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13\= (a) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13\= (¯) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80| (|) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38\_ ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8, 80\ () . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8, 38, 80\ () . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8, 38, 80\‘ (a) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13\~ (a) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13\~ (˜) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80

Aa (esvect package option) . . . . 43\a (×

?

) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64

\AA (A) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9\aa (a) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9\AAaleph (A) . . . . . . . . . . . . 65\AAayin (O) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65\AAbeth (B) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65

\AAcht ( ˇ “ ˇ “==

) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60\AAdaleth (D) . . . . . . . . . . . . 65\AAhe (E) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65\AAhelmet (V) . . . . . . . . . . . 65\AAheth (h) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65\AAkaph (K) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65\AAlamed (L) . . . . . . . . . . . . 65\Aaleph (a) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65\AApe (P) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65\AAqoph (Q) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65\AAresh (R) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65\AAsade (X) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65

\Aayin (o) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65\AAyod (Y) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65\Abeth (b) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65absolute value . . see \lvert and

\rvert

abzuglich . . see \textdiscount

\AC (:) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49\acarc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16\acbar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16accents 13–17, 40, 41, 43, 44, 51,

61, 72–73any character as . . . . . . . 73extensible . . . . . 41–44, 73multiple per character . . 72

accents (package) . . . . 73, 83, 84\accentset . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73

\Acht ( ˇ “( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60\ACK (♠) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51

\AcPa ( ? ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60\acute (´) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40\acutus (a) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16\Adaleth (d) . . . . . . . . . . . . 65Adobe Acrobat . . . . . . . . . . . 77

\adots ( . ..) . . . . . . . . . . 45, 72

advancing . . see \textadvancing

\AE (Æ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9\ae (æ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9\agemO (0) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46\Agimel (g) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65\Ahe (e) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65\Ahelmet (v) . . . . . . . . . . . . 65\Aheth (H) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65\ain (s) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17\Akaph (k) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65\Alad () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40\alad () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40\Alamed (l) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65\Alas () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40\alas () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40\aleph (ℵ) . . . . . . . . . . . 36, 46\Alif () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13\alpha (α) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35alphabets

African . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9Cyrillic . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69Greek . . . . . . . . 35, 36, 48Hebrew . . . . . . . . . . 36, 48hieroglyphic . . . . . . . . . . 66math . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48

phonetic . . . . . . . . . 10–13proto-Semitic . . . . . . . . . 65Vietnamese . . . . . . . . . . . 9

\alphaup (α) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36alpine symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . 63\amalg (q) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20\Amem (m) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65ampersand . . . . . . . . . . . see \&

AMS 7, 9, 21, 23, 26, 27, 29–33,35–37, 39, 40, 42, 45, 46, 48,67, 82

amsbsy (package) . . . . . . . . . . 79amsfonts (package) 20, 26, 29, 32,

46, 48amsmath (package) . . . 7, 35, 78amssymb (package) 7, 20, 26, 29,

32, 46, 48, 83, 84, 86amstext (package) . . . . . . 70, 71\Anaclasis (÷) . . . . . . . . . . . 64\anaclasis (÷) . . . . . . . . . . . 64

\anchor (O) . . . . . . . . . . . . 58and . . . . . . . . . . . . . see \wedge

\angle (∠) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46\angle (6 ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46angles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45, 46\Anglesign (W) . . . . . . . . . . . 45

Angstrom unitmath mode . see \mathring

text mode . . . . . . . see \AA

\Angud (〉) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40\angud (〉) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40angular minutes . . . . see \prime

angular seconds . . . . see \second

\Angus (〈) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40\angus (〈) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40\Ankh (ˆ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62\annu ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74annuities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74\Antidiple (<) . . . . . . . . . . . 64\antidiple (<) . . . . . . . . . . . 64\Antidiple* (<·· ) . . . . . . . . . . 64\antidiple* (<·· ) . . . . . . . . . . 64\Antisigma (⊃) . . . . . . . . . . . 64\antisigma (⊃) . . . . . . . . . . . 64\Anun (n) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65\Ape (p) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65APL

modifiers . . . . . . . . . . . . 51symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51

10This occurs frequently between amssymb and mathabx, for example.

86

\APLbox (~) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51\APLcirc () . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51\APLcomment () . . . . . . . . . . 51\APLdown (F) . . . . . . . . . . . . 51\APLdownarrowbox (o) . . . . . 51\APLinput () . . . . . . . . . . . 51\APLinv (÷~) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51\APLleftarrowbox (p) . . . . . 51\APLlog () . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51

\APLminus (−) . . . . . . . . . . . 51\APLnot (∼) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51\APLrightarrowbox (q) . . . . . 51\APLstar (E) . . . . . . . . . . . . 51\APLup () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51\APLuparrowbox (n) . . . . . . . 51\APLvert ( | ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51\apprge (?) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30\apprle (>) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30\approx (≈) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26\approxeq (u) . . . . . . . . . . . 26\Aqoph (q) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65\Aquarius (ê) . . . . . . . . . . . 50\aquarius (e) . . . . . . . . . . . 50\AR (A) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49ar (package) . . . . . . . . . . 49, 83\arccos (arccos) . . . . . . . . . . 35arcminutes . . . . . . . see \prime

arcs (package) . . . . . . 16, 83, 84arcseconds . . . . . . . . see \second

\arcsin (arcsin) . . . . . . . . . . 35\arctan (arctan) . . . . . . . . . . 35\Aresh (r) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65\arg (arg) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35\Aries (P) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50\Aries (à) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50\aries () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50

\ArrowBoldDownRight (y) . . 53

\ArrowBoldRightCircled () 53

\ArrowBoldRightShort (z) . . . 53

\ArrowBoldRightStrobe (w) . 53

\ArrowBoldUpRight (x) . . . . 53\Arrownot (Y) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34\arrownot (X) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34arrows . . . . . . . . . 32–34, 53, 67

diagonal, for reducing subex-pressions . . . . . . . . . . 41

double-headed, diagonal 71–72

extensible . . . . . . . . 41–44negated . . . . . . . . . . 32, 33

\Arrowvert (ww) . . . . . . . . . . 38

\arrowvert (??) . . . . . . . . . . . 38

Arseneau, Donald . . . . . . 71–74\Asade (x) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65\Asamekh (s) . . . . . . . . . . . . 65ASCII . . . . . . 7, 9, 51, 79–80, 82

table . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79

ascii (package) . . . . . . 51, 80, 83\ascnode () . . . . . . . . . . . . 50\Ashin (S) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65aspect ratio . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49\ast () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22\ast (∗) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20\Asteriscus (×···· ) . . . . . . . . . . 64\asteriscus (×···· ) . . . . . . . . . . 64\Asterisk () . . . . . . . . . . . 22

\Asterisk (N) . . . . . . . . . . . 56\asterisk () . . . . . . . . . . . . 22

\AsteriskBold (A) . . . . . . . . 56

\AsteriskCenterOpen (B) . . . 56

\AsteriskRoundedEnds (X) . . 56asterisks . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22, 56

\AsteriskThin (C) . . . . . . . . 56

\AsteriskThinCenterOpen (D) 56astrological symbols . . . . . . . . 50astronomical symbols . . . . . . . 50\astrosun () . . . . . . . . . . . 50\asymp () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26\atan (atan) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78\ataribox (m) . . . . . . . . . . . . 60\Atav (t) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65\Ateth (T) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65\AtForty (Ø) . . . . . . . . . . . 62\AtNinetyFive (Ó) . . . . . . . 62atomic math objects . . . . 35, 78\AtSixty (Õ) . . . . . . . . . . . 62

\autoleftarrow (DGGGGG) . . . . 43

\autoleftrightharpoons (EGGGGGGGGGGC)

. . . . . . . . . 43

\autorightarrow (GGGGGA) . . . 43

\autorightleftharpoons (GGGGGBFGGGGG)

. . . . . . . . . 43\Avav (w) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65average . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20\Ayn () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13\Ayod (y) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65\Azayin (z) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65

B\B . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9\B (˘) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64b (esvect package option) . . . . 43\b (a

¯) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13

\b (˘) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64\babygamma (!) . . . . . . . . . . . 12\backepsilon () . . . . . . . . . 26\backprime (8) . . . . . . . . . . . 46\backsim (v) . . . . . . . . . . . . 26\backsimeq (w) . . . . . . . . . . . 26\backslash (\) . . . . . . . . 38, 46

banana brackets . . . . . . . . . . . .. . see \llparenthesis and\rrparenthesis

\bar (¯) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40\barb () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12\bard () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12\bari (') . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12\barin (V) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37\barj (j) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12\barl (.) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12\barlambda () . . . . . . . . . . . 12\barleftharpoon (Þ) . . . . . . 34\baro () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21\baro ( vs. <) . . . . . . . . . . . 68\baro (<) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12\barp (A) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12barred letters . . . . . . . . . . . . 69\barrightharpoon (ß) . . . . . 34\barsci (+) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12\barscu (X) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12\baru (T) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12\barwedge (X) . . . . . . . . . . . 22\barwedge (Z) . . . . . . . . . . . . 21\Bat (ý) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62\baucircle () . . . . . . . . . . 58

\bauforms () . . . . . . . . . . 62

\bauhead () . . . . . . . . . . . 62\bausquare () . . . . . . . . . . 58\bautriangle () . . . . . . . . . 58\BB (˘ ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64\Bb (˘ ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64\bB (˘ ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64\bb (˘ ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64\bba ( ×) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64\bbalpha () . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48\bbar (b) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70\bbb (˘) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64\bbbeta () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48\Bbbk (k) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37bbding (package) . 53–57, 59, 68,

83, 84\bbdollar ($) . . . . . . . . . . . . 48

\bbetter (g) . . . . . . . . . . . . 64\bbeuro (û) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48\bbfinalnun (Ï) . . . . . . . . . . 48\bbgamma ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48bbgreekl (mathbbol package option)

. . . . . . . . . 48\BBm (

¯) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64

\Bbm (¯

) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64\bBm (

¯) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64

bbm (package) . . . . . . . . . 48, 83\bbm (

¯) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64

\bbmb ( ˘) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64\bbmx (

¯ ˘) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64\bbnabla () . . . . . . . . . . . . 48bbold (package) . . . . . . . . 48, 83

87

\bbpe (Ô) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48\bbqof (×) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48\bbslash ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . 21\bbyod (É) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48

\bdecisive (i) . . . . . . . . . . 64\Beam (") . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52\Bearing (#) . . . . . . . . . . . . 52\because (∵) . . . . . . . . . . . . 26\BEL (•) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51\bell () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60Berry, Karl . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85\beta (β) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35\betaup (β) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36\beth (i) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36

\betteris (b) . . . . . . . . . . . 64\between ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28\between (G) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26\bibridge (

”a”) . . . . . . . . . . . . 15

\Bicycle (®) . . . . . . . . . . . . 58\bigast () . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22\bigbox (

e) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23

\bigboxasterisk (Ö

) . . . . . . 24\bigboxbackslash (

Þ) . . . . . 24

\bigboxbot (Û

) . . . . . . . . . . 24\bigboxcirc (

Õ) . . . . . . . . . 24

\bigboxcoasterisk (×

) . . . . 24\bigboxdiv (

Ó) . . . . . . . . . . 24

\bigboxdot (Ô

) . . . . . . . . . . 24\bigboxleft (

Ø) . . . . . . . . . 24

\bigboxminus (Ñ

) . . . . . . . . 24\bigboxplus (

Ð) . . . . . . . . . 24

\bigboxright (Ù

) . . . . . . . . 24\bigboxslash (

Ý) . . . . . . . . 24

\bigboxtimes (Ò

) . . . . . . . . 24\bigboxtop (

Ú) . . . . . . . . . . 24

\bigboxtriangleup (ß

) . . . . 24\bigboxvoid (

Ü) . . . . . . . . . 24

\bigcap (T

) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23\bigcirc (©) . . . . . . . . . . . . 20

\BigCircle (%) . . . . . . . . . . 57\bigcoast () . . . . . . . . . . . 22\bigcomplementop (

) . . . . . . 24

\BigCross ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . 57\bigcup (

S) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23

\bigcurlyvee (

) . . . . . . . . . 24\bigcurlyvee (

b) . . . . . . . . . 23

\bigcurlywedge (

) . . . . . . . 24\bigcurlywedge (

c) . . . . . . . 23

\BigDiamondshape (&) . . . . . 57

\BigHBar () . . . . . . . . . . . . 57\biginterleave (

g) . . . . . . . 23

\BigLowerDiamond (_) . . . . . 57\bignplus (

) . . . . . . . . . . . 23

\bigoasterisk (Æ

) . . . . . . . . 24\bigobackslash (

Î) . . . . . . . 24

\bigobot (Ë

) . . . . . . . . . . . . 24\bigocirc (

Å) . . . . . . . . . . . 24

\bigocoasterisk (Ç

) . . . . . . 24\bigodiv (

Ã) . . . . . . . . . . . . 24

\bigodot (J

) . . . . . . . . . . . . 23\bigoleft (

È) . . . . . . . . . . . 24

\bigominus (Á

) . . . . . . . . . . 24\bigoplus (

L) . . . . . . . . . . . 23

\bigoright (É

) . . . . . . . . . . 24\bigoslash (

Í) . . . . . . . . . . 24

\bigotimes (N

) . . . . . . . . . . 23\bigotop (

Ê) . . . . . . . . . . . . 24

\bigotriangleup (Ï

) . . . . . . 24\bigovoid (

Ì) . . . . . . . . . . . 24

\bigparallel (f) . . . . . . . . . 23

\bigplus (

) . . . . . . . . . . . . 24

\BigRightDiamond (/) . . . . . 57\bigsqcap (

) . . . . . . . . . . . 24

\bigsqcap (

) . . . . . . . . . . . 23\bigsqcapplus (

) . . . . . . . . 25

\bigsqcup (F

) . . . . . . . . . . . 23\bigsqcupplus (

) . . . . . . . . 25

\BigSquare ( ) . . . . . . . . . . 57\bigsquplus (

) . . . . . . . . . . 24

\bigstar () . . . . . . . . . . . . 22\bigstar (F) . . . . . . . . . . . . 46\bigtimes (

) . . . . . . . . . . . 24

\BigTriangleDown (#) . . . . . 57\bigtriangledown (

`) . . . . . 23

\bigtriangledown (5 vs.`

) . 68\bigtriangledown (5) . . . . . 20

\BigTriangleLeft (") . . . . . 57

\BigTriangleRight ($) . . . . 57

\BigTriangleUp (!) . . . . . . . 57\bigtriangleup (

a) . . . . . . . 23

\bigtriangleup (4 vs.a

) . . 68\bigtriangleup (4) . . . . . . . 20\biguplus (

U) . . . . . . . . . . . 23

\bigvarstar () . . . . . . . . . . 22

\BigVBar () . . . . . . . . . . . . 57\bigvee (

W) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23

\bigwedge (V

) . . . . . . . . . . . 23\binampersand (N) . . . . . . . . 21binary operators . . . . . . . 20–22binary relations . . . . . . . . 26–31

negated . . . . . . . . . . 27, 28\bindnasrepma (O) . . . . . . . . 21\Biohazard (h) . . . . . . . . . . 52biological symbols . . . . . . . . . 52bishop . . . . . . . see chess symbols

\bishoppair (a) . . . . . . . . . 64blackboard bold . see alphabets,

math\blackdiamond () . . . . . . . . 22\blacklozenge () . . . . . . . . 46\blacksmiley (-) . . . . . . . . . 60\blacksquare () . . . . . . . . . 46\blacktriangle (N) . . . . . . . 46\blacktriangledown () . . . . 22

\blacktriangledown (H) . . . . 46\blacktriangleleft () . . . . 22\blacktriangleleft (J) . . . . 31\blacktriangleright () . . . 22\blacktriangleright (I) . . . 31\blacktriangleup () . . . . . . 22blank . . . . . . . . see \textblank

\Bleech (Ë) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62\blitza () . . . . . . . . . . 20, 34\blitzb () . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34\blitzc () . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34\blitzd () . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34\blitze ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34\Bm (

¯) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64

bm (package) . . . . . . . 79, 83, 84\bm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79\bm (

¯) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64

\bmod . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35body-text symbols . . . . . . . 8–19bold symbols . . . . . . . . . . 78–79\boldmath . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79\boldsymbol . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79born . . . . . . . . . . see \textborn

\bot (⊥) . . . . . . . . . . 20, 36, 70\botdoteq () . . . . . . . . . . . 28\Bouquet (¥) . . . . . . . . . . . . 62\Bowtie (1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60\bowtie (./) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26\Box () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46\Box (2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46\boxast (i) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21\boxasterisk (f) . . . . . . . . . 22\boxbackslash (n) . . . . . . . . 22\boxbar (k) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21\boxbot (k) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22\boxbox () . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21\boxbslash (j) . . . . . . . . . . . 21\boxcirc (e) . . . . . . . . . . . . 22\boxcircle () . . . . . . . . . . . 21\boxcoasterisk (g) . . . . . . . 22\boxdiv (c) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22\boxdot (d) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22\boxdot () . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21\boxdotLeft () . . . . . . . . . 33\boxdotleft () . . . . . . . . . 33\boxdotRight () . . . . . . . . 33\boxdotright () . . . . . . . . 33\boxempty () . . . . . . . . . . . 21\boxLeft () . . . . . . . . . . . 33\boxleft (h) . . . . . . . . . . . . 22\boxleft () . . . . . . . . . . . 33\boxminus (a) . . . . . . . . . . . 22\boxminus () . . . . . . . . . . . 21\boxplus (`) . . . . . . . . . . . . 22\boxplus () . . . . . . . . . . . . 21\boxRight () . . . . . . . . . . 33\boxright (i) . . . . . . . . . . . 22\boxright () . . . . . . . . . . 33\boxslash (m) . . . . . . . . . . . 22

88

\boxslash (l) . . . . . . . . . . . . 21\boxtimes (b) . . . . . . . . . . . 22\boxtimes () . . . . . . . . . . . 21\boxtop (j) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22\boxtriangleup (o) . . . . . . . 22\boxvoid (l) . . . . . . . . . . . . 22\boy (D ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50\braceld (z) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73\bracerd () . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73

\bracevert (>>>>) . . . . . . . . . . 38

brackets . . . . . . . see delimitersbraket (package) . . . . . . . . . . 38breve . . . . . . . . . . . see accents\breve (˘) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40\breve (a) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16\brokenvert (|) . . . . . . . . . . . 60Bronger, Torsten . . . . . . . . . . 70\BS () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51\BSEfree (n) . . . . . . . . . . . . 52\bullet (•) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20bullseye . . . see \textbullseye

\Bumpedeq () . . . . . . . . . . . 28\bumpedeq () . . . . . . . . . . . 28\Bumpeq (m) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26\bumpeq (l) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26

\bupperhand (e) . . . . . . . . . . 64

C\C ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64c (esvect package option) . . . . 43\c (a) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13, 81\c ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64calrsfs (package) . . . . . . . . . . 48\CAN (↑) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51cancel (package) . . . . . . . . . . 41\Cancer (ã) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50\cancer (_) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50\Cap (e) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21\cap (X) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22\cap (∩) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20\Capricorn (é) . . . . . . . . . . . 50\capricornus (d) . . . . . . . . . 50card suits . . . . . . . . . . . . 46, 59cardinality . . . . . . . see \aleph

care of (c/o) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47caret . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . see \^

Carlisle, David . . . . . . . . . 1, 82carriage return 51, 58, 67, see also

\hookleftarrow

\carriagereturn (C) . . . . . . 58castle . . . . . . . see chess symbols\Catalexis (∧) . . . . . . . . . . . 64\catalexis (∧) . . . . . . . . . . . 64catamorphism see \llparenthesis

and \rrparenthesis

\Cc ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64\cc ( CC© ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18\cc ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64

\ccby ( BY:© ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18\Ccc ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64cclicenses (package) . . 18, 83, 84\ccnc ( $\© ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18\ccnd ( =© ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18\ccsa (

C© ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18\cdot (·) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20, 70\cdotp (·) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44\cdots (· · · ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44Cedi . . see \textcolonmonetary

cedilla . . . . . . . . . . . see accents\celsius () . . . . . . . . . . . . 49\Celtcross (‡) . . . . . . . . . . . 62\cent (¢) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18\centerdot ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . 22\centerdot () . . . . . . . . . . . 21

\centre (I) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64cents . . . . . . . . . . see \textcent

\CEsign (C) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52\changenotsign . . . . . . . . . . 28\char . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7, 67\check (ˇ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40check marks . . . . . . . . . . 55, 58\checked () . . . . . . . . . . . . 60\CheckedBox (2) . . . . . . . . . . 55\Checkedbox (V) . . . . . . . . . . 58

\Checkmark (!) . . . . . . . . . . 55\checkmark (X) . . . . . . . . . . . 9

\checkmark (X vs. D) . . . . . . 68

\checkmark (D) . . . . . . . . . . 58

\CheckmarkBold (") . . . . . . . 55chemarr (package) . . . 42, 83, 84chemarrow (package) . 34, 43, 83\chemarrow (A) . . . . . . . . . . 34chess symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . 64\chi (χ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35\chiup (χ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36\circ () . . . . . . . . . . . . 20, 47\circeq () . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28\circeq ($) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26\CIRCLE ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60

\Circle (5) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57

\Circle (# vs. 5) . . . . . . . . 68\Circle (#) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60\circlearrowleft (ö) . . . . . 33\circlearrowleft () . . . . . 32\circlearrowright (÷) . . . . . 33\circlearrowright () . . . . . 32circled numbers . . . . . . . . . . . 55\CircledA (ª) . . . . . . . . . . . 62\circledast (~) . . . . . . . . . . 21\circledbar (V) . . . . . . . . . . 21\circledbslash (W) . . . . . . . 21\circledcirc () . . . . . . . . . 21\circleddash () . . . . . . . . . 21\circleddot . . . . . . . see \odot

\circleddotleft () . . . . . 33

\circleddotright () . . . . . 33\circledgtr (S) . . . . . . . . . . 27\circledless (R) . . . . . . . . . 27\circledminus . . . . see \ominus

\circledotleft . . . . . . . . . see\circleddotleft

\circledotright . . . . . . . . see\circleddotright

\circledplus . . . . . see \oplus

\circledR (r) . . . . . . . . . 9, 37\circledS (s) . . . . . . . . . . . 37\circledslash . . . . see \oslash

\circledtimes . . . . see \otimes

\circledvee (U) . . . . . . . . . . 21\circledwedge (T) . . . . . . . . 21\circleleft () . . . . . . . . . 33\circleright () . . . . . . . . 33circles . . . . . . . . . . . . 57, 58, 60

\CircleShadow (d) . . . . . . . . 57

\CircleSolid (a) . . . . . . . . . 57\Circpipe (›) . . . . . . . . . . . 52\circplus () . . . . . . . . . . . 22\Circsteel (•) . . . . . . . . . . 52circumflex . . . . . . . . see accents\circumflexus (a) . . . . . . . . 16\CleaningA («) . . . . . . . . . . . 62\CleaningF (¾) . . . . . . . . . . . 62\CleaningFF (¿) . . . . . . . . . . 62\CleaningP (¬) . . . . . . . . . . . 62\CleaningPP () . . . . . . . . . . 62\clickb (;) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12\clickc () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12\clickt (R) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12\clock () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60clock symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . 63\Clocklogo (U) . . . . . . . . . . . 58\closedniomega (?) . . . . . . . 12\closedrevepsilon () . . . . . 12\Cloud () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62clovers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56clubs (suit) . . . . . . . . . . . 46, 59\clubsuit (♣) . . . . . . . . . . . 46\coAsterisk () . . . . . . . . . . 22\coasterisk () . . . . . . . . . . 22\Coffeecup (K) . . . . . . . . . . 58\colon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44\colon ( : ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44\Colonapprox () . . . . . . . . 27\colonapprox ( ) . . . . . . . . . 27\Coloneq (H) . . . . . . . . . . . . 27\coloneq () . . . . . . . . . . . . 28\coloneq (D) . . . . . . . . . . . . 27\Coloneqq (F) . . . . . . . . . . . 27\coloneqq (B) . . . . . . . . 20, 27\Colonsim () . . . . . . . . . . . 27\colonsim () . . . . . . . . . . . 27\comment (RR) . . . . . . . . . . . 64communication symbols . . . . . 51

89

comp.text.tex (newsgroup) 7, 20,69–74

\compensation (n) . . . . . . . . 64\complement (A) . . . . . . . . . . 37\complement () . . . . . . . . . . 37complex numbers (C) . . . . . see

alphabets, mathComprehensive TEX Archive Net-

work . . . . . . . 1, 7, 41, 48,82

computer hardware symbols . . 51\ComputerMouse (Í) . . . . . . . . 51\cong () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26conjunction . . . . . . . see \wedge

\conjunction (V) . . . . . . . . . 50contradiction symbols . . . 20, 34control characters . . . . . . . . . 51\convolution () . . . . . . . . . 22\coprod (

`) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23

copyright . . . . . . . . . . 8, 18, 81\copyright (©) . . . . . . . . . . . 8\corner (k) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17\Corresponds (=) . . . . . . . . . 45\corresponds () . . . . . . . . . 28\cos (cos) . . . . . . . . . . . . 35, 78\cosh (cosh) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35\cot (cot) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35\coth (coth) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35

\counterplay (V) . . . . . . . . . 64Courier (PostScript font) . . . . 18CP1252 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80\CR () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51Creative Commons licenses . . 18

\Cross () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57

\Cross († vs. * vs. ) . . . . . . 68\Cross (†) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62

\Cross (*) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54\crossb () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12

\CrossBoldOutline (-) . . . . . 54

\CrossClowerTips (4) . . . . . 54\crossd ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12\Crossedbox (X) . . . . . . . . . . 58crosses . . . . . . . . . . . 54, 55, 62\crossh (#) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12

\CrossMaltese (.) . . . . . . . . 54\crossnilambda (3) . . . . . . . 12

\CrossOpenShadow (+) . . . . . . 54

\CrossOutline (,) . . . . . . . . 54\crtilde (

Ŕa) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15

crucifixes . . . . . . . . . . 54, 55, 62\Crux (†) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40\crux (†) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40\csc (csc) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35CTAN . see Comprehensive TEX

Archive Network\Cube . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63, 67cube root . . . . . . . . . see \sqrt

\Cup (d) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21\cup (Y) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22\cup (∪) . . . . . . . . . . 20, 70, 77\curlyc () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12\curlyeqprec (¶) . . . . . . . . . 28\curlyeqprec (2) . . . . . . . . . 26\curlyeqsucc (·) . . . . . . . . . 28\curlyeqsucc (3) . . . . . . . . . 26\curlyesh (N) . . . . . . . . . . . . 12\curlyvee (O) . . . . . . . . . . . 22\curlyvee (g) . . . . . . . . . . . 21\curlyveedownarrow (.) . . . . 21\curlyveeuparrow (/) . . . . . . 21\curlywedge (N) . . . . . . . . . . 22\curlywedge (f) . . . . . . . . . . 21\curlywedgedownarrow (') . . 21\curlywedgeuparrow (&) . . . . 21\curlyyogh (a) . . . . . . . . . . . 12\curlyz (^) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12\currency (¤) . . . . . . . . . . . . 18currency symbols . . . . 17, 18, 48\curvearrowbotleft (ó) . . . 33\curvearrowbotleftright (õ) 33\curvearrowbotright (ô) . . . 33\curvearrowleft (ð) . . . . . . 33\curvearrowleft (x) . . . . . . 32\curvearrowleftright (ò) . . 33\curvearrowright (ñ) . . . . . 33\curvearrowright (y) . . . . . 32\Cutleft (s) . . . . . . . . . . . . 53\Cutline (r) . . . . . . . . . . . . 53cutoff subtraction . . see \dotdiv

\Cutright (q) . . . . . . . . . . . 53

D\D (a

¨) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17

d (esvect package option) . . . . 43\d (a.) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13\dag (†) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8\dagger (†) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20\daleth (k) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36dangerous bend symbols . . . . 58\dasharrow see \dashrightarrow

\dashint (−R

) . . . . . . . . . . . . 71

\dashleftarrow (c) . . . . . . . 32\dashleftrightarrow (e) . . . 33\dashrightarrow (d) . . . . . . 32\DashV ()) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28\Dashv ()) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28\dashv (a) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26\dashVv (-) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28\davidsstar (C) . . . . . . . . . . 55

\DavidStar (0) . . . . . . . . . . 56

\DavidStarSolid (/) . . . . . . 56\dbar (d) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70\dbend () . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58dblaccnt (package) . . . . . . . . . 72\DCa () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51

\DCb () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51\DCc (‼) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51\DCd (¶) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51\DD (DD) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60\ddag (‡) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8\ddagger (‡) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20

\ddashint (=R

) . . . . . . . . . . . . 71

\ddddot (....

) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40\dddot (

...) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40

\DDohne (DD/ ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60\ddot (¨) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40

\ddots (. . .) . . . . . . . . . . 44, 72

\DeclareFontFamily . . . . . . . 77\DeclareFontShape . . . . . . . . 77\DeclareMathOperator . . . . . 78\DeclareMathOperator* . . . . 78\declareslashed . . . . . . . . . 70definite-description operator ( ι) 69definition symbols . . . . . . 20, 74\deg (deg) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35\degree (0) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46\degree (°) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49degrees . . . . . . see \textdegree

\DEL () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51\Deleatur . . . . . . see \Denarius

delimiters . . . . . . . . . . . . 37–40text-mode . . . . . . . . . . . 40variable-sized . . . . . . 38–40

\Delta (∆) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35\delta (δ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35\deltaup (δ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36\Denarius (¢) . . . . . . . . . . . 18\dental (ag) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15derivitive, partial . . see \partial

\descnode () . . . . . . . . . . . 50\det (det) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35

\devadvantage (t) . . . . . . . . 64

\Dfourier ( ........... c) . . . . . . . . . 29

\dfourier ( c ........... ) . . . . . . . . . 29

\DFT ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41

\dft ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41\DH (Ð) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9\DH ( D) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12\dh (ð) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9\dh (k) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12diacritics . . . . . . . . . see accents\diaeresis (a) . . . . . . . . . . . 16diæresis . . . . . . . . . see accents\diagdown (å) . . . . . . . . . . . 46\diagdown () . . . . . . . . . . . 46

\diagonal (G) . . . . . . . . . . . 64\diagup (ä) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46\diagup () . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46\diameter (I) . . . . . . . . . . . 46\diameter () . . . . . . . . . . . 20\diameter () . . . . . . . . . . . 60

90

\Diamond (^) . . . . . . . . . . . . 46\Diamond (3) . . . . . . . . . . . . 46\diamond () . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20\Diamondblack (_) . . . . . . . . 46\Diamonddot () . . . . . . . . . . 46\DiamonddotLeft () . . . . . 33\Diamonddotleft () . . . . . 33\DiamonddotRight () . . . . . 33\Diamonddotright () . . . . . 33\DiamondLeft () . . . . . . . . 33\Diamondleft () . . . . . . . . 33\DiamondRight () . . . . . . . 33\Diamondright () . . . . . . . 33diamonds . . . . . . . . . . . . 57, 58diamonds (suit) . . . . . . . . 46, 59

\DiamondShadowA () . . . . . . 57

\DiamondShadowB () . . . . . . 57

\DiamondShadowC () . . . . . . 57

\Diamondshape (6) . . . . . . . . 57

\DiamondSolid (p) . . . . . . . . 57\diamondsuit (♦) . . . . . . . . . 46\diatop . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17, 72\diaunder . . . . . . . . . . . . 17, 72dice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63, 67dictionary symbols . . . 10–13, 66dictsym (package) . . . 66, 83, 84died . . . . . . . . . . see \textdied

differential, inexact . . see \dbar

\digamma (z) . . . . . . . . . . . . 35digits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45

circled . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55LCD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49Mayan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45old-style . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19segmented . . . . . . . . . . . 49

\dim (dim) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35\ding . . . . . . . 10, 53–56, 58, 59dingautolist . . . . . . . . . . . . 55dingbat (package) . 54, 58, 68, 83,

84dingbat symbols . . . . . . . 53–59\Diple (>) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64\diple (>) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64\Diple* (>·· ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64\diple* (>·· ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64discount . . . see \textdiscount

discretionary hyphen . . . . . . . 82disjunction . . . . . . . . . see \vee

\displaystyle . . . 70, 71, 73, 78ditto marks . see \textquotedbl

\div (÷) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20\divdot () . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22\divideontimes () . . . . . . . 22\divideontimes (>) . . . . . . . 21\divides () . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28division . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20, 41

non-commutative . . . . . . 44

division times see \divideontimes

divorced . . . see \textdivorced

\DJ (Ð) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9\dj (đ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9\dlbari (() . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12\DLE () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51\dlsh (ê) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33does not divide . . . . . see \nmid

does not exist . . . . see \nexists

\Dohne (D/ ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60dollar . . . . . . . see \textdollar

dollar sign . . . . . . . . . . . . see \$

\Dontwash (Ý) . . . . . . . . . . . 62\dot ( ˙ ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40dot symbols . . . . . . . . . . 44, 45\dotcup ( ·∪) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70\dotdiv () . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22\Doteq . . . . . . . . see \doteqdot

\doteq () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26\doteqdot (+) . . . . . . . . . . . 26dotless i (ı)

math mode . . . . . . . 40, 46text mode . . . . . . . . . . . 13

dotless j ()math mode . . . . . . . 40, 46text mode . . . . . . . . . . . 13

\dotplus () . . . . . . . . . . . . 22\dotplus (u) . . . . . . . . . . . . 21\dots (. . . ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8dots (ellipses) . . . . . 8, 44–46, 72\dotsb (· · · ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45\dotsc (. . .) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45\dotseq () . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28\dotsi (· · · ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45\dotsint (

¯) . . . . . . . . . . . 26

\dotsm (· · · ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45\dotso (. . .) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45dotted union (∪) . . . . . . . . . . 77

\dottedtilde (..a) . . . . . . . . . 15

\dottimes () . . . . . . . . . . . 22\double . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39, 40\doublebarwedge (Z) . . . . . . 22\doublebarwedge ([) . . . . . . . 21\doublecap . . . . . . . . . see \Cap

\doublecap (\) . . . . . . . . . . . 22\doublecup . . . . . . . . . see \Cup

\doublecup (]) . . . . . . . . . . . 22

\doublepawns (d) . . . . . . . . . 64\doubletilde (˜a) . . . . . . . . . 15\DOWNarrow (L) . . . . . . . . . . . 60\Downarrow (⇓) . . . . . . . . 32, 38\downarrow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77\downarrow (↓) . . . . . . . . 32, 38\downbracketfill . . . . . . . . . 73\downdownarrows (Ó) . . . . . . 33\downdownarrows () . . . . . . 32\downdownharpoons (Û) . . . . . 34Downes, Michael J. . . . . . 35, 85

\downharpoonleft (å) . . . . . . 34\downharpoonleft () . . . . . . 33\downharpoonright (ç) . . . . . 34\downharpoonright () . . . . . 33\downp (u) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17\downparenthfill . . . . . . . . . 73\downt (m) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17\downtouparrow (ÿ) . . . . . . . 33\downuparrows (×) . . . . . . . . 33\downupharpoons (ë) . . . . . . . 34\drsh (ë) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33\DS (SS) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60\Ds (ss) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60\dsaeronautical (a) . . . . . . 66\dsagricultural (G) . . . . . . 66\dsarchitectural (A) . . . . . 66\dsbiological (B) . . . . . . . . 66\dschemical (C) . . . . . . . . . . 66\dscommercial (c) . . . . . . . . 66dsfont (package) . . . . . . . 48, 83\dsheraldical (H) . . . . . . . . 66\dsjuridical (J) . . . . . . . . . 66\dsliterary (L) . . . . . . . . . . 66\dsmathematical (M) . . . . . . . 66\dsmedical (m) . . . . . . . . . . . 66\dsmilitary (X) . . . . . . . . . . 66\dsrailways (R) . . . . . . . . . . 66\dstechnical (T) . . . . . . . . . 66DVI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18, 76\dz () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12

Ee (esvect package option) . . . . 43\e (e) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37ε-TEX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38\Earth (C) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50\Earth (Ê) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50\earth () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50\Ecommerce () . . . . . . . . . . 18

\EightAsterisk (Z) . . . . . . . 56

\EightFlowerPetal (S) . . . . 56

\EightFlowerPetalRemoved (Y). . . . . . . . . 56

\eighthnote () . . . . . . . . . . 60

\EightStar (H) . . . . . . . . . . 56

\EightStarBold (I) . . . . . . . 56

\EightStarConvex (F) . . . . . 56

\EightStarTaper (E) . . . . . . 56\ejective (e) . . . . . . . . . . . . 12electrical symbols . . . . . . . . . 49electromotive force (E) . . . . . see

alphabets, math\ell (`) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36

\Ellipse (b) . . . . . . . . . . . . 57ellipses (dots) . . . . . 8, 44–46, 72ellipses (ovals) . . . . . . . . . . . . 57

\EllipseShadow (e) . . . . . . . 57

91

\EllipseSolid (c) . . . . . . . . 57\EM (↓) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51\Email (k) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51\Emailct (z) . . . . . . . . . . . . 51\emgma (M) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12empheq (package) . . . 42, 83, 84\emptyset (∅) . . . . . . . . . . . . 46end of proof . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46

\ending (L) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64\eng (8) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12engineering symbols . . . . . 49, 52\engma (n) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12\ENQ (♣) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51entails . . . . . . . . . . . see \models

enter . . . . . . . see carriage return

\Envelope () . . . . . . . . . . . . 59\enya (N) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12\EOT (♦) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51\epsi (") . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12\epsilon (ε) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35\epsilonup (ε) . . . . . . . . . . . 36\eqbumped () . . . . . . . . . . . 28\eqcirc () . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28\eqcirc (P) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26\Eqcolon (I) . . . . . . . . . . . . 27\eqcolon () . . . . . . . . . . . . 28\eqcolon (E) . . . . . . . . . . . . 27\Eqqcolon (G) . . . . . . . . . . . 27\eqqcolon (C) . . . . . . . . . . . 27\eqsim (h) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27\eqslantgtr (·) . . . . . . . . . . 31\eqslantgtr (1) . . . . . . . . . . 30\eqslantless (¶) . . . . . . . . . 31\eqslantless (0) . . . . . . . . . 30

\equal (j) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64\equalsfill . . . . . . . . . . 20, 74equilibrium . . . . . . . . . . . . . see

\rightleftharpoons

\equiv (≡) . . . . . . . . . . . 20, 26equivalence . . . . . . . . . . . . . see

\equiv, \leftrightarrow,and \threesim

\er () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12es-zet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . see \ss

\ESC (←) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51escapable characters . . . . . . . . 8\esh (M) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12\esh (s) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12esint (package) . . . . . . . . . 26, 83\Estatically (J) . . . . . . . . . 52estimated . . see \textestimated

esvect (package) . . . . . . . . 43, 83\eta (η) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35\etaup (η) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36\ETB () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51

\etc (P) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64\eth (ð) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46\eth () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12

\eth (d) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12\ETX (♥) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51eufrak (package) . . . . . . . . . . 48Euler Roman . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36\EUR (e ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18\EURcr (d) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18\EURdig (D) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18\EURhv (c) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18\euro . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18euro signs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18

blackboard bold . . . . . . . 48eurosym (package) . . . 18, 83, 84\EURtm (e) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18euscript (package) . . . 48, 83, 84evaluated at (|) . . . . . . . . . . . 38exclusive or . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67\exists (D) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37\exists (∃) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36\exp (exp) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35\Explosionsafe (`) . . . . . . . 52extarrows (package) . . 44, 83, 84extensible accents . . . 41–44, 73extensible arrows . . . . . . . 41–44extensible tildes . . . . . . . . 41, 44extension characters . . . . . . . 34extraipa (package) . . . . . . 15, 83\eye (E) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58\EyesDollar (¦) . . . . . . . . . . 18

Ff (esvect package option) . . . . 43\fallingdotseq () . . . . . . . 28\fallingdotseq (;) . . . . . . . 26\FallingEdge (!) . . . . . . . . . 49\fatbslash ()) . . . . . . . . . . . 21\fatsemi (#) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21\fatslash (() . . . . . . . . . . . . 21\FAX (u) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51\fax (t) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51\Faxmachine (v) . . . . . . . . . 51fc (package) . . . . . . . . . . . 9, 13fclfont (package) . . . . . . . . . . 83feet . . . . . . . . . . see \prime and

\textquotesingle

\FEMALE () . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52\Female (~) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52\female () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52\FemaleFemale („) . . . . . . . . 52\FemaleMale (…) . . . . . . . . . . 52

\Ferli (aa.) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61

\Fermi (aa.

) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61Feynman slashed character nota-

tion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70\FF () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51\FHBOLOGO (f) . . . . . . . . . . . . 62\FHBOlogo (F) . . . . . . . . . . . . 62

\file (H) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64

\FilledBigCircle (U) . . . . . 57

\FilledBigDiamondshape (V) 57

\FilledBigSquare (P) . . . . . 57

\FilledBigTriangleDown (S) 57

\FilledBigTriangleLeft (R) 57

\FilledBigTriangleRight (T) 57

\FilledBigTriangleUp (Q) . . 57

\FilledCircle (e) . . . . . . . . 57\FilledCloud ( ) . . . . . . . . . 62

\FilledDiamondShadowA () . 57

\FilledDiamondShadowC () . 57

\FilledDiamondshape (f) . . . 57

\FilledHut () . . . . . . . . . . . 63

\FilledRainCloud (!) . . . . . 62

\FilledSectioningDiamond (). . . . . . . . . 63

\FilledSmallCircle (u) . . . 57

\FilledSmallDiamondshape (v). . . . . . . . . 57

\FilledSmallSquare (p) . . . 57

\FilledSmallTriangleDown (s). . . . . . . . . 57

\FilledSmallTriangleLeft (r). . . . . . . . . 57

\FilledSmallTriangleRight (t). . . . . . . . . 57

\FilledSmallTriangleUp (q) 57

\FilledSnowCloud ($) . . . . . 62

\FilledSquare (`) . . . . . . . . 57

\FilledSquareShadowA () . . 57

\FilledSquareShadowC () . . 57

\filledsquarewithdots (C) . 58

\FilledSunCloud (#) . . . . . . 62

\FilledTriangleDown (c) . . . 57

\FilledTriangleLeft (b) . . . 57

\FilledTriangleRight (d) . . 57

\FilledTriangleUp (a) . . . . 57\FilledWeakRainCloud (") . . 62\finpartvoice (a») . . . . . . . . 15\finpartvoiceless (a») . . . . . 15

\fint (>

) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25

\fint (ffl) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26

\Finv (F) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37\Finv (`) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37

\Fire () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63fish hook . . . . . . . see \strictif

\FiveFlowerOpen (R) . . . . . . 56

\FiveFlowerPetal (P) . . . . . 56

\FiveStar (8) . . . . . . . . . . . 56

\FiveStarCenterOpen (;) . . . 56

\FiveStarConvex (?) . . . . . . 56

92

\FiveStarLines (7) . . . . . . . 56

\FiveStarOpen (9) . . . . . . . . 56

\FiveStarOpenCircled (:) . . 56

\FiveStarOpenDotted (<) . . . 56

\FiveStarOutline (=) . . . . . 56

\FiveStarOutlineHeavy (>) . 56

\FiveStarShadow (@) . . . . . . 56\Fixedbearing (%) . . . . . . . . 52

\fixedddots (. . .) . . . . . . . . . 44

\fixedvdots (...) . . . . . . . . . . . 44

fixmath (package) . . . . . . . . . 79\fj (F) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12

\Flag () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63\flap (f) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12\flapr (D) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12\flat ([) . . . . . . . . . . . . 46, 60\Flatsteel (–) . . . . . . . . . . . 52florin . . . . . . . see \textflorin

flowers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56

\Fog () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62font encodings . . . . . . . 7, 80, 82

7-bit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78-bit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7ASCII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82document . . . . . . . . . . . . 80Latin 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82limiting scope of . . . . . . . . 7LY1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7OT1 7, 9, 13, 72, 79, 80, 82OT2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69T1 . . . . . . . . . . 7, 9, 13, 80T4 . . . . . . . . . . . . 9, 13, 16T5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9, 13TS1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82

fontdef.dtx (file) . . . . . . 69, 72fontenc (package) . . . 7, 9, 13, 80\fontencoding . . . . . . . . . . . . 7fonts, PostScript

Courier . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18Helvetica . . . . . . . . . . . . 18Symbol . . . . . . . . . . 36, 67Times . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18Type 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77Zapf Chancery . . . . . . . . 48Zapf Dingbats . . . . . 53, 55

\Football (o) . . . . . . . . . . . . 58\forall (∀) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36\Force (l) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52\Forward (·) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61\ForwardToEnd (¸) . . . . . . . . 61\ForwardToIndex (¹) . . . . . 61

\FourAsterisk (1) . . . . . . . . 56

\FourClowerOpen (V) . . . . . . 56

\FourClowerSolid (W) . . . . . 56

\Fourier ( c) . . . . . . . . . . 29

\fourier ( c ) . . . . . . . . . . 29Fourier transform (F) . . . . . see

alphabets, math\FourStar (5) . . . . . . . . . . . 56

\FourStarOpen (6) . . . . . . . . 56\fourth (4) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46fractions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47fraktur . . . . see alphabets, math\frown (_) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26\frownie (/) . . . . . . . . . . . . 60\Frowny (§) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62

\FS () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51\FullFHBO () . . . . . . . . . . . 62\fullmoon (M) . . . . . . . . . . . 50\fullmoon (#) . . . . . . . . . . . 50\fullnote () . . . . . . . . . . . . 60

G\G (a) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13g (esvect package option) . . . . 43\Game (G) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37\Game (a) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37\Gamma (Γ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35\gamma (γ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35\gammaup (γ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36\Ganz ( ¯ ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60\GaPa (<) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60\gcd (gcd) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35\ge . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . see \geq

\Gemini (R ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50\Gemini (â) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50\gemini (^) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50genealogical symbols . . . . . . . 60\geneuro (AC) . . . . . . . . . . . . 18\geneuronarrow (BC) . . . . . . . 18\geneurowide (CC) . . . . . . . . . 18gensymb (package) . . . . . . . . . 49\Gentsroom (x) . . . . . . . . . . . 58geometric shapes . . . . . . . 56–58\geq (¥) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31\geq (≥) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30, 31\geqq (¯) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31\geqq (=) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30\geqslant (>) . . . . . . . . . . . 30\gets . . . . . . . . see \leftarrow

\gg (") . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31\gg () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30\ggcurly (Ï) . . . . . . . . . . . . 28\ggg (Ï) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31\ggg (≫) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30\ggg (≫ vs. Ï) . . . . . . . . . . 68\gggtr . . . . . . . . . . . . see \ggg

Gibbons, Jeremy . . . . . . . . . . 85\gimel (ג) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36\girl (B ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50\glotstop (b) . . . . . . . . . . . . 12\glottal (?) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12\gluon (QPPPPPPR) . . . . . . . . . . . 49

\gnapprox (Ë) . . . . . . . . . . . 31\gnapprox () . . . . . . . . . . . 30\gneq () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31\gneq ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30\gneqq (³) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31\gneqq () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30\gnsim (Å) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31\gnsim () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30graphics (package) . . . . . . . . . 69graphicx (package) . . . . . . 17, 69\grave (`) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40\gravis (a) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16greater-than signs see inequalitiesGreek . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35, 36

blackboard bold . . . . . . . 48bold . . . . . . . . . . . . 35, 78upright . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36

Gregorio, Enrico . . . . . . . . . . 70\GS (↔) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51\gtrapprox (Ç) . . . . . . . . . . . 31\gtrapprox (') . . . . . . . . . . . 30\gtrdot (Í) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31\gtrdot (m) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30\gtreqless (½) . . . . . . . . . . . 31

\gtreqless (R) . . . . . . . . . . . 30

\gtreqqless (¿) . . . . . . . . . . 31

\gtreqqless (T) . . . . . . . . . . 30

\gtrless (») . . . . . . . . . . . . 31\gtrless (≷) . . . . . . . . . . . . 30\gtrsim (Á) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31\gtrsim (&) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30\guillemotleft («) . . . . . . 9, 81\guillemotright (») . . . . . 9, 81\guilsinglleft (‹) . . . . . . . . . 9\guilsinglright (›) . . . . . . . . 9\gvertneqq (µ) . . . . . . . . . . . 31\gvertneqq () . . . . . . . . . . . 30

H\H (a) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13h (esvect package option) . . . . 43\h (£) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13\HA (A) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66

\Ha (a) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66hacek . . . . . . . . . . . see accents

\Hail () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62\Halb ( ˘ “) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60

\HalfCircleLeft (s) . . . . . . . 57

\HalfCircleRight (r) . . . . . . 57

\HalfFilledHut () . . . . . . . 63\halflength (p) . . . . . . . . . . 17\halfnote ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . 60

\HalfSun () . . . . . . . . . . . . 62Hamiltonian (H) . see alphabets,

math\HandCuffLeft () . . . . . . . . 54

\HandCuffLeftUp () . . . . . . 54

93

\HandCuffRight ( ) . . . . . . . 54

\HandCuffRightUp () . . . . . 54

\HandLeft () . . . . . . . . . . . 54

\HandLeftUp () . . . . . . . . . 54

\HandPencilLeft () . . . . . . 54

\HandRight () . . . . . . . . . . 54

\HandRightUp () . . . . . . . . 54hands . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54\Handwash (Ü) . . . . . . . . . . . 62\HaPa (<) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60harmony (package) . 60, 61, 83, 84harpoons . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32–34\hash (#) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46hash mark . . . . . . . . . . . . see \#

\hat (ˆ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40\hausaB (B) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12\hausab (b) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12\hausaD (T) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12\hausad (D) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12\hausaK (K) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12\hausak (k) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12

\HB (B) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66

\Hb (b) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66

\HBar () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57\hbar (~) . . . . . . . . . 36, 37, 69\HC (C) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66

\Hc (c) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66

\HCthousand (6) . . . . . . . . . 66\HD (D) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66

\Hd (d) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66\Hdual (¸) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66\HE (E) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66\He (e) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66\Heart (Œ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62hearts (suit) . . . . . . . . . . 46, 59\heartsuit (♥) . . . . . . . . . . . 46Hebrew . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36, 48Helvetica (PostScript font) . . . 18\HERMAPHRODITE () . . . . . . . 52\Hermaphrodite () . . . . . . . 52\hexagon (7) . . . . . . . . . . . . 56\Hexasteel (’) . . . . . . . . . . . 52\hexstar (A) . . . . . . . . . . . . 55\HF (F) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49\HF (F) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66\Hf (f) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66\HG (G) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66\Hg (g) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66\HH . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61

\HH (H) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66\Hh (h) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66\Hhundred (3) . . . . . . . . . . . . 66

\HI (I) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66

\Hi (i) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66

\Hibl (˝) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66

\Hibp (ˆ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66

\Hibs (¨) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66

\Hibw (˜) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66hieroglf (package) . . . 66, 83, 84hieroglyphics . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66Hilbert space (H) see alphabets,

math\hill (a) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16

\HJ (J) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66\Hj (j) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66\HK (K) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66\Hk (k) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66\hksqrt (

√) . . . . . . . . . . . . 71

\HL (L) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66\Hl (l) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66\HM (M) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66

\Hm (m) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66

\Hman (ˇ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66

\Hmillion (7) . . . . . . . . . . . 66

\Hms (´) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66\HN (N) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66\Hn (n) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66\HO (O) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66

\Ho (o) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66Holt, Alexander . . . . . . . . . 1, 82

\holter ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . 44

holtpolt (package) . . . . . . 44, 83\hom (hom) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35\Hone (|) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66\hookb () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12\hookd () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12\hookd (D) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12\hookg () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12\hookh ($) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12\hookheng (%) . . . . . . . . . . . . 12\hookleftarrow (← ) . . . . . . 32\hookrevepsilon () . . . . . . . 12\hookrightarrow (→) . . . . . 32Horn, Berthold . . . . . . . . . . . 48\HP (P) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66\Hp (p) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66\Hplural (˙) . . . . . . . . . . . 66

\Hplus (+) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66\HQ (Q) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66\Hq (q) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66

\Hquery (?) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66\HR (R) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66\Hr (r) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66\HS (S) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66

\Hs (s) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66

\Hscribe (¯) . . . . . . . . . . . . 66

\Hslash (/) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66\hslash () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37\Hsv (˚) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66\HT (T) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66\HT (T) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51\Ht (t) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66\Hten (2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66

\Hthousand (4) . . . . . . . . . . . 66

\Htongue (˘) . . . . . . . . . . . 66

\HU (U) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66

\Hu (u) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66Hungarian umlaut . . see accents

\Hut () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63

\HV (V) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66\Hv (v) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66\hv (") . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12\Hvbar (|) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66\HW (W) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66

\Hw (w) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66\HX (X) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66

\Hx (x) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66

\HXthousand (5) . . . . . . . . . . 66

\HY (Y) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66

\Hy (y) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66hyphen, discretionary . . . . . . . 82

\HZ (Z) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66\Hz (z) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66

I\i (ı) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13\ibar ( i ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12IBM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51, 80\IceMountain () . . . . . . . . . 63

\iddots (. ..) . . . . . . . . . . 45, 72

\idotsint (R···R

) . . . . . . . . 23

\idotsint ('

) . . . . . . . . . 25

\iff . see \Longleftrightarrow

ifsym (package) 49, 57, 62, 63, 68,83, 84

\iiiint (RRRR

) . . . . . . . . . . 23

\iiiint (%

) . . . . . . . . . . . . 25

\iiiint (ˇ

) . . . . . . . . . . . . 26\iiint (

µ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24

\iiint (RRR

) . . . . . . . . . . . . 23

\iiint (#

) . . . . . . . . . . 23, 25

\iiint (˝

) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26\iint (

´) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24

\iint (RR

) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23

\iint (!

) . . . . . . . . . . . . 23, 25

\iint (˜

) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26\Im (=) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36\im (j) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37\imath (ı) . . . . . . . . . . . . 36, 40

94

\impliedby . see \Longleftarrow

\implies . see \Longrightarrow

and \vdash

impulse train . . . . . . . . . see sha\in (P) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37\in (∈) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36inches . . . . . . . see \second and

\textquotedbl

independenceprobabilistic . . . . . . . . . . 71statistical . . . . . . . . . . . . 71stochastic . . . . . . see \bot

\independent (⊥⊥) . . . . . . . . . 71\Industry (I) . . . . . . . . . . . 58inequalities . . . . . . . . . 8, 30, 31inexact differential . . . see \dbar

\inf (inf) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35\Info (i) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58information symbols . . . . . . . 58informator symbols . . . . . . . . 64\infty (8) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46\infty (∞) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46\inipartvoice (a– ) . . . . . . . . 15\inipartvoiceless (a– ) . . . . . 15

\injlim (inj lim) . . . . . . . . . . 35\inplus (A) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27\int (

³) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24

\int (R

) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23

\int (r

) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23integers (Z) . see alphabets, mathintegrals . . . . . . . . . . 23–26, 71integrals (wasysym package option)

. . . . . . . . . 23\intercal (ᵀ) . . . . . . . . . . . . 21\interleave (9) . . . . . . . . . . 21intersection . . . . . . . . . see \cap

\Interval () . . . . . . . . . . . 63\inva () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12\invamp (M) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21\invdiameter () . . . . . . . . . 60\inve (U) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12\InversTransformHoriz () 29

\InversTransformVert () . . 29\invf (,) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12\invglotstop (d) . . . . . . . . . 12\invh (&) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12\invlegr (I) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12\invm (5) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12\invneg () . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27\invr (G) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12\invscr (K) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12\invscripta () . . . . . . . . . . 12\invv () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12\invw (Z) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12\invy (\) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12\iota (ι) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35\iotaup (ι) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36\ipagamma ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . 12

\IroningI (¯) . . . . . . . . . . . 62\IroningII (°) . . . . . . . . . . 62\IroningIII (±) . . . . . . . . . 62

\Irritant () . . . . . . . . . . . 63\ismodeledby (=|) . . . . . . . . . 69ISO character entities . . . . . . 82isoent (package) . . . . . . . . . . . 82

J\j () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13

\JackStar (2) . . . . . . . . . . . 56

\JackStarBold (3) . . . . . . . . 56Jewish star . . . . . . . . . . . 55, 56\jmath () . . . . . . . . . . . . 36, 40\Joch () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63\Join (Z) . . . . . . . . . . . . 26, 27\joinrel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69\Jupiter (E ) . . . . . . . . . . . . 50\Jupiter (Å) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50\jupiter (X) . . . . . . . . . . . . 50

K\k ( ˛) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13\kappa (κ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35\kappaup (κ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36\ker (ker) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35\Keyboard (Ï) . . . . . . . . . . . 51king . . . . . . . . see chess symbolsknight . . . . . . . see chess symbolsKnuth, Donald E. . . . . 7, 80, 85

symbols by . . . . . . . . 58, 61\Kr ( l) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61\kreuz (6) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60

\kside (O) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64\Kutline (R) . . . . . . . . . . . . 53

L\L ( L) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9\l ( l) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9\labdentalnas (4) . . . . . . . . 12\labvel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16\Ladiesroom (y) . . . . . . . . . . 58Lagrangian (L) . . see alphabets,

math\Lambda (Λ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35\lambda (λ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35\lambdabar (o) . . . . . . . . . . . 46\lambdaslash (n) . . . . . . . . . 46\lambdaup (λ) . . . . . . . . . . . . 36Lamport, Leslie . . . . . . . . 82, 85\land . . . . . . . . . . . see \wedge

\landdownint (%) . . . . . . . . . 26

\landupint (#) . . . . . . . . . . . 26

\Langle (<) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48\lAngle (〈〈) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39\langle (〈) . . . . . . . . . . . 20, 38

\Laplace ( s c) . . . . . . . . . . 29

\laplace ( c s) . . . . . . . . . . 29

Laplace transform (L) . . . . . seealphabets, math

Laplacian (∆) . . . . . see \Delta

Laplacian (∇2) . . . . see \nabla

\largepencil (W) . . . . . . . . 54

\larrowfill . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43\Laserbeam (a) . . . . . . . . . 52LATEX . . . . . . . . 1, 7, 23, 35, 38,

42, 44, 46, 53, 64, 67, 69, 70,72–74, 77, 78, 80, 82, 83, 85

LATEX 2ε 1, 7, 8, 18–20, 26, 29, 32,41, 44, 46, 48, 62, 67–69, 71,72, 76, 77, 79–82, 85

latexsym (package) 20, 26, 29, 32,46, 67, 83, 84

\latfric (/) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12Latin 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . 7, 80, 82

table . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81laundry symbols . . . . . . . . . . 62\Lbag (P) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37\lbag (N) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37\lbbbrack (v) . . . . . . . . . . . . 39\Lbrack ([) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48\lBrack ([[) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39LCD digits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49\lCeil (dd) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39\lceil (d) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38\lcm (lcm) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78\lcorners (v) . . . . . . . . . . . . 37\ldotp (.) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44\ldots (. . .) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44\le . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . see \leq

\leadsto () . . . . . . . . . 27, 32leaf . . . . . . . . . . . see \textleaf

\left . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38, 39\LEFTarrow () . . . . . . . . . . . 60\Leftarrow (⇐) . . . . . . . 20, 32\leftarrow (Ð) . . . . . . . . . . 33\leftarrow (←) . . . . . . . . . . 32\leftarrowtail () . . . . . . . 32\leftarrowtriangle (^) . . . 33\leftbarharpoon (Ü) . . . . . . 34\LEFTCIRCLE (G) . . . . . . . . . . 60\LEFTcircle (G#) . . . . . . . . . . 60\Leftcircle (I) . . . . . . . . . . 60\leftharpoondown (â) . . . . . 34\leftharpoondown () . . . . . 32\leftharpoonup (à) . . . . . . . 34\leftharpoonup () . . . . . . . 32\leftleftarrows (Ð) . . . . . . 33\leftleftarrows (⇔) . . . . . . 32\leftleftharpoons (Ø) . . . . 34\leftmoon (K ) . . . . . . . . . . . 50\leftmoon ($) . . . . . . . . . . . 50\leftp (v) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17\leftpointright (R) . . . . . 54

95

\Leftrightarrow (⇔) . . . . . . 32\leftrightarrow (Ø) . . . . . . 33\leftrightarrow (↔) . . . . . . 32\leftrightarroweq (-) . . . . . 33\leftrightarrows (Ô) . . . . . 33\leftrightarrows () . . . . . 32\leftrightarrowtriangle (]) 33\leftrightharpoon (à) . . . . 34\leftrightharpoons (è) . . . 34\leftrightharpoons () . . . 33\leftrightharpoonsfill . . . . 43\leftrightsquigarrow (ú) 33\leftrightsquigarrow (!) . 32\Leftscissors (S) . . . . . . . . 53\leftslice (2) . . . . . . . . . . . 21\leftsquigarrow (ø) . . . . . 33\leftsquigarrow (f) . . . . . . 33\leftt (n) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17\leftthreetimes ($) . . . . . . 46\leftthreetimes (h) . . . . . . 21\leftthumbsdown (D) . . . . . 54\leftthumbsup (U) . . . . . . . 54\lefttorightarrow (ü) . . . . 33\Lefttorque (&) . . . . . . . . . 52\leftturn (") . . . . . . . . . . . 60legal symbols . . . . . . . . 8, 18, 81\legm (6) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12\legr (E) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12\length (q) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17\Leo (ä) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50\leo () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50\leq (¤) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31\leq (≤) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30, 31\leqq (®) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31\leqq (5) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30\leqslant (6) . . . . . . . . . . . 30less-than signs . . see inequalities\lessapprox (Æ) . . . . . . . . . . 31\lessapprox (/) . . . . . . . . . . 30\lessdot (Ì) . . . . . . . . . . . . 31\lessdot (l) . . . . . . . . . . . . 30\lesseqgtr (¼) . . . . . . . . . . . 31

\lesseqgtr (Q) . . . . . . . . . . . 30

\lesseqqgtr (¾) . . . . . . . . . . 31

\lesseqqgtr (S) . . . . . . . . . . 30

\lessgtr (º) . . . . . . . . . . . . 31\lessgtr (≶) . . . . . . . . . . . . 30\lesssim (À) . . . . . . . . . . . . 31\lesssim (.) . . . . . . . . . . . . 30\Letter () . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63\Letter (B vs. ) . . . . . . . . 68\Letter (B) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51letter-like symbols . . . . . . 36, 37letters . . . . . . . . . . see alphabets

barred . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69non-ASCII . . . . . . . . . . . . 9slashed . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70variant Latin . . . . . . . . . 36

\LF () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51\lfilet (7) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39

\lFloor (bb) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39\lfloor (b) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38\lg (lg) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35

\lgroup (

8:) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38

\LHD () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21\lhd (C) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20, 21\lhdbend (~) . . . . . . . . . . . 58\Libra (æ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50\libra (a) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50\lightbulb (A) . . . . . . . . . . . 77lightbulb.map (file) . . . . . . . 83lightbulb.mf (file) . . 74–76, 83lightbulb.sty (file) . . . . . . . 77lightbulb10.2602gf (file) . . . 76lightbulb10.dvi (file) . . . . . 76lightbulb10.mf (file) 74–76, 83lightbulb10.tfm (file) . . . . . 77

\Lightning (E vs. ) . . . . . . 68\Lightning (E) . . . . . . . . . . . 51

\Lightning () . . . . . . . . . . 62\lightning ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . 33\lightning ( vs. ) . . . . . . . 68\lightning () . . . . . . . . . . . 60\lim (lim) . . . . . . . . . . . . 35, 78\liminf (lim inf) . . . . . . . 35, 78limits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35\limsup (lim sup) . . . . . . 35, 78linear implication see \multimap

\Lineload (L) . . . . . . . . . . . 52linguistic symbols . . . . . . 10–13\lJoin (X) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27\ll (!) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31\ll () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30\llap . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72\llbracket (~) . . . . . . . . . . . 39\llceil (V) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37\llcorner (z) . . . . . . . . . . . . 37\llcorner (x) . . . . . . . . . . . . 37\llcurly (Î) . . . . . . . . . . . . 28\Lleftarrow (W) . . . . . . . . . 32\llfloor (T) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37\lll (Î) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31\lll (≪) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30\lll (≪ vs. Î) . . . . . . . . . . 68\llless . . . . . . . . . . . see \lll

\llparenthesis (L) . . . . . . . . 37

\lmoustache (

8;) . . . . . . . . . 38

\ln (ln) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35\lnapprox (Ê) . . . . . . . . . . . 31\lnapprox () . . . . . . . . . . . 30\lneq (¬) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31\lneq () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30\lneqq (²) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31\lneqq () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30

\lnot . . . . . . . . . . . . . see \neg

\lnsim (Ä) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31\lnsim () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30local ring (O) see alphabets, math\log (log) . . . . . . . . . . . . 35, 78log-like symbols . . . . . . . . 35, 78logical operators

and . . . . . . . . . see \wedge

not . . . . see \neg and \sim

or . . . . . . . . . . . . see \vee

\logof () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27lollipop . . . . . . . . see \multimap

long division . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41longdiv (package) . . . . . . . . . . 41\Longleftarrow (⇐=) . . . . . . 32\longleftarrow (←−) . . . . . . 32\Longleftrightarrow (⇐⇒) 32,

62\longleftrightarrow (←→) . 32\Longmapsfrom (⇐= \) . . . . . . . 33\longmapsfrom (←− [) . . . . . . . 33\Longmapsto (=⇒) . . . . . . . . 33\longmapsto (7−→) . . . . . . . . 32\LongPulseHigh (&) . . . . . . 49\LongPulseLow (') . . . . . . 49\Longrightarrow (=⇒) . . . . . 32\longrightarrow (−→) . . . . . 32\looparrowdownleft (î) . . . 33\looparrowdownright (ï) . . . 33\looparrowleft (ì) . . . . . . . 33\looparrowleft (") . . . . . . . 32\looparrowright (í) . . . . . . 33\looparrowright (#) . . . . . . 32\Loosebearing ($) . . . . . . . . 52\lor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . see \vee

\LowerDiamond (o) . . . . . . . . 57lowering . . . see \textlowering

\lozenge (♦) . . . . . . . . . . . . 46\Lparen (() . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48\lrcorner () . . . . . . . . . . . . 37\lrcorner (y) . . . . . . . . . . . . 37\lrJoin . . . . . . . . . . see \Join

\lrtimes (\) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27\Lsh (è) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33\Lsh () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32\Lsteel (™) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52\ltimes () . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22\ltimes (n) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21\ltriple . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40Luecking, Dan . . . . . . . . . . . . 71\lVert (‖) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39\lVert (||) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39\lvert (|) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39\lvertneqq (´) . . . . . . . . . . . 31\lvertneqq () . . . . . . . . . . . 30\lz (1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12

M\M . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9

96

\M (¯) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64

\m . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9

\m (¯) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64

\ma (×) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64

macron . . . . . . . . . . see accents

\macron (a) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16

majuscules . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35

\makeatletter . . . . . . . . . . . 72

\makeatother . . . . . . . . . . . . 72

\MALE (‚) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52

\Male (|) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52

\male () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52

\MaleMale (ƒ) . . . . . . . . . . . 52

\maltese (z) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9

\manboldkidney () . . . . . . . . 61

\manconcentriccircles ($) . 61

\manconcentricdiamond (%) . 61

\mancone (#) . . . . . . . . . . . . 61

\mancube () . . . . . . . . . . . . 61

\manerrarrow (y) . . . . . . . . 61

\manfilledquartercircle (!) 61

manfnt (package) . . 58, 61, 83, 84

\manhpennib () . . . . . . . . . . 61

\manimpossiblecube () . . . . 61

\mankidney () . . . . . . . . . . . 61

\manlhpenkidney () . . . . . . . 61

\manpenkidney () . . . . . . . . 61

\manquadrifolium (&) . . . . . 61

\manquartercircle ( ) . . . . . 61

\manrotatedquadrifolium (') 61

\manrotatedquartercircle (") 61

\manstar () . . . . . . . . . . . . 61

\mantiltpennib () . . . . . . . 61

\mantriangledown (7) . . . . . . 61

\mantriangleright (x) . . . . . 61

\mantriangleup (6) . . . . . . . 61

\manvpennib () . . . . . . . . . . . 61

\Mappedfromchar () . . . . . . . . 34

\mappedfromchar () . . . . . . . . 34

\Mapsfrom (⇐\) . . . . . . . . . . . 33

\mapsfrom (←[) . . . . . . . . . . . 33

\Mapsfromchar (û) . . . . . . . . . 34

\Mapsfromchar (\) . . . . . . . . . 34

\mapsfromchar (ß) . . . . . . . . . 34

\mapsfromchar ([) . . . . . . . . . 34

\Mapsto (⇒) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33

\mapsto (7→) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32

\Mapstochar (ú) . . . . . . . . . . . 34

\Mapstochar () . . . . . . . . . . . 34

\mapstochar (Þ) . . . . . . . . . . . 34

\markera (x) . . . . . . . . . . . . 64

\markerb (y) . . . . . . . . . . . . 64

married . . . . . see \textmarried

\Mars (D ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50

\Mars (Ä) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50

\mars () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50

\MartinVogel (ÿ) . . . . . . . . . 62

marvosym (package) 18, 45, 50–53,58, 61, 62, 68

matbbol (package) . . . . . . . . . 48

\mate (m) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64material biconditional . . . . . . . .

. see \leftrightarrow and\equiv

material conditional . . . . . . . see\rightarrow and \supset

material equivalence . . . . . . . . .. see \leftrightarrow and\equiv

material implication . . . . . . . see\rightarrow and \supset

math alphabets . . . . . . . . . . . 48math-text . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20mathabx (package) . . . 22, 24, 26,

28–31, 33, 34, 37–40, 43, 45,46, 50, 58, 67, 68, 83, 86

\mathaccent . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70\mathbb . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48\mathbbm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48\mathbbmss . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48\mathbbmtt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48mathbbol (package) . . . . . . . . 48\mathbf . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79\mathbin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77\mathbold . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79mathcal (euscript package option)

. . . . . . . . . 48\mathcal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48\mathcent (¢) . . . . . . . . . . . . 37\mathchoice . . . . . . . . . . 70, 71\mathclose . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77mathcomp (package) . . . . . . . 45\mathdollar ($) . . . . . . . . . . 20mathdots (package) 44, 45, 72, 83,

84\mathds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48\mathellipsis (. . .) . . . . . . . 20mathematical symbols . . . 20–48\mathfrak . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48\mathit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48\mathnormal . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48\mathop . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77\mathopen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77\mathord . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77\mathpalette . . . . . . . . . . . . 71\mathparagraph (¶) . . . . . . . 20\mathpunct . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77\mathpzc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48\mathrel . . . . . . . . . . . . 69, 77\mathring ( ) . . . . . . . . . 40, 41\mathrm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48mathrsfs (package) . . . . . . 48, 83mathscr (euscript package option)

. . . . . . . . . 48\mathscr . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48

\mathsection (§) . . . . . . . . . 20\mathsterling (£) . . . . . . 20, 37\mathunderscore ( ) . . . . . . . 20\max (max) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35Maxwell-Stefan diffusion coeffi-

cient . . . . . . . . . . . . . see\DH

\maya . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45\Mb (˘) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64\mb (˘) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64\Mbb (˘ ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64\mBb (˘ ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64\mbB (˘ ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64\mbb (˘ ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64mbboard (package) . . . . . . 48, 83\mbbx (˘ ¯

) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64\mbox . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71, 72\measuredangle (>) . . . . . . . 46\measuredangle (]) . . . . . . . 46mechanical scaling . . . . . . 74, 77\medbullet () . . . . . . . . . . . 21\medcirc () . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21\Mercury (A ) . . . . . . . . . . . . 50\Mercury (Â) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50\mercury (') . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50\merge (!) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21METAFONT . . . . . . . . 48, 74–77METAFONTbook symbols . . . . 61metre (package) 16, 40, 64, 83, 84metre . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64metrical symbols . . . . . . . . . . 64\mho (f) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46micro . . . . . . . . . . . see \textmu

\micro (µ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49Microsoft Windows . . . . . . . . 80\mid (|) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26\middle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38\midtilde () . . . . . . . . . . . . 17\min (min) . . . . . . . . . . . 35, 78minus . . . . . . . . see \textminus

\minuso () . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21minutes, angular . . . see \prime

miscellaneous symbols 46, 58–66“Missing $ inserted” . . . . . 20\Mmappedfromchar () . . . . . . . 34\mmappedfromchar () . . . . . . . 34\Mmapstochar () . . . . . . . . . . 34\mmapstochar () . . . . . . . . . . 34

\Mobilefone (H) . . . . . . . . . . 51\mod . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35\models (|=) . . . . . . . . . . 26, 69moduli space see alphabets, mathmonetary symbols . . . 17, 18, 48\moo () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21\Moon (K ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50\Moon (Á) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50

\morepawns (S) . . . . . . . . . . . 64

\moreroom (U) . . . . . . . . . . . 64

97

\Mountain () . . . . . . . . . . . 63mouse . . . . . see \ComputerMouse

\MoveDown (») . . . . . . . . . . . . 61\moverlay . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72\MoveUp (º) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61\mp (∓) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20\mu (µ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35\multimap (() . . . . . . . . 26, 27\multimapboth () . . . . . . . 27\multimapbothvert () . . . . . 27\multimapdot () . . . . . . . . . 27\multimapdotboth () . . . . . 27\multimapdotbothA () . . . . 27\multimapdotbothAvert () . . 27\multimapdotbothB () . . . . 27\multimapdotbothBvert () . . 27\multimapdotbothvert () . . . 27\multimapdotinv () . . . . . . 27\multimapinv () . . . . . . . . . 27multiple accents per character 72\Mundus (m) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62musical symbols . . 19, 46, 60, 61musixtex (package) . . . . . . 60, 61\muup (µ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36\MVAt (@) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62\MVEight (8) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45\MVFive (5) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45\MVFour (4) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45\MVNine (9) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45\MVOne (1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45\MVSeven (7) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45\MVSix (6) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45\MVThree (3) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45\MVTwo (2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45\MVZero (0) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45

N\nabla (∇) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46\NAK (§) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51\napprox () . . . . . . . . . . . . 28\napproxeq (6) . . . . . . . . . . . 28\nasymp (-) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28nath (package) . . . . . . 38–40, 83\natural (\) . . . . . . . . . . 46, 60natural numbers (N) . . . . . . see

alphabets, mathnavigation symbols . . . . . . . . 61\nbacksim (*) . . . . . . . . . . . . 28\nbacksimeq (+) . . . . . . . . . . 28\nBumpeq ()) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28\nbumpeq (() . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28\ncong () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28\ncong () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27\ncurlyeqprec (¸) . . . . . . . . 28\ncurlyeqsucc (¹) . . . . . . . . 28\nDashV (+) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28\nDashv (+) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28\ndashV (/) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28\ndashv (') . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28

\ndashVv (/) . . . . . . . . . . . . 28\ne . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . see \neq

\Nearrow (t) . . . . . . . . . . . . 33\nearrow (Õ) . . . . . . . . . . . . 33\nearrow () . . . . . . 32, 71, 72\neg (¬) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46negation . . . . see \neg and \sim

\Neptune (H ) . . . . . . . . . . . . 50\Neptune (È) . . . . . . . . . . . . 50\neptune ([) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50\neq () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28\neq (,) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30\neqslantgtr (¹) . . . . . . . . . 31\neqslantless (¸) . . . . . . . . 31\nequiv (.) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28\neswarrow () . . . . . . . 71, 72\Neutral () . . . . . . . . . . . . 52\newmoon (N ) . . . . . . . . . . . . 50\newmoon ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . 50\newtie (a) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13\nexists (E) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37\nexists (@) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37\NG (Ŋ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9\ng (ŋ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9\ngeq (§) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31\ngeq () . . . . . . . . . . . . 30, 31\ngeqq (±) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31

\ngeqq () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30

\ngeqslant () . . . . . . . . . . . 30\ngg (4) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30\ngtr (£) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31\ngtr (≯) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30\ngtrapprox (É) . . . . . . . . . . 31\ngtrapprox (#) . . . . . . . . . . 30\ngtrless (&) . . . . . . . . . . . . 30\ngtrsim (Ã) . . . . . . . . . . . . 31\ngtrsim (!) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30\ni (3) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36\nialpha () . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12\nibar . . . . . . . . . see \ownsbar

\nibeta () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12

\NibLeft () . . . . . . . . . . . . 54

\NibRight () . . . . . . . . . . . 54nibs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54

\NibSolidLeft ( ) . . . . . . . . 54

\NibSolidRight () . . . . . . . 54nicefrac (package) . . . 47, 83, 84\nichi ([) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12\niepsilon () . . . . . . . . . . . 12\nigamma () . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12\niiota ()) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12\nilambda (2) . . . . . . . . . . . . 12\niomega (>) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12\niphi (C) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12\niplus (B) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27\nisigma (O) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12\nitheta (S) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12

\niupsilon (V) . . . . . . . . . . . 12\niv ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38\nj (7) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12\nLeftarrow (ö) . . . . . . . . . 33\nLeftarrow (:) . . . . . . . . . 32\nleftarrow (Ú) . . . . . . . . . 33\nleftarrow (8) . . . . . . . . . 32\nLeftrightarrow (ø) . . . . . 33\nLeftrightarrow (<) . . . . . 32\nleftrightarrow (Ü) . . . . . 33\nleftrightarrow (=) . . 20, 32\nleq (¦) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31\nleq () . . . . . . . . . . . . 30, 31\nleqq (°) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31

\nleqq () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30

\nleqslant () . . . . . . . . . . . 30\nless (¢) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31\nless (≮) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30\nlessapprox (È) . . . . . . . . . 31\nlessapprox (") . . . . . . . . . 30\nlessgtr (') . . . . . . . . . . . . 30\nlesssim (Â) . . . . . . . . . . . 31\nlesssim ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . 30\nll (3) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30\nmid (-) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27\nnearrow (1) . . . . . . . . . . . . 33\nnwarrow (0) . . . . . . . . . . . . 33\NoBleech (Ì) . . . . . . . . . . . 62\NoChemicalCleaning (¨) . . . 62nointegrals (wasysym package op-

tion) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23\NoIroning (²) . . . . . . . . . . 62non-commutative division . . . 44norm . . see \lVert and \rVert

\NoSun () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62not . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . see \neg

\not . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28not equal (= vs. =) . . . . . . . . 28\notasymp () . . . . . . . . . . . 28\notbackslash (\−) . . . . . . . . 51\notbot (M) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37\notdivides () . . . . . . . . . . 28\notequiv () . . . . . . . . . . . 28\notin (R) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37\notin (<) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37\notni (=) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37\notowner (S) . . . . . . . . . . . . 37\notowns . . . see \notowner and

\notni

\notperp (M) . . . . . . . . . . . . 28\notslash (/−) . . . . . . . . . . . 51\nottop (L) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37\NoTumbler () . . . . . . . . . . . 62\novelty (N) . . . . . . . . . . . . 64\nparallel (∦) . . . . . . . . . . . 27\nplus (`) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21\nprec (¢) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28\nprec (⊀) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27

98

\nprecapprox (È) . . . . . . . . . 28\nprecapprox (7) . . . . . . . . . 28\npreccurlyeq (¦) . . . . . . . . 28\npreccurlyeq ($) . . . . . . . . 28\npreceq (ª) . . . . . . . . . . . . 28\npreceq () . . . . . . . . . . . . 27\npreceqq (9) . . . . . . . . . . . . 28\nprecsim (Â) . . . . . . . . . . . 28\nprecsim () . . . . . . . . . . . . 28\nRightarrow (÷) . . . . . . . . . 33\nRightarrow (;) . . . . . . . . . 32\nrightarrow (Û) . . . . . . . . . 33\nrightarrow (9) . . . . . . . . . 32\nshortmid (.) . . . . . . . . . . . . 27\nshortparallel (/) . . . . . . . 27\nsim () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28\nsim (/) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27\nsimeq () . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28\nsimeq (;) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28\nsqSubset () . . . . . . . . . . . 30\nsqsubset () . . . . . . . . . . . 30\nsqsubset (a) . . . . . . . . . . . 29\nsqsubseteq () . . . . . . . . . 30\nsqsubseteq (@) . . . . . . . . . 29\nsqsubseteqq () . . . . . . . . 30\nsqSupset () . . . . . . . . . . . 30\nsqsupset () . . . . . . . . . . . 30\nsqsupset (b) . . . . . . . . . . . 29\nsqsupseteq () . . . . . . . . . 30\nsqsupseteq (A) . . . . . . . . . 29\nsqsupseteqq () . . . . . . . . 30\nSubset () . . . . . . . . . . . . 30\nSubset (>) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29\nsubset () . . . . . . . . . . . . 30\nsubseteq () . . . . . . . . . . . 30\nsubseteq (*) . . . . . . . . . . . 29\nsubseteqq () . . . . . . . . . . 30\nsubseteqq (") . . . . . . . . . . 29\nsucc (£) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28\nsucc () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27\nsuccapprox (É) . . . . . . . . . 28\nsuccapprox (8) . . . . . . . . . 28\nsucccurlyeq (§) . . . . . . . . 28\nsucccurlyeq (%) . . . . . . . . 28\nsucceq («) . . . . . . . . . . . . 28\nsucceq () . . . . . . . . . . . . 27\nsucceqq (:) . . . . . . . . . . . . 28\nsuccsim (Ã) . . . . . . . . . . . 28\nsuccsim () . . . . . . . . . . . . 28\nSupset () . . . . . . . . . . . . 30\nSupset (?) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29\nsupset () . . . . . . . . . . . . 30\nsupseteq () . . . . . . . . . . . 30\nsupseteq (+) . . . . . . . . . . . 29\nsupseteqq () . . . . . . . . . . 30\nsupseteqq (#) . . . . . . . . . . 29ntheorem (package) . . . . . . . . 46\nthickapprox (5) . . . . . . . . 28\ntriangleleft () . . . . . . . 31

\ntriangleleft (6) . . . . . . . 31\ntrianglelefteq () . . . . . 31\ntrianglelefteq (5) . . . . . 31\ntrianglelefteqslant (R) . 31\ntriangleright () . . . . . . 31\ntriangleright (7) . . . . . . 31\ntrianglerighteq () . . . . . 31\ntrianglerighteq (4) . . . . . 31\ntrianglerighteqslant (S) 31\ntwoheadleftarrow (h) . . . . 28\ntwoheadrightarrow (g) . . . 28\nu (ν) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35null set . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46number . . . . . . see \textnumero

number sets see alphabets, mathnumbers . . . . . . . . . . . see digits\nuup (ν) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36\nvargeq («) . . . . . . . . . . . . 31\nvarleq (ª) . . . . . . . . . . . . 31\nvarparallel () . . . . . . . . 28\nvarparallelinv () . . . . . . 28\nVDash (*) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28\nVDash (3) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27\nVdash (.) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28\nVdash (1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28\nvDash (*) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28\nvDash (2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27\nvdash (&) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28\nvdash (0) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27\nVvash (.) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28\Nwarrow (v) . . . . . . . . . . . . 33\nwarrow (Ô) . . . . . . . . . . . . 33\nwarrow () . . . . . . . . . 32, 71\nwsearrow () . . . . . . . . . . 71

O\O (Ø) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9\o (ø) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9o (o) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35\oasterisk (f) . . . . . . . . . . . 22\obackslash (n) . . . . . . . . . . 22\obar (:) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21\Obelus ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . 64\obelus ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . 64\Obelus* ( ·· ) . . . . . . . . . . . . 64\obelus* ( ·· ) . . . . . . . . . . . . 64\oblong (@) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21\obot (k) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22\obslash (;) . . . . . . . . . . . . 21\ocirc (e) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22\ocircle (#) . . . . . . . . . . . . 21\ocoasterisk (g) . . . . . . . . . 22\octagon (8) . . . . . . . . . . . . 56\Octosteel (‘) . . . . . . . . . . . 52\od (a

˚) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16

\odiv (c) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22\odot (d) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22\odot () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20\odplus () . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22

\OE (Œ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9\oe (œ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9\officialeuro (e) . . . . . . . . 18\offinterlineskip . . . . . . . . 70ogonek . . . . . . . . . . see accents\ogreaterthan (=) . . . . . . . . 21\ohill ( a) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16ohm . . . . . . . . . . . see \textohm

\ohm (Ω) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49

\Ohne (a/ ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61\OHORN (Ì) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9\ohorn (ì) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9

\oiiint ()

) . . . . . . . . . . . . 25

\oiiintclockwise (L

) . . . . . 25

\oiiintctrclockwise (D

) . . 25

\oiint (·

) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24

\oiint (

) . . . . . . . . . . . 23, 25

\oiint (‚

) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26

\oiintclockwise (H

) . . . . . . 25

\oiintctrclockwise (@

) . . . 25

\oint (¶) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24

\oint (H

) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23

\ointclockwise (

) . . . . . . . 25

\ointclockwise (ı) . . . . . . . . 26

\ointctrclockwise (

) . . . . . 25

\ointctrclockwise () . . . . . 26

old-style digits . . . . . . . . . . . . 19\oldstylenums . . . . . . . . . . . 19\oleft (h) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22\olessthan (<) . . . . . . . . . . . 21\Omega (Ω) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35\omega (ω) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35\omegaup (ω) . . . . . . . . . . . . 36\ominus (a) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22\ominus () . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20

\onlymove (F) . . . . . . . . . . . 64\oo () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64\oo (@) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12\open (z) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17\openJoin ([) . . . . . . . . . . . . 27\openo (=) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12\openo (c) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12\openo (l) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12\opentimes (]) . . . . . . . . . . . 27operators

binary . . . . . . . . . . . 20–22logical . see logical operatorsset . . . . . . see set operators

\oplus (`) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22\oplus (⊕) . . . . . . . . . . . 20, 67

\opposbishops (o) . . . . . . . . 64\opposition (W) . . . . . . . . . 50optical scaling . . . . . . . . . . . . 74options . . . . see package optionsor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . see \vee

\oright (i) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22

99

\OrnamentDiamondSolid (q) . 59orthogonal to . . . . . . . see \bot

\oslash (m) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22\oslash () . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20\otimes (b) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22\otimes (⊗) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20\otop (j) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22\otriangleup (o) . . . . . . . . . 22ovals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57\ovee (>) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21\overarc (a_) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16

\overbrace (hkkikkj

) . . . . . . . . 43

\overbrace (z|

) . . . . . . . . . 41

\overbracket ( ) . . . . . . . . . 42

\overbracket ( ) . . . . . . . . . 73\overbridge (

”a) . . . . . . . . . . 15

\overgroup (hkkkkj

) . . . . . . . . . 43\overleftarrow (←−) . . . . . . . 41\overleftrightarrow (←→) . . 42\overline ( ) . . . . . . . . . 20, 41

\overparenthesis (z

) . . . . . 73\Overrightarrow (=⇒) . . . . . . 41overrightarrow (package) . . 41, 83\overrightarrow (−→) . . . . . . 41\overring (x) . . . . . . . . . . . 17\ovoid (l) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22\owedge (?) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21\owns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . see \ni

\owns (Q) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37\ownsbar (W) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37

P\P (¶) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8, 81\p (

˙) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64

\p@ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72package options

a (esvect) . . . . . . . . . . . . 43bbgreekl (mathbbol) . . . . 48b (esvect) . . . . . . . . . . . . 43c (esvect) . . . . . . . . . . . . 43d (esvect) . . . . . . . . . . . . 43e (esvect) . . . . . . . . . . . . 43f (esvect) . . . . . . . . . . . . 43g (esvect) . . . . . . . . . . . . 43h (esvect) . . . . . . . . . . . . 43integrals (wasysym) . . . . . 23mathcal (euscript) . . . . . . 48mathscr (euscript) . . . . . . 48nointegrals (wasysym) . . . 23sans (dsfont) . . . . . . . . . . 48varg (txfonts/pxfonts) . . . 36

packagesaccents . . . . . . . . 73, 83, 84amsbsy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79amsfonts 20, 26, 29, 32, 46, 48amsmath . . . . . . . 7, 35, 78

amssymb 7, 20, 26, 29, 32, 46,48, 83, 84, 86

amstext . . . . . . . . . . 70, 71arcs . . . . . . . . . . 16, 83, 84ar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49, 83ascii . . . . . . . . . . 51, 80, 83bbding 53–57, 59, 68, 83, 84bbm . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48, 83bbold . . . . . . . . . . . . 48, 83bm . . . . . . . . . . 79, 83, 84braket . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38calrsfs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48cancel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41cclicenses . . . . . . 18, 83, 84chemarrow . . . . . 34, 43, 83chemarr . . . . . . . 42, 83, 84dblaccnt . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72dictsym . . . . . . . 66, 83, 84dingbat . . 54, 58, 68, 83, 84dsfont . . . . . . . . . . . 48, 83empheq . . . . . . . 42, 83, 84esint . . . . . . . . . . . . 26, 83esvect . . . . . . . . . . . 43, 83eufrak . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48eurosym . . . . . . . 18, 83, 84euscript . . . . . . . 48, 83, 84extarrows . . . . . . 44, 83, 84extraipa . . . . . . . . . . 15, 83fclfont . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83fc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9, 13fixmath . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79fontenc . . . . . . 7, 9, 13, 80gensymb . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49graphics . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69graphicx . . . . . . . . . . 17, 69harmony . . . . . 60, 61, 83, 84hieroglf . . . . . . . 66, 83, 84holtpolt . . . . . . . . . . 44, 83ifsym 49, 57, 62, 63, 68, 83, 84isoent . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82latexsym . 20, 26, 29, 32, 46,67, 83, 84

manfnt . . . . . . 58, 61, 83, 84marvosym . 18, 45, 50–53, 58,61, 62, 68

matbbol . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48mathabx . . 22, 24, 26, 28–31,33, 34, 37–40, 43, 45, 46, 50,58, 67, 68, 83, 86

mathbbol . . . . . . . . . . . . 48mathcomp . . . . . . . . . . . 45mathdots . 44, 45, 72, 83, 84mathrsfs . . . . . . . . . . 48, 83mbboard . . . . . . . . . . 48, 83metre . . . . 16, 40, 64, 83, 84musixtex . . . . . . . . . . 60, 61nath . . . . . . . . . . 38–40, 83nicefrac . . . . . . . 47, 83, 84ntheorem . . . . . . . . . . . . 46

overrightarrow . . . . . . 41, 83phaistos . . . . . . . 65, 83, 84phonetic . . . . . 12, 16, 69, 83pifont . 10, 53–56, 58, 59, 67,83, 84

polynom . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41protosem . . . . . . 65, 83, 84psnfss . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55pxfonts 20, 21, 25–30, 32–34,36, 37, 46, 48, 67, 80

rotating . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18semtrans . . . . 13, 17, 83, 84skak . . . . . . . . . . 64, 83, 84skull . . . . . . . . . . 58, 83, 84slashed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70stmaryrd . 21, 23, 27, 29, 31,33, 34, 37, 39, 68, 82–84

t4phonet . . . . 13, 16, 83, 84t5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83textcomp 7, 8, 13, 17–19, 32,40, 47, 49, 60, 67, 80, 82–84

timing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49tipa 10, 11, 13–16, 69, 83, 84tipx . . . . . . . . . . 11, 83, 84trfsigns . . . . . . 29, 37, 41, 83trsym . . . . . . . . . 29, 83, 84txfonts 20, 21, 25–30, 32–34,36, 37, 46, 48, 67, 69, 80, 83,84

ulsy . . . . . . . . . . 22, 34, 83underscore . . . . . . . . . . . . 8undertilde . . . . . . 44, 83, 84units . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47universa . . . . . 58, 62, 83, 84upgreek . . . . . . . 36, 83, 84upquote . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80url . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80vntex . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9, 13wasysym . . 12, 18–21, 23, 26,27, 29, 30, 32, 46, 49–52, 55,56, 60, 68, 83, 84

wsuipa 12, 15, 17, 68, 69, 72,73, 83, 84

yfonts . . . . . . . . 48, 83, 84yhmath 41, 42, 44, 45, 72, 83zapfchan . . . . . . . . . . . . 83longdiv . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41

Pakin, Scott . . . . . . . . . . . 1, 82\PaperLandscape () . . . . . . 63

\PaperPortrait () . . . . . . . 63par . . . . . . . . . . . . . see \invamp

paragraph mark . . . . . . . . see \P

parallel . . see also \varparallel

\parallel (‖) . . . . . . . . . . . . 26\ParallelPort (Ñ) . . . . . . . . 51\partial (B) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37\partial (∂) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36\partialslash (C) . . . . . . . . 37

100

parts per thousand . . . . . . . see\textperthousand

\partvoice (a– ») . . . . . . . . . . . 15\partvoiceless (a– ») . . . . . . . . 15

\passedpawn (r) . . . . . . . . . 64pawn . . . . . . . see chess symbols\Peace () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59

\PencilLeft () . . . . . . . . . 54

\PencilLeftDown () . . . . . . 54

\PencilLeftUp () . . . . . . . . 54

\PencilRight () . . . . . . . . 54

\PencilRightDown () . . . . . 54

\PencilRightUp () . . . . . . . 54pencils . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54\pentagon (D) . . . . . . . . . . . 56percent sign . . . . . . . . . . see \%

\permil (h) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19\Perp (y) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27\perp (⊥) . . . . . . . . . . . . 26, 71\perthousand (‰) . . . . . . . . 49\Pfund (£) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18phaistos (package) . . . 65, 83, 84Phaistos disk . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65pharmaceutical prescription . see

\textrecipe

\PHarrow (J) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65

\PHbee (h) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65

\PHbeehive (X) . . . . . . . . . 65

\PHboomerang (R) . . . . . . . . 65

\PHbow (K) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65

\PHbullLeg (b) . . . . . . . . . . . 65

\PHcaptive (D) . . . . . . . . . . 65

\PHcarpentryPlane (S) . . . . 65

\PHcat (c) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65

\PHchild (E) . . . . . . . . . . . . 65

\PHclub (M) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65

\PHcolumn (W) . . . . . . . . . . . . 65

\PHcomb (U) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65

\PHdolium (T) . . . . . . . . . . . 65

\PHdove (f) . . . . . . . . . . . . 65

\PHeagle (e) . . . . . . . . . . . . 65

\PHflute (o) . . . . . . . . . . . . 65

\PHgaunlet (H) . . . . . . . . . . 65

\PHgrater (p) . . . . . . . . . . . 65

\PHhelmet (G) . . . . . . . . . . . 65

\PHhide (a) . . . . . . . . . . . . 65

\PHhorn (Z) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65\Phi (Φ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35\phi (φ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35\phiup (φ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36

\PHlid (Q) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65

\PHlily (m) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65

\PHmanacles (N) . . . . . . . . . 65

\PHmattock (O) . . . . . . . . . . 65

\Phone () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59\phone () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60

\PhoneHandset () . . . . . . . . 59phonetic (package) . 12, 16, 69, 83phonetic symbols . . . . . . . 10–13\photon (::::) . . . . . . . . . . 49

\PHoxBack (n) . . . . . . . . . . . 65

\PHpapyrus (k) . . . . . . . . . . . 65

\PHpedestrian (A) . . . . . . . 65

\PHplaneTree (i) . . . . . . . . . 65

\PHplumedHead (B) . . . . . . 65

\PHram (d) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65

\PHrosette (l) . . . . . . . . . . 65

\PHsaw (P) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65

\PHshield (L) . . . . . . . . . . . 65

\PHship (Y) . . . . . . . . . . . . 65

\PHsling (V) . . . . . . . . . . . . 65

\PHsmallAxe (r) . . . . . . . . . 65

\PHstrainer (q) . . . . . . . . 65

\PHtattooedHead (C) . . . . . 65

\PHtiara (I) . . . . . . . . . . . . 65\PHtunny (g) . . . . . . . . . . . 65

\PHvine (j) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65

\PHwavyBand (s) . . . . . . . . . . 65

\PHwoman (F) . . . . . . . . . . . . 65physical symbols . . . . . . . . . . 49\Pi (Π) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35\pi (π) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35\Pickup (A) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51pifont (package) 10, 53–56, 58, 59,

67, 83, 84pilcrow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . see \P

pipe . . . . . . . . . . see \textpipe

\Pisces (ë) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50\pisces (f) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50\Pisymbol . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67\pitchfork (&) . . . . . . . . . . . 46\pitchfork (t) . . . . . . . . . . . 26\piup (π) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36\planck ( h) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12

\Plane () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59planets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50playing cards . . . . see card suits

\Plus (') . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54plus-or-minus sign . . . . . see \pm

\PlusCenterOpen (() . . . . . . 54\pluscirc () . . . . . . . . . . . 22

\PlusOutline (&) . . . . . . . . . 54plusses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54, 55

\PlusThinCenterOpen ()) . . . 54\Pluto (I) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50\Pluto (É) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50\pluto (\) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50\pm (±) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20\pm (

¯) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64

\pmb . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79\pmod . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35\pod . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35\pointer () . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60\Pointinghand (Z) . . . . . . . . 58\polishhook (~) . . . . . . . . . . 17

\polter ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . 44

polygons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56polynom (package) . . . . . . . . . 41polynomial division . . . . . . . . 41PostScript fonts 18, 36, 48, 53, 55,

67, 77\pounds (£) . . . . . . . . 8, 81, 82power set (P) . . . see alphabets,

math\Pp (˙) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64\pp ( ˙ ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64\ppm (

¯) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64

\Ppp (˙˙) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64

\ppp ( ˙˙

) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64\Pppp (˙

˙) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64

\pppp ( ˙˙

) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64\Ppppp (˙

˙) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64

\ppppp ( ˙˙

) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64\Pr (Pr) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35\prec (≺) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26\precapprox (Æ) . . . . . . . . . . 28\precapprox (w) . . . . . . . . . . 26\preccurlyeq (¤) . . . . . . . . . 28\preccurlyeq (4) . . . . . . . . . 26\precdot (Ì) . . . . . . . . . . . . 28\preceq () . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26\preceqq () . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27

101

\precnapprox (Ê) . . . . . . . . . 28\precnapprox () . . . . . . . . . 27\precneq (¬) . . . . . . . . . . . . 28\precneqq () . . . . . . . . . . . 27\precnsim (Ä) . . . . . . . . . . . 28\precnsim () . . . . . . . . . . . 27\precsim (À) . . . . . . . . . . . . 28\precsim (-) . . . . . . . . . . . . 26prescription . . . see \textrecipe

\prime (′) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46\Printer (Ò) . . . . . . . . . . . . 51probabilistic independence . . . 71\prod (

Q) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23

\projlim (proj lim) . . . . . . . . 35pronunciation symbols . . . . . see

phonetic symbolsproof, end of . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46\propto (9) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46\propto (∝) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26proto-Semitic symbols . . . . . . 65protosem (package) . . 65, 83, 84\ProvidesPackage . . . . . . . . . 82\ps ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64\Psi (Ψ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35\psi (ψ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35\psiup (ψ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36psnfss (package) . . . . . . . . . . . 55\Pu (‰ ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60pulse diagram symbols . . . . . . 49\PulseHigh ($) . . . . . . . . . . 49\PulseLow (%) . . . . . . . . . . 49punctuation . . . . . . . . . . . 9, 10\pwedge (U) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12pxfonts (package) . 20, 21, 25–30,

32–34, 36, 37, 46, 48, 67, 80\Pxp (˙) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64\pxp ( ˙ ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64

QQ.E.D. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46

\qside (M) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64\Quadrad (]]) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40\quadrad (]]) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40\Quadras ([[) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40\quadras ([[) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40\quarternote () . . . . . . . . . . 60quaternions (H) . see alphabets,

mathqueen . . . . . . . see chess symbols\quotedblbase („) . . . . . . . . . . 9\quotesinglbase (‚) . . . . . . . . 9

R\R (∼

?

) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64\r (a) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13\r (∼

?

) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64

\Radiation () . . . . . . . . . . 63radicals . . . see \sqrt and \surd

\Radioactivity (j) . . . . . . . 52

\Rain () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62

\RainCloud () . . . . . . . . . . 62raising . . . . . see \textraising

\RaisingEdge ( ) . . . . . . . . . 49\Rangle (>) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48\rAngle (〉〉) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39\rangle (〉) . . . . . . . . . . . 20, 38\rarrowfill . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43rational numbers (Q) . . . . . . see

alphabets, mathrationalized Planck constant . see

\hbar

\Rbag (Q) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37\rbag (O) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37\rbbbrack (w) . . . . . . . . . . . . 39\Rbrack (]) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48\rBrack (]]) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39\rc (a) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16\rCeil (ee) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39\rceil (e) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38\rcorners (w) . . . . . . . . . . . . 37\Re (<) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36README (file) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83real numbers (R) . see alphabets,

mathrecipe . . . . . . . see \textrecipe

\recorder () . . . . . . . . . . . . 60

\Rectangle (u) . . . . . . . . . . . 57

\RectangleBold (v) . . . . . . . . 57rectangles . . . . . . . . . . . . 57, 58

\RectangleThin (t) . . . . . . . . 57\Rectpipe (˜) . . . . . . . . . . . . 52\Rectsteel (”) . . . . . . . . . . . 52reduced quadrupole moment see

\rqm

\reflectbox . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69registered trademark . . . . . . see

\textregistered

relational symbols . . . . . . . . . 26binary . . . . . . . . . . . 26–31negated binary . . . . . 27, 28triangle . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31

\Relbar (=) . . . . . . . . . . 34, 69\relbar (−) . . . . . . . . . . 34, 69\Respondens (∼) . . . . . . . . . . 64\respondens (∼) . . . . . . . . . . 64\restoresymbol . . . . . . . . . . 67\restriction . . . . . . . . . . . see

\upharpoonright

\restriction (æ) . . . . . . . . . 33retracting . see \textretracting

return . . . . . . see carriage return\revD () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12

\revddots (. ..) . . . . . . . . . . . 72

\reve () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12\reveject (f) . . . . . . . . . . . . 12

\revepsilon () . . . . . . . 12, 69reverse solidus . . . . . . . . . . . see

\textbackslash

reversed symbols . . . . . . . . . . 69\reversedvideodbend () . . 58\revglotstop (c) . . . . . . . . . 12\Rewind (¶) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61\RewindToIndex (´) . . . . . . 61\RewindToStart (µ) . . . . . . . 61\rfilet (?) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39

\rFloor (cc) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39\rfloor (c) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38

\rgroup (

9;) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38

\RHD () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21\rhd (B) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20, 21\rho (ρ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35\rhoup (ρ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36\right . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38, 39\RIGHTarrow () . . . . . . . . . . 60\Rightarrow (⇒ vs. : vs. ñ) 68\Rightarrow (⇒) . . . 20, 32, 62\Rightarrow (:) . . . . . . . . . . 62\rightarrow (Ñ) . . . . . . . . . 33\rightarrow (→) . . . . . . . . . 32\rightarrowtail () . . . . . . 32\rightarrowtriangle (_) . . . 33\rightbarharpoon (Ý) . . . . . 34\RIGHTCIRCLE (H) . . . . . . . . . 60\RIGHTcircle (H#) . . . . . . . . . 60\Rightcircle (J) . . . . . . . . . 60

\RightDiamond (?) . . . . . . . . 57\rightharpoondown (ã) . . . . 34\rightharpoondown () . . . . 32\rightharpoonup (á) . . . . . . 34\rightharpoonup () . . . . . . 32\rightleftarrows (Õ) . . . . . 33\rightleftarrows () . . . . . 32\rightleftharpoon (á) . . . . 34\rightleftharpoons (é) . . . 34\rightleftharpoons () . . . 33\rightleftharpoons () . . . 32\rightleftharpoonsfill . . . . 43\rightmoon (L ) . . . . . . . . . . . 50\rightmoon (%) . . . . . . . . . . . 50\rightp (w) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17\rightpointleft (L) . . . . . 54

\rightpointright (N) . . . . 54\rightrightarrows (Ñ) . . . . 33\rightrightarrows (⇒) . . . . 32\rightrightharpoons (Ù) . . . 34\Rightscissors (Q) . . . . . . . 53\rightslice (3) . . . . . . . . . . 21\rightsquigarrow (ù) . . . . 33\rightsquigarrow ( ) . . . . . 32\rightt (o) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17\rightthreetimes (%) . . . . . 46\rightthreetimes (i) . . . . . 21

102

\rightthumbsdown (d) . . . . 54\rightthumbsup (u) . . . . . . 54\righttoleftarrow (ý) . . . . 33\Righttorque (') . . . . . . . . . 52\rightturn (!) . . . . . . . . . . 60\ring ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41ring equal to . . . . . . see \circeq

ring in equal to . . . . see \eqcirc

\riota () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12\rip (O) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58\risingdotseq () . . . . . . . . 28\risingdotseq (:) . . . . . . . . 26\rJoin (Y) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27\rlap . . . . . . . . . . . . 57, 71, 72

\rmoustache (

9:) . . . . . . . . . 38

rook . . . . . . . . see chess symbolsroots . . . . . . . . . . . . . see \sqrt

\rotatebox . . . . . . . . . . . 17, 69rotated symbols . . . . . . . . 17, 69rotating (package) . . . . . . . . . 18\rotm (m) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12\rotOmega () . . . . . . . . . . . . 12\rotr (r) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12\rotvara (A) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12\rotw (w) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12\roty (y) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12\RoundedLsteel (Ÿ) . . . . . . . 52\RoundedTsteel () . . . . . . . . 52\RoundedTTsteel () . . . . . . . 52\Rparen ()) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48\rqm ( -I) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70\rrbracket () . . . . . . . . . . . 39\rrceil (W) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37\rrfloor (U) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37\Rrightarrow (V) . . . . . . . . . 33\rrparenthesis (M) . . . . . . . . 37\RS () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51\Rsh (é) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33\Rsh () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32\rtimes () . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22\rtimes (o) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21\rtriple . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40\rVert (||) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39\rVert (‖) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39\rvert (|) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39

S\S (§) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8, 81safety-related symbols . . . . . . 52\Sagittarius (è) . . . . . . . . . 50\sagittarius (c) . . . . . . . . . 50

\samebishops (s) . . . . . . . . . 64sans (dsfont package option) . . 48

\satellitedish (I) . . . . . . . 58\Saturn (F ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50\Saturn (Æ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50\saturn (Y) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50

\savesymbol . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67\Sborder (S) . . . . . . . . . . . . 58scaling

mechanical . . . . . . . . 74, 77optical . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74

\scd () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12\scg () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12\schwa () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12\schwa (e) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12Schwartz distribution spaces . see

alphabets, math\sci (*) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12scientific symbols . . . . . . . 49–52

\ScissorHollowLeft () . . . 53

\ScissorHollowRight () . . 53

\ScissorLeft () . . . . . . . . 53

\ScissorLeftBrokenBottom (). . . . . . . . . 53

\ScissorLeftBrokenTop () . 53

\ScissorRight () . . . . . . . . 53

\ScissorRightBrokenBottom (). . . . . . . . . 53

\ScissorRightBrokenTop () 53scissors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53\scn (:) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12\Scorpio (ç) . . . . . . . . . . . . 50\scorpio (b) . . . . . . . . . . . . 50\scr (J) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12script letters see alphabets, math\scripta () . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12\scriptg () . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12\scriptscriptstyle . . . . 70, 71\scriptstyle . . . . . . . . . 70, 71\scriptv (Y) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12\scu (W) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12\scy (]) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12seagull . . . . . see \textseagull

\Searrow (u) . . . . . . . . . . . . 33\searrow (×) . . . . . . . . . . . . 33\searrow () . . . . . . . . . 32, 71\sec (sec) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35

\Sech ( ˇ “) ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60\second (2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46seconds, angular . . . see \second

\secstress (i) . . . . . . . . . . . . 17section mark . . . . . . . . . . see \S

\SectioningDiamond () . . . 63

\see (l) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64segmented digits . . . . . . . . . . 49\selectfont . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7semantic valuation . . . . . . . . see

\llbracket/\rrbracket and\lbbbrack/\rbbbrack

semidirect products . . 21, 22, 46semitic transliteration . . . 13, 17semtrans (package) . 13, 17, 83, 84

\SePa ( @ ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60

\seppawns (q) . . . . . . . . . . . 64\SerialInterface (Î) . . . . . 51\SerialPort (Ð) . . . . . . . . . . 51set operators

intersection . . . . . see \cap

union . . . . . . . . . . see \cup

\setminus (\) . . . . . . . . . . . . 20SGML . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82sha (X) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67–69\sharp (]) . . . . . . . . . . . . 46, 60\Shilling (¡) . . . . . . . . . . . . 18\shortdownarrow () . . . . . . . 33\ShortFifty (×) . . . . . . . . . 62\ShortForty (Ù) . . . . . . . . . 62\shortleftarrow () . . . . . . 33\shortmid (p) . . . . . . . . . . . . 26\ShortNinetyFive (Ô) . . . . . 62\shortparallel (q) . . . . . . . . 26\ShortPulseHigh (") . . . . . . 49\ShortPulseLow (#) . . . . . . . 49\shortrightarrow () . . . . . 33\ShortSixty (Ö) . . . . . . . . . 62\ShortThirty (Û) . . . . . . . . 62\shortuparrow () . . . . . . . . 33\showclock . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63\SI () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51\Sigma (Σ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35\sigma (σ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35\sigmaup (σ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36\sim (∼) . . . . . . . . . . 26, 70, 80\simeq (') . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26\sin (sin) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35\sinh (sinh) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35

\SixFlowerAlternate (O) . . . 56

\SixFlowerAltPetal (U) . . . 56

\SixFlowerOpenCenter (M) . . 56

\SixFlowerPetalDotted (Q) . 56

\SixFlowerPetalRemoved (L) 56\SixFlowerRemovedOpenPetal

([) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56

\SixStar (G) . . . . . . . . . . . . 56

\SixteenStarLight (K) . . . . 56skak (package) . . . . . . 64, 83, 84skull (package) . . . . . . 58, 83, 84

\skull (A) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58\slash (/) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80\slashb () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12\slashc () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12\slashd () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12slashed (package) . . . . . . . . . . 70\slashed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70slashed letters . . . . . . . . . . . . 70slashed.sty (file) . . . . . . . . . 70\slashu (U) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12

\Sleet () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62

103

\sliding (a) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15

\SmallCircle (E) . . . . . . . . . 57

\SmallCross () . . . . . . . . . 57

\SmallDiamondshape (F) . . . 57\smallfrown (a) . . . . . . . . . . 26

\SmallHBar () . . . . . . . . . . 57

\SmallLowerDiamond () . . . 57\smallpencil (P) . . . . . . . 54

\SmallRightDiamond (O) . . . 57\smallsetminus (r) . . . . . . . 21\smallsmile (`) . . . . . . . . . . 26

\SmallSquare (@) . . . . . . . . . 57

\SmallTriangleDown (C) . . . 57\smalltriangledown () . . . . 22

\SmallTriangleLeft (B) . . . 57\smalltriangleleft () . . . . 22

\SmallTriangleRight (D) . . . 57\smalltriangleright () . . . 22

\SmallTriangleUp (A) . . . . . 57\smalltriangleup () . . . . . . 22

\SmallVBar () . . . . . . . . . . 57\smile (^) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26\Smiley (©) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62\smiley (,) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60smiley faces . . . . . . . . 51, 60, 62

\Snow () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62

\SnowCloud () . . . . . . . . . . 62

\Snowflake (`) . . . . . . . . . . 56

\SnowflakeChevron (^) . . . . 56

\SnowflakeChevronBold (_) . 56snowflakes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56\SO () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51\SOH () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51space

thin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78space, visible . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8spades (suit) . . . . . . . . . . 46, 59\spadesuit (♠) . . . . . . . . . . . 46

\Sparkle (]) . . . . . . . . . . . . 56

\SparkleBold (\) . . . . . . . . . 56sparkles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56“special” characters . . . . . . . . . 8\SpecialForty (Ú) . . . . . . . 62\sphericalangle (?) . . . . . . 46\sphericalangle (^) . . . . . . 46

\SpinDown (*) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57

\SpinUp ()) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57\splitvert . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51\splitvert (¦) . . . . . . . . . . . 51\spreadlips (a) . . . . . . . . . . 15\sqbullet ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . 22\sqcap ([) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22\sqcap (u) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20\sqcapplus () . . . . . . . . . . . 21

\sqcup (\) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22\sqcup (t) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20\sqcupplus (|) . . . . . . . . . . . 21\sqdoublecap (^) . . . . . . . . . 22\sqdoublecup (_) . . . . . . . . . 22

\sqiiint (R

) . . . . . . . . . . . 25

\sqiint (P

) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25

\sqiint (”

) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26

\sqint (

) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25

\sqint (›) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26

\sqrt (√

) . . . . . . . . . . . 41, 71\sqSubset () . . . . . . . . . . . 30\sqsubset () . . . . . . . . . . . 30\sqsubset (@) . . . . . . . . . . . 29\sqsubseteq () . . . . . . . . . . 30\sqsubseteq (v) . . . . . . . . . . 29\sqsubseteqq () . . . . . . . . . 30\sqsubsetneq () . . . . . . . . . 30\sqsubsetneqq () . . . . . . . . 30\sqSupset () . . . . . . . . . . . 30\sqsupset () . . . . . . . . . . . 30\sqsupset (A) . . . . . . . . . . . 29\sqsupseteq () . . . . . . . . . . 30\sqsupseteq (w) . . . . . . . . . . 29\sqsupseteqq () . . . . . . . . . 30\sqsupsetneq () . . . . . . . . . 30\sqsupsetneqq () . . . . . . . . 30

\Square (0) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57

\Square ( vs. f vs. 0) . . . . 68\Square () . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55

\Square (f) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57\square () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22\square () . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46square root . . . . . . . . see \sqrt

hooked . . . . . . see \hksqrt

\SquareCastShadowBottomRight

(k) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57

\SquareCastShadowTopLeft (m). . . . . . . . . 57

\SquareCastShadowTopRight (l). . . . . . . . . 57

\Squaredot (÷) . . . . . . . . . . . 45\Squarepipe (—) . . . . . . . . . . 52squares . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57, 58

\SquareShadowA () . . . . . . . 57

\SquareShadowB () . . . . . . . 57

\SquareShadowBottomRight (h). . . . . . . . . 57

\SquareShadowC () . . . . . . . 57

\SquareShadowTopLeft (j) . . 57

\SquareShadowTopRight (i) . 57

\SquareSolid (g) . . . . . . . . . 57\Squaresteel (“) . . . . . . . . . 52

\squarewithdots (B) . . . . . . 58\squplus (]) . . . . . . . . . . . . 22

\SS (SS) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9\ss (ß) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9\ssearrow (%) . . . . . . . . . . . . 33\sslash () . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21\sswarrow ($) . . . . . . . . . . . . 33\stackrel . . . . . . . . . . . . 20, 74\star (?) . . . . . . . . . . . . 20, 73Star of David . . . . . . . . . 55, 56stars . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46, 55, 56statistical independence . . . . . 71sterling . . . . . . . . . . see \pounds

stmaryrd (package) 21, 23, 27, 29,31, 33, 34, 37, 39, 68, 82–84

stochastic independence see \bot

\StoneMan () . . . . . . . . . . . . 63\Stopsign (!) . . . . . . . . . . . 52

\StopWatchEnd () . . . . . . . . 63

\StopWatchStart () . . . . . . 63\stress (h) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17\strictfi (K) . . . . . . . . . . . 27\strictif (J) . . . . . . . . . . . 27\strictiff (L) . . . . . . . . . . 27

\StrokeFive (;) . . . . . . . . . 63

\StrokeFour (::::) . . . . . . . . . . 63

\StrokeOne (:) . . . . . . . . . . . . 63

\StrokeThree (:::) . . . . . . . . . 63

\StrokeTwo (::) . . . . . . . . . . . 63\STX () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51\SUB (→) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51\subcorner (a

^) . . . . . . . . . . . 15

\subdoublebar (a¯) . . . . . . . . 15

\subdoublevert (a"") . . . . . . . . 15

\sublptr (a¡) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15

\subrptr (a¿) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15

subscriptsnew symbols used in . 70–71

\Subset () . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30\Subset (b) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29\subset () . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30\subset (⊂) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29\subseteq () . . . . . . . . . . . 30\subseteq (⊆) . . . . . . . . . . . 29\subseteqq () . . . . . . . . . . . 30\subseteqq (j) . . . . . . . . . . . 29\subsetneq () . . . . . . . . . . . 30\subsetneq (() . . . . . . . . . . . 29\subsetneqq () . . . . . . . . . . 30\subsetneqq ($) . . . . . . . . . . 29\subsetplus (D) . . . . . . . . . . 29\subsetpluseq (F) . . . . . . . . 29subsets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29, 30\succ () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26\succapprox (Ç) . . . . . . . . . . 28\succapprox (v) . . . . . . . . . . 26\succcurlyeq (¥) . . . . . . . . . 28\succcurlyeq (<) . . . . . . . . . 26\succdot (Í) . . . . . . . . . . . . 28

104

\succeq () . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26\succeqq () . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27\succnapprox (Ë) . . . . . . . . . 28\succnapprox () . . . . . . . . . 27\succneq () . . . . . . . . . . . . 28\succneqq () . . . . . . . . . . . 27\succnsim (Å) . . . . . . . . . . . 28\succnsim () . . . . . . . . . . . 27\succsim (Á) . . . . . . . . . . . . 28\succsim (%) . . . . . . . . . . . . 26such that (3) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69\sum (

P) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23

\Summit () . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63

\SummitSign () . . . . . . . . . . 63\Sun (@) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50

\Sun (À vs. vs. @) . . . . . . 68\Sun (À) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50

\Sun () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62\sun () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60

\SunCloud () . . . . . . . . . . . 62

\SunshineOpenCircled (T) . . 59\sup (sup) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35superscripts

new symbols used in . 70–71supersets . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29, 30\Supset () . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30\Supset (c) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29\supset () . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30\supset (⊃) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29\supseteq () . . . . . . . . . . . 30\supseteq (⊇) . . . . . . . . . . . 29\supseteqq () . . . . . . . . . . . 30\supseteqq (k) . . . . . . . . . . . 29\supsetneq () . . . . . . . . . . . 30\supsetneq ()) . . . . . . . . . . . 29\supsetneqq () . . . . . . . . . . 30\supsetneqq (%) . . . . . . . . . . 29\supsetplus (E) . . . . . . . . . . 29\supsetpluseq (G) . . . . . . . . 29\surd (

√) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46

\SurveySign () . . . . . . . . . . 63\Swarrow (w) . . . . . . . . . . . . 33\swarrow (Ö) . . . . . . . . . . . . 33\swarrow () . . . . . . 32, 71, 72swung dash . . . . . . . . . see \sim

\syl (a) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16\syllabic (j) . . . . . . . . . . . . 17Symbol (PostScript font) . 36, 67symbols

alpine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63APL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51astrological . . . . . . . . . . 50astronomical . . . . . . . . . 50biological . . . . . . . . . . . . 52body-text . . . . . . . . . . 8–19bold . . . . . . . . . . . . 78–79chess . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64

clock . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63communication . . . . . . . . 51computer hardware . . . . . 51contradiction . . . . . . 20, 34currency . . . . . . 17, 18, 48dangerous bend . . . . . . . 58definition . . . . . . . . . 20, 74dictionary . . . . . 10–13, 66dingbat . . . . . . . . . . 53–59dot . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44, 45electrical . . . . . . . . . . . . 49engineering . . . . . . . 49, 52genealogical . . . . . . . . . . 60general . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60information . . . . . . . . . . 58informator . . . . . . . . . . . 64Knuth’s . . . . . . . . . . 58, 61laundry . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62legal . . . . . . . . . . 8, 18, 81letter-like . . . . . . . . . 36, 37linguistic . . . . . . . . . 10–13log-like . . . . . . . . . . 35, 78mathematical . . . . . . 20–48METAFONTbook . . . . . . 61metrical . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64miscellaneous . . . 46, 58–66monetary . . . . . . 17, 18, 48musical . . . . . 19, 46, 60, 61navigation . . . . . . . . . . . 61non-commutative division 44Phaistos disk . . . . . . . . . 65phonetic . . . . . . . . . 10–13physical . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49proto-Semitic . . . . . . . . . 65pulse diagram . . . . . . . . 49relational . . . . . . . . . . . . 26reversed . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69rotated . . . . . . . . . . 17, 69safety-related . . . . . . . . . 52scientific . . . . . . . . . 49–52subset and superset . 29, 30technological . . . . . . 49–52TEXbook . . . . . . . . . 58, 61transliteration . . . . . . . . 13upside-down . . . . 17, 69, 80variable-sized . . . . . . 23–26weather . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62zodiacal . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50

symbols.tex (file) . . . 67, 82, 83SYMLIST (file) . . . . . . . . . . . . 83\SYN () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51

T\T . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9\T ( a) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17\T (⊗

?

) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64\t ( a) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13\t (⊗

?

) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64t4phonet (package) . 13, 16, 83, 84

t5 (package) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83tacks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26, 36\taild () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12\tailinvr (H) . . . . . . . . . . . . 12\taill (0) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12\tailn (9) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12\tailr (F) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12\tails (L) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12\tailt (P) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12\tailz (_) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12\Takt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61\talloblong (8) . . . . . . . . . . 21tally markers . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63\tan (tan) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35\tanh (tanh) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35

\Tape () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59

\Taschenuhr () . . . . . . . . . 63Tate-Shafarevich group . see sha\tau (τ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35\Taurus (Q) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50\Taurus (á) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50\taurus (]) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50\tauup (τ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36\tccentigrade () . . . . . . . . 45\tcmu (µ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45\tcohm (Ω) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45\tcpertenthousand (‱) . . . 45\tcperthousand (‰) . . . . . . . 45\td (a..) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16technological symbols . . . 49–52\Telefon (T) . . . . . . . . . . . . 51

\Telephone (() . . . . . . . . . 63

\Tent () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63\Terminus (⊗) . . . . . . . . . . . 64\terminus (⊗) . . . . . . . . . . . . 64\Terminus* (⊕) . . . . . . . . . . . 64\terminus* (⊕) . . . . . . . . . . . 64\tesh (Q) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12testfont.dvi (file) . . . . . . . . 76testfont.tex (file) . . . . . 76, 77TEX . . . 67, 69–74, 76–78, 80, 85TEXbook, The . . . . . . 69–73, 77

symbols from . . . . . . 58, 61\text . . . . . . . . . . . . 20, 70–72\textacutedbl (˝) . . . . . . . . 17\textacutemacron (´a) . . . . . . 14\textacutewedge (´a) . . . . . . . 14\textadvancing (affi) . . . . . . . . 14\textaolig (") . . . . . . . . . . . 11\textasciiacute (´) . . . . 17, 81\textasciibreve (˘) . . . . . . . 17\textasciicaron (ˇ) . . . . . . . 17\textasciicircum (ˆ) . . . . 8, 80\textasciidieresis (¨) . 17, 81\textasciigrave (`) . . . . . . . 17\textasciimacron . . . . . . . . . 80\textasciimacron (¯) . . 17, 81

105

\textasciitilde (˜) . . . . . 8, 80\textasteriskcentered (∗) 8, 19\textbabygamma (È) . . . . . . . . 10\textbackslash (\) . . . 8, 79, 80\textbaht (฿) . . . . . . . . . . . . 17\textbar (|) . . . . . . . . 8, 79, 80\textbarb (b) . . . . . . . . . . . . 10\textbarc (c) . . . . . . . . . . . . 10\textbard (d) . . . . . . . . . . . . 10\textbardbl (‖) . . . . . . . . . . 19\textbardotlessj (é) . . . . . . 10\textbarg (g) . . . . . . . . . . . . 10\textbarglotstop (Ü) . . . . . . 10\textbari (1) . . . . . . . . . . . . 10\textbarl (ł) . . . . . . . . . . . . 10\textbaro (8) . . . . . . . . . . . . 10\textbarrevglotstop (Ý) . . . 10\textbaru (0) . . . . . . . . . . . . 10\textbeltl (ì) . . . . . . . . . . . 10\textbenttailyogh (B) . . . . . 11\textbeta (B) . . . . . . . . . . . . 10\textbigcircle () . . . . . . . 19\textbktailgamma (.) . . . . . . 11\textblank () . . . . . . . . . . . 19\textborn (b) . . . . . . . . . . . . 60\textbottomtiebar (a<) . . . . . 14

\textbraceleft () . . . . . . . . . 8\textbraceright () . . . . . . . . 8\textbrevemacron (˘a) . . . . . . 14\textbrokenbar (¦) . . . . . 19, 81\textbullet (•) . . . . . . . . 8, 19\textbullseye (ò) . . . . . . . . 10\textcelsius () . . . . . . . . . 49\textceltpal ( ) . . . . . . . . . . 10\textcent (¢) . . . . . . . . . 17, 81\textcentoldstyle () . . . . . 17\textchi (X) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10\textcircled (©) . . . . . . . . . 13\textcircledP () . . . . . . . 18\textcircumacute (Ża) . . . . . . 14\textcircumdot (ˆa) . . . . . . . . 14\textcloseepsilon (Å) . . . . . 10\textcloseomega (Ñ) . . . . . . . 10\textcloserevepsilon (Æ) . . . 10\textcolonmonetary (₡) . . . . 17\textcommatailz (Þ) . . . . . . . 10textcomp (package) . . . . 7, 8, 13,

17–19, 32, 40, 47, 49, 60, 67,80, 82–84

\textcopyleft («) . . . . . . . 18\textcopyright (©) . . 8, 18, 81\textcorner (^) . . . . . . . . . . . 10\textcrb (ă) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10\textcrd (ą) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10\textcrd () . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13\textcrg (g) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10\textcrh (è) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10\textcrh (§) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13

\textcrinvglotstop (Û) . . . . 10\textcrlambda (ň) . . . . . . . . 10\textcrtwo (2) . . . . . . . . . . . 10\textctc (C) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10\textctd (ć) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10\textctdctzlig (ćý) . . . . . . . 10\textctesh (š) . . . . . . . . . . . 10\textctinvglotstop (D) . . . . 11\textctj (J) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10\textctjvar (2) . . . . . . . . . . 11\textctn (ő) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10\textctstretchc (%) . . . . . . . 11\textctstretchcvar (&) . . . . 11\textctt (ť) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10\textcttctclig (ťC) . . . . . . . 10\textctturnt (@) . . . . . . . . . . 11\textctyogh (ÿ) . . . . . . . . . . 10\textctz (ý) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10\textcurrency (¤) . . . . . 17, 81\textdagger (†) . . . . . . . . 8, 19\textdaggerdbl (‡) . . . . . . 8, 19

\textdbend (

) . . . . . . . . . . 58\textdblhyphen (-) . . . . . . . . 19\textdblhyphenchar () . . . . . 19\textdblig ()) . . . . . . . . . . 11\textdctzlig (dý) . . . . . . . . . 11\textdegree (°) . . . . . . . 47, 81\textdied (d) . . . . . . . . . . . . 60\textdiscount () . . . . . . . . 19\textdiv (÷) . . . . . . . . . . . . 47\textdivorced (c) . . . . . . . . 60\textdollar ($) . . . . . . . . 8, 17\textdollaroldstyle () . . . 17\textdong (₫) . . . . . . . . . . . . 17\textdotacute (§a) . . . . . . . . 14\textdotbreve ( ˙a) . . . . . . . . 14\textdoublebaresh (S) . . . . . 11\textdoublebarpipe () . . . . 11\textdoublebarpipevar (H) . . 11\textdoublebarslash (=/ ) . . . 11\textdoublegrave (‚a) . . . . . . 14\textdoublegrave (a) . . . . . . 16\textdoublepipe () . . . . . . . 11\textdoublepipevar (G) . . . . 11\textdoublevbaraccent (İa) . . 14\textdoublevbaraccent (¼a) . . 16\textdoublevertline (Ş) . . . 11\textdownarrow (↓) . . . . . . . . 32\textdownfullarrow (ˇ) . . . . 11\textdownstep (Ť) . . . . . . . . . 11\textdyoghlig (Ã) . . . . . . . . 11\textdzlig (dz) . . . . . . . . . . . 11\texteightoldstyle () . . . . 19\textellipsis (. . . ) . . . . . . . . 8\textemdash (—) . . . . . . . . . . 8\textendash (–) . . . . . . . . . . . 8\textepsilon (E) . . . . . . . . . 11\textepsilon (¢) . . . . . . . . . 13

\textesh (S) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11\textesh (¬) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13\textestimated () . . . . . . . 19\texteuro (€) . . . . . . . . . . . 17\textexclamdown (¡) . . . . . . . . 8\textfemale (7) . . . . . . . . . . 11\textfishhookr (R) . . . . . . . . 11\textfiveoldstyle () . . . . . 19\textfjlig () . . . . . . . . . . . 13\textflorin (ƒ) . . . . . . . . . . . 17\textfouroldstyle () . . . . . 19\textfractionsolidus (⁄) . . . 47\textfrak . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48\textfrbarn (5) . . . . . . . . . . 11\textfrhookd (’) . . . . . . . . . 11\textfrhookdvar (() . . . . . . . 11\textfrhookt (?) . . . . . . . . . 11\textfrtailgamma (-) . . . . . . 11\textg (ě) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11\textgamma (G) . . . . . . . . . . . 11\textglobfall (Ů) . . . . . . . . 11\textglobrise (Ű) . . . . . . . . 11\textglotstop (P) . . . . . . . . 10\textglotstopvari (T) . . . . . 11\textglotstopvarii (U) . . . . 11\textglotstopvariii (V) . . . 11\textgoth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48\textgravecircum (Ža) . . . . . . 14\textgravedbl () . . . . . . . . 17\textgravedot (đa) . . . . . . . . 14\textgravemacron (`a) . . . . . . 14\textgravemid (Źa) . . . . . . . . 14\textgreater (>) . . . . 8, 79, 80\textgrgamma (,) . . . . . . . . . 11\textguarani () . . . . . . . . . 17\texthalflength (;) . . . . . . . 10\texthardsign (ż) . . . . . . . . 10\textheng (0) . . . . . . . . . . . . 11\texthmlig (4) . . . . . . . . . . 11\texthooktop (#) . . . . . . . . . . 10\texthtb (á) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10\texthtb ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13\texthtbardotlessj (ê) . . . . . 10\texthtbardotlessjvar (3) . . 11\texthtc (Á) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10\texthtc (°) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13\texthtd (â) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10\texthtd (¡) . . . . . . . . . . . . 13\texthtg (ä) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10\texthth (H) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10\texththeng (Ê) . . . . . . . . . . 10\texthtk (Î) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10\texthtk (¨) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13\texthtp (Ò) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10\texthtp (±) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13\texthtq (Ó) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10\texthtrtaild (č) . . . . . . . . 10\texthtscg (É) . . . . . . . . . . . 10\texthtt (Ö) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10

106

\texthtt (º) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13\texthvlig (ß) . . . . . . . . . . . 10\textifsym . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49\textinterrobang (‽) . . . . . . 19\textinterrobangdown () . . . 19\textinvglotstop (Û) . . . . . . 10\textinvomega (;) . . . . . . . . 11\textinvsca (p) . . . . . . . . . . 11\textinvscr (K) . . . . . . . . . . 10\textinvscripta (!) . . . . . . . 11\textinvsubbridge (a„) . . . . . 14\textiota (Ì) . . . . . . . . . . . . 10\textiota (à) . . . . . . . . . . . . 13\textlambda (ń) . . . . . . . . . . 10\textlangle (⟨) . . . . . . . 40, 80\textlbrackdbl (〚) . . . . . . . . 40\textleaf (l) . . . . . . . . . . . 60\textleftarrow (←) . . . . . . . 32\textlengthmark (:) . . . . . . . 10\textless (<) . . . . . . 8, 79, 80\textlfishhookrlig (I) . . . . 11

\textlhdbend (~

) . . . . . . . . 58\textlhookfour (#) . . . . . . . . 11\textlhookp (<) . . . . . . . . . . 11\textlhookt (ş) . . . . . . . . . . 10\textlhti (1) . . . . . . . . . . . . 11\textlhtlongi (ę) . . . . . . . . . 10\textlhtlongy (ű) . . . . . . . . 10\textlira (₤) . . . . . . . . . . . . 17\textlnot (¬) . . . . . . . . . 47, 81\textlonglegr (Ô) . . . . . . . . . 10\textlooptoprevesh (>) . . . . . 11\textlowering (afl) . . . . . . . . 14\textlptr (¡) . . . . . . . . . . . . 10\textlquill (⁅) . . . . . . . . . . 40\textltailm (M) . . . . . . . . . . 10\textltailn (ñ) . . . . . . . . . . 10\textltailn (©) . . . . . . . . . . 13\textltilde (ë) . . . . . . . . . . 10\textlyoghlig (Ð) . . . . . . . . 10\textmarried (m) . . . . . . . . . 60\textmho () . . . . . . . . . . . . 49\textmidacute (Ÿa) . . . . . . . . 14\textminus (−) . . . . . . . . . . . 47\textmu (µ) . . . . . . . . . . . 49, 81\textmusicalnote () . . . . . . 19\textnaira (₦) . . . . . . . . . . . 17\textnineoldstyle () . . . . . 19\textnrleg (6) . . . . . . . . . . . 11\textnumero () . . . . . . . . . . 19\textObardotlessj (Í) . . . . . 10\textObullseye (9) . . . . . . . 11\textohm (Ω) . . . . . . . . . . . . 49\textOlyoghlig (ŋ) . . . . . . . . 10\textomega (ř) . . . . . . . . . . . 10\textonehalf (½) . . . . . . 47, 81\textoneoldstyle . . . . . . . . . 19\textoneoldstyle () . . . . . . 19

\textonequarter (¼) . . . . 47, 81\textonesuperior (¹) . . . 47, 81\textopenbullet () . . . . . . . 19\textopencorner (_) . . . . . . . 10\textopeno (O) . . . . . . . . . . . 10\textopeno (ª) . . . . . . . . . . . 13\textordfeminine (ª) . 8, 19, 81\textordmasculine (º) 8, 19, 81\textovercross (‰a) . . . . . . . . 14\textoverw (

—a) . . . . . . . . . . . 14

\textpalhook (%) . . . . . . . . . . 10\textpalhooklong (ˆ) . . . . . . 11\textpalhookvar (˜) . . . . . . . 11\textparagraph (¶) . . . . . 8, 19\textperiodcentered (·) 8, 19, 81\textpertenthousand (‱) . . 19\textperthousand (‰) . . . . . 19\textpeso () . . . . . . . . . . . . 17\textphi (F) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10\textpilcrow (¶) . . . . . . . . . 19\textpipe (|) . . . . . . . . . . . . 11\textpipe (|) . . . . . . . . . . . . 13\textpipevar (F) . . . . . . . . . . 11\textpm (±) . . . . . . . . . . 47, 81\textpmhg . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66\textpolhook (a) . . . . . . . . . 14\textprimstress (") . . . . . . . 11\textproto . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65\textqplig (=) . . . . . . . . . . 11\textquestiondown (¿) . . . . . . 8\textquotedbl (") . . . . . . 9, 79\textquotedblleft (“) . . . . . . 8\textquotedblright (”) . . . . . 8\textquoteleft (‘) . . . . . . . . . 8\textquoteright (’) . . . . . . . . 8\textquotesingle (') . . . . . . 19\textquotestraightbase (‚) . 19\textquotestraightdblbase („)

. . . . . . . . . 19\textraiseglotstop (ĳ) . . . . 11\textraisevibyi (ğ) . . . . . . . 11\textraising (afi) . . . . . . . . . 14\textramshorns (7) . . . . . . . . 11\textrangle (⟩) . . . . . . . 40, 80\textrbrackdbl (〛) . . . . . . . . 40\textrecipe () . . . . . . . 19, 69\textrectangle (¨) . . . . . . . . 11\textreferencemark (※) . 19, 20\textregistered (®) . 8, 18, 81\textretracting (affl) . . . . . . . 14\textretractingvar (˚) . . . . 11\textrevapostrophe (\) . . . . . 11\textreve (9) . . . . . . . . . . . . 11\textrevepsilon (3) . . . . 11, 69

\textreversedvideodbend (

) .. . . . . . . . . 58

\textrevglotstop (Q) . . . . . . 11\textrevscl (v) . . . . . . . . . . 11

\textrevscr (z) . . . . . . . . . . 11\textrevyogh (ź) . . . . . . . . . 11\textrhooka ( ) . . . . . . . . . . 11\textrhooke (*) . . . . . . . . . . 11\textrhookepsilon (+) . . . . . 11\textrhookopeno (:) . . . . . . . 11\textrhookrevepsilon (Ç) . . 11\textrhookschwa (Ä) . . . . . . . 11\textrhoticity (~) . . . . . . . . 11\textrightarrow (→) . . . . . . 32\textringmacron (a) . . . . . . . 14\textroundcap (“a) . . . . . . . . 14\textrptr (¿) . . . . . . . . . . . . 11\textrquill (⁆) . . . . . . . . . . 40\textrtaild (ã) . . . . . . . . . . 11\textrtaild (ð) . . . . . . . . . . 13\textrtailhth (/) . . . . . . . . 11\textrtaill (í) . . . . . . . . . . . 11\textrtailn (ï) . . . . . . . . . . 10\textrtailr (ó) . . . . . . . . . . 10\textrtails (ù) . . . . . . . . . . 10\textrtailt (ú) . . . . . . . . . . 10\textrtailt (») . . . . . . . . . . 13\textrtailz (ü) . . . . . . . . . . 10\textrthook ($) . . . . . . . . . . . 10\textrthooklong (´) . . . . . . . 11\textsca (À) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10\textscaolig (q) . . . . . . . . . 11\textscb (à) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10\textscdelta (r) . . . . . . . . . 11\textsce (ď) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10\textscf (s) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11\textscg (å) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10\textsch (Ë) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10\textschwa (@) . . . . . . . . . . . 10\textschwa (¡) . . . . . . . . . . . 13\textsci (I) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10\textscj (ĺ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10\textsck (t) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11\textscl (Ï) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10\textscm (w) . . . . . . . . . . . . 11\textscn (ð) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10\textscoelig (Œ) . . . . . . . . . 10\textscomega (ś) . . . . . . . . . 10\textscp (x) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11\textscq (y) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11\textscr (ö) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10\textscripta (A) . . . . . . . . . 10\textscriptg (g) . . . . . . . . . 10\textscriptv (V) . . . . . . . . . 10\textscriptv (¬) . . . . . . . . . . 13\textscu (Ú) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10\textscy (Y) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10\textseagull (a) . . . . . . . . . 14\textsecstress () . . . . . . . . 10\textsection (§) . . . . . . . 8, 19\textservicemark () . . . . . . 18\textsevenoldstyle () . . . . 19\textsixoldstyle () . . . . . . 19

107

\textsoftsign (ž) . . . . . . . . . 10\textspleftarrow (˝) . . . . . . 11\textsterling (£) . . . . . . 8, 17\textstretchc (Â) . . . . . . . . 10\textstretchcvar ($) . . . . . . 11\textstyle . . . . . . . . 70, 71, 78\textsubacute (a

›) . . . . . . . . 14

\textsubarch (a“) . . . . . . . . . 14

\textsubbar (a¯) . . . . . . . . . . 14

\textsubbridge (a”) . . . . . . . . 14\textsubcircum (a

ˆ) . . . . . . . . 14

\textsubdot (a˙) . . . . . . . . . . 14

\textsubdoublearrow (˙) . . . 11\textsubgrave (a

‹) . . . . . . . . 14

\textsublhalfring (a–) . . . . . 14\textsubplus (aff) . . . . . . . . . 14\textsubrhalfring (a») . . . . . 14\textsubrightarrow (¯) . . . . 11\textsubring (a

˚) . . . . . . . . . 15

\textsubsquare (a«) . . . . . . . . 15\textsubtilde (a

˜) . . . . . . . . 15

\textsubumlaut (a¨) . . . . . . . . 15

\textsubw (a—) . . . . . . . . . . . . 15\textsubwedge (a

ˇ) . . . . . . . . 15

\textsuperimposetilde (a&) . . 15

\textsuperscript . . . . . . . . . 16\textsurd (√) . . . . . . . . . . . . 47\textswab . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48\textsyllabic (a

") . . . . . . . . 15

\texttctclig (tC) . . . . . . . . . 10\textteshlig (Ù) . . . . . . . . . 10\textteshlig () . . . . . . . . . 13\texttheta (T) . . . . . . . . . . . 10\textthorn (þ) . . . . . . . . . . . 10\textthornvari (P) . . . . . . . . 11\textthornvarii (Q) . . . . . . . 11\textthornvariii (R) . . . . . . 11\textthornvariv (S) . . . . . . . 11\textthreeoldstyle () . . . . 19\textthreequarters (¾) . 47, 81\textthreequartersemdash () .

. . . . . . . . . 19\textthreesuperior (³) . 47, 81\texttildedot (˜a) . . . . . . . . 15\texttildelow (~) . . . . . 19, 80\texttimes (×) . . . . . . . . . . . 47\texttoneletterstem (£) . . . . 10\texttoptiebar (>a) . . . . . . . . 15\texttrademark (™) . . . . . 8, 18\texttslig (ţ) . . . . . . . . . . . 10\textturna (5) . . . . . . . . . . . 10\textturncelig (ŕ) . . . . . . . 10\textturnglotstop (E) . . . . . 11\textturnh (4) . . . . . . . . . . . 10\textturnk (ľ) . . . . . . . . . . . 10\textturnlonglegr (Õ) . . . . . 10\textturnm (W) . . . . . . . . . . 10\textturnmrleg (î) . . . . . . . 11

\textturnr (ô) . . . . . . . . . . . 11\textturnrrtail (õ) . . . . . . . 11\textturnsck (u) . . . . . . . . . 11\textturnscripta (6) . . . . . . 11\textturnscu () . . . . . . . . . 11\textturnt (Ø) . . . . . . . . . . . 11\textturnthree (C) . . . . . . . . 11\textturntwo (A) . . . . . . . . . 11\textturnv (2) . . . . . . . . . . . 11\textturnw (û) . . . . . . . . . . . 11\textturny (L) . . . . . . . . . . . 11\texttwelveudash () . . . . . . 19\texttwooldstyle . . . . . . . . . 19\texttwooldstyle () . . . . . . 19\texttwosuperior (²) . . . 47, 81\textuncrfemale (8) . . . . . . . 11\textunderscore ( ) . . . . . . . . 8\textuparrow (↑) . . . . . . . . . 32\textupfullarrow (˘) . . . . . . 11\textupsilon (U) . . . . . . . . . 11\textupstep (Ţ) . . . . . . . . . . 11\textvbaraccent (Ĳa) . . . . . . . 15\textvbaraccent (¿a) . . . . . . . 16\textvertline (Š) . . . . . . . . . 11\textvibyi (ğ) . . . . . . . . . . . 11\textvibyy (ů) . . . . . . . . . . . 11\textvisiblespace ( ) . . . . . . 8\textwon (₩) . . . . . . . . . . . . 17\textwynn (ß) . . . . . . . . . . . . 11\textyen (¥) . . . . . . . . . 17, 81\textyogh (Z) . . . . . . . . . . . . 11\textyogh (¶) . . . . . . . . . . . . 13\textzerooldstyle () . . . . . 19\TH (Þ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9\th (þ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9

Thanh, Han Th´e . . . . . . . . . . 72\therefore (6) . . . . . . . . . . . 28\therefore (∴) . . . . . . . . . . . 26\Thermo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62\Theta (Θ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35\theta (θ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35\thetaup (θ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36\thickapprox (≈) . . . . . . . . . 26\thicksim (∼) . . . . . . . . . . . 26\thickvert (~) . . . . . . . . . . . 39thin space . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78

\ThinFog () . . . . . . . . . . . . 62\third (3) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46\Thorn (Þ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12\thorn (B) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12\thorn (p) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12\thorn (þ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12\threesim (∼∼∼) . . . . . . . . . . . 70tilde 8, 10, 12, 14, 17, 19, 40, 41,

44, 73, 80extensible . . . . . . . . 41, 44vertically centered . . . . . 80

\tilde (˜) . . . . . . . . . . . 40, 73

\tildel (-) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12time of day . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63

\timelimit (T) . . . . . . . . . . 64\times (×) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20Times (PostScript font) . . . . . 18timing (package) . . . . . . . . . . 49tipa (package) . 10, 11, 13–16, 69,

83, 84tipx (package) . . . . . . 11, 83, 84\to . . . . . . . . . see \rightarrow

\ToBottom (½) . . . . . . . . . . . . 61\tone . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11\top (>) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36, 70\topbot (⊥>) . . . . . . . . . . 70, 72\topdoteq () . . . . . . . . . . . 28torus (T) . . see alphabets, math\ToTop (¼) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61trademark . . see \texttrademark

\TransformHoriz () . . . . . 29transforms . . . . 29, 41, see also

alphabets, math

\TransformVert () . . . . . . . 29transliteration

semitic . . . . . . . . . . . 13, 17transliteration symbols . . . . . 13transversality . . see \pitchfork

trfsigns (package) . . 29, 37, 41, 83\triangle (4) . . . . . . . . . . . 46triangle relations . . . . . . . . . . 31

\TriangleDown (3) . . . . . . . . 57

\TriangleDown (o vs. 3) . . . 68

\TriangleDown (o) . . . . . . . . 57\triangledown (O) . . . . . . . . 46

\TriangleLeft (2) . . . . . . . . 57\triangleleft () . . . . . . . . 31\triangleleft (/) . . . . . . . . 20\trianglelefteq () . . . . . . 31\trianglelefteq (E) . . . . . . 31\trianglelefteqslant (P) . . 31

\triangleq (,) . . . . . . . . 20, 31

\TriangleRight (4) . . . . . . . 57\triangleright () . . . . . . . 31\triangleright (.) . . . . . . . . 20\trianglerighteq () . . . . . 31\trianglerighteq (D) . . . . . 31\trianglerighteqslant (Q) . 31triangles . . . . . . . . . . 46, 57, 58

\TriangleUp (1) . . . . . . . . . 57

\TriangleUp (n vs. 1) . . . . . 68

\TriangleUp (n) . . . . . . . . . 57\triple . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40trsym (package) . . . . . 29, 83, 84\tsbm ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64\tsmb ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64\tsmm ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64\Tsteel (œ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52

108

\TTsteel (š) . . . . . . . . . . . . 52TUGboat . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41\Tumbler () . . . . . . . . . . . . 62

\TwelweStar (J) . . . . . . . . . 56\twoheadleftarrow () . . . . 32\twoheadrightarrow () . . . 32\twonotes () . . . . . . . . . . . . 60txfonts (package) . 20, 21, 25–30,

32–34, 36, 37, 46, 48, 67, 69,80, 83, 84

Type 1 (PostScript font) . . . . 77

U\U (a

˘) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17

\U (¼a) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13\u (a) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13\UB (<) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60\ubar (u) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12ubulb.fd (file) . . . . . . . . . . . 77\udesc (u) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12\udot () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22\UHORN (×) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9\uhorn (÷) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9\ulcorner (x) . . . . . . . . . . . . 37\ulcorner (p) . . . . . . . . . . . . 37ulsy (package) . . . . . . 22, 34, 83

\Umd (ga) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61umlaut . . . . . . . . . . see accents

\unclear (k) . . . . . . . . . . . . 64\underaccent . . . . . . . . . . . . 73\underarc (a) . . . . . . . . . . . . 16\underarch (a) . . . . . . . . . . . 15\underbrace (loomoon) . . . . . . . 43

\underbrace (|z) . . . . . . . . 41

\underbracket ( ) . . . . . . . . 42

\underbracket ( ) . . . . . . . . 73

\underdots (r) . . . . . . . . . . . 17\undergroup (loooon) . . . . . . . . 43

\underleftarrow (←−) . . . . . . 42

\underleftrightarrow (←→) . 42

\underline ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . 41\underparenthesis (|) . . . . 73

\underrightarrow (−→) . . . . . 42

\underring (y) . . . . . . . . . . . 17underscore . . . . . . . . . . . see \_

underscore (package) . . . . . . . . 8undertilde (package) . . 44, 83, 84\undertilde (|) . . . . . . . . . . 17\underwedge () . . . . . . . . . . 17union . . . . . . . . . . . . . see \cup

\unitedpawns (u) . . . . . . . . . 64units (package) . . . . . . . . . . . 47unity (1) . . . see alphabets, mathuniversa (package) . 58, 62, 83, 84\unlhd (E) . . . . . . . . . . . 20, 21

\unrhd (D) . . . . . . . . . . . 20, 21\upalpha (α) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36\UParrow (K) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60\Uparrow (⇑) . . . . . . . . . . 32, 38\uparrow (↑) . . . . . . . . . . 32, 38\upbar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16\upbeta (β) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36\upbracketfill . . . . . . . . . . 73\upchi (χ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36\Updelta (∆) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36\updelta (δ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36\Updownarrow (m) . . . . . . 32, 38\updownarrow (l) . . . . . . 32, 38\updownarrows (Ö) . . . . . . . . 33\updownharpoons (ê) . . . . . . . 34\upepsilon (ε) . . . . . . . . . . . 36\upeta (η) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36\Upgamma (Γ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36\upgamma (γ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36upgreek (package) . . . 36, 83, 84\upharpoonleft (ä) . . . . . . . . 34\upharpoonleft () . . . . . . . . 33\upharpoonright (æ) . . . . . . . 34\upharpoonright () . . . . . . . 33\upiota (ι) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36\upkappa (κ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36\Uplambda (Λ) . . . . . . . . . . . . 36\uplambda (λ) . . . . . . . . . . . . 36\uplett . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16\uplus (Z) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22\uplus (]) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20\upmu (µ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36\upnu (ν) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36\Upomega (Ω) . . . . . . . . . . . . 36\upomega (ω) . . . . . . . . . . . . 36\upp (t) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17\upparenthfill . . . . . . . . . . 73\Upphi (Φ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36\upphi (φ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36\Uppi (Π) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36\uppi (π) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36\Uppsi (Ψ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36\uppsi (ψ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36upquote (package) . . . . . . . . . 80\uprho (ρ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36upright Greek letters . . . . . . . 36upside-down symbols . . . . . . . 80upside-down symbols . . . . 17, 69\Upsigma (Σ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36\upsigma (σ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36\Upsilon (Υ) . . . . . . . . . . . . 35\upsilon (υ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35\upsilonup (υ) . . . . . . . . . . . 36\upt (l) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17\uptau (τ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36\Uptheta (Θ) . . . . . . . . . . . . 36\uptheta (θ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36\uptodownarrow (þ) . . . . . . . 33\upuparrows (Ò) . . . . . . . . . . 33

\upuparrows () . . . . . . . . . . 32\upupharpoons (Ú) . . . . . . . . 34\Upupsilon (Υ) . . . . . . . . . . . 36\upupsilon (υ) . . . . . . . . . . . 36\upvarepsilon (ε) . . . . . . . . . 36\upvarphi (ϕ) . . . . . . . . . . . . 36\upvarpi (ϖ) . . . . . . . . . . . . 36\upvarrho (ρ) . . . . . . . . . . . . 36\upvarsigma (σ) . . . . . . . . . . 36\upvartheta (ϑ) . . . . . . . . . . 36\Upxi (Ξ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36\upxi (ξ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36\upzeta (ζ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36\Uranus (G ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50\Uranus (Ç) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50\uranus (Z) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50\urcorner (y) . . . . . . . . . . . . 37\urcorner (q) . . . . . . . . . . . . 37url (package) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80\US () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51\usepackage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7\ut (a

˜) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16

\utilde (e) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44

V\v (a) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13\vara (a) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12\varangle () . . . . . . . . . . . 46\varbigcirc (,) . . . . . . . . . 21

\VarClock () . . . . . . . . . . . 63\varclubsuit (p) . . . . . . . . . 46\varcurlyvee () . . . . . . . . . 21\varcurlywedge () . . . . . . . 21\vardiamondsuit (q) . . . . . . . 46\varEarth (J) . . . . . . . . . . . . 50\varepsilon (ε) . . . . . . . . . . 35\varepsilonup (ε) . . . . . . . . . 36

\VarFlag () . . . . . . . . . . . . 63varg (txfonts/pxfonts package op-

tion) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36\varg (1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36\varg (G) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12\vargeq (©) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31\varhash (#) . . . . . . . . . . . . 46\varheartsuit (r) . . . . . . . . 46\varhexagon (9) . . . . . . . . . . 56\varhexstar (B) . . . . . . . . . . 55\vari (i) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12variable-sized symbols . . . 23–26\VarIceMountain () . . . . . . 63\varinjlim (lim−→) . . . . . . . . . . 35

\varint (r

) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23\various (R) . . . . . . . . . . . . 64\varkappa (κ) . . . . . . . . . . . . 35\varleq (¨) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31\varliminf (lim) . . . . . . . . . . 35

\varlimsup (lim) . . . . . . . . . . 35\varmathbb . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48

109

\VarMountain () . . . . . . . . . 63\varnothing (∅) . . . . . . . 20, 46\varnotin (T) . . . . . . . . . . . . 37\varnotowner (U) . . . . . . . . . 37\varoast () . . . . . . . . . . . . 21\varobar () . . . . . . . . . . . . 21\varobslash () . . . . . . . . . . 21\varocircle () . . . . . . . . . . 21\varodot () . . . . . . . . . . . . 21\varogreaterthan (5) . . . . . 21

\varoiiintclockwise (F

) . . 25

\varoiiintctrclockwise (N

) 25

\varoiint (!

) . . . . . . . . . . . 26

\varoiintclockwise (B

) . . . 25

\varoiintctrclockwise (J

) . 25

\varoint (u

) . . . . . . . . . . . . 23

\varointclockwise (-

) . . . . . 25

\varointclockwise (ff) . . . . . 26

\varointctrclockwise (+

) . . 25

\varointctrclockwise (fl) . . . 26

\varolessthan (4) . . . . . . . . 21\varomega () . . . . . . . . . . . . 12\varominus () . . . . . . . . . . . 21\varopeno (C) . . . . . . . . . . . . 12\varoplus () . . . . . . . . . . . 21\varoslash () . . . . . . . . . . . 21\varotimes () . . . . . . . . . . . 21\varovee (6) . . . . . . . . . . . . 21\varowedge (7) . . . . . . . . . . . 21\varparallel (∥) . . . . . . . . . 27\varparallelinv () . . . . . . . 27\varphi (ϕ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35\varphiup (ϕ) . . . . . . . . . . . . 36\varpi ($) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35\varpiup ($) . . . . . . . . . . . . 36\varprod (

) . . . . . . . . . . . . 25

\varprojlim (lim←−) . . . . . . . . . 35

\varpropto (∝) . . . . . . . . . . . 26\varrho (%) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35\varrhoup (%) . . . . . . . . . . . . 36\varsigma (ς) . . . . . . . . . . . . 35\varsigmaup (ς) . . . . . . . . . . 36\varspadesuit (s) . . . . . . . . 46\varsqsubsetneq () . . . . . . 30\varsqsubsetneqq () . . . . . 30\varsqsupsetneq () . . . . . . 30\varsqsupsetneqq () . . . . . 30\varstar () . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22\varsubsetneq () . . . . . . . . 30\varsubsetneq ( ) . . . . . . . . 29\varsubsetneqq () . . . . . . . 30\varsubsetneqq (&) . . . . . . . 29

\VarSummit () . . . . . . . . . . 63\varsupsetneq () . . . . . . . . 30\varsupsetneq (!) . . . . . . . . 29\varsupsetneqq () . . . . . . . 30\varsupsetneqq (') . . . . . . . 29

\VarTaschenuhr () . . . . . . . 63

\vartheta (ϑ) . . . . . . . . . . . . 35

\varthetaup (ϑ) . . . . . . . . . . 36

\vartimes (") . . . . . . . . . . . . 21

\vartriangle (M) . . . . . . . . . 46

\vartriangleleft () . . . . . 31

\vartriangleleft (C) . . . . . 31

\vartriangleright () . . . . . 31

\vartriangleright (B) . . . . . 31

\varv (3) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36

\varw (4) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36

\vary (2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36

\VBar () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57

\vcenter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70

\VDash (() . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28

\Vdash (,) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28

\Vdash ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26

\vDash (() . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28

\vDash () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26

\vdash (`) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26

\vdots (...) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44

\vec (~) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40

\Vectorarrow (p) . . . . . . . . . . 45

\Vectorarrowhigh (P) . . . . . . . 45

\vee (_) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22

\vee (∨) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20

\veebar (Y) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22

\veebar (Y) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21

\veedoublebar ([) . . . . . . . . 22

\Venus (B ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50

\Venus (Ã) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50

\venus () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50

\vernal () . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50

\Vert (‖) . . . . . . . . . . . . 38, 39

\vert (|) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38, 39

\VHF (@) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49

\Vier ( ˇ “) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60

\Village () . . . . . . . . . 63

\vin ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38

vinculum . . . . . . . see \overline

\ViPa ( > ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60

\Virgo (å) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50

\virgo (`) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50

\VM (>) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60

vntex (package) . . . . . . . . . 9, 13

\vod (v˚

) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12

\voicedh (h) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12

\vppm (¯) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64

\vpppm (¯) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64

\VT () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51

\vv ( #») . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43

\VvDash () . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27

\Vvdash (,) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28

\Vvdash () . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26

\vvvert (~) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39

W

\WashCotton (‰) . . . . . . . . . 62

\WashSynthetics (Š) . . . . . 62

\WashWool (‹) . . . . . . . . . . . 62

\wasylozenge (◊) . . . . . . . . . 60

\wasypropto () . . . . . . . . . . 27

wasysym (package) 12, 18–21, 23,26, 27, 29, 30, 32, 46, 49–52,55, 56, 60, 68, 83, 84

\wasytherefore (∴) . . . . . . . 46

\wbetter (f) . . . . . . . . . . . . 64

\wdecisive (h) . . . . . . . . . . 64

\weakpt (J) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64

\WeakRain () . . . . . . . . . . . 62

\WeakRainCloud () . . . . . . . 62

weather symbols . . . . . . . . . . 62

\Wecker () . . . . . . . . . . . . 63

\wedge (^) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22

\wedge (∧) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20

Weierstrass ℘ function . . see \wp

\Wheelchair (w) . . . . . . . . . . 58

\whistle (aŢ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15

\widearrow (t) . . . . . . . . . . . 43

\widebar (s) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43

\widecheck (q) . . . . . . . . . . . 43

\widehat (b) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41

\wideparen (u) . . . . . . . . . . . 43

\wideparen (ó) . . . . . . . . . . . 42

\widering (ó) . . . . . . . . . . . . 43

\widering (˚ó) . . . . . . . . . . . . 42

\widetilde (e) . . . . . . . . 41, 44

\widetriangle (æ) . . . . . . . . 42

\wind . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62

Windows . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80

\with (w) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64

\withattack (A) . . . . . . . . . . 64

\withidea (E) . . . . . . . . . . . 64

\withinit (C) . . . . . . . . . . . . 64

\without (v) . . . . . . . . . . . . 64

\Womanface (þ) . . . . . . . . . . 62

won . . . . . . . . . . . see \textwon

\wp (℘) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36

\wr (o) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20

wreath product . . . . . . . see \wr

\Writinghand (b) . . . . . . . . . 58

wsuipa (package) . 12, 15, 17, 68,69, 72, 73, 83, 84

\wupperhand (c) . . . . . . . . . . 64

X

\x (˙˙

) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64

\XBox (4) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55

Xdvi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69

\xhookleftarrow (←−) . . . . . . 42

110

\xhookrightarrow (−→) . . . . . 42\Xi (Ξ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35\xi (ξ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35\xiup (ξ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36

\xLeftarrow (⇐=) . . . . . . . . . 42

\xleftarrow (←−) . . . . . . . . . 42

\xleftharpoondown (−) . . . . 42

\xleftharpoonup (−) . . . . . . 42

\xLeftrightarrow (⇐⇒) . . . . 44

\xLeftrightarrow (⇐⇒) . . . . 42

\xleftrightarrow (←→) . . . . 44

\xleftrightarrow (←→) . . . . 42

\xleftrightharpoons (−−) . . 42

\xlongequal (===) . . . . . . . . . 44

\xLongleftarrow (⇐==) . . . . . 44

\xlongleftarrow (←−−) . . . . . 44

\xLongleftrightarrow (⇐==⇒) 44

\xlongleftrightarrow (←−−→) 44

\xLongrightarrow (==⇒) . . . . 44

\xlongrightarrow (−−→) . . . . 44

\xmapsto (7−→) . . . . . . . . . . . . 42XML . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82

\xRightarrow (=⇒) . . . . . . . . 42

\xrightarrow (−→) . . . . . . . . 42

\xrightharpoondown (−) . . . 42

\xrightharpoonup (−) . . . . . 42

\xrightleftharpoons (−−) . . 42

\xrightleftharpoons (−−) . . 42

Xs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55, 58

\XSolid (#) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55

\XSolidBold ($) . . . . . . . . . 55

\XSolidBrush (%) . . . . . . . . . 55XY-pic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71

Y\Ydown () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21yen . . . . . . . . . . . . see \textyen

yfonts (package) . . . . . 48, 83, 84yhmath (package) . 41, 42, 44, 45,

72, 83

\Yinyang (Y) . . . . . . . . . . . . 62

\Yleft () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21

\yogh (`) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12

\yogh (x) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12

\Yright () . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21

\Yup () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21

Z

Zapf Chancery (PostScript font) 48

Zapf Dingbats (PostScript font) 53,55

zapfchan (package) . . . . . . . . . 83

\Zborder (Z) . . . . . . . . . . . . 58

\zeta (ζ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35

\zetaup (ζ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36

\Zodiac . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50

zodiacal symbols . . . . . . . . . . 50

\Ztransf ( s ........... c) . . . . . . . . . . 29

\ztransf ( c ........... s) . . . . . . . . . . 29

\zugzwang (D) . . . . . . . . . . . 64

\Zwdr ( ˇ “* ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60

\ZwPa ( A ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60

111

· The Comprehensive LATEX Symbol List Scott Pakin ∗ 22 September 2005 Abstract This document...

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Transcript of · The Comprehensive LATEX Symbol List Scott Pakin ∗ 22 September 2005 Abstract This document...